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Martini M, Degl’Innocenti A, Altomonte I, Sodi I, Bocci C, Fanelli D, Moroni R, Panzani D, Camillo F, Salari F. Report on a Milking Mule: Milk Qualitative Characteristics during Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1585. [PMID: 38891633 PMCID: PMC11171045 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite their inability to reproduce naturally, mules can host embryos and be surrogate dams. The aim of this investigation was to increase our knowledge of the qualitative composition of mule's milk and its variations throughout the whole lactation period-namely, from 6 h after foaling to 180 days in milk (DIM). Milk was obtained from a mule dam that had foaled after receiving a mule embryo transfer. For each sample, the gross, mineral, and fatty acid composition was evaluated. The average quality of the mule milk was as follows: protein 1.97 g 100 mL-1, fat 0.90 g 100 mL-1, and ash 0.39 g 100 mL-1. Saturated fatty acids made up, on average, 50.00 g 100 g-1 of fat. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids made up half of the total fatty acid content (31.80 g 100 g-1 and 18.2 g 100 g-1 of fat, respectively). Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk. The milk composition changed throughout lactation. Dry matter, protein, fat, and ash decreased significantly from early lactation (6 h to 14 DIM). The n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased at the end of lactation. The changes in milk composition throughout lactation are probably due to adaptations to the growth requirements of the foal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Andrea Degl’Innocenti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Policlinico S. Maria alle Scotte, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Irene Sodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Carlotta Bocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Diana Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Rebecca Moroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Duccio Panzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Camillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Salari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (I.S.); (C.B.); (D.F.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (F.C.); (F.S.)
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Ivanković A, Šubara G, Bittante G, Šuran E, Amalfitano N, Aladrović J, Kelava Ugarković N, Pađen L, Pećina M, Konjačić M. Potential of Endangered Local Donkey Breeds in Meat and Milk Production. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2146. [PMID: 37443944 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem of the erosion of animal genetic resources is evident in certain local donkey breeds, and their long-term sustainability can be achieved by economically repositioning them. To develop alternative and sustainable commercial programs, the meat and milk production characteristics of Istrian donkey and Littoral Dinaric donkey breeds were investigated. The meat production characteristics were examined in mature males, whose carcasses were dissected, and meat composition was determined using NIT spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. Milk yield and milk composition were determined in jennies in second or subsequent lactations by measuring milk volume and using infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography. Compared to the Littoral Dinaric donkey, the Istrian donkey has a higher carcass weight and dressing percentage (p < 0.001). The share of boneless meat in relation to live weight was 28.27% in the Istrian donkey and 26.18% in the Littoral Dinaric donkey. The absolute masses of primal cuts of meat in E, I, and II classes were significantly greater in Istrian donkeys than in Littoral Dinaric donkeys (p < 0.01), although the differences in the proportions of primal cuts were not significant. The breed did not have a significant impact on the color, pH, or meat composition. A significant influence of breed on milk yield, lactose, protein, and the fat content of milk was observed (p < 0.01). A significant influence of breed on the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA fatty acids in donkey milk was observed (p = 0.002). The values of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were favorable, considering potential beneficial effects of donkey milk and meat on consumer health. The findings of this research suggest that local donkey breeds hold significant potential for meat and milk production, focusing on the uniqueness and quality of their products rather than the quantity of meat and milk they can produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Ivanković
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Šubara
- Agency for Rural Development of Istria, Ulica Tugomila Ujčića 1, 52000 Pazin, Croatia
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Edmondo Šuran
- Agency for Rural Development of Istria, Ulica Tugomila Ujčića 1, 52000 Pazin, Croatia
| | - Nicoló Amalfitano
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Jasna Aladrović
- Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Kelava Ugarković
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Pađen
- Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mateja Pećina
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miljenko Konjačić
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Garhwal R, Bhardwaj A, Sangwan K, Mehra R, Pal Y, Nayan V, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Kumar H. Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040853. [PMID: 36832927 PMCID: PMC9957152 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This current research set out to characterize Halari donkey milk by investigating its nutritional constituents, including its proximate analysis, water activity, titratable acidity, energy, and microbiological analysis. A comprehensive profiling of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids was also carried out. It was found that the composition of Halari donkey milk was consistent with previously published donkey milk literature and was comparable to that of human milk. Halari donkey milk has low 0.86 ± 0.04% fat content, 2.03 ± 0.03% protein content, 0.51 ± 0.05% ash content, and high 5.75 ± 0.15% lactose content making it sweet and palatable. The energy content of Halari donkey milk was 40.39 ± 0.31 kcal/100 g, and the water activity ranged from 0.973 to 0.975. Titratable acidity was 0.03 ± 0.01%. Halari donkey milk can be considered acceptable and microbiologically safe, having low total plate count and yeast and mould counts. Mineral testing revealed that Halari donkey milk included significant amounts of magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc. The concentration of different vitamins and amino acids such as isoleucine and valine also contribute to the nutritional value of Halari donkey milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Garhwal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Anuradha Bhardwaj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (H.K.); Tel.: +91-9802249964 (A.B.); +91-9805027899 (H.K.)
| | - Karnam Sangwan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Rahul Mehra
- Food Science & Technology MMICT & BM(HM), Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133203, India
| | - Yash Pal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Varij Nayan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (H.K.); Tel.: +91-9802249964 (A.B.); +91-9805027899 (H.K.)
