1
|
Niazifar M, Besharati M, Jabbar M, Ghazanfar S, Asad M, Palangi V, Eseceli H, Lackner M. Slow-release non-protein nitrogen sources in animal nutrition: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33752. [PMID: 39027513 PMCID: PMC11255499 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, feeding protein supply according to need in high-yielding lactating cows has become a big challenge. Protein is the most costly bulk constituent of animal diet, and the price of protein sources is increasing steadily, which is different from milk price rising. Therefore, one way for farmers to reduce feed costs is to reduce dietary protein share. Ruminants obtain their amino acids from 2 sources: amino acids from ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) and microbial protein synthesized in the rumen. A key goal in ruminant nutrition strategies, maximizing the use of rumen degradable protein (RDP), is through its efficient conversion into microbial protein. Urea is a supplement and a possible source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in ruminants' diets which meets bacteria's ammonia needs. Rumen ammonia sources include protein, peptides, amino acids, and other nitrogen-bearing compounds. As urea, uric acid, nitrate, and possibly nucleic acid are rapidly converted to ammonia, the ammonia reservoir indicates that the ruminal metabolism of ammonia is relatively small. Bacteria in the rumen can obtain between 40 and 95 percent of their nitrogen demand from ammonia, depending on their diet. Using NPN (non-protein nitrogen) as a reliable nitrogen source for ruminants was recognized over 100 years ago. Urea is quickly released in the rumen, its use in the diet is limited due to ammonia toxicity. So, the solution to this problem is that the product in nitrogen release rate from urea changes according to the digestion of fibers in the rumen. In the past, several slow-release products were made and evaluated. Slow-release urea (SRU) sources will also affect microbial growth and livestock performance compared to conventional plant protein sources. Acceptance of SRU sources, depending on their price compared to conventional plant protein ingredients is feasible. Studies has shown that the use of slow-release urea did not have a negative effect on digestibility, rumen parameters, milk production and livestock performance. Single-cell protein (SCP) is an emerging alternative protein source, currently being mainly studied for chicken and aquatic species.Finally, it is concluded that slow release urea can be used in feeding ruminants without any side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Niazifar
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Ntural Resources, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsoud Besharati
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Ntural Resources, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Jabbar
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Valiollah Palangi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Hüseyin Eseceli
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, TR, 10200, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saro C, Degeneffe MA, Andrés S, Mateo J, Caro I, López-Ferreras L, Horst EH, López S, Giráldez FJ. Conventional Feed-Grade or Slow-Release Coated Urea as Sources of Dietary Nitrogen for Fattening Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3465. [PMID: 38003083 PMCID: PMC10668866 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two Assaf male lambs (29.2 ± 0.9 kg live weight and 89 ± 0.2 days of age), distributed in two experimental groups, were used to evaluate the use of either feed-grade conventional urea (Control diet; n = 11) or slow-release urea (SRU diet; n = 11) as sources of dietary nitrogen on animal performance, ruminal fermentation, blood acid-base status, plasmatic metabolic profile, and carcass and meat quality. Animals were housed individually and fed ad libitum. At the end of the fattening period (day 70), the animals were slaughtered to compare the fermentation patterns in ruminal digesta and to evaluate the carcass and meat characteristics. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between treatments in the dry matter intake, final live weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion rate. Regarding the ruminal fermentation parameters, the molar proportion of propionic acid was higher (p < 0.05) and that of butyric acid was lower (p < 0.05) with the SRU than with the Control diet. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between experimental treatments in the blood acid-base status and biochemical profile, except for the concentration of urea in plasma, which was significantly (p < 0. 05) greater in SRU than in Control lambs. No statistically significant differences were observed between treatments (p > 0.05) in the carcass and meat characteristics. In conclusion, the use of slow-release urea as a replacement for feed-grade conventional urea in the diet of Assaf fattening lambs, under the experimental conditions of this study, did not improve animal performance and increased the feeding costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saro
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso Degeneffe
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Sonia Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Javier Mateo
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Irma Caro
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.M.); (I.C.)
