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Cruz Muñoz E, Termopoli V, Orlandi M, Gosetti F. Non-targeted identification of tianeptine photodegradation products in water samples by UHPLC-QTOF MS/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142534. [PMID: 38849097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aims the characterization of several tianeptine transformation products in ultrapure water by simulated sunlight irradiation. Tianeptine was completely degraded after 106 h of exposition following pseudo-first-order kinetics (half-life time = 12.0 ± 2.4 h). Furthermore, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry method was developed and fully validated taking into account different method performance parameters for the quantification of tianeptine in river water up to a concentration of 400 pg L-1. Following a non-targeted approach based on mass data-independent acquisition, eight different transformation products not previously reported in the literature were identified and accordingly elucidated, proposing a photodegradation mechanism based on the accurate tandem mass spectrometry information acquired. Irradiation experiments were replicated for a tianeptine solution prepared in a blank river water sample, resulting in the formation of the same transformation products and similar degradation kinetics. In addition, a toxicity assessment of the photoproducts was performed by in silico method, being generally all TPs of comparable toxicity to the precursor except for TP1, and showing a similar persistence in the environment except for TP2 and TP6, while TP4 was the only TP predicted as mutagenic. The developed method was applied for the analysis of four river water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmanuel Cruz Muñoz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Orlandi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy; POLARIS Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy; POLARIS Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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Schröder S, Ortiz I, San-Román MF. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in the electrochemical oxidation of polluted waters with pharmaceuticals used against COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 11:109305. [PMID: 36647535 PMCID: PMC9833857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a huge impact on our lives, increasing the consumption of certain pharmaceuticals, and with this, contributing to the intensification of their presence in wastewater and in the environment. This situation demands the implementation of efficient remediation technologies, among them, electrochemical oxidation (ELOX) is one the most applied. This work studies the application of ELOX with the aim of eliminate pharmaceuticals used in the fight against COVID-19, assessing its degradation rate, as well as the risk of formation of toxic trace by-products, such as unintentional POPs like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). To this end, model solutions containing 10 mg L-1 of dexamethasone (DEX), paracetamol (PAR), amoxicillin (AMX), and sertraline (STR) with two different electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4) have been evaluated. However, electrochemical systems that contain chloride ions in solution together with PCDD/Fs precursor molecules may lead to the formation of these highly toxic by-products. So, PCDD/Fs were quantified under conditions of complete degradation of the drugs. Furthermore, the presence of PCDD/Fs precursors such as chlorophenols was determined, as well as the role of Cl-, Cl• and SO 4 • - radicals in the formation of the by-products and PCDD/Fs. The maximum measured concentration of PCDD/Fs was around 2700 pg L-1 for the amoxicillin case in NaCl medium. The obtained results emphasise the importance of not underestimating the potential formation of these highly toxic trace by-products, in addition to the correct selection of oxidation processes and operation variables, in order to avoid final higher toxicity in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schröder
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ma-Fresnedo San-Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
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Simultaneous photooxidation and photoreduction of phenol and Cr(VI) ions using titania modified with nanosilica. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The photocatalytic process of phenol oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction in the presence of nano-silica modified titania was carried out. The activity of composites was tested using two different light sources. The photocatalysts with 10% of nanosilica showed the highest activity. The calcination temperature (200–800 oC) significantly determined the sensitivity of the obtained materials to the light source used. Photocatalysts alternately adsorbed and desorbed Cr(VI) ions from the reaction mixture during irradiation. In the one-component mixture, complete oxidation of phenol was observed using material calcined at 650 oC, after 3 h of UV-VIS irradiation. In the reaction mixture of Cr(VI) and phenol, the highest activity was demonstrated by photocatalyst calcined at 300 oC. The concentration of phenol decreased in proportion to the decrease of chromium ions. The obtained titania-silica composites showed oxidizing properties towards phenol and reductive properties toward Cr(VI) ions.
