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Bugoni M, Takiya CS, Grigoletto NTS, Vittorazzi Júnior PC, Nunes AT, Chesini RG, da Silva GG, Durman T, Pettigrew JE, Rennó FP. Feeding amylolytic and proteolytic exogenous enzymes: Effects on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3192-3202. [PMID: 36907755 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous enzymes are added to diets to improve nutrient utilization and feed efficiency. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary exogenous enzyme products with amylolytic (Amaize, Alltech) and proteolytic (Vegpro, Alltech) activity on performance, excretion of purine derivatives, and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. A total of 24 Holstein cows, 4 of which were ruminally cannulated (161 ± 88 d in milk, 681 ± 96 body weight, and 35.2 ± 5.2 kg/d of milk yield), were blocked by milk yield, days in milk, and body weight, and then distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Experimental periods lasted 21 d, of which the first 14 d were allowed for treatment adaptation and the last 7 d were used for data collection. Treatments were as follows: (1) control (CON) with no feed additives, (2) amylolytic enzyme product added at 0.5 g/kg diet dry matter (DM; AML), (3) amylolytic enzyme product at 0.5 g/kg of diet DM and proteolytic enzyme product at 0.2 g/kg of diet DM (low level; APL), and (4) amylolytic enzyme products added at 0.5 g/kg diet DM and proteolytic enzyme product at 0.4 g/kg of diet DM (high level; APH). Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.). Differences between treatments were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts: CON versus all enzyme groups (ENZ); AML versus APL+APH; and APL versus APH. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments. Sorting index for feed particles with size <4 mm was lower for ENZ group than for CON. Total-tract apparent digestibility of DM and nutrients (organic matter, starch, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, and ether extract) were similar between CON and ENZ. Starch digestibility was greater in cows fed APL and APH treatments (86.3%) compared with those in the AML group (83.6%). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was greater in APH cows compared with those in the APL group (58.1 and 55.2%, respectively). Ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration were not affected by treatments. Molar percentage of propionate tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ treatments than in those fed CON. Molar percentage of propionate was greater in cows fed AML than those fed the blends of amylase and protease (19.2 and 18.5%, respectively). Purine derivative excretions in urine and milk were similar in cows fed ENZ and CON. Uric acid excretion tended to be greater in cows consuming APL and APH than in those in the AML group. Serum urea N concentration tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ than in those fed CON. Milk yield was greater in cows fed ENZ treatments compared with CON (32.0, 33.1, 33.1, and 33.3 kg/d for CON, AML, APL, and APH, respectively). Fat-corrected milk and lactose yields were higher when feeding ENZ. Feed efficiency tended to be greater in cows fed ENZ than in those fed CON. Feeding ENZ benefited cows' performance, whereas the effects on nutrient digestibility were more pronounced when the combination of amylase and protease was fed at the highest dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bugoni
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Caio S Takiya
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Nathalia T S Grigoletto
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | - Alanne T Nunes
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Chesini
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G da Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco P Rennó
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Cañaveral-Martínez UR, Sánchez-Santillán P, Torres-Salado N, Hernández-Sánchez D, Herrera-Pérez J, Ayala-Monter MA. Effect of waste mango silage on the in vitro gas production, in situ digestibility, intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal characteristics in calf diets. Vet World 2023; 16:421-430. [PMID: 37041828 PMCID: PMC10082734 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.421-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mexico is the fifth largest producer of mangoes in the world. For the conservation of agro-industrial waste and crop residues, the ensiling technique has shown good results. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing the level of mango silage (86% waste mango and 14% pangola grass hay) in calf diets on in vitro gas production, in situ digestibility, intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal characteristics.
Materials and Methods: The diets contained 0 (T0), 30 (T1), 45 (T2), and 60% (T3) mango silage. The partial (24, 48, and 72 h) and cumulative (72 h) biogas, CH4 production, and degradation were determined in the in vitro evaluation. In situ digestibility and estimators of fermentation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) were determined. Intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, and rumen parameters of calves (200 kg) were evaluated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Response to increased mango silage was calculated by linear and quadratic orthogonal contrasts.
Results: In vitro partial and cumulative biogas production decreased linearly (p < 0.05), and the partial and cumulative CH4 production did not show linear or quadratic contrast (p > 0.05); in vitro DM degradation, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradation, and in vitro acid detergent fiber degradation showed a linear increase (p < 0.05). In situ dry matter digestibility (DMDis), in situ organic matter digestibility (OMDis), b, a + b, c, and effective digestibility (ED) of DMDis, a, a + b, c, and ED of OMDis increased linearly (p < 0.05). Dry matter intake, OM intake, and crude protein intake showed a linear increase (p < 0.05); NDF intake and ADF intake presented a quadratic behavior (p < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and hemicellulose, pH, N-NH3, total bacterial count, acetate, propionate, butyrate, volatile fatty acids, acetate: propionate ratio, cellulolytic bacteria, and protozoa did not present a linear or quadratic orthogonal effect (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The in vitro, in situ, and in vivo variables demonstrated that up to 60% mango silage can be used for the intensive fattening of calves in confinement.