- Departamento de Pediatría e Inmunología, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Psiquiatría e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal 7, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Egon Henrique Horst
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Parana Midwestern State University, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil;
| | - Secundino López
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Giráldez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Relationship between different sources of non-protein nitrogen and supplementation times on performance and metabolism of grazing Nellore cattle during the dry season. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:382. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Nano and natural zeolite feed supplements for dairy goats: feed intake, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk yield and fatty acids profile. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Nichols K, de Carvalho I, Rauch R, Martín-Tereso J. Review: Unlocking the limitations of urea supply in ruminant diets by considering the natural mechanism of endogenous urea secretion. Animal 2022; 16 Suppl 3:100537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
6
|
Hailemariam S, Zhao S, He Y, Wang J. Urea transport and hydrolysis in the rumen: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:989-996. [PMID: 34738029 PMCID: PMC8529027 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient dietary nitrogen (N) conversion to microbial proteins, and the subsequent use by ruminants, is a major research focus across different fields. Excess bacterial ammonia (NH3) produced due to degradation or hydrolyses of N containing compounds, such as urea, leads to an inefficiency in a host's ability to utilize nitrogen. Urea is a non-protein N containing compound used by ruminants as an ammonia source, obtained from feed and endogenous sources. It is hydrolyzed by ureases from rumen bacteria to produce NH3 which is used for microbial protein synthesis. However, lack of information exists regarding urea hydrolysis in ruminal bacteria, and how urea gets to hydrolysis sites. Therefore, this review describes research on sites of urea hydrolysis, urea transport routes towards these sites, the role and structure of urea transporters in rumen epithelium and bacteria, the composition of ruminal ureolytic bacteria, mechanisms behind urea hydrolysis by bacterial ureases, and factors influencing urea hydrolysis. This review explores the current knowledge on the structure and physiological role of urea transport and ureolytic bacteria, for the regulation of urea hydrolysis and recycling in ruminants. Lastly, underlying mechanisms of urea transportation in rumen bacteria and their physiological importance are currently unknown, and therefore future research should be directed to this subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samson Hailemariam
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Dilla University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Dilla P. O. Box 419, Ethiopia
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pacheco RF, Machado DS, Viana AFP, Teixeira JS, Milani L. Comparison of the effects of slow-release urea vs conventional urea supplementation on some finishing cattle parameters: A meta-analysis. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
8
|
Slow-Release Urea as a Sustainable Alternative to Soybean Meal in Ruminant Nutrition. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using a commercial slow-release urea product (SRU; Optigen®, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) as a partial replacement for vegetable protein sources in cattle diets. The first experiment was an in vitro rumen fermentation that evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) nitrogen with nitrogen from either SRU or free urea in diets varying in forage:concentrate ratios. The second experiment examined the effect of replacing SBM with SRU on in situ dry matter and nitrogen degradability in the rumen. In the third experiment, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing SBM (0% as-fed SRU) with 1% or 3% as-fed SRU on feed carbon footprint (CFP; total greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life cycle of feed raw materials) and the toxicity potential of SRU in growing beef cattle. Results showed that replacing SBM with SRU up to 1.3% did not negatively affect in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Supplementing SRU favourably decreased ruminal accumulation of ammonia and lactic acid when compared to free urea. There was no significant effect on effective rumen degradability of dry matter and nitrogen when one-third of SBM was replaced by SRU in the in situ study. Compared with the 0% SRU diet, feed CFP decreased by 18% and 54% in 1% SRU and 3% SRU diets, respectively. Additionally, feeding up to 3% SRU diet to beef cattle did not affect health and intake, and blood hematological and biochemical indices were within the physiological range for healthy bulls, suggesting no indication of ammonia toxicity. Overall, these results indicate that SRU can be used as a sustainable alternative to partially replace vegetable protein sources in ruminant diets without compromising rumen function and health of ruminants.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu Z, Xu Z, Kong L, Shen H, Aschenbach JR. Functional Changes of the Community of Microbes With Ni-Dependent Enzyme Genes Accompany Adaptation of the Ruminal Microbiome to Urea-Supplemented Diets. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:596681. [PMID: 33414773 PMCID: PMC7782429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea is an inexpensive non-protein nitrogen source commonly supplemented to the diets of ruminants. It is cleaved to ammonia by bacterial ureases, which require Ni as a catalyst for ureolysis. The key event in the changes of the ruminal microbiome after urea supplementation remains unknown. We have therefore investigated changes in the ruminal microbiome and its community with Ni-dependent enzyme genes following urea supplementation and analyzed the associations of rumen environmental factors, including fermentation variables and Ni concentrations, with the compositional and functional changes of these communities. We found that urea supplementation increased urease activity and the concentrations of ammonia and Ni, and tended to increase concentrations of short chain fatty acids and acetate, whereas it decreased rumen pH and the L-/D-lactate ratio. With standards for genome completeness >60% and strain heterogeneity <10%, 20 bacterial species containing five Ni-dependent enzyme genes were detected in the metagenome sequences. For the five Ni-dependent enzyme genes, urea supplementation increased the relative abundances of genes of urease and acetyl-CoA synthase, whereas it decreased the relative abundances of genes of glyoxalase I, [NiFe]-hydrogenase, and lactate racemase. For the 20 microbes with Ni-dependent enzyme genes, urea supplementation increased the relative abundances of five bacteria exhibiting high capacities for the utilization of hemicellulose and pectin for butyrate and fatty acid biosynthesis. For the ruminal microbiome, urea supplementation increased the metagenomic capacities for hemicellulose and pectin degradation, butyrate generation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and carbon fixation, whereas it decreased the metagenomic capacities for starch degradation, propionate generation, and sulfur and nitrogen metabolism. Constrained correspondence analysis identified rumen ammonia and Ni concentrations as likely driving factors in the reshaping of the ruminal microbiome and, together with pH, of the community of microbes with Ni-dependent enzyme genes. Thus, the functional change of the latter community is probably an important event in the adaptation of the ruminal microbiome to urea-supplemented diets. This result provides a new perspective for the understanding of the effects of urea supplementation on rumen fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingmeng Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alizadeh Z, Teymouri Yansari A, Chashnidel Y, Kazemifard M, Azarpajouh S. Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.48684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance.
