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Ochiai Y, Takahashi M, Matsuo T, Sasaki T, Sato Y, Fukasawa K, Araki T, Otsuka Y. Characteristics of long working hours and subsequent psychological and physical responses: JNIOSH cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:304-311. [PMID: 37116959 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the prospective association among objectively measured average working hours (AWHs), frequency of long working hours (FLWHs; defined as ≥205 working hours/month (≥45 hours/week)) for 6 months, and workers' self-reported psychological and physical health. METHODS The study included 15 143 workers from 5 Japanese companies. We collected monthly attendance records over 6 months before distributing a questionnaire survey on psychological/physical stress responses and work-related demographics. We then evaluated the associations of those attendance records with psychological/physical measures using analysis of covariance adjusted for sex, age, employment, job type, working conditions, work site and experience of emergency state due to COVID-19. RESULTS Irritability, anxiety and depression were significantly greater at ≥180 hours (≥45 hours/week), and fatigue and lack of vigour were greater at ≥205 hours than those of the normal working-hour group (140-180 hours/month [35-45 hours/week]). Psychological indices increased significantly with FLWH, with ≥3 times for irritability, depression and fatigue; ≥2 times for lack of vigour; and ≥1 time for anxiety when compared with no long working hours. No significant associations were observed between AWH or FLWH and physical stress responses. CONCLUSIONS Longer AWH was associated with higher levels of psychological stress responses. The effects of FLWH in the past 6 months varied among the psychological stress responses and did not occur for physical complaints. Under circumstances requiring long hours, workers' mental health should be protected through minimising the frequency of long work hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ochiai
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuo
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukasawa
- Advantage Risk Management Co Ltd, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- Advantage Risk Management Co Ltd, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Otsuka
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sato Y, Takahashi M, Ochiai Y, Matsuo T, Sasaki T, Fukasawa K, Araki T, Tsuchiya M, Cohort Study GOJ. Study profile: protocol outline and study perspectives of the cohort by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (JNIOSH cohort). INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2022; 60:395-404. [PMID: 34719602 PMCID: PMC9453565 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2021-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
How work burden affects physical and mental health has already been studied extensively; however, many issues have remained unexamined. In 2017, we commenced a prospective cohort study of workers at companies in Japan, with a follow-up period of 5-10 years, in order to investigate the current situation of overwork-related health outcomes. From 2017 to 2020, a target population of 150,000 workers across 8 companies was identified. Of these, almost 40,000 workers agreed to participate in the baseline survey. Data on working hours, medical check-up measurements, occupational stress levels, and lifestyle habits were collected. The average age of the participants at baseline was 39.2 ± 11.7 years; 73.1% were men, and 87.7% were regular employees. The most common working hours by self-reported was 41-50 hours per week during normal season, and it increased to more than 50 hours during busy season. Furthermore, more than half of the participants reportedly experienced a form of sleep problem, and the percentage of those who experienced nonrestorative sleep was particularly high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Japan, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Japan, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan
| | - Yuko Ochiai
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Japan, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuo
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Japan, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Japan, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Group Of Jniosh Cohort Study
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Japan, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan
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Chang HY, Chang JH, Chang YF, Wu CH, Yang YC. Metabolic and Obesity Phenotype Trajectories in Taiwanese Medical Personnel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138184. [PMID: 35805843 PMCID: PMC9266400 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of metabolic and obesity phenotypes in Taiwanese medical personnel is unknown. In this study, trajectory analysis with repeated measurements was used to explore the development and associated risk factors of different metabolic and obesity phenotypes in hospital staff from a Taiwanese medical center. The results demonstrated that metabolically unhealthy workers presented with a higher body mass index (BMI) compared with their metabolically healthy counterparts. Male and aged > 40 years hospital workers were more likely to be in a deleterious metabolic/obesity state. Meanwhile, profession and working hours were not significantly associated with the development of certain phenotypes in our study. These results shed light on the necessity of adequate data retrieval regarding working hours, and a nuanced examination of working conditions among different professions. Our findings are helpful for the development of advanced guidance regarding health promotion in hospital workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chang
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 70043, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Hao Chang
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Fan Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.W.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ching Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 70043, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.W.); (Y.-C.Y.)