Keywords: alternative feed, alternative feeding, cattle, silage, tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Remo Cañaveral-Martínez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - Paulino Sánchez-Santillán
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - Nicolás Torres-Salado
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - David Hernández-Sánchez
- Post Graduate Program of Livestock, Postgraduate College, Montecillos, Estado de México, 56230, México
| | - Jerónimo Herrera-Pérez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - Marco Antonio Ayala-Monter
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
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Supplementing Proteolytic Enzymes Increased the In Vitro Nutrient Effective Degradability and Fermentation Characteristics of Pineapple Waste Silage. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Pineapple waste silage (PAS) is an abundant agro-industrial by-product characterized by its high fiber content posing a high potential feed value as roughage for ruminants. Studies on its supplementation with proteolytic enzyme (PE) will help extend its utilization as an alternative nutritive feed source for cattle nutrition. Thus, this study aimed to determine the in vitro nutrient degradability and fermentation characteristics of fiber-rich but low-protein PAS supplemented with different levels of PE. Seven treatments were evaluated in this study: PAS without PE and PAS1 to PAS6, which corresponds to incremental levels of PAS supplementation as follows: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 1%, 2%, and 4%. The nutrient disappearance, nutrient effective degradability, and fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, ammonia-nitrogen, and pH values were evaluated in vitro. PAS without added PE showed a comparably good nutritive value (dry matter: 94.30%, neutral detergent fiber: 63.66%, acid detergent fiber: 34.78%) to that of commonly used corn silage in South Korea. With the supplementation of PE in PAS, the PE increased the effective degradability of different nutrients such as dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP). The effect of PE supplementation on the degradation of nutrients was consistent with improvements in in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Supplementing PAS with PE increased the total gas production and decreased the pH values, which are characteristics of heightened fiber degradation and fermentation. The ammonia-N concentration of the in vitro-incubated PAS was moderated by the addition of PE, which is likely due to the decrease in pH or in vitro acidosis and has shown a synergistic protease activity effect on nutrient degradation. Overall, supplementing PAS with PE increased the effective degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, OM, and CP, with the most dramatic effects observed in PAS3 and PAS6 (0.3% and 4%, respectively).
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Effects of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme Derived from Trichoderma reesei on Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Degradability of Low-Tannin Whole Plant Faba Bean Silage in Dairy Cows. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei on dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradability of whole plant faba bean silage (Snowbird), (2) evaluate the effects of fibrolytic enzyme (FETR) on DM and NDF degradation kinetics of whole plant faba bean silage, and (3) compare the difference between in the vitro approach (DaisyII incubation method) and the in situ assay-biological approach (nylon bag technique) in the determination of degradability of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFD). The fibrolytic enzyme from Trichoderma reesei was a mixture of xylanase and cellulase. The whole plant faba bean silage was treated with seven doses of fibrolytic enzyme, with 0 as a control and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 mL of FETR/kg DM of silage. The results obtained from the in situ method show that fibrolytic enzyme cubically (p < 0.05) affected DMD and quadratically (p < 0.01) affected NDFD with increasing level of enzyme application. In vitro DM and NDF degradability were quadratically and cubically (p < 0.01) affected by the increasing dosage of enzyme. Correlation analysis between the in situ assay-biological approach and the In vitro DaisyII approach showed a strong correlation (r = 0.98, p < 0.01) on overall DMD and also a satisfactory relationship (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) was found on overall NDFD. The enzyme application showed a great impact on NDF rumen degradation kinetics by decreasing the undegradable fraction and increasing the potential degradable fraction and the effective degradable content of fiber. The washable (W) and potential degradation fraction (D) were linearly (p = 0.05) increased by the enzyme treatments. Therefore, the undegradable fraction was linearly decreased (p = 0.05) with increasing dosage of enzyme. Both bypass (BNDF) and effective degradable NDF (EDNDF) were cubically (p = 0.05) affected by fibrolytic enzyme. In conclusion, the exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei highly impacted rumen degradation characteristics and degradability of whole plant faba bean silage and could be used to improve fibre digestion of whole plant faba silage in dairy cows.