Collapse
|
11
|
Salami SA, Moran CA, Warren HE, Taylor-Pickard J. A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Slow-Release Urea Supplementation on the Performance of Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040657. [PMID: 32290182 PMCID: PMC7223368 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow-release urea (SRU) is a coated non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source for ruminant nutrition. This study applied a meta-analytic technique to quantify the effect of a commercial SRU (Optigen®, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) on the performance of beef cattle. Data were extracted from 17 experiments and analysed using the random-effects model to estimate the effect size of SRU on dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein intake (CPI), live weight gain (LWG) and feed efficiency (FE) of growing and finishing beef cattle. There was no effect of feeding SRU on the overall DMI and CPI of beef cattle. Dietary inclusion of SRU improved the overall LWG (+92 g/d/head) and FE (+12 g LWG/kg DMI/head) of beef cattle. Notably, SRU supplementation in growing cattle exhibited a better improvement on LWG (130 vs. 60 g/d/head) and FE (18 vs. 8 g LWG/kg DMI/head) compared with finishing cattle. Moreover, SRU showed consistent improvements on the LWG and FE of beef cattle under several study factors. Simulation analysis indicated that positive effects of SRU on LWG and FE improved profitability through reduction in feed cost and reduced the emission intensity of beef production. These results indicate that SRU is a sustainable NPN solution in beef cattle production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saheed A. Salami
- Solutions Deployment Team, Alltech (UK) Ltd., Stamford PE9 1TZ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7973-972-339
| | - Colm A. Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France;
| | - Helen E. Warren
- Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Summerhill Road, A86 X006 Dunboyne, Ireland; (H.E.W.); (J.T.-P.)
| | - Jules Taylor-Pickard
- Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Summerhill Road, A86 X006 Dunboyne, Ireland; (H.E.W.); (J.T.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alipour D, Saleem AM, Sanderson H, Brand T, Santos LV, Mahmoudi-Abyane M, Marami MR, McAllister TA. Effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea in a finishing beef diet on fermentation in an artificial rumen system. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa013. [PMID: 32705013 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea (SRU) on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis within two artificial rumens (Rusitec) fed a finishing concentrate diet. The experiment was a completely randomized, dose-response design with SRU substituted at levels of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, or 1.75% of dry matter (DM) in place of feed-grade urea, with four replicate fermenters per dosage. The diet consisted of 90% concentrate and 10% forage (DM basis). The experiment was conducted over 15 d, with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Dry matter and organic matter disappearances were determined after 48 h of incubation from day 9 to 12, and daily ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured from day 9 to 12. Microbial protein synthesis was determined on days 13-15. Increasing the level of SRU quadratically affected total VFA (Q, P = 0.031) and ammonia (Q, P = 0.034), with a linear increment in acetate (L, P = 0.01) and isovalerate (L, P = 0.05) and reduction in butyrate (L, P = 0.05). Disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was quadratically affected by levels of SRU, plateauing at 1% SRU. Inclusion of 1% SRU resulted in the highest amount of microbial nitrogen associated with feed particles (Q, P = 0.037). Responses in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis fluctuated (L, P = 0.002; Q, P = 0.001) and were the highest for 1% SRU. In general, the result of this study showed that 1% SRU in combination with 0.6% urea increased NDF and ADF digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryoush Alipour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Atef Mohamed Saleem
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haley Sanderson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tassilo Brand
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laize V Santos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Agricultural Science, State University of Southwestern of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi-Abyane
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Marami
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim Angus McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Z, Mu C, Xu Y, Shen J, Zhu W. Changes in the Solid-, Liquid-, and Epithelium-Associated Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Hu Lambs in Response to Dietary Urea Supplementation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:244. [PMID: 32153533 PMCID: PMC7046558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rumen bacteria in the solid, liquid, and epithelial fractions are distinct and play important roles in the degradation of urea nitrogen. However, the effects of urea on rumen bacteria from the three fractions remain unclear. In this study, 42 Hu lambs were fed a total mixed ration based on concentrate and roughage (55:45, dry matter basis) and randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets: a basal diet with no urea (UC, 0 g/kg), a basal diet supplemented with low urea levels (LU, 10 g/kg DM), and a basal diet supplemented with high urea levels (HU, 30 g/kg DM). After an 11-week feeding trial, six animals from each treatment were harvested. Rumen metabolites levels were measured, and bacteria of the rumen solid, liquid, and epithelial fractions were examined based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Under urea supplementation, the concentrations of ammonia and butyrate in the rumen increased, whereas the concentration of propionate decreased. The population of total protozoa was the highest in the LU treatment. Prevotella 1 was the most abundant genus in all samples. The