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Li N, Sun Y, Liu Y, Wei L, Zhang J, Li N, Sun D, Jiao J, Zuo Y, Li R, Cai X, Qiao J, Meng Q. Expression profiles and characterization of microRNAs responding to chitin in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:220. [PMID: 38630188 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular proteases, such as chitinases secreted by Arthrobotrys oligospora (A. oligospora), play a crucial role in the process of nematode infection. However, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression involving microRNAs (miRNAs) in A. oligospora remains scarcely described. Hereto, transcriptome sequencing was carried out to analyze the expression profiles of chitin-responsive miRNAs in A. oligospora. Based on the RNA-seq data, the differential expression of miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in response to chitin was screened, identified and characterized in A. oligospora. Meanwhile, the potential target genes were predicted by the online tools miRanda and Targetscan, respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of DEmiRNA with it's target gene was validated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Among 85 novel miRNAs identified, 25 miRNAs displayed significant differences in expression in A. oligospora in response to chitin. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the potential genes targeted by DEmiRNAs were enriched in the biological processes such as bio-degradation, extracellular components and cell cycle. KEGG analysis revealed that the target genes were mainly involved in Hippo, carbon and riboflavin metabolic pathway. Outstandingly, chitinase AOL_s00004g379, which is involved in the hydrolysis metabolic pathway of chitin, was confirmed to be a target gene of differential miR_70. These findings suggest that chitin-responsive miRNAs are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, predator hyphae growth and chitinase expression through the mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation, which provides a new perspective to the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNAs-mediated control of gene expression in A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yansen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- State key laboratory of sheep genetic improvement and healthy breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lixiang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nengxiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dianming Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yufei Zuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruobing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State key laboratory of veterinary etiological biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No.4, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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Turnau K, Pajdak-Stós A, Korzh Y, Domka A, Bień-Kostycz P, Fiałkowska E. Biological control of predatory fungi inhabiting activated sludge in wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120572. [PMID: 38493643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The unfavorable phenomenon of activated sludge bulking that occurs in sewage treatment plants (WWTPs) is caused by the over-proliferation of filamentous bacteria that should be limited by the Lecane rotifers that feed on them; however, predatory, rotiferovorous fungi that often inhabit WWTPs pose a real threat to these organisms. To solve this problem, we investigated the interaction of the fungus Clonostachys rosea, which is a known Biological Control Agent (BCA) and the predacious Zoophagus sp. in simplified laboratory culture conditions. The presence of C. rosea in the cultures reduced the number of active traps, thus translating into a much smaller number of rotifers being caught. The mycelium of C. rosea was labeled with a red fluorescent protein (RFP). The life cycle of C. rosea that were attacking Zoophagus sp. (hunting for rotifers) is described. C. rosea spores germinate into single-celled forms and penetrate the interior of the Zoophagus mycelium where they feed on the cytoplasm. Then is the mycelium produced abundantly and forms conidiophores. This type of life strategy has not been known before. The obtained results demonstrated the potential of C. rosea as a BCA that can be used to protect rotifers in the event of an infection of activated sludge by the predatory fungi that threaten the rotifer population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pajdak-Stós
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Yuliia Korzh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Microbiology and Virology named after D.K. Zabolotny National, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Agnieszka Domka
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Patrycja Bień-Kostycz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Edyta Fiałkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Extensive Sheep and Goat Production: The Role of Novel Technologies towards Sustainability and Animal Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070885. [PMID: 35405874 PMCID: PMC8996830 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New technologies have been recognized as valuable in controlling, monitoring, and managing farm animal activities. It makes it possible to deepen the knowledge of animal behavior and improve animal welfare and health, which has positive implications for the sustainability of animal production. In recent years, successful technological developments have been applied in intensive farming systems; however, due to challenging conditions that extensive pasture-based systems show, technology has been more limited. Nevertheless, awareness of the available technological solutions for extensive conditions can increase the implementation of their adoption among farmers and researchers. In this context, this review addresses the role of different technologies applied to sheep and goat production in extensive systems. Examples related to precision livestock farming, omics, thermal stress, colostrum intake, passive immunity, and newborn survival are presented; biomarkers of metabolic diseases and parasite resistance breeding are discussed. Abstract Sheep and goat extensive production systems are very important in the context of global food security and the use of rangelands that have no alternative agricultural use. In such systems, there are enormous challenges to address. These include, for instance, classical production issues, such as nutrition or reproduction, as well as carbon-efficient systems within the climate-change context. An adequate response to these issues is determinant to economic and environmental sustainability. The answers to such problems need to combine efficiently not only the classical production aspects, but also the increasingly important health, welfare, and environmental aspects in an integrated fashion. The purpose of the study was to review the application of technological developments, in addition to remote-sensing in tandem with other state-of-the-art techniques that could be used within the framework of extensive production systems of sheep and goats and their impact on nutrition, production, and ultimately, the welfare of these species. In addition to precision livestock farming (PLF), these include other relevant technologies, namely omics and other areas of relevance in small-ruminant extensive production: heat stress, colostrum intake, passive immunity, newborn survival, biomarkers of metabolic disease diagnosis, and parasite resistance breeding. This work shows the substantial, dynamic nature of the scientific community to contribute to solutions that make extensive production systems of sheep and goats more sustainable, efficient, and aligned with current concerns with the environment and welfare.
