1
|
Homann C, Wilke V, Eckey I, Chuppava B, Kaltschmitt M, Zimmermann A, Visscher C. Rye Bran as a Component in the Diets of Lactating Sows-Effects on Sow and Piglet Performance. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:380. [PMID: 38338022 PMCID: PMC10854610 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
From a cost and sustainability perspective, the use of by-products such as rye bran in sow diets is of particular interest. Rye bran has valuable ingredients that have potential benefits for the gut health of sows. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of including 15% rye bran in the sows' feed on the performance of sows and piglets. The feeding started one week before the farrowing date and ended at weaning. Performance was evaluated by measuring sow (n = 175) and piglet body weight (n = 1372) and sows' backfat thickness (n = 80). These data were additionally used to calculate the colostrum intake of the suckling piglets and the sows' milk production. It was found that there were no differences in the performance parameters between the experimental and control groups. However, this study showed that the piglets with light birth weight (LBW (<1000 g)) and medium birth weight (MBW (1000-1500 g) consumed more colostrum when the sows were fed rye bran (LBW: C/R 203.0 ± 39.2 g/214.3 ± 35.9 g; MBW: 291.3 ± 39.0 g/298.5 ± 36.4 g). It can be concluded that including 15% rye bran in the feed of lactating sows has no obvious negative effects on the performance of sows and piglets. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible positive effects of rye bran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Homann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Isabell Eckey
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| | - Martin Kaltschmitt
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (I.E.); (C.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Estrada J, Johnson DC, Kyle KL, Perez J, Parr E, Welch MW, Neill C, Peterson BA, Boler DD. Characterizing sow feed intake during lactation to explain litter and subsequent farrowing performance. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae093. [PMID: 38558022 PMCID: PMC11044703 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Variation in feed intake results in nearly 20% of sows consuming less than the recommended lysine (Lys) intake for lactating sows. The Lys requirement for lactating sows is based on litter size and piglet average daily gain which influences milk production. Litter size continues to increase every year causing the need for routine reevaluation of nutrient requirements. If dietary inclusion levels are not continuously adjusted this can lead to inadequate daily Lys and energy intake and may negatively impact sow body condition and litter performance. The objective was to characterize the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of sows and define feed intake patterns and their effects on sow body weight, farrowing performance, litter performance, and subsequent farrowing performance. ADFI during lactation was recorded for 4,248 sows from 7 independent research studies. Data collection occurred from November 2021 through November 2023 at a commercial breed-to-wean facility in western Illinois. Each sow was categorized as: consistently low intake (< 5.5 kg/d) throughout the lactation (LLL); low intakes (< 5 kg/d) in the first week, then gradually increased throughout the rest of the lactation period (LHH); gradual increase in intake throughout lactation with no drop and a peak intake after day 10 of lactation (gradual); rapid increase in intake with no drop and the peak intake met before day 10 (rapid); a major drop in feed intake (> 1.6 kg decrease for ≥ 2 d) any time during lactation (MAJOR); minor drop (≤ 1.6 kg for ≥ 2 d; MINOR). Sows were also separated into low (quartile 1; ≤ 25%), average (quartile 2 through 3), or high feed intake (quartile 4; ≥ 75%) by parity (P1, P2, P3+). Sows in the LLL category were younger in parity, had the greatest preweaned mortality, weaned the lightest average pigs, and experienced the greatest loss in body weight percentage compared with sows in all other feed intake categories. Furthermore, sows in the LLL and LHH categories had one fewer subsequent pig born compared with sows in the other four categories. These data support historical findings that feed intake patterns directly contribute to current litter farrowing performance. Lactation intake patterns also influence subsequent farrowing performance. Identifying under-consuming sows that are likely Lys and energy deficient allows producers opportunities to promote consistent, adequate daily intakes to these groups and mitigate negative impacts on sow and litter performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Estrada
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | | | - Kelsey L Kyle
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | - Jeremy Perez
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | - Eric Parr
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | | | - Casey Neill
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | | | - Dustin D Boler
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muro BB, Carnevale RF, Leal DF, Almond GW, Monteiro MS, Poor AP, Schinckel AP, Garbossa CA. The importance of optimal body condition to maximise reproductive health and perinatal outcomes in pigs. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:351-371. [PMID: 35748154 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition or undernutrition during all or part of the reproductive cycle predisposes sows to metabolic consequences and poor reproductive health which contributes to a decrease in sow longevity and an increase in perinatal mortality. This represents not only an economic problem for the pig industry but also results in poor animal welfare. To maximise profitability and increase sustainability in pig production, it is pivotal to provide researchers and practitioners with synthesised information about the repercussions of maternal obesity or malnutrition on reproductive health and perinatal outcomes, and to pinpoint currently available nutritional managements to keep sows' body condition in an optimal range. Thus, the present review summarises recent work on the consequences of maternal malnutrition and highlights new findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bd Muro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella F Carnevale
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matheus S Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André P Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Cesar Ap Garbossa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2996. [PMID: 37835602 PMCID: PMC10571980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow's GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring's microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow's microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow's microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow's feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng S, Fang C, Zhuo R, Jiang Q, Song Y, Yang K, Zhang S, Hao J, Fang R. Maternal Supplementary Tapioca Polysaccharide Iron Improves the Growth Performance of Piglets by Regulating the Active Components of Colostrum and Cord Blood. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2492. [PMID: 37570300 PMCID: PMC10417719 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation with TpFe (tapioca polysaccharide iron) on reproductive performance, colostrum composition, cord blood active components of sows, and growth performance of their nursing piglets. Sixty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned to three groups at day 85 of gestation. The experimental diets included a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg FeSO4·H2O (CON group), the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe50 group), and the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe100 group), as calculated by Fe content. The experiment lasted from day 85 of gestation to the end of weaning (day 21 of lactation). Results showed that maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe improved (p < 0.05) feed intake during lactation, live births, and birth weight of the litter (alive) and increased (p < 0.05) colostrum IgM (immunoglobulin m), IgA (immunoglobulin A), as well as the IgG levels, while it decreased (p < 0.05) the urea nitrogen and somatic cell count of sows. Moreover, sows in the TpFe100 group had higher (p < 0.05) serum iron levels and IgG. Additionally, maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe increased (p < 0.05) iron level, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), catalase (CAT), IgG, red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) of cord blood, similar with the iron content, T-AOC, GSH-px, IgG, RBC, Hb, hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of weaned piglet blood. The diarrhea and mortality rates among the nursing piglets were decreased (p < 0.05), while the average weight at day 21 of age was increased (p < 0.05) in the TpFe100 group. Serum PRL (prolactin) levels of sows exhibited a positive correlation (p < 0.05) with live births. Suckling piglet diarrhea was positively correlated with colostrum urea nitrogen level but negatively correlated with colostrum IgM, IgG, and cord blood Hb content (p < 0.05). The mortality of suckling piglets was negatively correlated with serum iron content and IgM in colostrum, GSH-px, and IgG in cord serum of sows (p < 0.05). The average weight of weaning piglets was positively (p < 0.05) related to colostrum IgM and IgG levels, as well as cord serum RBC counts of sows on day 21. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with TpFe can improve the active components of colostrum and umbilical cord blood and improve the growth performance of suckling piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengting Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chengkun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yating Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Juanyi Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bortolozzo FP, Zanin GP, Ulguim RDR, Mellagi APG. Managing Reproduction in Hyperprolific Sow Herds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1842. [PMID: 37889779 PMCID: PMC10252095 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rearing of large litters from hyperprolific sows is a characteristic of modern genotypes. However, these sows have body and reproductive characteristics that differentiate them from the genotypes of the past decades, making it necessary to adopt different management strategies. This review describes the main care and challenges associated with the hyperprolificity of sows during the period in which replacement gilts are selected, along with gestation, parturition, lactation, and the weaning-estrus interval. It describes the challenges that these sows' piglets will face during the lactation period and includes some strategies adopted to develop these surplus piglets. In addition, it identifies areas where more research is needed to understand the reproductive management of modern genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Setor de Suínos, Porto Alegre 90540-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spinler MS, Gebhardt JT, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Kyle JM, Woodworth JC. Effect of lactation and nursery diets supplemented with a feed flavor on sow feed intake and lactation performance and subsequent weaned pig nursery performance. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad056. [PMID: 37334248 PMCID: PMC10276550 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 105 sows (Line 241, DNA, Columbus, NE) were used across four batch farrowing groups to evaluate the effects of feeding a feed flavor in lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Sow groups 1 and 2 farrowed in an old farrowing facility during the summer months and groups 3 and 4 farrowed in a new farrowing facility during the winter months. Sows were blocked by body weight (BW) within parity on days 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were a standard corn-soy-based lactation diet (control) or the control diet with the addition of a feed flavor at 0.05% of diet (Krave AP, Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA, USA). Farrowing facility environment had a large impact and resulted in many interactions with the feed flavor treatment. From farrowing to weaning, sows fed the feed flavor in the old farrowing house tended to have a higher (P = 0.058) lactation feed intake, while no difference in average daily feed intake (ADFI) was observed in the new farrowing house. Pigs weaned from sows fed with the feed flavor in the old farrowing facility had a higher (P = 0.026) BW at weaning and piglet average daily gain (ADG) from day 2 to weaning (P = 0.001) compared to piglets from sows not fed with the feed flavor; whereas the opposite occurred in the new farrowing house. Progeny from one farrowing group in the old farrowing facility was followed into the nursery. A total of 360 weaned pigs (DNA 241 × 600: initially 5.7 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial in the nursery portion of the study to evaluate the effects of previous sow feed flavoring treatment (control vs. flavor) and nursery diets formulated with or without a feed flavor on growth performance in a 38-d trial. Nursery treatments were either a control diet or a diet containing a feed flavor (Delistart #NA 21, Adisseo). Offspring from sows fed with the flavor diet were heavier at weaning (P < 0.001) which was maintained throughout the study. Overall, progeny from sows fed with