unclassified Muribaculaceae, bacteria within the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, and Christensenellaceae R7 were abundant in the solid and liquid fractions. Butyrivibrio 2 and Treponema 2 were the abundant bacteria in the epithelial fraction. Principal coordinate analysis showed separation of the solid, liquid and epithelial bacteria regardless of diet, suggesting that rumen fraction had stronger influences on the bacterial community than did urea supplementation. However, the influences on the bacterial community differed among the three fractions. In the solid and liquid fractions, Succinivibrionaceae UCG 001 and Prevotella 1 showed decreased abundance with dietary urea supplementation, whereas the abundance of Oscillospira spp. was increased. Howardella spp. and Desulfobulbus spp. were higher in the epithelial fraction of the UC and LU treatments relative to HU treatment. Comparisons of predictive function in the rumen solid, liquid, and epithelial fractions among the three treatments also revealed differences. Collectively, these results reveal the change of the rumen bacterial community to dietary urea supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Special Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Xu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junshi Shen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effects of different sources of nitrogen on performance, relative population of rumen microorganisms, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters in male feedlotting lambs. Animal 2019; 14:1438-1446. [PMID: 31854286 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111900291x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow-release urea (SRU) can substitute dietary protein sources in the diet of feedlotting ruminant species . However, different SRU structures show varying results of productive performance. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen on performance, blood parameter, ruminal fermentation and relative population of rumen microorganisms in male Mehraban lambs. Thirty-five male lambs with an average initial BW of 34.7 ± 1.8 kg were assigned randomly to five treatments. Diets consisted of concentrate mixture and mineral and vitamin supplements plus (1) alfalfa and soybean meal, (2) wheat straw and soybean meal, (3) wheat straw and urea, (4) wheat straw and Optigen® (a commercial SRU supplement) and (5) wheat straw and SRU produced in the laboratory. No statistical difference was observed in animal performance and DM intake among treatments. The mean value of ruminal pH and ammonia was higher (P < 0.05) for the SRU diet compared with WU diet. The difference in pH is likely to be due to the higher ammonia level as VFAs concentrations were unchanged. The level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was different among treatments (P = 0.065). The highest concentration of BUN was recorded in Optigen diet (183.1 mg/l), whereas the lowest value was recorded in wheat straw-soybean meal diet (147 mg/l). The amount of albumin and total protein was not affected by the treatments. The relative population of total protozoa, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus in the SRU treatment was higher (P < 0.01) than that in urea treatment at 3 h post-feeding. During the period of lack of high-quality forage and in order to reduce dietary costs, low-quality forage with urea sources can be used in the diet. Results of microbial populations revealed that SRU can be used as a nitrogen source which can sustainably provide nitrogen for rumen microorganism without negative effects on the performance of feedlotting lambs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li T, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Wang X, Wang J. Recent progress in preparation and agricultural application of microcapsules. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:2371-2385. [PMID: 31161699 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in life science technology have prompted the need to develop microcapsule delivery systems that can encapsulate many different functional or active materials such as drugs, peptides, and live cells, etc. The encapsulation technology is now commonly used in medicine, agriculture, food, and other many fields. The application of biodegradable microcapsule systems can not only effectively prevent the degradation of core materials in the body or the biological environment, but also improve the bioavailability, control the release and prolong the halftime or storage of core active materials. Various wall materials, preparation methods, encapsulation processes, and release mechanisms are covered in this review, as well as several main factors including pH values, temperatures, particle sizes, and additives, which can strongly influence the encapsulation efficiency, the strength, and release of microcapsules. The improvement of coating materials, preparation techniques, and challenges are also highlighted, as well as application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lira-Casas R, Efren Ramirez-Bribiesca J, Zavaleta-Mancera HA, Hidalgo-Moreno C, Cruz-Monterrosa RG, Crosby-Galvan MM, Mendez-Rojas MA, Domínguez-Vara IA. Designing and evaluation of urea microcapsules in vitro to improve nitrogen slow release availability in rumen. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2541-2547. [PMID: 30387165 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in the development of novel and innovative vehicles for controlled release of urea into the rumen, aiming to provide ammonia-N for the biosynthesis of proteins of bacterial origin and to prevent urea intoxication by direct feeding to livestock. Urea microencapsulation is a system that can control the release of urea to be slow and steady. RESULTS The amount of encapsulated urea was 69% of CSU (calcium silicate + urea + Eudragit RS100® + dichloromethane) and 71% of ACU (activated charcoal + urea + Eudragit RS100® + dichloromethane) groups (p > 0.05) The buoyancy of the microcapsules was over 50% after 12 h of agitation in both groups (CSU and ACU), producing significant differences in the volume of the organic phase factor, which was 20 mL at the lowest value (p = 0.0005). The morphology of the microcapsules produced with CSU and ACU showed no significant differences in microcapsule morphology (p > 0.05). The lower temperature (35 versus 40 °C, p = 0.035) retained better morphology of the microcapsules. Regarding the in vitro ammonia-N release kinetics, unprotected urea reached a maximal peak after 6 h, while CSU and ACU took more than 24 h to reach ammonia-N released concentration. CONCLUSIONS We stabilized the physical factors in the microencapsulation of urea that can allow slow release of rumen fluid. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Lira-Casas