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Fissiha W, Kinde MZ. Anthelmintic Resistance and Its Mechanism: A Review. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5403-5410. [PMID: 34938088 PMCID: PMC8687516 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s332378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are a various types of parasites causing a major health problem for animals in different parts of the globe. Control of helminthiasis has largely relied on the use of pharmaceutical anthelmintics. Unfortunately, the exhaustive use of anthelmintic drugs has led to a serious and dramatic level of anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintic resistance is a heritable loss of sensitivity of an anthelmintic in a parasite population that was in the past susceptible to the same anthelmintic. The development of anthelmintic resistance is evident to different helminths of almost every animal species and to different groups of anthelmintic in several continents. Frequent treatment, underdosing, genetics of the parasite, and targeting and timing of mass treatment are predisposing factors for anthelmintic resistance. Upregulation of cellular efflux mechanisms, an increase in drug metabolism, a change in drug receptor sites that reduces drug binding or the functional consequences of drug binding, and a decrease in drug receptor abundance through reduced expression within the parasite are the main mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance. In vivo method like fecal egg count reduction test and in vitro method such as egg hatch assays, larval motility test, larval development test and PCR can be used for the detection of anthelmintic resistance. Proper utilization of anthelmintic drugs, using combined anthelmintic and applying other alternatives are essential strategies to slow down the development of anthelmintic resistance. As anthelmintic resistance is a serious challenge throughout the world, proper utilization of the existing anthelmintics and reducing dependence on anthelmintics should be implemented to reduce its challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Workye Fissiha
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
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Freitas DF, da Rocha IM, Vieira-da-Motta O, de Paula Santos C. The Role of Melanin in the Biology and Ecology of Nematophagous Fungi. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:597-613. [PMID: 34232439 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a heteropolymer formed by the polymerization of phenolic and indolic compounds. It occurs in organisms across all biological kingdoms and has a range different of functions, thus indicating its important evolutionary role. The presence of melanin offers several protective advantages, including against ultraviolet radiation, traumatic damage, oxidative stress, extreme temperatures, and pressure. For many species of fungi, melanin also participates directly in the process of virulence and pathogenicity. These organisms can synthesize melanin in two main ways: using a substrate of endogenous origin, involving 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN); alternatively, in an exogenous manner with the addition of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA or levodopa). As melanin is an amorphous and complex substance, its study requires expensive and inaccessible technologies and analyses are often difficult to perform with conventional biochemical techniques. As such, details about its chemical structure are not yet fully understood, particularly for nematophagous fungi that remain poorly studied. Thus, this review presents an overview of the different types of melanin, with an emphasis on fungi, and discusses the role of melanin in the biology and ecology of nematophagous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid França Freitas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Izabelli Martins da Rocha
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Olney Vieira-da-Motta
- Animal Health Laboratory - Infectious Contagious Diseases Sector, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Paula Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Biology-LBCT, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Cep. 28013‑600, Brazil.