a diet containing a feed flavor had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW during the trial. The presence of a feed flavor in the nursery did not improve overall nursery performance. In conclusion, when sow lactation feed intake was increased in the old farrowing house, pigs weaned from sows fed with the flavor diet were heavier (P = 0.039) at weaning compared to pigs weaned from sows fed with the control diet. Adding the feed flavor increased sow feed intake and piglet ADG in a warm environment, but not in a cool environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanz-Fernández S, Díaz-Gaona C, Casas-Rosal JC, Quintanilla R, López P, Alòs N, Rodríguez-Estévez V. Second litter syndrome in Iberian pig breed: factors influencing the performance. Animal 2022; 16:100675. [PMID: 36442325 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Second litter syndrome (SLS) consists of a loss of prolificacy in the second parity (P2), when a sow presents the same or lower results for litter size than in the first parity (P1). This syndrome has been reported for modern prolific breeds but has not been studied for rustic breeds. The objectives of this study are to determine how and to what degree Iberian sows (a low productivity breed recently raised on intensive farms) are affected by SLS; to establish a target and reference levels; and to assess the factors influencing the performance. Analysed data correspond to 66 Spanish farms with a total of 126 140 Iberian sows. The average Iberian sow prolificacy in P1 was 8.91 total born (TB) and 8.47 born alive (BA) piglets, whereas in P2, it decreased by -0.05 TB and -0.01 BA piglets, suggesting some general incidence of SLS. At the sow level, 56.63% did not improve prolificacy in terms of BA piglets in P2, and 16.98% had a clear decrease in prolificacy, losing ≥3 BA piglets in P2. Within herds, a mean of 57.75% of sows showed SLS, with an evident decrease in the number of BA piglets in P2. The plausible target for the Iberian farm's prolificacy comes from the quartile of farms with the lowest percentage of SLS sows within the farms with the highest prolificacy between P1 and P2 (mean of 8.77 BA). So, in this subset of farms (N = 17), 47.3% of sows improved their prolificacy in P2 (i.e. did not show SLS). Hence, half the sows could be expected to show SLS even on farms with a good performance. Finally, this study brings out the main factors reducing P2 prolificacy through SLS in the Iberian breed: later age at first farrowing, long first lactation length, medium weaning to conception interval and large litter size in P1. In conclusion, improving the reproductive performance of Iberian farms requires reducing the percentage of sows with SLS, paying special attention to those risk factors. The knowledge derived from this study can provide references for comparing and establishing objectives of performance on Iberian sow farms which can be used for other robust breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sanz-Fernández
- Department of Animal Production, UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Díaz-Gaona
- Department of Animal Production, UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J C Casas-Rosal
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad de Córdoba, Avd. San Alberto Magno s/n, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Quintanilla
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - P López
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - N Alòs
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - V Rodríguez-Estévez
- Department of Animal Production, UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dietary β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate supplementation of sows improves litter performance and colostrum production in a dose-dependent manner. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Mora M, David I, Gilbert H, Rosa GJM, Sánchez JP, Piles M. Analysis of the causal structure of traits involved in sow lactation feed efficiency. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:53. [PMID: 35883024 PMCID: PMC9327305 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed efficiency during lactation involves a set of phenotypic traits that form a complex system, with some traits exerting causal effects on the others. Information regarding such interrelationships can be used to predict the effect of external interventions on the system, and ultimately to optimize management practices and multi-trait selection strategies. Structural equation models can be used to infer the magnitude of the different causes of such interrelationships. The causal network necessary to fit structural equation models can be inferred using the inductive causation (IC) algorithm. By implementing these statistical tools, we inferred the causal association between the main energy sources and sinks involved in sow lactation feed efficiency for the first time, i.e., daily lactation feed intake (dLFI) in kg/day, daily sow weight balance (dSWB) in kg/day, daily litter weight gain (dLWG) in kg/day, daily back fat thickness balance (dBFTB) in mm/day, and sow metabolic body weight (SMBW) in kg0.75. Then, we tested several selection strategies based on selection indices, with or without dLFI records, to improve sow efficiency during lactation. RESULTS The IC algorithm using 95% highest posterior density (HPD95%) intervals resulted in a fully directed acyclic graph, in which dLFI and dLWG affected dSWB, the posterior mean of the corresponding structural coefficients (PMλ) being 0.12 and - 0.03, respectively. In turn, dSWB influenced dBFTB and SMBW, with PMλ equal to 0.70 and - 1.22, respectively. Multiple indirect effects contributed to the variances and covariances among the analyzed traits, with the most relevant indirect effects being those involved in the association between dSWB and dBFTB and between dSWB and SMBW. Selection strategies with or without phenotypic information on dLFI, or that hold this trait constant, led to the same pattern and similar responses in dLFI, dSWB, and dLWG. CONCLUSIONS Selection based on an index including only dBFTB and dLWG records can reduce dLFI, keep dSWB constant or increase it, and increase dLWG. However, a favorable response for all three traits is probably not achievable. Holding the amount of feed provided to the sows constant did not offer an advantage in terms of response over the other strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Mora
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA)-Animal Breeding and Genetics, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona Spain
| | - Ingrid David
- GenPhySE, INRAE, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène Gilbert
- GenPhySE, INRAE, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Juan Pablo Sánchez
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA)-Animal Breeding and Genetics, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona Spain
| | - Miriam Piles
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA)-Animal Breeding and Genetics, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Impact of Enhancing Diet Quality or Dietary Supplementation of Flavor and Multi-Enzymes on Primiparous Lactating Sows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121493. [PMID: 35739830 PMCID: PMC9219450 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore how a high-quality diet or a flavor plus multi-enzyme diet affects the feed intake, nutrient digestibility and antioxidation capacity of lactating sows and the growth of their progeny. Thirty primiparous sows were randomly assigned to three treatments from d 2 of lactation until weaning (d 21): control (CON), with a basal diet; high quality (HQ), with 200 kcal/kg higher net energy than CON; or the CON diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg flavor and 100 mg/kg multi-enzymes (F + E). Sows fed with the HQ or F + E diets improved piglets’ live weight (p < 0.05) and average daily weight gain (p < 0.10), litter weight gain (p < 0.10) and piglet growth to milk yield ratio (p < 0.10). Compared with CON, the HQ and F + E groups increased the digestibility of ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber, crude fiber and phosphorus (p < 0.10), and the HQ group also increased dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and energy intake (p < 0.05). Compared with CON, the F + E group decreased serum urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05) and enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, but it decreased malondialdehyde in milk supernatant (p < 0.05).
Collapse
|
12
|
Chance JA, DeRouchey JM, Amachawadi RG, Ishengoma V, Nagaraja TG, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Kang Q, Loughmiller JA, Hotze B, Gebhardt JT. Influence of yeast-based pre- and probiotics in lactation and nursery diets on nursery pig performance and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6582258. [PMID: 35524733 PMCID: PMC9167580 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of various combinations of yeast-based direct fed microbials (DFM) in diets fed to nursery pigs weaned from sows fed lactation diets with or without yeast additives. In Exp. 1, 340 weaned pigs, initially 5.1 kg ± 0.02, were used to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs yeast additives) and nursery diets with or without added yeast-based DFM on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of fecal Escherichia coli. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of sow treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan, Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0 to 7, then concentrations were decreased by 50% from d 7 to 24) with 5 pigs per pen and 17 replications per treatment. Progeny from sows fed yeast additives had increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from d 0 to 24 and d 0 to 45. However, pigs that were fed yeast additives for the first 24 d in the nursery tended to have decreased d 0 to 45 ADG (P = 0.079). Fecal E. coli isolated from pigs from the sows fed yeast group had increased (P = 0.034) resistance to nalidixic acid and a tendency for increased resistance to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.065) and gentamicin (P = 0.054). Yet, when yeast additives were added in the nursery there was reduced (P < 0.05) fecal E. coli resistance to azithromycin and chloramphenicol. In Exp. 2, 330 weaned pigs, initially 5.8 kg ± 0.03, were used to evaluate diets with two different combinations of DFM on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of sow treatment (same as described in Exp. 1) and nursery treatment (control; YCW, 0.05% of SafMannan from d 0 to 38 and NucleoSaf at 0.05% from d 0 to 10 and 0.025% from d 10 to 24; or DFM, 0.10% MicroSaf-S from d 0 to 38 and NucleoSaf at 0.05% from d 0 to 10 and 0.025% from d 10 to 24) with 6 pigs per pen and 8 to 10 replications per treatment. From d 0 to 10 post-weaning, progeny of sows fed yeast additives had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. In conclusion, feeding sows yeast through lactation improved offspring growth performance in the nursery. While feeding live yeast and yeast extracts reduced nursery pig performance in Exp. 1, feeding DFM improved growth later in the nursery period in Exp. 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Chance
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | - Victor Ishengoma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-0201 USA
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| | | | - Brian Hotze
- Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee WI, 53214-1552 USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kanas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506-0201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rempel LA, Keel BN, Oliver WT, Wells JE, Lents CA, Nonneman DJ, Rohrer GA. Dam parity structure and body condition during lactation influence piglet growth and gilt sexual maturation through pre-finishing. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6562283. [PMID: 35363309 PMCID: PMC9030212 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy demands during lactation greatly influence sow body condition and piglet performance. We hypothesized that primiparous sows or sows with reduced body condition would produce piglets with reduced growth and delayed sexual maturation. Eight weekly farrowing seasons were used to evaluate sow body condition (post-farrowing, PF and weaning, WN) and piglet growth from 157 dams. Body condition was measured at PF and WN using sow calipers (last rib and hip) and 10th rib ultrasound. Sows were categorized as thin, moderate, or fat by caliper (PF or WN). Individual pig weights were recorded on approximately 1, 10, WN, 45, 100, and 145 d of age. At 100 and 145 d of age, 10th-rib backfat and loin eye area were measured on 567 pigs and first estrus was monitored in 176 gilts reserved for breeding selection beginning at approximately 170 d of age. Sows had similar (P > 0.10) PF last rib caliper measurements but at WN, first parity sows had the smallest caliper measurements compared to other parities (P < 0.05). Parities 1, 2, and 3 sows had similar (P > 0.10) loin eye area at PF; however, at WN first parity sows had the smallest loin eye area (P < 0.05; 38.2 ± 0.63 cm2). Parity 1 sows had the greatest (P < 0.05) reduction of backfat and loin eye area over the lactation period (-2.9 ± 0.31 mm and -2.6 ± 0.49 cm2, respectively). At 1 d of age and WN, piglets from first parity sows weighed the least (P < 0.05) but were the heaviest (P < 0.05) at 100 and 145 d of age. Pigs from first parity litters had larger (P < 0.05) loin eye area at 100 and 145 d of age and greater backfat (P < 0.05) at 145 d of age. Fat sows at WN (last rib or hip) had the lightest (P < 0.05) piglets at 10 d of age and WN. However, at 45 d of age, piglets from fat sows (last rib or hip) were heavier (P < 0.05) than piglets from moderate and thin sows. Tenth rib backfat at 100 and 145 d of age tended (P < 0.10) to be less in pigs reared by thin sows (PF and WN hip). Tenth rib loin eye area was similar among pigs reared by fat, moderate, or thin sows. Gilts developed in litters from fourth parity sows had (P < 0.05) delayed age at puberty in contrast to gilts from first or third parity sows (200.9 ± 4.96 d vs. 189.0 ± 2.29 d and 187.5 ± 2.84 d, respectively). Although progeny body weights were typically less from first parity dams through 45 d of age, these progeny were similar or heavier at 100 and 145 d of age in contrast to progeny from other parities. Furthermore, gilt progeny from first parity dams did not have delayed pubertal attainment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea A Rempel