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The Fibrolytic Enzyme Profiles and the Composition of Fungal Communities in Donkey Cecum-Colon Ecosystem. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040412. [PMID: 35203120 PMCID: PMC8868365 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The donkey hindgut is a microbial-rich ecosystem in which caecum and colon fungi play an important role in dietary fiber degradation. In addition, the fibrolytic enzymes produced by hindgut microorganisms are key to the ability of equines to hydrolysis plant fiber. In the present study, the fibrolytic enzyme activities within donkey caecum and colon were firstly measured by spectrophotometry. The dorsal colon presented a higher fibrolytic enzyme activity in comparison with caecum. The fungal community composition along donkey caecum and colon was determined by sequencing an internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) using Illumina MiSeq. The predominant fungi at phylum level were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota. The Aspergillus, Wallemia, Phanerochaete, Fusarium, and Penicillium were detected as the dominant genera, but their metabolic and functional significance in donkey cecum-colon ecosystem need further investigation. In terms of the anaerobic fungi Neocallimastigomycota, its abundance was greater in donkey colon than in caecum. The relative abundance of enzymes related to plant cell wall breakdown were also predicted by PICRUSt, and they were also greater in donkey colon than in caecum. The present study provided new information about fibrolytic enzyme profiles and fungal communities in donkey hindgut. The findings could therefore contribute to the further understanding of the fungal taxa and their dietary fiber degradation mechanisms in donkey hindgut ecosystem. Abstract The fibrolytic enzymes and the hindgut fungi in donkey cecum-colon ecosystem play an important role in dietary fiber digestion. A better understanding of the fibrolytic enzyme profiles and the fungal community along donkey caecum and colon is key for optimizing hindgut function. In the present study, the fibrolytic enzyme activities within donkey caecum and colon were firstly measured by spectrophotometry. Activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, avicelase, xylanase, and acetyl esterase were greater in donkey dorsal colon than in caecum, indicating that the colon microorganisms may be more efficient in producing fibrolytic enzymes compared to caecum microbes. The fungal community composition along donkey hindgut was determined by sequencing ITS region using Illumina MiSeq. Three fungal phyla were identified by sequence comparison: Ascomycota (66.8%–74.4%), Basidiomycota (21.6%–30.9%), and Neocallimastigomycota (0.9%–3.3%). The Aspergillus, Wallemia, Phanerochaete, Fusarium, and Penicillium were detected as the dominant genera, but their metabolic and functional significance in donkey cecum-colon ecosystem need further investigation. In terms of the anaerobic fungi Neocallimastigomycota, its abundance was greater in donkey colon than in caecum (p < 0.05), indicating that the donkey hindgut region was associated with differences in fungal community composition. Moreover, the relative abundance of enzymes related to plant cell wall degradation were predicted by PICRUSt, and they were also lower in caecum than in colon. The present study provided new information about fibrolytic enzyme profiles and fungal composition in donkey hindgut ecosystem.
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Effects of Addition of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes on Digestibility and Milk and Meat Production – A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) added to the ruminant diet can increase fiber digestibility and production efficiency. A systematic review was conducted to understand the interactions between EFE and diet on digestibility and animal performance. The database included variables from 384 experiments with EFE and 264 controls from 85 papers published since 2000 (classification criteria: 1) type of study (in vitro, in situ, in vivo), 2) type of ruminants (sheep, buffaloes, goats, beef and dairy cattle), 3) primary EFE activity (cellulases (Cel) or xylanases (Xyl)), 4) forage proportion (FP), 5) type of plant (TP: legumes or grasses), 6) number of ingredients in diets, and 7) application time (AT)). In over 52.85% of cases, EFE improved the degradability of dry matter (DMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDFD and ADFD), in vitro gas production (GP), volatile fatty acids (VFA), the acetate: propionate ratio (A:P ratio), protein and fat milk, milk yield and average daily gain (ADG) (by 7.78–21.85%). Cel improved organic matter degradability (OMD), GP, VFA, milk yield, and milk protein and fat content. EFE in FP≥40% diets enhanced the ADG, and in grassbased diets increased the dry matter intake (DMI). The AT of EFE affected the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Significant correlations were found between the improvements of NDFD or ADFD with DMD (r>0.59), milk yield (r=0.64), and ADG (r=0.59). In conclusion, many factors interact with EFE supplementation effects, but EFE consistently enhanced the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD of ruminant diets, which are related to improvements in productive performance.
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Arevalos-Sánchez MM, Maynez-Perez AO, Rodríguez-Almeida FA, Martínez-Quintana JA, Sanchez-Flores FA, Felix-Portillo M, Chavéz-Martínez A, Olvera-García ME, Ruiz-Barrera O, Corral-Luna A. In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:26. [PMID: 33757473 PMCID: PMC7986525 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The production of agricultural wastes still growing as a consequence of the population growing. However, the majority of these residues are under-utilized due their chemical composition, which is mainly composed by cellulose. Actually, the search of cellulases with high efficiency to degrade this carbohydrate remains as the challenge. In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. Additionally, the capability to release sugars from agricultural wastes was evaluated in both enzymes, alone and in combination. Results The results have shown that optimal pH was 6.0 and 6.5, reaching an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg at 39 °C, for egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively. The Km and Vmax for egl-FZYE using CMC as substrate were 11.25 mg/mL and 3921.57 U/mg, respectively, whereas using Avicel were 15.39 mg/mL and 2314.81 U/mg, respectively. The Km and Vmax for cel-FZYE using Avicel as substrate were 11.49 mg/mL and 2105.26 U/mg, respectively, whereas using CMC the enzyme did not had activity. Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. Conclusions Both enzymes were capable of degrading agricultural wastes, and their effectiveness was improved up to 60% of glucose released when combined. In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-021-00687-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha María Arevalos-Sánchez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Adrián Omar Maynez-Perez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Felipe A Rodríguez-Almeida
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - José Alfredo Martínez-Quintana
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Fidel Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Monserrath Felix-Portillo
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - América Chavéz-Martínez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Myrna Elena Olvera-García
- Unidad de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Oscar Ruiz-Barrera
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Agustín Corral-Luna
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico.