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Khamesipour F, Taktaz‐Hafshejani T, Tebit KE, Razavi SM, Hosseini SR. Prevalence of endo- and ecto-parasites of equines in Iran: A systematic review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:25-34. [PMID: 32644306 PMCID: PMC7840198 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Equines are subject to infection with many parasites, which threaten their health. In the present study, we systematically reviewed existing literature on the prevalence of endo- and ectoparasites of equines in Iran. Major electronic databases, including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scientific Information Database (SID), were searched (Last updated 11/05/2018) for relevant literature of parasites that have been identified from equines in Iran. Of the 1809 titles produced by bibliographic search, 38 were included in the review. Twenty-seven of the studies were on horses, six on donkeys, three on both horses and donkeys, and one study was on both horses and mules. Furthermore, 24 of the studies reported infections caused by protozoa, thirteen by helminths, two by ectoparasites, and one by both protozoa and helminths. The overall pooled prevalence of parasitic infection was 28.8% (95%CI: 22.9-35.7, I2 = 93.4%). Helminths were the most prevalent parasites 46.7% (95% CI: 24.1-70.7, I2 = 96.0%). Furthermore, donkeys were the most affected equine, with a prevalence of 70.7% (95% CI: 53.2-83.7, I2 = 92.5%). The protozoa frequently reported included nine species belonging to the genera: Neospora, Toxoplasma, Theileria, Babesia and Eimeria. Also, the helminths frequently reported included 21 species belonging to the genera: Strongylus, Dicrocoelium, Oxyuris, Habronema, Echinococcus, Dictyocaulus, Cyathostomum, Probstmayria, Anoplocephala, Setaria and Fasciola. Ticks were the only ectoparasites frequently reported. Parasitic fly species of the genera Gasterophilus were also reported. The study-level risk of bias was likely to be high because of differences in study design. Parasitic infections of equines in Iran are frequent and caused by a diversity of parasites, which threatens the health and well-being of these animals. Further research is needed in the area to identify the risk factors of infection for effective control of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Taghi Taktaz‐Hafshejani
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Kwenti E. Tebit
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
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Canhão-Dias M, Paz-Silva A, Madeira de Carvalho LM. The efficacy of predatory fungi on the control of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic and wild animals-A systematic review. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109173. [PMID: 32634679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal parasites like nematodes are associated with significant impacts on animal health, causing poor growth rates, diseases and even death. Traditional parasite control includes the use of anthelmintic drugs, albeit being associated with drug resistance and ecotoxicity. In the last decade, biological control of parasites using nematophagous or predatory fungi has been increasingly studied, although systematic evidence of its efficacy is still lacking. The aim of this work was to assess the evidence of efficacy of nematophagous fungi in the control of nematodes and other gastrointestinal parasites in different animal species. METHODS Using the PICO method (Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes), we performed a systematic review on the subject to search for original papers published between January 2006 and October 2019, written in English, and indexed in PubMed/Medline. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used in the syntax. Papers were selected for detailed review based on title and abstract. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and relevant data were collected from the remaining papers. RESULTS The literature search retrieved 616 papers. Eighty-nine were submitted to a detailed review. In the end, 53 papers were included in the analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, using different fungi, doses, frequency of administration, duration of treatment, host animals, and target parasites. Considering the 53 papers, 44 studies (83 % of the interventions) showed efficacy, with only 9 studies (17 %) showing no significant differences when compared to control. CONCLUSION With the increasing hazards of drug resistance and ecotoxicity, biological control with predatory fungi stands out as a good tool for future parasite management, whether as a complementary treatment or as an alternative to standard parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Canhão-Dias
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Paz-Silva
- Control of Parasites Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - L M Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Freitas DF, Vieira-Da-Motta O, Mathias LDS, Franco RWDA, Gomes RDS, Vieira RAM, Rocha LOD, Olivares FL, Santos CDP. Synthesis and role of melanin for tolerating in vitro rumen digestion in Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus. Mycology 2019; 10:229-242. [PMID: 31632832 PMCID: PMC6781480 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2019.1631896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and a function of melanin in Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus. We tested various culture media treated with L-DOPA, glucose and tricyclazole on fungal growth and melanin distribution using infrared spectroscopy (IS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro rumen digestion was used to test the environmental stress and then to evaluate the capacity of this fungus to trap nematode larvae. The growth and melanization of the fungus after 21 days of incubation at 30°C were best in Sabouraud dextrose medium. IS indicated the presence of melanin in D. flagrans, with similar bands for commercial melanin used as a control, and assigned the values obtained by EPR (g of 2.0051 ± 0.0001) to the production of melanin by the fungus. TEM indicated that melanin was produced in melanosomes but was not totally inhibited by tricyclazole. Within the limits of experimental error, the predatory activity of fungus treated with tricyclazole was drastically affected after 27 h of in vitro anaerobic stress with rumen inoculum. The deposition of melanin particles on the fungal cell wall contributed to the maintenance of D. flagrans predatory abilities after in vitro anaerobic ruminal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid França Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Olney Vieira-Da-Motta