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Brittney N Keel
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - William T Oliver
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - James E Wells
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Clay A Lents
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Dan J Nonneman
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Gary A Rohrer
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han L, Azad MAK, Huang P, Wang W, Zhang W, Blachier F, Kong X. Maternal Supplementation With Different Probiotic Mixture From Late Pregnancy to Day 21 Postpartum: Consequences for Litter Size, Plasma and Colostrum Parameters, and Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites in Sows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:726276. [PMID: 35211537 PMCID: PMC8860973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.726276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined the effects of different probiotic mixture supplementation to sows from late pregnancy to day 21 postpartum on reproductive performance, colostrum composition, plasma biochemical parameters, and fecal microbiota and metabolites. A total of 80 pregnant sows were randomly assigned to one of four groups (20 sows per group). The sows in the control group (CON group) were fed a basal diet, and those in the BS-A+B, BS-A+BL, and BS-B+BL groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 250 g/t of different probiotic mixture containing either 125 g/t of Bacillus subtilis A (BS-A), Bacillus subtilis B (BS-B), and/or Bacillus licheniformis (BL), respectively. The trial period was from day 85 of pregnancy to day 21 postpartum. The results showed that different dietary probiotic mixture supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the average weaning weight and average daily gain of piglets, while dietary BS-A+BL supplementation increased the number of weaned piglets (P < 0.05), litter weight (P = 0.06), litter weight gain (P = 0.06), and litter daily gain (P = 0.06) at weaning compared with the CON group. Different dietary probiotic mixture supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the colostrum quality by increasing the fat and dry matter concentrations, as well as the protein and urea nitrogen concentrations in the BS-A+BL group. Dietary probiotic mixture BS-B+BL increased the plasma total protein on days 1 and 21 postpartum while decreased the plasma albumin on day 1 postpartum (P < 0.05). In addition, the plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was increased in the BS-A+B and BS-B+BL groups on day 21 postpartum, while plasma ammonia was decreased in the BS-A+B and BS-A+BL groups on day 1 and in the three probiotic mixtures groups on day 21 postpartum (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with different probiotic mixture also modified the fecal microbiota composition and metabolic activity in sows during pregnancy and postpartum stages. Collectively, these findings suggest that maternal supplementation with Bacillus subtilis in combination with Bacillus licheniformis are promising strategies for improving the reproductive performance and the overall health indicators in sows, as well as the growth of their offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute of Cell Transplantion and Gene Therapy, Centra-South University, the Engineering Center for Xenotransplantation, Changsha, China
| | | | - Francois Blachier
- UMR PNCA, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangfeng Kong
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li D, Dang DX, Xu S, Tian Y, Wu D, Su Y. Soy isoflavones supplementation improves reproductive performance and serum antioxidant status of sows and the growth performance of their offspring. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:1268-1276. [PMID: 34862676 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 60 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, average parity was 1.39) were used to evaluate the effects of soy isoflavones (ISO) supplementation on reproductive performance, serum antioxidant enzyme parameters, and milk compositions of sows, and the growth performance of offspring. Sows were randomly assigned to 4 groups based on the parity. There were 15 replicates per treatment. Dietary treatments were based on a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and supplemented with 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg ISO. With the increase of the ISO dosage, average daily feed intake of sows increased linearly; oestrus interval decreased linearly and quadratically. In addition, on day 10 of lactation, linear increases in serum superoxide dismutase levels, linear and quadratic increases in serum total antioxidant capacity, and linear decreases in serum malondialdehyde levels were observed in increasing ISO dosage in the diet of sows. The body weight on day 10 and 21 and the average daily gain during days 3-10 and 3-21 of offspring increased linearly at graduated doses of ISO increased. Therefore, feeding sows with graded levels of ISO containing diet during late-gestation and lactation periods improved the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of their offspring in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Li
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - De Xin Dang
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.,Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumin Tian
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Su
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Q, Ahn JM, Kim IH. Micelle silymarin supplementation to sows' diet from day 109 of gestation to entire lactation period enhances reproductive performance and affects serum hormones and metabolites. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6444280. [PMID: 34850001 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the influences of varying doses of micelle silymarin (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) supplementation on sows' feed intake, milk yields, serum hormones, and litter growth using 40 multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, parity from 3 to 5) from the 109th prenatal day to the 21st postnatal day. Each treatment included 10 sows and each sow was used as an experimental unit. On weaning day, litter weight and litter weight gain were linearly improved (P < 0.01, both), corresponding to the increasing dose of silymarin micelle in the diet. Also, litter weight, litter weight gain, and average daily gain (ADG) of piglets born to treated sows exceeded (P < 0.05) those of offspring from the control sows (0% micelle silymarin). Feed intake in week 1, week 2, and the entire lactation period was increased (linear, P < 0.01) as micelle silymarin dose increased. Body weight (BW) loss of sows during lactation was linearly reduced (P = 0.003) with the increasing amounts of micelle silymarin. Average daily milk yields during lactation were also linearly increased (P = 0.002) in treated sows, exceeding (P = 0.046) that of control sows. Also, uniform increases were observed (P = 0.037) in fat content in milk produced by treated sows on day 14 of lactation. Epinephrine concentrations and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in sow serum on day 21 postpartum were linearly declined (P = 0.010) as micelle silymarin dose increased, and were both declined (P < 0.05) in treated sows compared with the control. In addition, treated sows' serum had higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) at parturition and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lower oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations, and GSSG/GSH (glutathione) ratio (all, P < 0.01) on day 21 of lactation. Moreover, offspring from micelle silymarin-treated sows tended to (0.05 < P <0.1) have higher serum catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) concentrations. Taken together, the results showed that sows fed increasing levels of micelle silymarin from the 109th prenatal day to the 21st postnatal day had an incremental dose-dependent effect on higher feed intake, diminished BW loss, greater milk yields, and greater litter weight at weaning, and 0.2% of micelle silymarin could be optimal to achieve the better effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Je Min Ahn
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sureshkumar S, Liu YJ, Chen NB, Kim IH. Dietary inclusion of glucose oxidase supplementation to corn-wheat-based diet enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile of lactating sows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:778-789. [PMID: 34447955 PMCID: PMC8367401 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary glucose
oxidase (GOx) supplementation on the reproductive performance, litter
performance, total tract digestibility, and blood profile of lactating sows fed
corn-wheat-based diet. A total of twenty multiparous sows (Landrace ×
Yorkshire) were allocated into one of four treatments with five replicates per
treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: CON (Basal diet), GO1 (basal
diet + 200 U GOx/kg), GO2 (basal diet + 300 U GOx/kg), GO3 (basal diet + 400 U
Gox/kg). Dietary GOx supplementation did not affect lactating sow’s
reproduction performance as well as body weight, backfat thickness, and body
condition score during pre and post farrowing, and at weaning
(p > 0.05). However, after farrowing to weaning
period lactating sow’s fed GOx supplement has linearly
(p = 0.0196) decreased the bodyweight loss. While, there
were no effects (p > 0.05) observed on sows backfat
thickness loss, average daily feed intake, and estrus interval among treatment
groups. Dietary supplementation of GOx has linearly improved the body weight
gain (p = 0.049) and average daily gain (p =
0.040) of suckling piglets. The total tract digestibility of dry matter and
nitrogen was linearly increased with the graded level of GOx supplement. Also, a
linear effect was observed on the glucose and superoxide dismutase of blood
profile with the dietary inclusion of GOx. In summary, our finding indicates
that the dietary inclusion of GOx supplement with corn-wheat-based diet had a
beneficial effect on the nutrient digestibility and blood profile of lactating
sows and improved the growth performance of suckling piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Jie Liu
- Jinan Bestzyme-Bio Engineering, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Ning Bo Chen
- Jinan Bestzyme-Bio Engineering, Jinan 250000, China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Sows' Diet Reduce Body Weight Loss during Lactation and Increase IgG in Colostrum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082195. [PMID: 34438653 PMCID: PMC8388448 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant extracts containing isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) have been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. In pigs, IQ supplementation has been shown to downregulate the stress response and improve the digestibility of nutrients. The present experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing sows’ diets with IQ during gestation would decrease stress at farrowing and improve colostrum quality, positively affecting the piglets’ health and performance. Abstract Isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) exert beneficial antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in livestock. Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementing sows’ diets with IQ during gestation would decrease farrowing stress, affecting the piglets’ development and performance. Sows were divided into: IQ1, supplemented with IQ from gestation day 80 (G80) to weaning; IQ2, supplemented from gestation day 110 (G110) to weaning, and a non-supplemented (NC) group. Sow body weight (BW), feed intake, back-fat thickness and back-muscle thickness were monitored. Cortisol, glucose and insulin were measured in sows’ blood collected 5 d before, during, and after 7 d farrowing. Protein, fat, IgA and IgG were analyzed in the colostrum and milk. Piglets were monitored for weight and diarrhea score, and for ileum histology and gene expression 5 d post-weaning. IQ-supplemented sows lost less BW during lactation. Glucose and insulin levels were lower in the IQ groups compared to NC-sows 5 d before farrowing and had higher levels of protein and IgG in their colostrum. No other differences were observed in sows, nor in the measured parameters in piglets. In conclusion, IQ supplementation affected sows’ metabolism, reducing body weight loss during lactation. Providing IQ to sows from their entrance into the maternity barn might be sufficient to induce these effects. IQ improved colostrum quality, increasing the protein and IgG content, improving passive immunity for piglets.