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Identification of Photodegradation Products of Escitalopram in Surface Water by HPLC-MS/MS and Preliminary Characterization of Their Potential Impact on the Environment. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The study concerns the photodegradation of the antidepressant escitalopram (ESC), the S-enantiomer of the citalopram raceme, both in ultrapure and surface water, considering the contribution of indirect photolysis through the presence of nitrate and bicarbonate. The effect of nitrate and bicarbonate concentrations was investigated by full factorial design, and only the nitrate concentration resulted in having a significant effect on the degradation. The kinetics of ESC photodegradation is the pseudo-first-order (half-life = 62.4 h in ultrapure water and 48.4 h in lake water). The generation of transformation products (TPs) was monitored through a developed and validated HPLC-MS/MS method. Fourteen TPs were identified in ultrapure water (one of them, at m/z 261, for the first time) and other two TPs at m/z 327 (found for the first time in this study) were identified only in presence of a nitrate. Several TPs were the same as those formed during the photodegradation of citalopram. The photodegradation pathway of ESC and its mechanism of degradation in water is proposed. The method was applied successfully to the analyses of surface water samples, in which a few dozen of ng L−1 of ESC was determined together with the presence of TP2, TP5 and TP12. Finally, a preliminary in silico evaluation of the toxicological profile and environmental behavior of TPs by computational models was carried out; two TPs (TP4 and TP10) were identified as of potential concern, as they were predicted mutagenic by Ames test model.
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Castañeda-Juárez M, Linares-Hernández I, Martínez-Miranda V, Teutli-Sequeira EA, Castillo-Suárez LA, Sierra-Sánchez AG. SARS-CoV-2 pharmaceutical drugs: a critical review on the environmental impacts, chemical characteristics, and behavior of advanced oxidation processes in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:67604-67640. [PMID: 35930148 PMCID: PMC9362221 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes research data on the pharmaceutical drugs used to treat the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, their characteristics, environmental impacts, and the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) applied to remove them. A literature survey was conducted using the electronic databases Science Direct, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Springer. This complete research includes and discusses relevant studies that involve the introduction, pharmaceutical drugs used in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: chemical characteristics and environmental impact, advanced oxidation process (AOP), future trends and discussion, and conclusions. The results show a full approach in the versatility of AOPs as a promising solution to minimize the environmental impact associated with these compounds by the fact that they offer different ways for hydroxyl radical production. Moreover, this article focuses on introducing the fundamentals of each AOP, the main parameters involved, and the concomitance with other sources and modifications over the years. Photocatalysis, sonochemical technologies, electro-oxidation, photolysis, Fenton reaction, ozone, and sulfate radical AOP have been used to mineralize SARS-CoV-2 pharmaceutical compounds, and the efficiencies are greater than 65%. According to the results, photocatalysis is the main technology currently applied to remove these pharmaceuticals. This process has garnered attention because solar energy can be directly utilized; however, low photocatalytic efficiencies and high costs in large-scale practical applications limit its use. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals in the environment are diverse and complex. Finally, the review also provides ideas for further research needs and major concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Castañeda-Juárez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P 50200, México.
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P 50200, México
| | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P 50200, México
| | - Elia Alejandra Teutli-Sequeira
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P 50200, México
- Cátedras CONACYT-IITCA, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P 03940, México
| | - Luis Antonio Castillo-Suárez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P 50200, México
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia Y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón núm.: 112-A, col. Ciprés, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, México
| | - Ana Gabriela Sierra-Sánchez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P 50200, México
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Diaz-Camal N, Cardoso-Vera JD, Islas-Flores H, Gómez-Oliván LM, Mejía-García A. Consumption and ocurrence of antidepressants (SSRIs) in pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic, their environmental impact and innovative removal methods: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154656. [PMID: 35318057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are pharmaceuticals whose consumption has increased significantly. They are prescribed as first-line treatment in mental disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, and anxiety; also, they are indicated as adjuvants in diseases such as fibromyalgia and bulimia nervosa. In addition to being linked to the illegal market to be consumed as recreational drugs. The relevance of this review lies in the fact that worldwide consumption has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the depression and anxiety that originated in the population. As a consequence of this increase in consumption, concentrations of SSRIs in the environment have increased, and these have become a relevant issue for toxicologists due to the effects that they could generate in different organisms, both aquatic and terrestrial. For this reason, the objective of this article was to do a critical evaluation of the existing data on the characteristics and physicochemical properties of SSRIs, consumption data during the COVID-19 pandemic, its occurrence in the environment and the reports of toxic effects that have been generated in different organisms; we also conclude with an updated review of different methods that have been used for their removal. With this analysis, it can be concluded that, despite SSRIs are pharmaceutical products widely studied since their launching to the market, still currently under investigation to clarify their mechanisms of action to understand the different effects on the organisms, adverse reactions, as well as possible toxicological effects on non-target organisms. On the other hand, it has been proven that although it is already possible to eliminate a significant percentage of SSRIs in the laboratory, due to their physicochemical characteristics and their behavior in complex mixtures in the environment, they have not yet been eradicated, showing a persistence in the soil, subsoil and surface waters of the entire planet that may represent a future risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidya Diaz-Camal
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Daniel Cardoso-Vera
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Mejía-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Degradation of Selected Antidepressants Sertraline and Citalopram in Ultrapure Water and Surface Water Using Gamma Radiation. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma radiation was applied to degradation selected antidepressants in ultrapure water and surface water. Additionally, the influence of typical radical scavengers like carbonate, nitrate and humic acid was determined. The cytotoxicity towards liver cells HepG2 and colon cells Caco2 were measured during the radiation process. It was found that radiation technology, specifically ionizing radiation, can achieve satisfactory degradation efficiency with both SER and CIT. It was shown that the process of decomposition of the tested antidepressants with the highest efficiency occurs in the reaction with the hydroxyl radical.