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Effect of treating olive cake with fibrolytic enzymes on feed intake, digestibility and performance in growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Der Bedrosian MC, Kung L. The effect of various doses of an exogenous acid protease on the fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10925-10933. [PMID: 31563320 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of treating whole-plant corn at harvest with various doses of an exogenous acidic protease on fermentation and changes in nutritive value after a short period (45 d) of ensiling. Whole-plant corn (37% dry matter) was chopped and treated with 0, 20, 200, 1,000, or 2,000 mg of protease/kg of wet forage. Forages (~500 g) were packed in bag silos and ensiled at 22 to 23°C for 45 d. Data were analyzed as a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the main effects of the dose of protease, day of ensiling, and their interaction. Treatment with protease did not alter the concentrations of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, starch, lactic acid, or acetic acid compared with untreated silage, with the exception that the concentration of starch was lower in silage treated with 20 mg of protease/kg compared with untreated silage. However, the 2 highest doses of protease resulted in silages with higher concentrations of ethanol and more yeasts compared with untreated silage. Protease treatment did not affect the ruminal in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Concentrations of soluble protein (percentage of crude protein) increased after ensiling for all treatments but was not different between silage treated with the lowest dose of protease and untreated silage. Soluble protein increased in a dose-dependent manner above the low dose of protease in silages. Concentrations of NH3-N were higher only in silages treated with the 2 highest doses of protease compared with untreated silage. Silages treated with the 3 highest doses of protease were higher in ruminal in vitro digestibility of starch compared with untreated silage but were similar to each other. The concentrations of total AA were determined in fresh forage and silages for the untreated and 200 and 2,000 mg/kg doses of protease. Neither amount of added protease affected the total concentrations of essential, nonessential, or total AA in silage. However, of the essential AA, treatment with protease resulted in silages with lower concentrations of lysine and arginine but higher concentrations of leucine compared with untreated silage. The 200 mg/kg dose of protease substantially improved ruminal in vitro starch digestion in corn silage after a short period of ensiling without affecting concentrations or numbers of ethanol and yeasts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Limin Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716-1304.
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Beauchemin KA, Ribeiro GO, Ran T, Marami Milani MR, Yang W, Khanaki H, Gruninger R, Tsang A, McAllister TA. Recombinant fibrolytic feed enzymes and ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX) pretreatment of crop residues to improve fibre degradability in cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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LUNAGARIYA PRAVINM, GUPTA RAMSHARAN, MEHTA BHAVBHUTIM, HADIYA KAMLESHK. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in total mixed ration on milk yield, composition, feed efficiency in Holstein Friesian crossbred cows. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i8.93023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; 800 IU/g endo 1,4- β glucanase, 700 IU/g 1 (3),4-β glucanase and 2700 IU/g endo 1,4-β xylanase) @ 240 mg/kg total mixed ration (TMR) feeding on milk and components yield as well as feed utilization efficiency in Holstein Friesian [HF] crossbred cows. Twenty early lactating HF crossbred cows having uniform 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield and body weight were used to access the effect on nutrients intake, milk yield, milk composition, feed conversion efficiency and cost of feeding. The crossbred cows fed EFE supplemented TMR produced more milk, 4% FCM and milk fat. The supplementation of EFE resulted in higher milk solid not fat (SNF), protein and lactose as well as higher milk fat and total solids (TS). The consumption of nutrients/kg 4% FCM were less in EFE group cow, whereas only numerical improvement in nutrients intake/kg milk was noticed. The gross protein and energy efficiencies were significantly improved on EFE supplementation. The return over feed cost was 15.87% higher for cows fed EFE supplemented TMR compared to control TMR. In conclusion, feeding of EFE produced significantly higher 4% FCM and milk fat with improved feed conversion efficiency and better economic returns in HF crossbred cows.