Collapse
|
19
|
Davis H, Jagger S, Toplis P, Miller H. Feeding β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate to sows in late gestation improves litter and piglet performance to weaning and colostrum immunoglobulin concentrations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Sow-related factors affecting the postweaning feed intake in Landrace × Large White females. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:261. [PMID: 33860367 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), a high feeding level is usually offered to recover losses due to lactational catabolism. However, several factors can affect the appetite, possibly impairing the efficacy of this strategy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sow-related factors on average daily feed intake (ADFI) during WEI in 142 primiparous and 458 multiparous sows. After weaning, the sows received 4.3 kg/day of feed and the wastage was recorded. The ADFI after weaning was lower in primiparous than multiparous sows, and on estrous day than in 2 and 3 days preceding estrus (P ≤ 0.05). In primiparous sows, lower ADFI was observed if they had higher backfat thickness at 112 days of gestation (BFT ≥ 11.5 mm) or higher reserves at weaning (BFT ≥ 10.5 mm, caliper units ≥ 12 or ≥ 157 kg; P ≤ 0.05). Higher body reserves at the end of gestation (caliper units ≥ 12, BFT ≥ 11.0 mm, or BCS ≥ 3.0) or weaning (caliper units ≥ 13, BFT ≥ 12.5 mm) negatively affected the ADFI in multiparous sows (P < 0.04). Weaned litter size ≤ 11 piglets (P = 0.06) and shorter lactation length (P< 0.01) decreased the ADFI in primiparous sows. Greater loss in caliper units during lactation tended to reduce ADFI in primiparous and multiparous sows (P ≤ 0.07). Multiparous sows with greater losses in BFT and BCS had lower ADFI (P ≤ 0.03). The ADFI during WEI is reduced when sows are in estrus or if they have greater body reserves.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jang KB, Purvis JM, Kim SW. Supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk composition, gut health, and gut-associated microbiome of offspring. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5873431. [PMID: 32681642 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lysophospholipids (LPL) would influence milk composition of sows, thus positively affect intestinal health of offspring. The objective of this study was to determine effects of dietary LPL fed to lactating sows on performance, milk characteristics, gut health, and gut-associated microbiome of offspring. Sixty pregnant sows were allotted to 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design with parity and BW as blocks on day 110 of gestation. Treatments were CON (no added LPL) and LPL (0.05% LPL; Lipidol-Ultra, Pathway Intermediates, Shrewsbury, UK). Sows were fed 2 kg/d from day 110 of gestation until farrowing and ad libitum after farrowing. Diets were formulated to meet NRC requirement for lactating sows. Colostrum and milk samples from 12 sows per treatment were collected to measure nutrients and immunoglobulins on days 1 and 18 of lactation, respectively. Twelve piglets per treatment (1 piglet per litter) were euthanized on day 18 to collect tissues to measure tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8 (IL-8), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, IgA, histomorphology, crypt cell proliferation rate, and microbiota in the jejunum and colon. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and the mortality was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was no difference in sow BW, parity, and litter size between treatments on day 0 of lactation. Sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) litter BW gain (53.9 vs. 59.4 kg) and decreased piglet mortality (13.9% vs. 10.6%) on day 18 of lactation. Sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) omega-6:omega-3 (22.1 vs. 23.7) and unsaturated:saturated (1.4 vs. 1.6) fatty acids ratios with increased oleic acid (29.1% vs. 31.4%) and tended to have increased (P = 0.092) IgG (1.14 vs. 1.94 g/L) and linoleic acid (17.7% vs. 18.7%) in the milk on day 18 of lactation. Piglets from sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) IL-8 (184 vs. 245 pg/mg) and crypt cell proliferation rate (39.4% vs. 40.9%) and tended to have increased (P = 0.095) Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (1.0 vs. 3.5) in the jejunum. In conclusion, sows fed with LPL had milk with increased IgG, oleic acids, and linoleic acids without changes in BW and backfat during lactation. These changes could contribute to improved survivability and intestinal health of piglets by increasing IL-8 concentration, enhancing balance among gut-associated microbiome, and increasing enterocyte proliferation in the jejunum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Beom Jang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hong J, Fang LH, Kim YY. Effects of dietary energy and lysine levels on physiological responses, reproductive performance, blood profiles, and milk composition in primiparous sows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:334-347. [PMID: 32568263 PMCID: PMC7288234 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adequate intake of energy and lysine for primiparous sows are necessary for
maternal growth of sows and growth of their progeny. This study was conducted to
evaluate the effects of dietary energy and lysine levels on primiparous sows and
their progeny. A total of 48 gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace), with an
initial body weight (BW) of 168.1 ± 9.71 kg and at day 35 of gestation,
were allotted to eight treatment groups with a 2 × 4 factorial
arrangement. The first factor was metabolizable energy levels in diet (3,265 or
3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was lysine levels in diet (gestation
0.55%, 0.65%, 0.75%, 0.85%, lactation 0.70%, 0.85%, 1.00%, 1.15%). The BW gain
(p = 0.07) and backfat thickness (p =
0.09) in the gestation period showed a tendency to be increased in sows fed the
high-energy diets. In the lactation period, sows fed the high-energy diets
tended to be greater BW (p = 0.09) and less BW loss
(p = 0.05) than those of sows fed the low-energy diets.
Sows fed high-energy diets had a tendency of greater piglet weight at day 21 of
lactation and greater piglet weight gain (p = 0.08 and
p = 0.08, respectively). Although the blood urea nitrogen
(BUN) was increased linearly as dietary lysine level increased at day 110 of
gestation (Linear, p = 0.03), the BUN was decreased linearly as
dietary lysine level increase at day 21 of lactation (Linear, p
< 0.01). In the composition of colostrum, sows fed high-energy diets had
greater casein, protein, total solid, solid not fat, and free fatty acid
concentrations than those of sows fed low-energy diets (p
< 0.05). Supplementation of total lysine 0.75% for gestation and 1.00%
for lactation with 3,365 kcal of ME/kg energy level could be applied to the
primiparous sows’ diet to improve performance of sows and growth of their
progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007, USA
| | - Lin Hu Fang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rooney HB, O'driscoll K, O'doherty JV, Lawlor PG. Effect of increasing dietary energy density during late gestation and lactation on sow performance, piglet vitality, and lifetime growth of offspring. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5686855. [PMID: 31875421 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection for hyperprolificacy in sows has resulted in a significant increase in the number of piglets born alive per litter but subsequently, decreased piglet vitality and growth. As a consequence, increasing sows' energy intake during lactation to help increase piglet vitality and growth is increasingly important. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing dietary energy density for lactating sows on weight and back-fat changes in sows, milk composition, and vitality and growth of progeny. Gestating sows (N = 100; Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of four energy dense diets at day 108 of gestation until subsequent service; 13.8 (LL), 14.5 (L), 15.2 (H), and 15.9 MJ DE/kg (HH). All diets contained 1.2% total lysine. Blood samples from sows were taken on day 108 of gestation and at weaning (day 26 of lactation) and colostrum (day 0) and milk samples (day 14) were collected during lactation. Sow lactation feed intakes were recorded daily. The number of piglets born per litter (total and live), piglet birth weight (total and live), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) traits and muscle tone were recorded in piglets at birth. Piglet tympanic ear temperature (TEMP) was recorded at birth and at 24 h. Pigs were weighed on days 1, 6, 14, 26, 33, 40, 54, 75, and 141 of life. Postweaning (PW) pigs were fed standard cereal-based diets. Pig carcass data were collected at slaughter (day 141). Lactation energy intake was higher for HH sows than for all other treatments (P < 0.01). Colostrum and milk composition and lactation feed intake were not affected by treatment. The number of piglets born per litter (total and live) and piglet birthweight (total and live) was similar between treatments. Piglets from LL sows had more IUGR traits (P < 0.01), while those from HH sows had better muscle tone (P < 0.01) than all other treatments. Piglets from LL sows (P < 0.01) and piglets from H sows (P < 0.01) had a higher 24 h TEMP than piglets from HH sows. H sows weaned a greater number of piglets than L sows (P < 0.05) and HH sows (P < 0.01), while L sows weaned lighter litters than H (P < 0.05) and LL sows (P < 0.05). Pig growth PW was unaffected by treatment. High energy dense diets increased energy intake in sows, without depressing appetite. Feeding an HH diet improved piglet muscle tone at birth, whereas feeding an H diet increased litter size at weaning. Inconsistent results were observed for other traits of piglet vitality and for preweaning litter growth performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel B Rooney
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keelin O'driscoll