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo Texcoco Estado de México
| | | | | | | | - Rosy G Cruz-Monterrosa
- Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Estado de México, México
| | - María M Crosby-Galvan
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo Texcoco Estado de México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yan X, Yan B, Ren Q, Dou J, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhou J, Long R, Ding L, Han J, Li Z, Qiu Q. Effect of slow-release urea on the composition of ruminal bacteria and fungi communities in yak. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
18
|
Zhang J, Qiu Q, Shang Z, Liu S, Degen A, Li S, Yan Q, Wang W, Jing X, Bai Y, Ding L. Effect of supplemental dietary slow-release urea on growth performance and physiological status of dairy heifers. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:966-971. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Zhanhuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Shujie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cultivating Base of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Ecology of Qinghai Province; Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Xining China
| | - Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry; Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture; Blaustein Institues for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Qi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Yanfu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Luming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; Institute of Arid Agroecology; School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spanghero M, Nikulina A, Mason F. Use of an in vitro gas production procedure to evaluate rumen slow-release urea products. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Patra AK, Aschenbach JR. Ureases in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminant and monogastric animals and their implication in urea-N/ammonia metabolism: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 13:39-50. [PMID: 30094081 PMCID: PMC6077136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea in diets of ruminants has been investigated to substitute expensive animal and vegetable protein sources for more than a century, and has been widely incorporated in diets of ruminants for many years. Urea is also recycled to the fermentative parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts through saliva or direct secretory flux from blood depending upon the dietary situations. Within the GI tracts, urea is hydrolyzed to ammonia by urease enzymes produced by GI microorganisms and subsequent ammonia utilization serves the synthesis of microbial protein. In ruminants, excessive urease activity in the rumen may lead to urea/ammonia toxicity when high amounts of urea are fed to animals; and in non-ruminants, ammonia concentrations in the GI content and milieu may cause damage to the GI mucosa, resulting in impaired nutrient absorption, futile energy and protein spillage and decreased growth performance. Relatively little attention has been directed to this area by researchers. Therefore, the present review intends to discuss current knowledge in ureolytic bacterial populations, urease activities and factors affecting them, urea metabolism by microorganisms, and the application of inhibitors of urease activity in livestock animals. The information related to the ureolytic bacteria and urease activity could be useful for improving protein utilization efficiency in ruminants and for the reduction of the ammonia concentration in GI tracts of monogastric animals. Application of recent molecular methods can be expected to provide rationales for improved strategies to modulate urease and urea dynamics in the GI tract. This would lead to improved GI health, production performance and environmental compatibility of livestock production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Jörg Rudolf Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Linneen SK, Harding AR, Smallwood MT, Horn GW, Jennings JS, Goad CL, Lalman DL. In vivo ruminal degradation characteristics and apparent digestibility of low-quality prairie hay for steers consuming monensin and Optimase. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3941-9. [PMID: 26440174 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven ruminally cannulated crossbred steers (BW = 720 ± 62 kg) were used in a randomized crossover design (4 periods, each 18 d) to evaluate in vivo rumen characteristics and apparent digestibility of steers consuming low-quality prairie hay and 1 of 4 isonitrogenous protein supplements. Treatments included 1) 40% CP (DM basis) cottonseed meal and wheat middlings-based supplement (Control), 2) a cottonseed meal and wheat middlings-based supplement with slow-release urea and a fibrolytic feed enzyme (Optimase; Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) designed to replace 30% of plant-based CP provided in the Control (OPT), 3) the Control plus 0.40 mg∙kg BW∙d monensin (Rumensin 90; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN; MON), and 4) the OPT plus 0.40 mg∙kg BW∙d monensin (COMBO). Steers were allowed ad libitum access to prairie hay (5.0% CP and 76% NDF) and were provided each respective supplement at 0800 h daily at a rate of 1.0 g/kg of BW. Steers were adapted to diets for 10 d before sample collection. Beginning on d 11, DMI was measured and samples were collected to determine apparent digestibility. On d 15 of the 18-d period, rumen fluid was collected 10 times over a 24-h period. Forage DMI was greater ( ≤ 0.02) for