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JABRI JIHENE, ABID KHALIL, YAICH HELA, MALEK ATEF, REKHIS JAMEL, KAMOUN MOHAMED. Effect of combining exogenous fibrolytics enzymes with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Eucalyptus essential oil on the in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of wheat straw. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i2.87330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytics enzymes (EFE) to create a synergy with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) or essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) (EO) to promote the in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of wheat straw (WS). The EFE was a mixture (1:1, v/v) of β-1, 3-1, 4-glucanase and endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase produced by the Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The WS was supplemented with EFE (EFE1=1, EFE2=2 μl/g DM), SC (SC1=0.5, SC2=1 mg/g DM), EO (EO1=30, EO2=60 μl/g DM) and the combinations EFE1+EO1, EFE1+EO2, EFE2+EO1, EFE2+EO2 and EFE1+SC1, EFE1+SC2, EFE2+SC1, EFE2+SC2. Compared to the control, both EFE and SC alone or in combination, improved the rate and the extent of WS fermentation. The potential GP improved only with EFE2, SC1, and EFE2+SC2 by 31.7, 24.9, 37.4% and the rate Rmax by 36, 59.2 and 55.2%, respectively. The organic matter digestibility and the energetic use of WS improved with the highest doses EFE2 and EFE2+SC2. While the EO alone or combined with the EFE had a depressive effect on all fermentation and digestibility parameters. The EFE seems to be more beneficial for the fermentation and digestibility of WS than when it was combined with SC or EO. Therefore, there is no synergetic effect between EFE and SC or EO with the used doses on fibrous by-product like wheat straw.
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Freiria LBD, Zervoudakis JT, Paula NFD, Cabral LDS, Tedeschi LO, Silva PIJLDRE, Melo ACB, Possamai AJ. Exogenous enzyme on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation of diet containing high level of concentrate. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Exogenous enzyme preparations (fibrolytic activity (FIB), 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; amylolytic activity (AMZ), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; proteolytic activity (PRO), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated) were incubated in vitro. Their fermentation effects were assessed based on accumulated gas production, kinetic parameters, and fermentation profile using the technique of gas fermentation. Ruminal liquid was obtained from two rumen cannulated Santa Inês sheep, fed a diet with roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80. Accumulated gas production was during 96 h of incubation, measured at 18 different times. After incubation, pH, dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter in vitro digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), partitioning factor (PF96), gas yield (GY24), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial protein production (MCP) were evaluated. Increasing FIB dose linearly decreased (P<0.05) lag time without affecting others kinetic parameters. However, FIB increased the accumulated gas production, resulting in improved DMD, OMD, ME, GY24 and SCFA. The addition of AMZ decreased linearly (P<0.05) lag time and increased (P<0.05) gas production on initial times of incubation without altering the fermentation profile. The inclusion of PRO did not affect (P>0.05) the evaluated parameters. The addition of these exogenous enzyme preparations with fibrolytic activity altered ruminal fermentation in vitro of diets containing high levels of concentrates.
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Sharma C, Rokana N, Chandra M, Singh BP, Gulhane RD, Gill JPS, Ray P, Puniya AK, Panwar H. Antimicrobial Resistance: Its Surveillance, Impact, and Alternative Management Strategies in Dairy Animals. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:237. [PMID: 29359135 PMCID: PMC5766636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), one among the most common priority areas identified by both national and international agencies, is mushrooming as a silent pandemic. The advancement in public health care through introduction of antibiotics against infectious agents is now being threatened by global development of multidrug-resistant strains. These strains are product of both continuous evolution and un-checked antimicrobial usage (AMU). Though antibiotic application in livestock has largely contributed toward health and productivity, it has also played significant role in evolution of resistant strains. Although, a significant emphasis has been given to AMR in humans, trends in animals, on other hand, are not much emphasized. Dairy farming involves surplus use of antibiotics as prophylactic and growth promoting agents. This non-therapeutic application of antibiotics, their dosage, and withdrawal period needs to be re-evaluated and rationally defined. A dairy animal also poses a serious risk of transmission of resistant strains to humans and environment. Outlining the scope of the problem is necessary for formulating and monitoring an active response to AMR. Effective and commendably connected surveillance programs at multidisciplinary level can contribute to better understand and minimize the emergence of resistance. Besides, it requires a renewed emphasis on investments into research for finding alternate, safe, cost effective, and innovative strategies, parallel to discovery of new antibiotics. Nevertheless, numerous direct or indirect novel approaches based on host-microbial interaction and molecular mechanisms of pathogens are also being developed and corroborated by researchers to combat the threat of resistance. This review places a concerted effort to club the current outline of AMU and AMR in dairy animals; ongoing global surveillance and monitoring programs; its impact at animal human interface; and strategies for combating resistance with an extensive overview on possible alternates to current day antibiotics that could be implemented in livestock sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Sharma
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Namita Rokana
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Mudit Chandra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Brij Pal Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Rohini Devidas Gulhane
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