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Da Silva Mathias
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Weider De Assis Franco
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael Dos Santos Gomes
- Laboratório de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Mendonça Vieira
- Laboratório de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Letícia Oliveira Da Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio Lopes Olivares
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clóvis De Paula Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Page AP, Roberts M, Félix MA, Pickard D, Page A, Weir W. The golden death bacillus Chryseobacterium nematophagum is a novel matrix digesting pathogen of nematodes. BMC Biol 2019; 17:10. [PMID: 30813925 PMCID: PMC6394051 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nematodes represent important pathogens of humans and farmed animals and cause significant health and economic impacts. The control of nematodes is primarily carried out by applying a limited number of anthelmintic compounds, for which there is now widespread resistance being reported. There is a current unmet need to develop novel control measures including the identification and characterisation of natural pathogens of nematodes. RESULTS Nematode killing bacilli were isolated from a rotten fruit in association with wild free-living nematodes. These bacteria belong to the Chryseobacterium genus (golden bacteria) and represent a new species named Chryseobacterium nematophagum. These bacilli are oxidase-positive, flexirubin-pigmented, gram-negative rods that exhibit gelatinase activity. Caenorhabditis elegans are attracted to and eat these bacteria. Within 3 h of ingestion, however, the bacilli have degraded the anterior pharyngeal chitinous lining and entered the body cavity, ultimately killing the host. Within 24 h, the internal contents of the worms are digested followed by the final digestion of the remaining cuticle over a 2-3-day period. These bacteria will also infect and kill bacterivorous free-living (L1-L3) stages of all tested parasitic nematodes including the important veterinary Trichostrongylids such as Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia ostertagi. The bacteria exhibit potent collagen-digesting properties, and genome sequencing has identified novel metalloprotease, collagenase and chitinase enzymes representing potential virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS Chryseobacterium nematophagum is a newly discovered pathogen of nematodes that rapidly kills environmental stages of a wide range of key nematode parasites. These bacilli exhibit a unique invasion process, entering the body via the anterior pharynx through the specific degradation of extracellular matrices. This bacterial pathogen represents a prospective biological control agent for important nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony P Page
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mark Roberts
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Page
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Moore H, Pandolfi F, Kyriazakis I. Familiarity with and uptake of alternative methods to control sheep gastro-intestinal parasites on farms in England. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:1-8. [PMID: 27084464 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A questionnaire was distributed electronically amongst sheep farmers in England; it aimed to provide a quantification of current anthelmintic practices, farmer awareness of the issue of anthelmintic resistance (AR) and the uptake, awareness and opinions surrounding conventional and alternative methods of nematode control. The majority of farmers relied on several anthelmintics and used faecal egg counts to identify worm problems. Although farmers were aware of the issue of AR amongst helminth parasites in the UK, there was a disconnection between such awareness and on farm problems and practice of nematode control. Grazing management was used by 52% of responders, while breeding for resistance and bioactive forages by 22 and 18% respectively. Farms with more than 500 ewes, and farmers who felt nematodes were a problem, had a higher probability of using selective breeding. Farmers who considered their wormer effective, had a qualification in agriculture and whose staff did not include any family members, were more likely to use bioactive forages; the opposite was the case if farmers dosed their lambs frequently. Amongst the alternatives, highest preference was for selective breeding and vaccination, if the latter was to become commercially available, with more respondents having a preference for breeding than actually using it. Several barriers to the uptake of an alternative were identified, the most influential factor being the cost to set it up and the length of time for which it would remain effective. The disconnection between awareness of AR and practice of nematode control on farm reinforces the need for emphasising the links between the causes of AR and the consequences of strategies to address its challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Moore
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Fanny Pandolfi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Efficacy of Clonostachys rosea and Duddingtonia flagrans in Reducing the Haemonchus contortus Infective Larvae. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:474879. [PMID: 26504809 PMCID: PMC4609367 DOI: 10.1155/2015/474879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biocontrol is proven effective in reducing in vitro and in situ free-living stages of major gastrointestinal helminths, allowing progress in reducing losses by parasitism, maximizing production, and productivity. This study aimed at evaluating the predatory activity of fungal isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans and Clonostachys rosea species and its association on infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus in microplots formed by grasses and maintained in a protected environment. All groups were added with 10 mL of an aqueous suspension with 618 H. contortus L3 approximately. Group 1 was used as control and only received the infective larvae. Groups 2 and 3 received D. flagrans chlamydospores and C. rosea conidia at doses of 5 × 106. Group 4 received the combination of 5 × 106 D. flagrans chlamydospores + 5 × 106 C. rosea conidia. D. flagrans and C. rosea showed nematicidal effectiveness reducing by 91.5 and 88.9%, respectively, the population of H. contortus L3. However, when used in combination efficiency decreased to 74.5% predation of H. contortus L3. These results demonstrate the need for further studies to determine the existence of additive effects, synergistic or antagonistic, between these species.