steers consuming the OPT compared with steers consuming the MON or COMBO, although forage DMI was not different ( = 0.10) among steers consuming the Control compared with steers consuming the OPT, MON, or COMBO. Steers fed the MON and COMBO had lower ( ≤ 0.05) passage rate compared with steers fed the Control and the OPT. The MON-fed steers had lower ( = 0.01) ruminal pH and increased ( = 0.03) propionate as a percentage of total VFA production. A time × treatment ( = 0.01) interaction was observed for ruminal NH-N due to a rapid (0 to 1 h after feeding) increase followed by a quick (1 to 4 h after feeding) decline in NH-N by steers consuming the OPT and COMBO that was not observed for steers consuming all other treatments. Apparent digestibility of DM ( = 0.01) and NDF ( = 0.03) were improved for steers fed the COMBO supplement compared with steers consuming all other experimental supplements. This work suggests that the OPT may be an effective replacement for a portion of supplemental degradable intake protein in low-quality forage. Further research is necessary to determine if the combination of monensin and the Optimase consistently improves low-quality forage utilization.
Collapse
|
22
|
Estrada-Angulo A, López-Soto MA, Rivera-Méndez CR, Castro BI, Ríos FG, Dávila-Ramos H, Barreras A, Urías-Estrada JD, Zinn RA, Plascencia A. Effects of Combining Feed Grade Urea and a Slow-release Urea Product on Performance, Dietary Energetics and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Lambs Fed Finishing Diets with Different Starch to Acid Detergent Fiber Ratios. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1725-1733. [PMID: 27221248 PMCID: PMC5088420 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs (36.65±3 kg) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller’s grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, p≤0.03) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly (p≤0.02). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Estrada-Angulo
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - M A López-Soto
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - C R Rivera-Méndez
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - B I Castro
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - F G Ríos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - H Dávila-Ramos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - A Barreras
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - J D Urías-Estrada
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - R A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Plascencia
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gardinal R, Calomeni GD, Cônsolo NRB, Takiya CS, Freitas JE, Gandra JR, Vendramini THA, Souza HN, Rennó FP. Influence of polymer-coated slow-release urea on total tract apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of Nellore steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:34-41. [PMID: 27189641 PMCID: PMC5205589 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of coated slow-release urea on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, blood glucose and urea concentration (Exp 1), and average daily gain (ADG; Exp 2) of steers. Methods Exp 1: Eight ruminally fistulated steers [503±28.5 kg body weight (BW)] were distributed into a d 4×4 Latin square design and assigned to treatments: control (CON), feed grade urea (U2), polymer-coated slow-release urea A (SRA2), and polymer-coated slow-release urea B (SRB2). Dietary urea sources were set at 20 g/kg DM. Exp 2: 84 steers (350.5±26.5 kg initial BW) were distributed to treatments: CON, FGU at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (U1 and U2, respectively), coated SRA2 at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRA1 and SRA2, respectively), and coated SRB at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRB1 and SRB2, respectively). Results Exp 1: Urea treatments (U2+SRA2+SRB2) decreased (7.4%, p = 0.03) the DM intake and increased (11.4%, p<0.01) crude protein digestibility. Coated slow-release urea (SRA2+SRB2) showed similar nutrient digestibility compwared to feed grade urea (FGU). However, steers fed SRB2 had higher (p = 0.02) DM digestibility compared to those fed SRA2. Urea sources did not affect ruminal fermentation when compared to CON. Although, coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.01) concentration of NH3-N (−10.4%) and acetate to propionate ratio than U2. Coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.02) urinary N and blood urea concentration compared to FGU. Exp 2: Urea sources decreased (p = 0.01) the ADG in relation to CON. Animals fed urea sources at 10 g/kg DM showed higher (12.33%, p = 0.01) ADG compared to those fed urea at 20 g/kg DM. Conclusion Feeding urea decreased the nutrient intake without largely affected the nutrient digestibility. In addition, polymer-coated slow-release urea sources decreased ruminal ammonia concentration and increased ruminal propionate production. Urea at 20 g/kg DM, regardless of source, decreased ADG compared both to CON and diets with urea at 10 g/kg DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gardinal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - G D Calomeni
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - N R B Cônsolo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - C S Takiya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - J E Freitas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - J R Gandra
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS 79804-970, Brazil
| | - T H A Vendramini
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - H N Souza