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Tirado-González DN, Miranda-Romero LA, Ruíz-Flores A, Medina-Cuéllar SE, Ramírez-Valverde R, Tirado-Estrada G. Meta-analysis: effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1399135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Agustín Ruíz-Flores
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | | | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), Aguascalientes, México, CP, Mexico
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16
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Ling CX, Chang YP. Valorizing guava ( Psidium guajava L.) seeds through germination-induced carbohydrate changes. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:2041-2049. [PMID: 28720961 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Guava seeds are produced as a waste product by the guava processing industry. Their high carbohydrate contents may suit the carbohydrate needs of the feed sector but their high dietary fiber content limits their feed value. The feed values of fruit seeds can be improved through germination, which involves the mobilization of nutrients through seed enzymes and alters the seed carbohydrate composition. The changes of selected carbohydrates in guava (Psidium guajava L.) seeds brought by germination to those in red bean (Vigna angularis) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were compared. The contents of soluble carbohydrates, digestible starch, resistant starch and cellulose in the seeds were determined. The radial diffusion method was used to detect carbohydrate-degrading enzymes in the seed extracts. Guava seeds were rich in cellulose (402.2 mg/g), which decreased progressively during germination, probably through the action of cellulase. Winter wheat contained the highest starch content (412.2 mg/g) and also distinct quantities of α-amylase and cellulase. The starch contents of all the seeds decreased, but the soluble carbohydrate contents in red beans and guava seeds increased significantly by the end of germination, suggesting the transient oversupply of reserve metabolites. The content of hydrolyzed polysaccharides increased in the germinated seeds with detectable amounts of cellulose-degrading enzymes present, indicating improved value as feed. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of guava seeds as a source of low-cost animal feed supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xian Ling
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampur, Perak Malaysia
| | - Ying Ping Chang
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampur, Perak Malaysia
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17
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Production of cellulases and xylanases by white-rot fungi cultured in corn stover media for ruminant feed applications. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Effect of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria and exogenous hydrolytic enzymes on the ensiling characteristics and rumen degradability of alfalfa and corn silages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2015-01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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López-Aguirre D, Hernández-Meléndez J, Rojo R, Sánchez-Dávila F, López-Villalobos N, Salem AFZM, Vázquez-Armijo JF, Ruíz S, Joaquin S. In vitro gas production kinetics and degradability of a diet for growing lambs: effect of fibrolytic enzyme products at different dose levels. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López-Aguirre
- Centro Universitario, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Temascaltepec, Mexico
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | | | - Rolando Rojo
- Centro Universitario, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Temascaltepec, Mexico
| | | | - Nicolás López-Villalobos
- Centro Universitario, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Temascaltepec, Mexico
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Abdel-Fattah Z. M. Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Salomón Ruíz
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Santiago Joaquin
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
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López D, Vázquez-Armijo JF, López-Villalobos N, Lee-Rangel HA, Salem AZM, Borquez-Gastelum JL, Domínguez-Vara IA, Rojo-Rubio R. In vitro gas production of foliage from three browse tree species treated with different dose levels of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:920-8. [PMID: 27080456 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization of foliages from three browse trees (Pithecellobium dulce, Heliocarpus velutinus and Guazuma ulmifolia). Mixture of EFE product was added to the leaves of the three browse tree species at three dose levels: 0 (control), 3.5 and 7.0 mg/g of DM. Chemical composition of the foliages, including plant secondary metabolites such as total phenolics (TP), saponins (SAP) and aqueous fraction (AF), was determined. In addition, in vitro assaying of ruminal gas production kinetics was determined for the three browse three foliages treated with EFE. P. dulce had the highest crude protein content (p < 0.05), whereas G. ulmifolia had the highest content of neutral detergent fibre and SAP (p < 0.05) and H. velutinus had the lowest content of TP (p < 0.05). The interaction between tree species and dose level of EFE was significant (p < 0.05) for gas production (GP) at 24 h of incubation, parameters b and c of the accumulated GP curve, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME). The lowest (p < 0.01) extent of accumulated GP as well as the b and c values occurred in G. ulmifolia at 0 mg EFE/g DM. P. dulce had the highest (p < 0.05) values for ME and SCFA at the highest dose of EFE. Tree species and dose level had significant (p < 0.05) effects on all parameters describing in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization. Addition of EFE improved the fermentation kinetics of the browse species considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D López
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico
| | - J F Vázquez-Armijo
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico
| | - N López-Villalobos
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico.,Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H A Lee-Rangel
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - A Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, México, Mexico
| | - J L Borquez-Gastelum
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, México, Mexico
| | - I A Domínguez-Vara
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, México, Mexico
| | - R Rojo-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Temascaltepec, México, Mexico.