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Saumell CA, Fernández AS, Fusé LA, Rodríguez M, Sagüés MF, Iglesias LE. Nematophagous fungi from decomposing cattle faeces in Argentina. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:252-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Brito DL, Dallago BSL, Louvandini H, dos Santos VRV, Torres SEFDA, Gomes EF, do Amarante AFT, de Melo CB, McManus CM. Effect of alternate and simultaneous grazing on endoparasite infection in sheep and cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:485-94. [PMID: 24473872 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was carried out on 8 ha of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania pastures, with rotational grazing consisting of 7 days of occupation and 21 days of rest. Four treatments were evaluated: cattle grazing alone (BOV), sheep grazing alone (OVI), cattle and sheep grazing simultaneously (SIM) and cattle grazing followed by sheep (alternate - ALT). Twenty heifers and 30 male Santa Inês lambs were used. Fecal egg count (FEC) and fecal cultures were carried out. Blood was also collected to examine red and white cell series, total plasma protein (TPP), albumin and hemoglobin. FEC and estimated nematode pathogenicity index in sheep were lower in the SIM treatment. The Haemonchus spp. proportion was higher in isolated grazing systems. For sheep, mixed grazing was shown to reduce endoparasite infection, and SIM was better than ALT. For cattle, no difference between grazing systems was seen. Therefore, simultaneous grazing (sheep and cattle) may be a tool for reducing the need for anthelmintic treatments in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Lima Brito
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, BrasíliaDF, Brasil, Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Bruno Stéfano Lima Dallago
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, BrasíliaDF, Brasil, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Helder Louvandini
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, PiracicabaSP, Brasil, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Viviane Rodrigues Verdolin dos Santos
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, BrasíliaDF, Brasil, Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Sonia Emília Figueirêdo de Araújo Torres
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, BrasíliaDF, Brasil, Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Edgard Franco Gomes
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, BrasíliaDF, Brasil, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, BotucatuSP, Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Cristiano Barros de Melo
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, BrasíliaDF, Brasil, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Concepta Margaret McManus
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto AlegreRS, Brasil, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Liu W, Han Y, Wang BB, Sun LJ, Chen MY, Cai KZ, Li X, Zhao MW, Xu CL, Xu Q, Yi LX, Wang H, Xie DQ, Li XS, Wu JY, Yang J, Wei S, Li D, Chen CR, Zheng TH, Li Q, Peng JW. Isolation, identification, and characterization of the nematophagous fungusMonacrosporium salinumfrom China. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:992-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yuan Han
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Bo-bo Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Long-jie Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-yue Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Kui-zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-wang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-lan Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Lin-xin Yi
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - De-qiong Xie
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao-shan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jia-yan Wu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Shuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-rong Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Tian-hui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jian-wei Peng
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
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Assenza F, Elsen JM, Legarra A, Carré C, Sallé G, Robert-Granié C, Moreno CR. Genetic parameters for growth and faecal worm egg count following Haemonchus contortus experimental infestations using pedigree and molecular information. Genet Sel Evol 2014; 46:13. [PMID: 24528625 PMCID: PMC3939629 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemonchosis is a parasitic disease that causes severe economic losses in sheep industry. In recent years, the increasing resistance of the parasite to anthelmintics has raised the need for alternative control strategies. Genetic selection is a promising alternative but its efficacy depends on the availability of genetic variation and on the occurrence of favourable genetic correlations between the traits included in the breeding goal. The objective of this study was twofold. First, to estimate both the heritability of and the genetic correlations between growth traits and parasite resistance traits, using bivariate linear mixed animal models, from the phenotypes and genotypes of 1004 backcross lambs (considered as a single population), which underwent two subsequent experimental infestations