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Gopinath KP, Madhav NV, Krishnan A, Malolan R, Rangarajan G. Present applications of titanium dioxide for the photocatalytic removal of pollutants from water: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 270:110906. [PMID: 32721341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of modern technology and industrial processes has been accompanied by an increase in the utilization of chemicals to derive new products. Water bodies are frequently contaminated by the presence of conventional pollutants such as dyes and heavy metals, as well as microorganisms that are responsible for various diseases. A sharp rise has also been observed in the presence of new compounds heretofore excluded from the design and evaluation of wastewater treatment processes, categorized as "emerging pollutants". While some are harmless, certain emerging pollutants possess the ability to cause debilitating effects on a wide spectrum of living organisms. Photocatalytic degradation has emerged as an increasingly popular solution to the problem of water pollution due to its effectiveness and versatility. The primary objective of this study is to thoroughly scrutinize recent applications of titanium dioxide and its modified forms as photocatalytic materials in the removal and control of several classes of water pollutants as reported in literature. Different structural modifications are used to enhance the performance of the photocatalyst such as doping and formation of composites. The principles of these modifications have been scrutinized and evaluated in this review in order to present their advantages and drawbacks. The mechanisms involved in the removal of different pollutants through photocatalysis performed by TiO2 have been highlighted. The factors affecting the mechanism of photocatalysis and those affecting the performance of different TiO2-based photocatalysts have also been thoroughly discussed, thereby presenting a comprehensive view of all aspects involved in the application of TiO2 to remediate and control water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagarajan Vikas Madhav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhishek Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Malolan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Goutham Rangarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
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Pino E, Calderón C, Herrera F, Cifuentes G, Arteaga G. Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous Rhodamine 6G Using Supported TiO 2 Catalysts. A Model for the Removal of Organic Contaminants From Aqueous Samples. Front Chem 2020; 8:365. [PMID: 32432085 PMCID: PMC7215082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a model for the removal of complex organic contaminants from industrial water effluents, the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamin 6G was studied using TiO2-derived catalysts, incorporated in water as suspension as well as supported in raschig rings. UV and Visible light were tested for the photo-degradation process. TiO2 catalysts were synthesized following acid synthesis methodology and compared against commercial TiO2 catalyst samples (Degussa P25 and Anatase). The bandgap (Eg) of the TiO2 catalysts was determined, were values of 2.97 and 2.98 eV were obtained for the material obtained using acid and basic conditions, respectively, and 3.02 eV for Degussa P25 and 3.18 eV for anatase commercial TiO2 samples. Raschig rings-supported TiO2 catalysts display a good photocatalytic performance when compared to equivalent amounts of TiO2 in aqueous suspension, even though a large surface area of TiO2 material is lost upon support. This is particularly evident by taking into account that the characteristics (XRD, RD, Eg) and observed photodegradative performance of the synthesized catalysts are in good agreement with the commercial TiO2 samples, and that the RH6G photodegradation differences observed with the light sources considered are minimal in the presence of TiO2 catalysts. The presence of additives induce changes in the kinetics and efficiency of the TiO2-catalyzed photodegradation of Rh6G, particularly when white light is used in the process, pointing toward a complex phenomenon, however the stability of the supported photocatalytic systems is acceptable in the presence of the studied additives. In line with this, the magnitude of the chemical oxygen demand, indicates that, besides the different complex photophysical processes taking place, the endproducts of the considered photocatalytic systems appears to be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pino
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Calderón
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Herrera
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisselle Arteaga
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Nieto-Sandoval J, Munoz M, de Pedro ZM, Casas JA. Catalytic hydrodechlorination as polishing step in drinking water treatment for the removal of chlorinated micropollutants. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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