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Sucu E, Nayeri A, Sanz-Fernandez MV, Upah NC, Baumgard LH. The Effects of Supplemental Protease Enzymes on Production Variables in Lactating Holstein Cows. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Dunne JC, Kelly WJ, Leahy SC, Li D, Bond JJ, Peng L, Attwood GT, Jordan TW. The Cytosolic Oligosaccharide-Degrading Proteome of Butyrivibrio Proteoclasticus. Proteomes 2015; 3:347-368. [PMID: 28248275 PMCID: PMC5217386 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and productivity of ruminants depends on a complex microbial community found in their fore-stomach (rumen), which is able to breakdown plant polysaccharides and ferment the released sugars. Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316T is a Gram-positive polysaccharide-degrading, butyrate-producing bacterium that is present at high numbers in the rumen of animals consuming pasture or grass silage based diets. B316T is one of a small number of rumen fibrolytic microbes capable of efficiently degrading and utilizing xylan, as well as being capable of utilizing arabinose, xylose, pectin and starch. We have therefore carried out a proteomic analysis of B316T to identify intracellular enzymes that are implicated in the metabolism of internalized xylan. Three hundred and ninety four proteins were identified including enzymes that have potential to metabolize assimilated products of extracellular xylan digestion. Identified enzymes included arabinosidases, esterases, an endoxylanase, and β-xylosidase. The presence of intracellular debranching enzymes indicated that some hemicellulosic side-chains may not be removed until oligosaccharides liberated by extracellular digestion have been assimilated by the cells. The results support a model of extracellular digestion of hemicellulose to oligosaccharides that are then transported to the cytoplasm for further digestion by intracellular enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Dunne
- Rumen Microbiology, Animal Science Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
- AgResearch Limited/Victoria University of Wellington Proteomics Laboratory, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - William J Kelly
- Rumen Microbiology, Animal Science Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Sinead C Leahy
- Rumen Microbiology, Animal Science Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Dong Li
- Rumen Microbiology, Animal Science Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Judy J Bond
- Rumen Microbiology, Animal Science Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
- AgResearch Limited/Victoria University of Wellington Proteomics Laboratory, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Lifeng Peng
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Graeme T Attwood
- Rumen Microbiology, Animal Science Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - T William Jordan
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
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Romero J, Zarate M, Arriola K, Gonzalez C, Silva-Sanchez C, Staples C, Adesogan A. Screening exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparations for improved in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2555-67. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Romero J, Zarate M, Adesogan A. Effect of the dose of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparations on preingestive fiber hydrolysis, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:406-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Windle MC, Walker N, Kung L. Effects of an exogenous protease on the fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage harvested at different dry matter contents and ensiled for various lengths of time. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3053-60. [PMID: 24630660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of adding an experimental protease to corn plants harvested at different maturities on silage fermentation and in vitro ruminal starch digestibility (IVSD). Corn plants were harvested at maturities resulting in plants with 31 or 40% dry matter (DM). Plants were chopped, kernel processed, and treated with (1) only a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.5, 5% vol/wt of fresh forage), (2) buffer with protease to obtain a final concentration of 20mg of protease/kg of wet forage, and (3) buffer with protease to obtain a final concentration of 2,000 mg of protease/kg of wet forage. Treated forages (about 500 g) were ensiled in nylon-polyethylene pouches and stored between 21 and 23°C for 0, 45, 90, and 150 d. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments, with the main effects of harvest DM, dose of protease, days of ensiling, and their interactions. The treatment with the highest dose of protease resulted in more robust fermentations across harvest DM with higher concentrations of lactic and acetic acids compared with untreated silage. Concentrations of soluble protein (% of crude protein) increased with time of ensiling, regardless of DM content at harvest. However, averaged over both harvest DM contents, it increased by 37% for silages treated with the high dose of protease compared with an average 11% increase for untreated silages and silage treated with the low dose of protease, between d 0 and 45. Averaged over both harvest DM contents, the concentration of soluble protein peaked in silages treated with the high dose of protease after 45 d of ensiling, whereas it peaked at d 90 in untreated silages and silage treated with the low dose of protease. Similar changes occurred in the concentration of NH3-N due to length of ensiling and treatment with protease. In fresh forages, the concentration of starch for early- and late-harvested forages was similar, but IVSD was lower in the latter. After 45 d of ensiling, IVSD was highest in both early- and late-harvested silages that were treated with the high level of protease. After 150 d of ensiling, IVSD was similar among silages treated with protease, regardless of DM at harvest. Treating corn plants with a high dose of an experimental protease at harvest accelerated proteolysis during ensiling, resulting in corn silages with levels of IVSD after 45 d of ensiling that were only obtained in untreated corn silages after 150 d of ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Windle
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19717
| | - N Walker
- AB Vista - Division of AG Agri Ltd., Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19717.