protocols with Haemonchus contortus. Second, to compare the precision of the estimates when using two different relationship matrices: including pedigree information only or including also SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) information. Results Heritabilities were low for average daily gain before infestation (0.10 to 0.15) and average daily gain during the first infestation (0.11 to 0.16), moderate for faecal egg counts during the first infestation (0.21 to 0.38) and faecal egg counts during the second infestation (0.48 to 0.55). Genetic correlations between both growth traits and faecal egg count during the naïve infestation were equal to zero but the genetic correlation between faecal egg count during the second infestation and growth was positive in a Haemonchus contortus free environment and negative in a contaminated environment. The standard errors of the estimates obtained by including SNP information were smaller than those obtained by including pedigree information only. Conclusions The genetic parameters estimates suggest that growth performance can be selected for independently of selection on resistance to naïve infestation. Selection for increased growth in a non-contaminated environment could lead to more susceptible animals with long-term exposure to the infestation but it could be possible to select for increased growth in a contaminated environment while also increasing resistance to the long-term exposure to the parasite. The use of molecular information increases the precision of the estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Assenza
- INRA, UR0631 Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Yang J, Zhang KQ. Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Nematophagous Fungi. NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8730-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores in nutritional pellets: effect of storage time and conditions on the trapping ability against Haemonchus contortus larvae. J Helminthol 2013; 89:13-8. [PMID: 23953994 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of storage time and conditions of nutritional pellets (NP) containing Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores on its in vitro trapping ability against Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae. The treated batch (200 NP) contained 4 × 106 chlamydospores of the FTH0-8 strain, whereas the control batch (200 NP) was produced without spores. Both NP batches were exposed to four experimental storage conditions: (T1) shelves (indoors); (T2) refrigeration (4°C); (T3) outdoors under a roof; and (T4) 100% outdoors. Each group comprised 48 NP with spores and 48 NP without spores (control). The ability of D. flagrans spores to trap H. contortus L3 larvae was evaluated for 8 weeks for each storage condition. For that purpose, six randomly selected NP with spores were compared to their respective control NP. Each NP was individually crushed. The crushed material (1 g) was placed on the surface of a 2% water agar plate with 200 H. contortus L3 larvae. Plates were sealed and were incubated at room temperature for 8 days. The whole content of every plate was transferred to a Baermann apparatus to recover the remaining larvae. There was a clear larval reduction in the NP with spores, compared to the respective control NP in the four storage conditions (P< 0.05). The mean reductions ( ± SEM) of the storage conditions were 67 ± 4.9 (T2), 77 ± 6.1 (T1), 81.5 ± 3.8 (T4) and 82.1 ± 2.5 (T3). Larval reductions were similar at all times and were not affected by storage conditions or storage time (R 20.05). The long-term shelf-life of the chlamydospores in the NP suggests that this spore dosage technology is a viable option.
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Relevance of improved epidemiological knowledge to sustainable control of Haemonchus contortus in Nigeria. Anim Health Res Rev 2012; 13:196-208. [PMID: 23163980 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252312000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nigeria experiences losses in small ruminant production as a result of a high prevalence of infection with Haemonchus contortus, but there have been very few investigative studies into the epidemiology of H. contortus in Nigeria, particularly in the south and western parts of the country. For successful planning and execution of control of hemonchosis in Nigeria, there is a need for insight into the epidemiology of free-living stages under the prevailing local conditions and models for climatic and environmental factors that control the risk of hemonchosis and distribution of H. contortus. In this review, we assess previous studies on the epidemiology of H. contortus in Nigeria, evaluate the present climatic and epidemiological situation, and highlight areas that require further investigative studies. The goal is to identify factors that underpin better control strategies and holistic integrated farm-management practice. Previous studies on H. contortus provided important information for formulation of control strategies and development toward integrated parasite management. However, this review has revealed the need for holistic evaluation of the current epidemiology and prevalence of H. contortus in Nigeria, particularly in relation to climate change. Accurate information is needed to build useful predictive models of the population dynamics of all free-living stages, particularly the L3.