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - John V O'doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hawe SJ, Scollan N, Gordon A, Magowan E. Impact of sow lactation feed intake on the growth and suckling behavior of low and average birthweight pigs to 10 weeks of age. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa057. [PMID: 32705053 PMCID: PMC7264685 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved genetics in commercial pig production have resulted in larger litter sizes. However this has increased the prevalence of compromised pigs exhibiting inferior birthweights, weaning weights, and lifetime performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of increased sow lactation feed intake on growth of low and average birthweight piglets until 10 wk of age. Low (Low BW; <1 kg) and average (Av BW; 1.3–1.7 kg) birthweight animals were reared in uniformly weighted litters comprising 14 piglets on a foster mother offered either a low (Low FA; max 7.5 kg/d) or high (High FA; max 11 kg/d) feed allowance over a 28- ± 1-d lactation. Piglet performance was monitored from birth until 10 wk of age. Sows offered a High FA consumed 42.4 kg more feed on average than those offered Low FA, resulting in a greater derived milk yield (P < 0.05). Animals of Av BW remained heavier than Low BW pigs throughout the trial (P < 0.05). Piglets reared by High FA sows were heavier at weeks 3, 4, 5, and 7 (P < 0.05) but not week 10 (P > 0.05). Growth rate of piglets relative to their birthweight was significantly greater for Low BW piglets than those of Av BW during lactation (P < 0.001). Piglets reared by sows offered a High FA expressed greater relative growth preweaning (P < 0.05); however, postweaning relative growth for piglets reared on sows offered a Low FA was greater (P < 0.05) suggesting compensatory growth. Neither birthweight nor sow feed allowance significantly affected preweaning mortality (P > 0.05). However, Low BW animals on sows with a High FA recorded half the preweaning mortality of Low BW pigs on sows with a Low FA. During week 1 of lactation, Av BW litters recorded a greater total suckling duration compared to Low BW litters (P < 0.05) but there was no difference in suckling frequency (P > 0.05). During week 3 of lactation, High FA litters displayed a significantly lower suckling frequency (P < 0.05) yet a greater total suckling duration (P < 0.001). Average daily gain was greater for Av BW pigs during weeks 4–7 (P < 0.001) but no difference was recorded between weeks 7 and 10 (P > 0.05). Average daily feed intake was greater for Av BW pigs throughout the nursery period (P < 0.05) but feed–conversion ratio did not differ compared to Low BW pens (P>0.05). In conclusion, offering sows a High FA increased weaning weight of all animals; however, birthweight was the major determinant of postweaning performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hawe
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Livestock Production Sciences Unit, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, UK.,Queens University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Scollan
- Queens University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alan Gordon
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Livestock Production Sciences Unit, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Elizabeth Magowan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Livestock Production Sciences Unit, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, UK.,Queens University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gourley KM, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Goodband RD. Effects of soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance and blood criteria. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa037. [PMID: 32705034 PMCID: PMC7201160 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 131 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of increasing soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance. Sows were blocked by body weight (BW) within parity on day 112 of gestation and allotted to one of three treatments of increasing dietary soybean meal (25%, 30%, or 35% of the total diet). Diets were formulated to 1.05% standardized ileal digestible lysine (Lys) with L-Lys HCl decreasing as soybean meal increased. All other amino acids and nutrients were formulated to meet nutrient requirement recommendations. Diets were fed from day 112 of gestation until weaning (day 20 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered up to 48 h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Increasing soybean meal concentration increased (linear, P = 0.017) sow BW loss and tended to increase (quadratic, P = 0.052) sow backfat loss from farrowing to weaning. Sow average daily feed intake (ADFI) from day 0 to 7 was similar (P > 0.10) across dietary treatments. However, from day 7 to 14, 14 to weaning, and overall, ADFI decreased (linear, P = 0.01) as soybean meal concentration increased. Despite the linear response in ADFI, the greatest decrease was observed as soybean meal concentration increased from 30% to 35% of the diet. There was no evidence for difference (P > 0.10) in wean-to-estrus interval, litter size, litter weight, or litter weight gain between dietary treatments. Sow serum urea nitrogen concentrations taken on day 14 of lactation increased (linear, P = 0.001) as soybean meal concentration increased. There was no difference (P > 0.05) for sow creatinine concentration, regardless of dietary treatment, suggesting that the increased urea nitrogen was a reflection of the increased dietary crude protein as opposed to increased protein catabolism. In summary, sow feed intake decreased and weight loss increased as soybean meal concentration of the diet increased, with the greatest decrease observed at 35% of the total diet. Although there were no differences in litter performance, it appeared that 35% soybean meal in the lactation diet negatively affected feed intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiah M Gourley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
- Corresponding author:
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu C, Cheng C, Zhang X, Peng J. Inclusion of Soluble Fiber in the Gestation Diet Changes the Gut Microbiota, Affects Plasma Propionate and Odd-Chain Fatty Acids Levels, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Sows. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020635. [PMID: 31963640 PMCID: PMC7013540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from pregnancy to lactation is characterized by a progressive decrease in insulin sensitivity. Propionate increases with dietary fiber consumption and has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Recent studies suggest that plasma odd-chain fatty acids [OCFAs; pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0)] that inversely correlated with insulin resistance are synthesized endogenously from gut-derived propionate. The present study investigated the effects of soluble fiber during gestation on gut microbiota, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and insulin sensitivity in sows. Sows were allocated to either control or 2.0% guar gum plus pregelatinized waxy maize starch (SF) dietary treatment during gestation. The SF addition changes the structure and composition of gut microbiota in sows. Genus Eubacterium increased by SF addition may promote intestinal propionate production. Moreover, the dietary SF increased circulating levels of plasma OCFAs, especially C17:0. The SF-fed sows had a higher insulin sensitivity and a lower systemic inflammation level during perinatal period. Furthermore, the plasma C15:0 and C17:0 was negatively correlated with the area under curve of plasma glucose after meal and plasma interleukin-6. In conclusion, dietary SF improves insulin sensitivity and alleviates systemic inflammation in perinatal sows, potentially related to its stimulating effect on propionate and OCFAs production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, WENS Research Institute (Technology center), Yunfu 527300, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.X.); (C.C.); (X.Z.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The Effect of Dietary Oil Type and Energy Intake in Lactating Sows on the Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum and Milk, and Piglet Growth to Weaning. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121092. [PMID: 31817675 PMCID: PMC6940877 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of salmon oil in lactating sow diets and offering these diets in a phased dietary regimen to increase the energy density of the diet in late lactation. Sow and piglet productivity to weaning, the fatty acid profile of milk, piglet blood and tissues at weaning were the main parameters measured. Multiparous sows (n = 100) (Landrace × Large White) were offered dietary treatments from day 105 of gestation until weaning. Dietary treatments (2 × 2 factorial) included oil type (soya or salmon oil) and dietary regimen (Flat 14.5 MJ/kg DE diet offered until weaning or Phased 14.5 MJ/kg DE diet offered to day 14 of lactation then a second diet containing 15.5 MJ/kg DE offered from day 15 until weaning). Salmon oil inclusion increased the total proportion of n-3 fatty acids in colostrum (p < 0.001), milk (p < 0.001), piglet plasma (p < 0.01), adipose (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.001) and muscle (p < 0.001). Increasing sow dietary energy level in late lactation increased the total n-3 fatty acids in milk (p < 0.001), piglet adipose (p < 0.01) and piglet muscle (p < 0.05). However, piglet growth to weaning did not improve.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hu L, Che L, Wu C, Curtasu MV, Wu F, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Zhuo Y, Theil PK, Wu D. Metabolomic Profiling Reveals the Difference on Reproductive Performance between High and Low Lactational Weight Loss Sows. Metabolites 2019; 9:E295. [PMID: 31817081 PMCID: PMC6950487 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sows suffering excess weight loss during lactation may delay weaning to estrus interval (WEI) and have a detrimental effect on subsequent reproductive performance, however, the underlying mechanism is not completely clear. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate physiological profiles manifested in plasma originating from high (HWL) and low lactational weight loss (LWL) sows. The plasma biochemical parameters, hormones, antioxidant parameters, and milk compositions were assessed. Furthermore, plasma metabolites were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion modes. Results showed that HWL sows had a lower feed intake and higher lactational weight loss and prolonged WEI, but had similar litter performance and milk composition compared to LWL sows. These changes were associated with lower plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 and higher fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in the HWL sows. Moreover, HWL led to a severe oxidative stress and metabolic damage, as accompanied by excessive protein breakdown and lipids mobilization at weaning. Metabolomic analysis revealed differences in 46 compounds between HWL and LWL sows, and the identified compounds were enriched in metabolic pathways related to amino acids metabolism, fatty acids oxidation metabolism, bile acids biosynthesis, and nucleoside metabolism. These results provide the evidence for physiological mechanism in sows with excessive lactational weight loss that delayed the WEI. Metabolomic data provides essential information and gives rise to potential targets for the development of nutritional intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mihai Victor Curtasu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; (M.V.C.); (P.K.T.)
| | - Fali Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Peter Kappel Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; (M.V.C.); (P.K.T.)