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Association between long working hours and liver enzymes: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2017. Ann Occup Environ Med 2022; 34:e9. [PMID: 35801225 PMCID: PMC9209099 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Health problems associated with single, multiple, and the frequency of months of objectively measured long working hours: a cohort study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:685-699. [PMID: 34669025 PMCID: PMC8938362 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to examine the prospective associations of monthly working hours measured in a month, the 6-month averaged hours, and the frequency of long working hours (≥ 205 h/month) during the past 6 months with health indicators. Methods This study included 6,806 Japanese company workers (response rate = 86.6%). Data on the workers’ monthly attendance during the second half of fiscal year 2016 and annual health checkups in fiscal years 2016 and 2017 were collected. We evaluated the association of the above three types of monthly working hours with subsequent health checkup data in fiscal year 2017. We adjusted for the corresponding data in fiscal year 2016. Results Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between monthly working hours and workers’ systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and triglyceride levels. However, the associations were not consistent between months. The average monthly working hours were significantly associated with higher LDL levels for the 220–240 h/mo group (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.07–2.08) and lower triglyceride levels for the < 140 h/mo group (OR: 0.15, 95%CI: 0.03–0.77), compared to the 140–180 h/mo group. The frequency of long working hours was significantly associated with higher LDL levels. Conclusions Working hours over several months produced various associations with health indicators compared to those measured in a single month. Our present data suggest that the effects of average or frequency of long working hours during the past 6 months are likely to appear in LDL levels.
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Lee S, Choi JY, Lee W. The Impact of Long Working Hours on Cognitive Function: A Follow-Up Study with Gender Stratification. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:727-734. [PMID: 33579851 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that long working hours can have adverse consequences on health and possibly trigger biological processes that mediate the relationship between long working hours and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether long working hours and the overall duration such exposure is associated with a decline in cognitive function. METHODS Data obtained during the Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (n = 2,518) during the period 2006-2018 were used to explore the relationship between long working hours and cognitive decline. Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) scores were used to evaluate cognitive function. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), which were used to evaluate declines in K-MMSE scores over the 12-year study period. RESULTS Overall HR (95% CI) for a decline in cognitive function in long working hours group was 1.13 (0.73-1.17). When categorized by sex, women with long working hours had an HR (95% CI) of 1.50 (1.05-2.22), K-MMSE scores decreased significantly after working long hours for 5 years (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The study furthers understanding of the effects of long working hours on cognitive decline among female workers. Further research is required to determine the effects of long working hours on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Joon Yul Choi
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wanhyung Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Mun E, Lee W, Nam MW, Kim HI, Kim H, Lee Y, Park S. Cross-sectional association between long working hours and liver function: the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e041595. [PMID: 33376174 PMCID: PMC7778760 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the effects of long working hours on liver function remain unclear, in South Korea, there is a social perception that long working hours are associated with poor liver function. Thus, long working hours have recently become a major issue. This study aimed to determine the association between long working hours and liver function, as indicated by the alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Large university hospitals in Seoul and Suwon, South Korea. PARTICIPANTS Workers in formal employment who underwent a comprehensive health examination at the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Total Healthcare Centre clinics in Seoul and Suwon, South Korea, between January 2011 and December 2018. Of the 386 488 participants, 212 421 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE ALT elevation. RESULTS The participants were predominantly well-educated (86.1%), male (69.3%) and in their 30s (49.6%). In total, 13.4% of the participants presented ALT elevation (>40 IU/L). There was no significant association between working hours and ALT elevation in the general population and in the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative group. Conversely, in the HBsAg-positive group, working >60 hours per week compared with 35-40 hours per week was significantly associated with ALT elevation. The association was more pronounced in those with ALT levels >80 IU/L (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.24 to 3.01) than in those with ALT levels >40 IU/L (OR: 1.45, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.75). The p values for trend were <0.05. CONCLUSIONS Long working hours were associated with ALT elevation only in hepatitis B virus carriers and not in the general population. Provided that there is adherence to the legal working hours, there is no need to further restrict working hours for liver health, irrespective of HBsAg status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchan Mun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woncheol Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Nam
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongcheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesung Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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