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Díaz A, Ranilla MJ, Giraldo LA, Tejido ML, Carro MD. Treatment of tropical forages with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes: effects on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:345-55. [PMID: 24605885 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of three treatments of fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (CEL), xylanase from rumen micro-organisms (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX) on the in vitro fermentation of two samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (P1 and P2), two samples of Dichanthium aristatum (D1 and D2) and one sample of each Acacia decurrens and Acacia mangium (A1 and A2) were investigated. The first experiment compared the effects of two methods of applying the enzymes to forages, either at the time of incubation or 24 h before, on the in vitro gas production. In general, the 24 h pre-treatment resulted in higher values of gas production rate, and this application method was chosen for a second study investigating the effects of enzymes on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of forages. The pre-treatment with CEL for 24 h reduced (p < 0.05) the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of P1, P2, D1 and D2, and that of MIX reduced the NDF content of P1 and D1, but XYL had no effect on any forage. The CEL treatment increased (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for all forages (ranging from 8.6% to 22.7%), but in general, no effects of MIX and XYL were observed. For both P. clandestinum samples, CEL treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and increased (p < 0.05) that of butyrate, but only subtle changes in VFA profile were observed for the rest of forages. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the treatment of tropical forages with CEL stimulated their in vitro ruminal fermentation, but XYL did not produce any positive effect. These results showed clearly that effectiveness of enzymes varied with the incubated forage and further study is warranted to investigate specific, optimal enzyme-substrate combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Díaz
- Departamento de Producción, Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Use of 'natural' products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal 2012; 1:1443-66. [PMID: 22444918 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The banning in 2006 of the use of antibiotics as animal growth promoters in the European Union has increased demand from producers for alternative feed additives that can be used to improve animal production. This review gives an overview of the most common non-antibiotic feed additives already being used or that could potentially be used in ruminant nutrition. Probiotics, dicarboxylic acids, enzymes and plant-derived products including saponins, tannins and essential oils are presented. The known modes of action and effects of these additives on feed digestion and more especially on rumen fermentations are described. Their utility and limitations in field conditions for modern ruminant production systems and their compliance with the current legislation are also discussed.
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Effects of an exogenous proteolytic enzyme on growth performance of beef steers and in vitro ruminal fermentation in continuous cultures1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ruminal digestibility and fermentation characteristics in vitro of fenugreek and alfalfa hay combination with or without the inoculation of Neocallimastix sp. YAK11. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang HJ, Yue Q. Effect of glucose addition and N sources in defined media on fibrolytic activity profiles ofNeocallimastix sp. YQ1 grown on corn stover. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:554-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang H, Xie C. Assessment of fibrolytic activities of 18 commercial enzyme products and their abilities to degrade the cell wall fraction of corn stalks in in vitro enzymatic and ruminal batch cultures. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Llewellyn D, Marston T, Teutemacher K, Higgins J, Melgarejo T. Evaluation of low molecular weight fractions and crude enzyme preparation from a Trichoderma cellulase complex as a treatment for fibrous feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Determining the safety of enzymes used in animal feed. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:332-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang H, Yue Q, Cao Y, Zhang D, Wang J. Effects of crude feruloyl and acetyl esterase solutions of Neocallimastix sp. YQ1 and Anaeromyces sp. YQ3 isolated from Holstein steers on hydrolysis of Chinese wildrye grass hay, wheat bran, maize bran, wheat straw and corn stalks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yue Q, Yang H, Li D, Wang J. A comparison of HPLC and spectrophotometrical methods to determine the activity of ferulic acid esterase in commercial enzyme products and rumen contents of steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yue Q, Yang H, Cao Y, Zhang D, Jiang Y, Wang J. Feruloyl and acetyl esterase production of an anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix sp. YQ2 effected by glucose and soluble nitrogen supplementations and its potential in the hydrolysis of fibrous feedstuffs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Colombatto D, Beauchemin KA. A protease additive increases fermentation of alfalfa diets by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:1097-105. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jalilvand G, Odongo N, López S, Naserian A, Valizadeh R, Shahrodi FE, Kebreab E, France J. Effects of different levels of an enzyme mixture on in vitro gas production parameters of contrasting forages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effects of treatment with ammonia or fibrolytic enzymes on chemical composition and ruminal degradability of hays produced from tropical grasses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Krueger N, Adesogan A, Staples C, Krueger W, Dean D, Littell R. The potential to increase digestibility of tropical grasses with a fungal, ferulic acid esterase enzyme preparation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Miller D, Elliott R, Norton B. Effects of an exogenous enzyme, Roxazyme® G2, on intake, digestion and utilisation of sorghum and barley grain-based diets by beef steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tricarico J, Johnston J, Dawson K. Dietary supplementation of ruminant diets with an Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Eun JS, Beauchemin K. Relationship between enzymic activities and in vitro degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Effects of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparation on in vitro ruminal fermentation of three forages and their isolated cell walls. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hristov A, Basel C, Melgar A, Foley A, Ropp J, Hunt C, Tricarico J. Effect of exogenous polysaccharide-degrading enzyme preparations on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Graminha E, Gonçalves A, Pirota R, Balsalobre M, Da Silva R, Gomes E. Enzyme production by solid-state fermentation: Application to animal nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Giraldo L, Tejido M, Ranilla M, Carro M. Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro ruminal fermentation of substrates with different forage:concentrate ratios. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Miller D, Elliott R, Norton B. Effects of an exogenous enzyme, Roxazyme® G2 Liquid, on digestion and utilisation of barley and sorghum grain-based diets by ewe lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme level and incubation pH on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of alfalfa stems. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Eun JS, Beauchemin K, Schulze H. Use of an in vitro fermentation bioassay to evaluate improvements in degradation of alfalfa hay due to exogenous feed enzymes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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