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (L.H.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jiao Y, Upadhaya S, Kim I. Effects of nucleotide supplementation to corn–soybean meal-based diet on growth performance, fecal microflora, and blood profiles of sows and performance of suckling piglets. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 45 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) and their litters were used in this study to evaluate the efficacy of nucleotide supplementation on reproductive performance, growth performance, fecal microflora, and blood profiles in sows and piglets. Sows were allocated to one of three treatments (15 pigs per treatment and the average parity was 4.13). Dietary treatments consisted of (1) CON: basal diet, (2) T1: CON + 0.5% nucleotides, and (3) T2: CON + 1.0% nucleotides. In this study, the average daily feed intake during lactation and back fat at weaning day was increased linearly (P < 0.05) in sows with the increase in nucleotide supplementation levels. Sows receiving increasing levels of nucleotides had linearly increased fecal Lactobacillus counts and decreased Escherichia coli counts at weaning day (P < 0.05). Linear reduction of the epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in sows was observed at weaning day, whereas superoxide dismutase was increased linearly (P < 0.05). Body weight and average daily gain in piglets were linearly (P < 0.05) increased with the increasing levels of nucleotides. Linear increase (P < 0.05) was also observed on total piglets born, live piglets, and piglet survival. The current study demonstrated the importance of nucleotides in the diets of sows to improve sow and piglet performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Jiao
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - S.D. Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - I.H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jiang Q, Adebowale TO, Tian J, Yin Y, Yao K. Effects of maternal alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation during lactation on the performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:457-471. [PMID: 31454268 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1640023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate if dietary alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation may improve the performance of lactating sows and their suckling piglets. After farrowing, 24 lactating sows (Large White × Landrace) with similar body weight (BW) were assigned to the control and AKG groups based on parity, and their lactation diets were supplemented with 0.00 or 0.25% AKG, respectively. It was found that supplementing the diet of lactating sows with 0.25% AKG enhanced growth performance of the suckling piglets from d 7 to d 21 of the lactation period, improved villus height of ileum and tended (p = 0.085) to increase mean volumetric bone mineral density of femur in the weanling piglets. In the lactating sows, dietary supplementation of AKG decreased plasma urea level on d 14 of lactation, decreased plasma calcium (Ca) concentrations from d 7 to d 21 of lactation and increased lactose and Ca levels in ordinary milk. Thus, it was proposed that AKG supplementation stimulates the capacity for lactose synthesis and Ca uptake in the mammary gland, thereby altering the composition of the ordinary milk which might be associated with the enhanced performance of piglets during the suckling period. These findings could lead to a better application of AKG in lactating nutrition, and therefore, promoting pork production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Tolulope Oluwadamilare Adebowale
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Junquan Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Kang Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei H, Zhao X, Xia M, Tan C, Gao J, Htoo JK, Xu C, Peng J. Different dietary methionine to lysine ratios in the lactation diet: effects on the performance of sows and their offspring and methionine metabolism in lactating sows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:76. [PMID: 31440375 PMCID: PMC6704691 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decade, the nutritional requirements of lactating modern genotype sows have increased. The current nutritional recommendations might be unable to meet the needs of increased litter size and milk production, and thus the nutritional requirements need to be re-evaluated. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary methionine to lysine (Met:Lys) ratios on the performance of and methionine metabolism in lactating sows. Results During the 1st week of lactation, piglets reared on sows in the 0.37 to 0.57 Met:Lys ratio groups grew faster than those reared on sows in the control group (0.27) (P < 0.01). The 0.37-ratio group showed increased levels of GSH-Px in plasma during lactation (P < 0.01) and decreased concentrations of urea nitrogen in the plasma of sows (P < 0.05). Compared with the 0.27-ratio group, the levels of T-AOC and GSH-Px in the plasma and homocysteine in the milk of lactating sows were significantly increased in sows in the 0.47-ratio group (P < 0.01). In sows fed a 0.57-ratio diet, the levels of glutathione and taurine in the plasma and milk were improved significantly during lactation. However, the content of TBARS in the blood (P < 0.05 at day 7 and P = 0.06 at weaning day) was increased (P < 0.01). Moreover, there were linear increases in the levels of homocysteine in the blood and milk of sows during the lactation period (P < 0.01) with increased dietary Met:Lys ratios in the lactation diet. Conclusions The current study indicated that increasing the dietary Met:Lys ratio (0.37~0.57) in the lactation diet had no significant effect on the overall performance of sows or the colostrum and milk composition, but it increased piglet mean BW and piglet ADG during the first week of lactation. Increasing dietary methionine levels had no significant effect on antioxidant function in lactation sows, even though it increased levels of GSH and GSH-Px in the plasma of sows during lactation. However, the content of homocysteine in the plasma and milk increased during lactation due to a high level of dietary methionine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Wei
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichen Zhao
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,2Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Xia
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengquan Tan
- 2Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Gao
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Essen, Germany
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Peng
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miao J, Adewole D, Liu S, Xi P, Yang C, Yin Y. Tryptophan Supplementation Increases Reproduction Performance, Milk Yield, and Milk Composition in Lactating Sows and Growth Performance of Their Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5096-5104. [PMID: 31008593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) can produce bioactive compounds for appetite regulation, calcium mobilization, and mammary gland homeostasis via a serotonin pathway. This study evaluated the effects of Trp supplementation on the reproduction performance, milk yield, and composition of lactating sows, growth performance of their piglets, and the secretion function of porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs). The infrared emulsion analyzer and ELISA analyses revealed that feeding sows with a 0.12% Trp addition increased ( P < 0.05) sow average daily feed intake, milk yield, milk calcium concentration, average daily gain of piglets, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lactose synthase (LS), β-casein secretion, intracellular Ca2+ level, the expression of calcium binding protein CaM, and the activity of CaMKII. In a cellular experiment of PMECs treated with Trp, ELISA and flow cytometry analyses revealed that the pretreatment of a Trp hydroxylase inhibitor reduced ( P < 0.05) FAS and LS synthesis, the intracellular Ca2+ level, and the activity of CaMKII. In conclusion, Trp supplementation at 0.12% increased sows' reproductive performance, milk yield, and calcium concentration and piglets' growth performance. Milk yield increased by Trp was linked to 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated synthesis of FAS, LS, and β-casein in PMECs, while the increase in calcium concentration was attributed to increasing CaM expression and CAMKII activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region , Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha , Hunan 410125 , People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Deborah Adewole
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture , Dalhousie University , Truro , Nova Scotia B2N 5E3 , Canada
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Panpan Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region , Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha , Hunan 410125 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Manu H, Lee S, Ren P, Pangeni D, Yang X, Baidoo SK. Effect of feeding frequency and sow parity based on isocaloric intake during gestation on sow performance. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2154-2164. [PMID: 30911756 PMCID: PMC6488309 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding frequency and sow parity based on same rate of maintenance energy intake during gestation on sow performance. One hundred and seventy-seven sows [Topigs Norsvin 70, Landrace × Large White, Topigs Norsvin USA, Burnsville, MN; parity 3.80 ± 0.16; initial BW = 211.34 ± 3.37 kg; backfat (BF) 13.57 ± 0.54 mm] were blocked by parity, balanced for BW, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included sows fed corn-soybean meal-based diet 1× daily at 0730 h (control, T1), 2× daily [half ration at 0730 and 1530 h (T2)], or 3× daily [a third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T3)], with daily feed quantity kept at 1.25 × maintenance energy intake [100 × (BW)0.75] kcal ME/d. Treatments were imposed from day 30 of gestation. Sows received on average 6,921, 7,129, and 7,399 kcal ME/d from days 30 to 60, days 61 to 90, days 91 to 109 of gestation, respectively. Feeding frequency during gestation had no effect on lactation ADFI (P > 0.10). Sows fed 3× daily during gestation had improved lactation G:F (P = 0.040) compared with sows fed 2× but similar to control sows (P = 0.338). Treatment did not alter BW or BW variations during gestation, lactation, or from days 30 to wean (P > 0.10). Sows fed 2× daily had tendency to gain BF from day 30 to day 109 of gestation (P = 0.053) but tended to lose BF during lactation (P = 0.091) relative to the control sows. Feeding frequency (2× and 3× daily) tended to increase the number of piglets weaned by 0.40 (P = 0.056) and 0.53 (P = 0.098) piglets, respectively, compared with control sows. Sows fed 2× daily during gestation had reduced number of stillborn relative to control sows (P = 0.035). From day 30 to wean, gilts had propensity to lose BF relative to P1+ (P = 0.094), but lost BF compared with P3+ and P6+ sows (P = 0.003). Parity P6+ sows had highest percentage of both 72 h and preweaning piglet mortality than P0, P1+, and P3+ sows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, parity (P6+) had greater lactation BW gain but higher mortalities relative to lower parity sows. Sows fed 2× daily tended to gain BF from days 30 to 109 of gestation and had reduced number of stillborn relative to control sows. It appears that increasing gestation sow feeding frequency from 1× daily to 2× and 3× daily may reduce the number of stillborn and increase litter size at weaning although most of the reproductive traits were not affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayford Manu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Suhyup Lee
- Department of Swine and Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Devi Pangeni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN
| | - Samuel K Baidoo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Knox RV. PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Factors influencing follicle development in gilts and sows and management strategies used to regulate growth for control of estrus and ovulation1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1433-1445. [PMID: 30715326 PMCID: PMC6447271 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors that affect follicle health and growth can influence estrus, ovulation, conception, and litter size. Since the majority of the breeding herd is composed of sows, production schedules are established based on synchronized follicle growth following weaning. Insemination of sows over a 3- to 4-d period after weaning facilitates farrowing over fewer days and helps improve the uniformity of pigs at weaning. Synchronized inseminations of the group are reduced when disturbance to the follicular phase results in delayed estrus. The failure of >15 follicles to uniformly progress beyond the 6.0 mm size within 4 d during the follicular phase is associated with delayed estrus and ovulation, reduced ovulation rate, and reduced farrowing rate. In sows, the follicular phase is initiated at weaning by removal of the suckling inhibition, whereas in cycling gilts, luteolysis and clearance of progesterone begins the process. The timing and patterns of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone stimulation to the ovary determine follicle health and selection for ovulation. Interestingly, abnormal wean-to-estrus intervals in sows and deviations from a 19- to 22-d estrous cycle in gilts are associated with reduced fertility. However, in both cases, it is not entirely clear whether the abnormal intervals are a direct result of problems occurring prior to or only during the follicular phase. In prepubertal gilts, the signal for initiating the follicular phase remains elusive, but could reside in differential sensitivity and response to hormone signals at the level of the ovary and brain. Although the mechanisms are not clear, factors such as boar exposure, stress, feed intake, growth rate, and birthweight have been shown to stimulate an early follicular phase. In contrast, inhibitors to follicle growth have been associated with season, heat stress, photoperiod, negative energy balance, poor body condition, slow growth, fewer parities, and short lactation length. Hormonal aids for inducing and delaying the follicular phase, as well as for inducing ovulation are available to aid in synchronized breeding schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Knox