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Falbo MK, Soccol VT, Sandini IE, Vicente VA, Robl D, Soccol CR. Isolation and characterization of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys conoides. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:177-85. [PMID: 22992897 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The spread of organic farming and the development of resistance to anthelmintics by parasites, especially in small ruminants, have necessitated the search for alternative methods of nematode control. Biological control using nematophagous fungi is one option; however, few studies have been conducted with native strains. The present study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, we aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the in vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi that had been isolated on Trichostrongylidae third-instar larvae. In the second phase, the isolate with superior predatory activity in vitro was molecularly characterized, and its morphological plasticity was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on Haemonchus third-instar larvae. Of the 56 soil samples from different regions of Paraná State, Brazil, 57 fungal strains were recovered, of which four exhibited predatory activity. Two pure isolates were obtained: the CED and LIN strains. After demonstrating 96.35 % predatory activity for the CED strain, this strain was selected and characterized using molecular criteria by sequencing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer and was identified as Arthrobotrys conoides (GenBank ID: JN191309). Morphological patterns in this strain during the interaction between the fungus and the nematode were revealed by SEM, in which two extensions of the infection bulb that was used to pierce the nematode's cuticle were clearly visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Kimie Falbo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03. CEDETEG, Guarapuava, PR, CEP 85040-080, Brazil.
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A systematic review-meta-analysis of primary research investigating the effect of selected alternative treatments on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep under field conditions. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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da Cruz DG, Araújo FB, Molento MB, Damatta RA, de Paula Santos C. Kinetics of capture and infection of infective larvae of trichostrongylides and free-living nematodes Panagrellus sp. by Duddingtonia flagrans. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1085-91. [PMID: 21445615 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus, has been investigated as an agent for biological control against infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of production animals. The initial process of nematode-trapping fungi infection is based on an interaction between the trap structure of the fungus and the surface of the nematode cuticle. This report investigates by light and scanning electron microscopy the kinetics of capture and infection during the interaction of D. flagrans with the infective larvae (L(3)) of trichostrongylides and the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. D. flagrans was cultivated for 7 days in a Petri dish containing agar-water. L(3) and Panagrellus sp. were inoculated in the Petri dishes and the samples consisting of agar-L(3)-fungi and agar-Panagrellus sp.-fungi were collected after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 min and 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 h of interaction. All samples were observed by light microscopy. The samples with 1, 5, 15, and 25 h of interaction were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The interaction was monitored up to 25 h. An initial differentiation of predation structures was observed after 30 min of interaction. The presence of traps and of captured L(3) or Panagrellus sp. occurred after 70 min. The live captured nematodes were observed up to 3 h of interaction. However, after 4 h, all Panagrellus sp. were dead. It took 15 h of interaction for the fungus to invade the L(3), and the presence of hyphae inside the nematode near the region of penetration was evident. At this time, the hyphae had filled the whole body of Panagrellus sp. The complete occupation of the body of L(3) occurred at 20 h of interaction and with 25 h the nematode was completely damaged except for the cuticle. Although the double cuticle of L(3) slows the penetration of D. flagrans, it was possible to verify that the process of trap formation and capture occurs quickly when both nematodes were tested, suggesting that the organisms would eventually be killed once in contact with the fungi encouraging the use of the fungus as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guedes da Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CEP 28013-602
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Predatory activity of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on horse cyathostomin infective larvae. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1161-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Characterization of immune responses against gastrointestinal nematodes in weaned lambs grazing willow fodder blocks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cruz DG, Silva CP, Carneiro CNB, Retamal CA, Thiébaut JTL, DaMatta RA, Santos CP. Acid phosphatase activity during the interaction of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans with the nematode Panagrellus sp. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 102:238-44. [PMID: 19679133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus, has been investigated as a biological control method against free living larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock animals. This fungus captures and infects the nematode by cuticle penetration, immobilization and digestion of the internal contents. It has been suggested that this sequence of events occurs by a combination of physical and enzymatical activities. This report characterizes the acid phosphatase activity during the interaction of D. flagrans with the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. The optimum pH for the hydrolysis of the acid phosphatase substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate was 2.2, 2.8 and 5.4 from D. flagrans alone and 2.2 and 5.4 for Panagrellus sp alone, fungus-nematode interaction in liquid medium and fungus-nematode interaction in solid medium. Different acid phosphatase activity bands were detected by SDS-PAGE. Maximum acid phosphatase activity of the fungus or nematode alone and of the fungus-nematode interaction occurred within 70min of incubation in the presence of the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate. The activity of this enzyme was significantly higher for the fungus-nematode interaction when compared to the organisms alone, indicating a synergistic response. Furthermore, structures appeared in the hyphae after 30min, nematodes were observed adhered after 40min and many were captured by the typical fungus traps after 70min of interaction. The participation of acid phosphatase activity and its importance during the interaction of the fungus with the nematode were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Howell SB, Burke JM, Miller JE, Terrill TH, Valencia E, Williams MJ, Williamson LH, Zajac AM, Kaplan RM. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the southeastern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 233:1913-9. [PMID: 19072608 DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.12.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the southeastern United States. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS Sheep and goats from 46 farms in 8 southern states, Puerto Rico, and St Croix in the US Virgin Islands. PROCEDURES Parasite eggs were isolated from fecal samples, and susceptibility to benzimidazole, imidathiazole, and avermectin-milbemycin anthelmintics was evaluated with a commercial larval development assay. RESULTS Haemonchus contortus was the most common parasite on 44 of 46 farms; Trichostrongylus colubriformis was the second most commonly identified parasite. Haemonchus contortus from 45 (98%), 25 (54%), 35 (76%), and 11 (24%) farms were resistant to benzimidazole, levamisole, ivermectin, and moxidectin, respectively. Resistance to all 3 classes of anthelmintics was detected on 22 (48%) farms, and resistance to all 3 classes plus moxidectin was detected on 8 farms (17%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings provided strong evidence that anthelmintic resistance is a serious problem on small ruminant farms throughout the southeastern United States. Owing to the frequent movement of animals among regions, the prevalence of resistance in other regions of the United States is likely to also be high. Consequently, testing of parasite eggs for anthelmintic resistance should be a routine part of parasite management on small ruminant farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue B Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Exploiting synergisms and interactions in the nutritional approaches to parasite control in sheep production systems. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ojeda-Robertos NF, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Ayala-Burgos A, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Cob-Galera LA, Mendoza-de-Gives P. A technique for the quantification of Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores in sheep faeces. Vet Parasitol 2007; 152:339-43. [PMID: 18258372 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous observations showed that Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores were visualized in McMaster chambers containing faeces of treated sheep. This trial explored the McMaster technique as a tool to quantify chlamydospores in sheep faeces. A range of individual chlamydospore doses (from 19.5 x 10(6) to 177.5 x 10(6)) were offered orally to nine lambs for 7 consecutive days. A faecal sample (5 g) was daily obtained from the rectum of each animal (from days 1 to 13) to perform the McMaster technique using a sugar flotation fluid with 1.27 g/mL density. Each chlamydospore counted in the McMaster chamber was considered as 50 chlamydospores per g of faeces (CPG). The results confirmed that the estimated CPG was associated with the daily dose offered to the animals (r(2)=0.90; P<0.001). Furthermore, the total chlamydospore dose received by each animal was strongly associated to the total quantity of CPG obtained from the bulk faeces (TCtot) (r(2)=0.96; P<0.0001). Quantification of CPG can be used as a helpful tool to determine the number of chlamydospores reaching the faeces in orally dosed animals. This could be used to evaluate the efficacy of D. flagrans for the control of gastrointestinal nematode larvae in sheep faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Ojeda-Robertos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Besier B. New anthelmintics for livestock: the time is right. Trends Parasitol 2006; 23:21-4. [PMID: 17118708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The viability of small-ruminant enterprises is under threat in some locations because anthelmintic resistance continues to increase in prevalence and severity. Despite this, no new anthelmintic group has been developed for many years, and animal health companies seem unconvinced of the commercial justification for new compounds for the ruminant market. It is now argued, however, that market conditions are becoming favourable because of increases in multiple-drug resistance in nematodes of ruminants and other hosts and because few non-chemical options exist. A new anthelmintic is urgently needed and will find ready acceptance in an increasing market, and with better knowledge of resistance management, greater product longevity can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brown Besier
- Animal Health Laboratories, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Albany, WA 6330, Australia.
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