- Petrobrás, CENPES, 21040-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - F P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Manthey AK, Kalscheur KF, Garcia AD, Mjoun K. Lactation performance of dairy cows fed yeast-derived microbial protein in low- and high-forage diets. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2775-2787. [PMID: 26851859 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of substituting soybean meal products with yeast-derived microbial protein (YMP) on lactation performance in diets containing 2 forage-to-concentrate ratios. Sixteen Holstein cows (4 primiparous and 12 multiparous) were randomly assigned to multiple 4 × 4 Latin squares with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets contained low (LF; 45% of diet DM) or high forage (HF; 65% of diet DM) and YMP at 0 (NYMP) or 2.25% (WYMP) of the diet. The forage mix consisted of 67% corn silage and 33% alfalfa hay on a DM basis. No interactions of forage and YMP were noted for any of the production parameters measured. Feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/dry matter intake) was greater for cows fed NYMP compared with WYMP. Regardless of the addition of YMP, cows fed LF had greater dry matter intake and produced more milk than cows fed HF. In addition, cows fed LF produced more energy-corrected milk than those fed HF. Milk fat percentage was lower in cows fed LF compared with HF, whereas fat yield was similar between forage concentrations. Fat yield tended to decrease with feeding YMP. Interactions of forage and YMP were observed for propionate concentration, acetate and propionate proportion, and acetate-to-propionate ratio. A tendency for an interaction of forage and YMP was also noted for ruminal pH. Cows fed HF diets had greater ruminal ammonia and butyrate concentrations, as well as proportion of butyrate. Arterial concentrations of Ile, Leu, Met, Thr, and Val were greater in cows fed LF. Cows fed NYMP had greater arterial concentrations of Ile, Lys, Trp, and Val than cows fed WYMP. Substitution of soybean proteins with YMP did not improve performance or feed efficiency of high-producing dairy cows regardless of the forage-to-concentrate ratio of the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Manthey
- Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - K F Kalscheur
- Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007.
| | - A D Garcia
- Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - K Mjoun
- Alltech Inc., Brookings, SD 57006
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Suarez-Mena FX, Lascano GJ, Rico DE, Heinrichs AJ. Effect of forage level and replacing canola meal with dry distillers grains with solubles in precision-fed heifer diets: Digestibility and rumen fermentation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8054-65. [PMID: 26299163 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding differing forage-to-concentrate ratios (F:C) and inclusion rates of corn dry distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) on digestion and rumen fermentation in precision-fed dairy heifer rations. A split-plot design with F:C as whole plot and DDGS inclusion level as sub-plot was administered in a 4-period (19 d) 4 × 4 Latin square. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein heifers (12.5 ± 0.5 mo of age and 344 ± 15 kg of body weight) housed in individual stalls were allocated to 2 F:C [50:50, low forage, or 75:25 high forage; dry matter (DM) basis] and to a sequence of DDGS inclusion (0, 7, 14, and 21%; DM basis). Forage was a mix of 50% corn silage and 50% grass hay (DM basis). Diets were fed to allow for 800 g/d of body weight gain and fed 1×/d. Rumen contents were sampled at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 20 h after feeding for rumen fermentation measures. Low-forage rations had greater DM and organic matter apparent digestibility. We detected a quadratic effect for DM, organic matter, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber apparent digestibility, with the 14% DDGS inclusion level having the highest values. Nitrogen retention decreased with increasing levels of DDGS. Molar proportions of acetate tended to be greater for HF and decreased as DDGS increased; propionate increased as DDGS increased, resulting in the opposite effect on acetate to propionate ratio. Rumen protozoa count decreased as DDGS increased. Moderate levels (14% of DM) of DDGS appear to enhance nutrient utilization and fermentation in precision-fed dairy heifers fed different F:C diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F X Suarez-Mena
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - G J Lascano
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - D E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - A J Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ceconi I, Ruiz-Moreno MJ, DiLorenzo N, DiCostanzo A, Crawford GI. Effect of slow-release urea inclusion in diets containing modified corn distillers grains on total tract digestibility and ruminal fermentation in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4058-69. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
27
|
Diversity of the Intestinal Bacteria of Cattle Fed on Diets with Different Doses of Gelatinized Starch-Urea. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 55:269-77. [PMID: 26063936 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatinized starch-urea (Starea, SU) is an effective and economical source of urea for ruminants. Here we assessed the influence of dietary supplementation with gelatinized starch-urea on the diversity of intestinal bacteria in finishing cattle. Fifty steers were randomly allotted to five treatments with diets supplemented with different doses of Starea [0 % (SU0), 8 % (SU8), 16 % (SU16), 24 % (SU24), and 32 % (SU32) of urea-N in total nitrogen]. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes was used to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of Starea on intestinal bacterial flora. Shannon-Weaver and Simpson diversity indices consistently showed the lowest bacterial diversity in the SU0 treatment. Increasing doses of Starea increased the diversity up to SU24 after which, diversity decreased. Cluster analysis of 16S rRNA gene DGGE profiles indicates that the intestinal bacterial communities associated with cattle that were not supplemented with Starea in feed differed in composition and structure from those supplemented with Starea. The amount of Starea supplemented in cattle diets influenced the abundance of several key species affiliated with Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Comamonadaceae and Moraxellaceae. These results suggest that Starea influences the composition and structure of intestinal bacteria which may play a role in promoting ruminant health and production performance.