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Manu H, Lee SH, Ren P, Pangeni D, Yang X, Baidoo SK. Effects of time of feeding during gestation on sow's performance1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1234-1241. [PMID: 30649344 PMCID: PMC6396240 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different feeding time regimes given similar energy intake per kilogram live BW0.75 during gestation on sow's performance. One hundred and seventy-four sows [Topigs TN 70 (Landrace × Large White, Topigs USA); parity 3.81 ± 0.16; initial BW = 211.57 ± 3.34 kg; backfat (BF) 13.70 ± 0.42 mm] were blocked by parity, farrowing date, balanced for BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included sows fed corn-soybean meal-based diet once at [0730 (control, T1), 1130 (T2), or 1530 h (T3)], with daily feed quantity kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake [100 × (BW)0.75] kcal ME/d. Sows received 6,758, 7,434, and 8,110 kcal ME/d from days 30 to 60, days 61 to 90, days 91 to 109 of gestation, respectively. The gestation diet was formulated to contain 3,379 kcal of ME/kg, 0.70% Ca, 0.61% total P, 0.58% SID Lys, 0.26% SID Met, 0.45% SID Thr, 0.12% SID Trp, and 0.48% SID Met+Cys. Body weight and BF were recorded on days 30, 60, 90, and 109 of gestation, 24 h after farrowing and at weaning. Results showed that feeding times evaluated did not alter BW changes from day 30 to day 109 of gestation (P = 0.81) or from day 30 to weaning (P = 0.87). Similarly, feeding sows daily at 1130 h did not influence BF gains and sow reproductive performance relative to the control sows (P > 0.10). Sows fed once daily at 1530 h gained more BF compared with the control (3.69 ± 0.47 vs. 2.12 ± 0.50 mm, P = 0.04) from day 30 to day 109 of gestation. From day 30 of gestation to weaning, treatments did not influence BF gain (P = 0.24). Feeding sows daily meal at 1530 h had propensity to increase (P = 0.09) the number of piglets weaned by 0.54 piglets compared with the control sows. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that feeding pregnant sows at 1530 h altered energy and nutrient metabolism improving their BF gain and exhibited a potential to increase the number of weaned piglets compared with conventional feeding regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayford Manu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Su H Lee
- Department of Swine and Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Devi Pangeni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN
| | - Samuel K Baidoo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao L, Li Y, Li Z, Wu S, Huang K, Chen J, Li C. Effect of the valine-to-lysine ratio on the performance of sows and piglets in a hot, humid environment. J Therm Biol 2019; 81:89-97. [PMID: 30975428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effect of the valine-to-lysine (Val: Lys) ratio on the performance of sows and piglets in a hot, humid environment, eleven Large White × Landrace sows (parity 2 or 3) were selected and randomly assigned to 3 groups. The diets contained total dietary Val: Lys ratios of 0.72, 0.87, or 1.01:1. Sows were fed from d 29 prepartum to d 21 postpartum in a hot, humid environment (temperature: 22-31 ℃, relative humidity: 69-96%). The results showed that dietary valine improved the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the sows in wk3 of the lactation and the average daily gain (ADG) of the piglets from day 7-14 after farrowing. Dietary valine increased the concentrations of lactose in colostrum and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in piglet serum. Additionally, dietary valine affected metabolite and metabolic hormone concentrations. The increase in the ratio of dietary Val: Lys decreased the blood urea nitrogen and increased serum glucose in the sows and increased serum albumin in the piglets. In addition, increasing dietary Val: Lys increased the serum concentration of estradiol-17β in the sows. In conclusion, in a hot, humid environment, dietary valine could improve the performance of sows and piglets by increasing colostrum lactose and serum immunoglobulin concentration in piglets and by influencing serum glucose in sows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yansen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaojian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shen Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sayyari A, Uhlig S, Fæste CK, Framstad T, Sivertsen T. Transfer of Deoxynivalenol (DON) through Placenta, Colostrum and Milk from Sows to Their Offspring during Late Gestation and Lactation. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120517. [PMID: 30518156 PMCID: PMC6315731 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of feed may result in reduced growth, feed refusal, immunosuppression, and health problems in swine. Piglets can be exposed to DON via placenta before birth and via milk during lactation. The extent of early-life exposure of piglets to DON is, however, not fully known. This study was therefore aimed at investigating DON uptake in sows fed with naturally contaminated diets, DON transfer across placenta during late gestation, and transfer of DON to piglets via colostrum and milk. Forty-four crossbred sows were evaluated from day 93 ± 1 of gestation until weaning of piglets and fed with feed made from naturally DON-contaminated oats at three concentration levels: (1) control (DON < 0.2 mg/kg), (2) DON level 1 (1.4 mg DON/kg), and (3) DON level 2 (1.7 mg DON/kg). The transfer of DON to the piglets was evaluated in 15 sows, with repeated sampling of blood and milk from the sows and blood samples from five piglets of each litter. The piglet/sow plasma DON ratio and milk/plasma (M/P) DON ratio in sows were calculated to estimate the degree of transfer. Piglet/sow plasma ratios were 2.14 at birth, 2.30 within 12–36 h after parturition, 0.08 on day 7, 0.16 on day 21, and 0.20 at weaning. M/P ratios were 0.92, 1.11, 0.94, 1.21, and 0.90, respectively. The results indicate that DON is efficiently transferred across placenta and into milk. However, the low piglet/sow plasma ratios at mid-lactation to weaning indicate that the piglets were most strongly exposed to DON in early life, despite the high M/P ratios and efficient secretion of DON in milk throughout the entire lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sayyari
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Section for Chemistry, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christiane Kruse Fæste
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Framstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Sivertsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cozannet P, Lawlor PG, Leterme P, Devillard E, Geraert PA, Rouffineau F, Preynat A. Reducing BW loss during lactation in sows: a meta-analysis on the use of a nonstarch polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzyme supplement. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2777-2788. [PMID: 29471398 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed on eight trials, which included a total of 992 parity 1 to 8 lactating sows, to evaluate the effects of feeding xylanase which is the main enzyme activity present in the enzymatic complex (Rovabio Excel, Adisseo, France) supplement throughout lactation on the following sow performance factors: BW loss, feed intake, backfat depth, and piglet growth. Even a short period of enzyme supplementation during lactation led to a reduction in BW loss of approximately 3 kg per sow (P = 0.003). This reduction represented 1-2% of the BW of sows. This effect could be explained by an increase in feed energy intake and enhanced feed digestibility. Sows fed enzyme-supplemented diets exhibited greater DM, OM, and GE digestibilities (3.4, 3.9, and 4.2% increases, respectively; P < 0.001) than sows fed control diets. During lactation, sows lost from 19 to 25 kg of BW (i.e., approximately 10% of their BW), with a difference between parity groups (P < 0.001). Body reserve mobilization was decreased in sows fed enzyme-supplemented diets (-2.9 kg, P = 0.003), with a more pronounced effect in primiparous than multiparous sows when BW loss is expressed relative to total BW (-2.27 vs. -0.59%, respectively; P = 0.058). Enzyme supplementation also increased litter weight gain up to weaning, with a greater effect in litters from multiparous sows than those from primiparous sows (5.4 vs. 0.6 kg, respectively; P = 0.009). These results could be explained in part by the relationship between their NE intake and either variations in BW or litter weight gain (R2 = 0.51 and 0.49, respectively; P < 0.001). Finally, the meta-analysis suggests that there are differences in the partitioning of the NE intake between growth and milk production and in relation to the sow's parity or physiological status. Extra energy released by enzyme is used for one of these functions (i.e., body mobilization reduction or greater milk export for litter gain).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kemp B, Da Silva CLA, Soede NM. Recent advances in pig reproduction: Focus on impact of genetic selection for female fertility. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53 Suppl 2:28-36. [PMID: 30238653 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past 30 years, sows have been successfully selected for a shorter weaning-to-oestrus interval and increased litter size. This review discusses the consequences of this selection for the reproductive physiology of sows, including the consequences for litter characteristics at birth. It also discusses breeding and management opportunities to deal with this changed genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina L A Da Silva
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schmidt CM, Chiba LI, Hood WR. The effects of parity and litter size on bone metabolic activity in pregnant and lactating sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1651-1656. [PMID: 30155923 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During gestation and lactation, female mammals often mobilize endogenous nutrient reserves to meet the resource demands of offspring production. These mobilized stores include calcium, phosphorous and other minerals that are resorbed from maternal bone to facilitate rapid mineralization of offspring bones. The extent to which bone mineral is resorbed is governed by the total amount of mineral taken in from the diet, but also by the competing demands of offspring and the minimum level of bone density that a female must sustain to support self-maintenance. The maximum amount of bone that a female may mobilize is undoubtedly dependent a variety of maternal traits, including age and reproductive experience (i.e., parity). We evaluated changes in serum concentrations of biomarkers of metabolic activity (total deoxypyridinoline [tDPD] and osteocalcin [OC]) of maternal bone and its relationship to reproductive output and parity throughout pregnancy and lactation in Yorkshire sows. Litter size did not affect bone metabolism; however, serum concentrations of both tDPD and OC were significantly higher in sows with little or no reproductive experience when compared to sows that had produced at least 3 litters prior to the current reproductive bout. This suggests a shift in ability or physiological strategy to meet offspring mineral demands that is acquired or associated with reproductive experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee I Chiba
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Alabama
| | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cheng C, Wei H, Yu H, Xu C, Jiang S, Peng J. Metabolic Syndrome During Perinatal Period in Sows and the Link With Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1989. [PMID: 30197635 PMCID: PMC6117386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the metabolic and immune changes occurring during perinatal period also describe metabolic syndrome. Gut microbiota can cause symptoms of metabolic syndrome in pregnant women. Increased gut permeability is also involved in metabolic disorders in non-pregnant hosts. However, longitudinal studies investigating the changes in metabolic characteristics, gut microbiota, and gut permeability of sows throughout pregnancy and lactation are lacking. The correlation between gut microbiota and metabolic status of sows is also poorly known. The present study was conducted to investigate the temporal variations in sow metabolic characteristics, gut microbiota, gut permeability, and gut inflammation at days 30 (G30) and 109 (G109) of gestation and days 3 (L3) and 14 (L14) of lactation. Results showed that insulin sensitivity was decreased in L3. Circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 increased in G109 and L3. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region showed that gut microbiota changed dramatically across different reproductive stages. The bacterial abundance and alpha diversity in L3 were the lowest. The phyla Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria exhibited the highest relative abundance in L3. Among the genera, Bacteroides, Escherichia_Shigella, and Fusobacterium were highest, but Oscillospira the lowest, in relative abundance in L3. The fecal levels of acetate and total short-chain fatty acids were increased in G109, but fecal butyrate concentrations were markedly decreased in L3. The plasma zonulin concentrations, a biomarker for gut permeability, were increased in G109 and L3. The plasma endotoxin concentrations were increased in L3. Furthermore, levels of fecal lipocalin-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in G109 and L3. In contrast, fecal levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were significantly decreased in G109 and L3. Additionally, the increased relative abundances of Fusobacterium in L3 were positively correlated with plasma zonulin and fecal endotoxin but negatively correlated with fecal IL-10. These findings indicate that the mother sow exhibits a metabolic syndrome and dramatical changes in gut microbiota during perinatal period, especially in early lactation. Besides, increased gut permeability and plasma endotoxin concentrations caused by negative microbial changes would possibly be the potential mechanisms under which sow’s metabolic disorders and inflammatory status were exacerbated during early lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huichao Yu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lei XJ, Lee SI, Kim IH. Evaluation of three different patterns of feed intake during early lactation in lactating sows. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1129-1133. [PMID: 29808526 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity: 3.58 ± 1.30) were used to determine the effects of three patterns of feed intake during early lactation on the performance of lactating sows. Experimental treatments were as follows: IFI-1.4, the amount of feed increased by 1.4 kg per day for the first 5 days post-farrowing, followed by ad libitum feeding until weaning; IFI-1.0, the amount of feed increased by 1.0 kg per day for the first 7 days post-farrowing, followed by ad libitum feeding until weaning; IFI-0.7, the amount of feed increased by 0.7 kg per day for the first 10 days post-farrowing, followed by ad libitum feeding until weaning. The number of live piglets at birth/litter in three dietary treatments was 11.50, 10.07, and 10.85, respectively. Sows in the IFI-1.4 treatment had lower backfat loss during lactation, greater daily feed intake during days 1-6, 7-12, and 1-24 compared with those in the IFI-0.7 treatment (p < .05). The litter weaning weight, litter weight gain, and average litter daily gain in the IFI-1.4 treatment were greater compared with those in the IFI-0.7 treatment (p < .05). In conclusion, the results indicated that the IFI-1.4 feed intake pattern allowed lactating sows and their litters to obtain optimal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jian Lei
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Sang In Lee
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Craig A, Gordon A, Magowan E. Understanding the drivers of improved pig weaning weight by investigation of colostrum intake, sow lactation feed intake, or lactation diet specification. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4499-4509. [PMID: 29108058 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern sows have low feed intake (FI) during lactation. The main aim of this study was to understand interactions between and separate effects of FI and nutrient density on litter weaning weight (WW). Key drivers of colostrum intake (CIn), piglet survival, WW, and colostrum yield (CY) were also investigated. Sows ( = 82) were offered a High (15.8 MJ/kg DE; 1.3% total lysine) or Normal (15.2 MJ/kg DE; 1.28% total lysine) specification lactation diet at either a High (feed allowance increased by 0.5 kg/d after farrowing until intake reached 10 kg/d) or Low (feed allowance was increased by 0.3 kg/d after farrowing until intake reached 7.5 kg/d) feeding level (2 × 2 factorial design). A subset of sows ( = 18) were observed during farrowing to collect data on factors affecting CIn. No interactions were found between diet specification and feeding level. Sows on the Low feeding level lost 10.6 kg more BW during lactation than those on the High feeding level ( < 0.001). Sows offered the High specification diet lost 6.4 kg more BW than those on the Normal specification diet ( = 0.018). Diet specification had no effect on ADFI. Between birth and weaning, litters of sows offered the High feeding level grew 326 g/d faster ( < 0.001) and were heavier at 28 d (114 kg; < 0.001) compared with those of sows offered the Low feeding level (104 kg). Although litters from sows offered the High specification diet had WW similar to that of litters from sows offered the Normal specification diets, their ADG was 190 g/d greater ( = 0.018) between birth and weaning. A regression analysis was completed using data from 192 sows and indicated that FI and lysine intake throughout lactation and DE and lysine intake from 14 to 28 d of lactation were the main drivers of litter WW. Lactation efficiency was 0.65 from 0 to 7 d and decreased to 0.42 from 21 to 28 d. Variation in CIn was mainly explained by 24-h weight, birth weight, and the duration of farrowing. Colostrum yield was significantly correlated ( = 0.004; pseudo = 54.5%) with litter birth weight. Piglet WW was positively correlated with 3-wk weight ( < 0.001) but negatively correlated with sow parity ( = 0.035), number born alive ( = 0.045), and being female ( < 0001). Out of 45 variables, preweaning piglet survival was positively correlated ( = 0.008) with only 24- to 48-h weight gain. In conclusion, lactation FI and DE and lysine intake in the second half of lactation were the main drivers of litter WW.
Collapse
|
44
|
Effect of pad-fan cooling and dietary organic acid supplementation during late gestation and lactation on reproductive performance and antioxidant status of multiparous sows in hot weather. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:973-982. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
45
|
Silva B, Tolentino R, Eskinazi S, Jacob D, Raidan F, Albuquerque T, Oliveira N, Araujo G, Silva K, Alcici P. Evaluation of feed flavor supplementation on the performance of lactating high-prolific sows in a tropical humid climate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
46
|
Modelling piglet growth and mortality on commercial hog farms using variables describing individual animals, litters, sows and management factors. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 188:57-65. [PMID: 29133022 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increases in sow prolificacy have reduced piglet vitality, growth capacity and weight at weaning and even pig weight at slaughter. The aim of this study was to develop a model that predicts likelihood of mortality and weight at weaning. A database containing 3214 records of birth weight, weight gain at 24h, rectal temperature at 24h, litter size, age at weaning, fostering status, manual assistance of birth and oxytocin use as well as the corresponding 227 records of sow parity and feed intake was analysed using logit functions for mortality and linear functions for weaning weight. The best model of mortality predicted increased likelihood as birth weight, rectal temperature and 0-24h weight gain decreased and sow parity and time between births increased (P<0.01, χ2=2910). The best model of weaning weight predicted increases with increasing birth weight, 0-24h body weight gain, age at weaning and sow parity and decreases with increasing litter size at 24h (P<0.01; AICC=4324; RMSE=0.82). This study confirmed that birth weight and weight gain during the first 24h are the principal factors influencing piglet growth and pre-weaning mortality.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim JS, Hosseindoust A, Ju IK, Yang X, Lee SH, Noh HS, Lee JH, Chae BJ. Effects of dietary energy levels and β-mannanase supplementation in a high mannan-based diet during lactation on reproductive performance, apparent total tract digestibility and milk composition in multiparous sows. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1345663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyu Ju
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Su Hyup Lee
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Byung Jo Chae
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Comparing gestating sows housing between electronic sow feeding system and a conventional stall over three consecutive parities. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
49
|
Thekkoot DM, Kemp RA, Rothschild MF, Plastow GS, Dekkers JCM. Estimation of genetic parameters for traits associated with reproduction, lactation, and efficiency in sows. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4516-4529. [PMID: 27898935 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased milk production due to high litter size, coupled with low feed intake, results in excessive mobilization of sow body reserves during lactation, which can have detrimental effects on future reproductive performance. A possibility to prevent this is to improve sow lactation performance genetically, along with other traits of interest. The aim of this study was to estimate breed-specific genetic parameters (by parity, between parities, and across parities) for traits associated with lactation and reproduction in Yorkshire and Landrace sows. Performance data were available for 2,107 sows with 1 to 3 parities (3,424 farrowings total). Sow back fat, loin depth and BW at farrowing, sow feed intake (SFI), and body weight loss (BWL) during lactation showed moderate heritabilities (0.21 to 0.37) in both breeds, whereas back fat loss (BFL), loin depth loss (LDL), and litter weight gain (LWG) showed low heritabilities (0.12 to 0.18). Among the efficiency traits, sow lactation efficiency showed extremely low heritability (near zero) in Yorkshire sows but a slightly higher (0.05) estimate in Landrace sows, whereas sow residual feed intake (SRFI) and energy balance traits showed moderate heritabilities in both breeds. Genetic correlations indicated that SFI during lactation had strong negative genetic correlations with body resource mobilization traits (BWL, BFL, and LDL; -0.35 to -0.70), and tissue mobilization traits in turn had strong positive genetic correlations with LWG (+0.24 to +0.54; < 0.05). However, SFI did not have a significant genetic correlation with LWG. These genetic correlations suggest that SFI during lactation is predominantly used for reducing sow body tissue losses, rather than for milk production. Estimates of genetic correlations for the same trait measured in parities 1 and 2 ranged from 0.64 to 0.98, which suggests that first and later parities should be treated as genetically different for some traits. Genetic correlations estimated between traits in parities 1 and 2 indicated that BWF and BWL measured in parity 1 can be used as indicator traits for SFI and SRFI measured in parities 1 and 2. In conclusion, traits associated with lactation in sows have a sizable genetic component and show potential for genetic improvement.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cabezón FA, Schinckel AP, León YL, Craig BA. Analysis of lactation feed intakes for sows with extended lactation lengths. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:1-25. [PMID: 32704625 PMCID: PMC7243918 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to quantify and model daily feed intakes to 28 d of lactation in modern sows. A total of 4,512 daily feed intake (DFI) records were collected for 156 Hypor sows from February 2015 to March 2016. The mean lactation length was 27.9 ± 2.0 d. The data included 9 parity 1, 33 parity 2 and 114 parity 3+ sows. Data were collected using a computerized feeding system (Gestal Solo, JYGA Technologies, Quebec, Canada). The feeding system was used to set an upper limit to DFI for the first 7 d of lactation. Overall, the least-squares means of a model including the random effect of sow indicated that DFI's continued to slowly increase to 28 d of lactation. The DFI data were fitted to Generalized Michaelis-Menten (GMM) and polynomial functions of day of lactation (t). The GMM function [DFIi,t (kg/d) = DFI0 + (DFIA - DFI0)(t/K)C/[1 + (t/K)C]] was fitted with 2 random effects for DFI (dfiAi) and intercept (dfi0i) using the NLMIXED procedure in SAS®. The polynomial function DFIi,t (kg/d) = [B0 + B1 t + B2 t2 + B3 t3 + B4 t4] was fitted with three random effects for B0, B1, and B2 using the MIXED procedure in SAS®. Fixed effects models of the two functions had similar Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) values and mean predicted DFI's. The polynomial function with 3 random effects provided a better fit to the data based on R2 30 (0.81 versus 0.79), AIC (14,709 versus 15,158) and RSD (1.204 versus 1.321) values than the GMM function with two random effects. The random effect for B2 in the polynomial function allowed for the fitting of the function to lactation records that had decreased DFI after 15 d of lactation. The random effects for the polynomial function were used to sort the lactation records into three groups based on the derivative of the function at 21 d of lactation. Lactation records of the three groups had similar DFI the first two weeks of lactation (P > 0.40). The three groups of sows had substantially different DFI's after 18 d of lactation (P < 0.028). The differences in both actual and predicted DFI's between the three groups increased with each day of lactation to day 28 (P < 0.001). Mixed model polynomial functions can be used to identify sows with different patterns of DFI after 15 d of lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Cabezón
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - A P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Y L León
- Department of Statistics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - B A Craig
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| |
Collapse
|