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Donkey milk composition is altered by lactation stage and jennies age. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yue Y, Yan S, Li L, Tong M, Shi B, Zhao Y, Guo X, Guo Y. Comparative analysis of haematological, biochemical and nutritional parameters of Dezhou donkey with healthy and weak foals ( Equus asinus). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2097454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxi Yue
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Sumei Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Manman Tong
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Binlin Shi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Yongmei Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
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Yue Y, Li L, Tong M, Li S, Zhao Y, Guo X, Guo Y, Shi B, Yan S. Effect of Varying Dietary Crude Protein Level on Milk Production, Nutrient Digestibility, and Serum Metabolites by Lactating Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162066. [PMID: 36009654 PMCID: PMC9405379 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Donkey milk, a functional food, can be used as a milk replacement for newborn nutrition, due to its similar chemical composition to maternal breast milk and hypoallergenic property, and may be useful in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. However, donkey milk yield is very low and cannot satisfy the demands of the market. Some research on dairy cows showed that increasing dietary crude protein levels can increase milk yield and milk component yields. Therefore, this study explored whether increasing dietary crude protein levels could promote the milk production of lactating donkeys. The results showed that increasing crude protein levels could improve milk performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating donkeys. The key finding of this study was that a diet containing 14.2% crude protein supplied adequate protein to improve milk production in lactating donkeys. Abstract Donkey milk is considered as a functional food due to its high levels of whey protein, and can be used in newborn nutrition, due to the nutritional similarities with human milk and its hypoallergenic property. However, donkey milk yield is very low and little is known about improving donkey milk yield by nutrition manipulation. The effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on milk production, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolites was investigated in the current study. Twenty-four lactating donkeys were randomly assigned to one of the following three CP content diets: 15.3% (HP), 14.2% (MP), and 13.1% (LP) of dry matter, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, with the first two weeks being used for adaptation. The results showed that milk yield and yields of protein, lactose, solid-not-fat, total solid, and contents of protein, total solid and milk urea nitrogen in the HP and MP groups were higher than the LP group. No significant changes were observed in dry-matter intake, contents of milk fat, lactose or solid-not-fat. The feed conversion ratio, milk protein synthesis efficiency, and the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, calcium and phosphorous in the HP and MP groups were greater than the LP group. Serum total protein, albumin and urea nitrogen concentrations decreased, while concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate increased in the LP group compared with the HP and MP groups. In conclusion, the diet containing 14.2% CP supplied an adequate amount of protein for improving milk production in lactating donkeys, but milk production was not further increased by feeding the donkeys more than 14.2% CP.
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Garhwal R, Sangwan K, Mehra R, Kumar N, Bhardwaj A, Pal Y, Buttar HS, Kumar H. A Systematic Review of the Bioactive Components, Nutritional Qualities and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Donkey Milk. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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De Palo P, Auclair-Ronzaud J, Maggiolino A. Mammary gland physiology and farm management of dairy mares and jennies. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:234-237. [PMID: 36338815 PMCID: PMC9623692 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The equid udder has a lower storage capacity than the ruminant udder. Milking frequency is one of the most important factors affecting milk yield. Foals can be partly artificially suckled during lactation. Mechanical milking has been used in equids but our understanding of machine milking remains poor. Automated milking systems for equids represent a great challenge for the future.
Equid milk is arousing increasing interest in consumers and researchers because of its similarity in composition to human milk. The low and different protein content makes equid milk it suitable for children with cow milk protein allergy. Both horse and milk production, in many farms, still follow a characteristic and traditional method of separating the foal from the mother to allow milking procedures. This separation lasts at least 2 to 3 h before milking, a time in which the foal remains fasting. This operation is repeated several times a day, as the equid udder has little collection capacity, and milking frequency is one of the most important parameters to increase milk production; it must be emptied often. New partial artificially suckling techniques have been developed that allow the foal to be separated from its mother for many hours without starving. Furthermore, mechanical milking has been introduced in equid milk production, although in-depth knowledge is lacking on milking parameters and how these aspects affect milk production and udder health. Moreover, in some farms, new milking parlors for Equidae have been developed, ensuring that stress is minimized and production and animal welfare are ensured. It is important to develop and apply technologies for equid milk production, evaluating potential effects on welfare, health, and milk production. This represents the broadest perspective and the greatest challenge because of the need to understand management best practices, thinking to the possibility to introduce as soon as possible automatic milking systems that could ensure a good milking frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
- Corresponding author:
| | - Juliette Auclair-Ronzaud
- IFCE, Plateau Technique de la Station Expérimentale, 1 Impasse des Haras, 19370, Hamberet, France
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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The Possibility of Including Donkey Meat and Milk in the Food Chain: A Southern African Scenario. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091073. [PMID: 35565500 PMCID: PMC9100258 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The demand for donkey products such as meat and milk has increased in recent years, as new information on the health benefits of the products is becoming more available. Recent nutritional trends have shown a preference for nutritional and functional foods, giving consumers more options to choose from. Donkey products are seen as valuable foods that contain appreciable nutraceutical properties. However, less information is available on their optimal management practices, and their level of introduction to the food chain remains minimal. Increasing awareness of the importance of donkey products will increase their productivity and accelerate the introduction of these products into the food chain. This review aims to document available information on donkey products and factors affecting their introduction into the food chain, quoting different scenarios from the Southern African region. Abstract Animal proteins are essential for the optimal growth and health of humans. Meat and milk are common sources of protein, mostly produced by ruminants. The agrarian challenges experienced around the world warrant sourcing alternative proteins from animals that can withstand harsh environmental conditions to produce quality proteins. Donkeys (Equus asinus) are known to survive on low husbandry and inferior quality forage to produce meat and milk, which have been used since ancient times. However, the commercialisation of these products has not flourished due to product scarcity, low production rates, and consumer preferences. Recent discoveries and the quest to look for alternative sources of protein have sparked studies on donkey products. In addition, milk and meat from donkeys have active ingredients that could also contribute to curing diseases. Donkey milk is believed to contain antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and antidiabetic properties. In many countries, particularly in Africa, the consumption of donkey meat and milk has not been fully adopted due to a lack of knowledge and legislation regarding production.