Collapse
|
28
|
López-Soto M, Aguilar-Hernández J, Dávila-Ramos H, Estrada-Angulo A, Ríos F, Urías-Estrada J, Barreras A, Calderón J, Plascencia A. Effects of a combining feed grade urea and a slow-release product on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of steers fed finishing diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.963104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
29
|
Effects of slow-release urea and molasses on ruminal metabolism of lambs fed with low-quality tropical forage. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
Bourg BM, Tedeschi LO, Wickersham TA, Tricarico JM. Effects of a slow-release urea product on performance, carcass characteristics, and nitrogen balance of steers fed steam-flaked corn. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3914-23. [PMID: 22665647 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the impact of source, urea (U) or Optigen II (OP), and level of dietary NPN on performance (Exp.1) and N balance (Exp. 2) of growing cattle. Sixty Angus crossbred steers (initial BW = 353 ± 13.9 kg) were used to evaluate performance, and fed 1 of 3 steam-flaked corn based diets: U (U(1.2), 1.2% NPN), OP (OP(1.3), 1.3% NPN), or OP without cottonseed meal (OP(3.1), 3.1% NPN). U(1.2)and OP(1.3) contained cottonseed meal and NPN as CP sources, whereas OP(3.1) contained only NPN. For Exp. 1, steers were blocked by postweaning BW and assigned to treatment (TRT) and pen within block. Body weight was collected every 14 d during the 105-d trial. Six steers from each TRT were selected based on residual feed intake (RFI) and harvested. Carcass and organ measurements were obtained. Cumulative animal performance was evaluated in 3 periods (0 to 35, 0 to 70, and 0 to 105 d) using a mixed coefficient model with initial BW as a covariate. For Exp. 2, 5 ruminally cannulated Holstein steers in a 5 × 5 Latin square design were used to evaluate N balance. Steers were fed a steam-flaked corn based diet with either no NPN, 0.75% U or N equivalent OP, or 1.5% U or N equivalent OP. Intake was measured, and feed, orts, urine, and fecal samples were obtained and composited for each steer by period. Data were analyzed using a mixed coefficient model. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate differences between OP and U, and high and low level of NPN. For Exp. 1, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in initial BW, final BW, ADG, or DMI among TRT for any of the periods. However, for period 1 steers on OP(3.1) had reduced F:G than U(1.2) (5.71 kg/kg vs. 7.39 kg/kg; P = 0.03), and steers fed OP(1.3) tended to have less F:G than those fed U(1.2) (6.07 kg/kg vs. 7.39 kg/kg; P = 0.07). In period 2, OP(3.1) had reduced F:G than U(1.2) (5.58 kg/kg vs. 6.56 kg/kg; P = 0.03), but did not differ from OP(1.3) (5.97). For Exp. 2, steers fed OP tended (P = 0.09) to have less apparent N absorption than those fed U. Apparent N absorption differed (P < 0.05) for level of NPN. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in intake or digestibility among source or level of NPN. No major differences (P > 0.10) on performance and carcass composition were observed between U and OP diets. Steers had better initial F:G (Period 1 and 2) when OP was used as the only source of feed N (OP(3.1)), suggesting that OP may replace true protein feeds in finishing cattle diets, minimizing feed use with no impact on carcass quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Bourg
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hernández P, Mendoza G, Bárcena J, Plata F, Martínez J, Lee H. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme and slow release urea in finishing rations for lambs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.558672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
32
|
Taylor-Edwards CC, Elam NA, Kitts SE, McLeod KR, Axe DE, Vanzant ES, Kristensen NB, Harmon DL. Influence of slow-release urea on nitrogen balance and portal-drained visceral nutrient flux in beef steers. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:209-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|