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Milk Properties and Morphological Characteristics of the Donkey Mammary Gland for Development of an Adopted Milking Machine—A Review. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Donkey milk (DM) has been known in the world for 5000 years for its benefits for human nutrition and health. Nowadays, DM has become more and more attractive as a commercial product. DM contains several physiologically functional components, including high-quality whey proteins, vitamins, important minerals, unsaturated fatty acid and bioactive components. Therefore, it is not only consumed as food but also as a remedy. The average daily milk yield of a female donkey over the entire lactation season was 1.57 ± 1.12 kg/day and fluctuated between 0.20 and 6.00 kg/day. Average milk concentrations (±SD) of fat, protein, lactose, total solids and ash in DM were 0.63 ± 0.41%, 1.71 ± 0.24%, 6.34 ± 0.37%, 9.11 ± 0.95% and 0.39 ± 0.04%, respectively. Interestingly, DM is similar in composition to mare’s milk, and both are similar to mother’s milk. The anatomical and morphological properties of the mammary gland of the female donkey are special and can be compared with those of mare udders. However, the cistern cavity of the mammary gland of female donkeys is characterized by the presence of multiple pockets that open directly into the teat, instead of a single cistern cavity. Therefore, the mammary gland capacity in donkey mare is low and milking technique and routine are of most importance. So far there is no special milking machine for female donkeys and mares. The milking machines used nowadays were initially designed for smaller sheep and goat udders. The company Siliconform, Germany, has set itself the task of developing an optimized milking machine for donkey mares, which is adapted to the anatomical and morphological properties of the donkey mammary gland. Furthermore, it should achieve a physiologically ideal milking process meeting high animal welfare standards for increased milk production with high quality standards.
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Comparison of Donkey, Pony, and Horse Dorsal Profiles and Head Shapes Using Geometric Morphometrics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070931. [PMID: 35405919 PMCID: PMC8997093 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since donkey breeding has increased due to their variety of uses, welfare evaluation has become more important. This study aimed to compare donkey, pony, and horse dorsal profiles and head shapes using geometric morphometrics (GM). Photographs of 14 donkeys, 14 ponies, and 14 horses were analyzed using GM, including the sliding semilandmarks method. The variations in the first three principal components (PCs) were PC1: 57.16%, PC2: 16.05%, and PC3: 8.31% for the dorsal profiles and PC1: 44.77%, PC2: 13.46%, and PC3: 7.66% for the head shapes. Both the dorsal profiles and head shapes differed between donkeys and horses (p < 0.0001) but not between donkeys and ponies (p > 0.05). Moreover, both the dorsal profiles and head shapes differed in size between ponies and horses (p < 0.0001) but not in shape (p > 0.05). Higher Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances were noted between donkeys and horses as well between donkeys and ponies than between ponies and horses. The use of geometric morphometrics revealed the differences in the dorsal profiles and head shapes between the studied equids. These differences should be taken into account when adapting welfare scales and methods from horses to donkeys.
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Auclair-Ronzaud J, Jaffrézic F, Wimel L, Dubois C, Laloë D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Estimation of milk production in suckling mares and factors influencing their milk yield. Animal 2022; 16:100498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Messias TB, Sant’Ana AM, Araújo EO, Rangel AH, Vasconcelos AS, Salles HO, Morgano MA, Silva VS, Pacheco MTB, Queiroga RC. Milk from Nordestina donkey breed in Brazil: Nutritional potential and physicochemical characteristics in lactation. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sandagdorj B, Baigalmaa T, Burenjargal S, Horiuchi M, Enkhdalai M, Bayanbat D, Janchiv D, Jamyandorj O, Ulzii-Orshikh P, Nyam-Osor P. Relationship between lactational performance and metabolic parameters of Mongolian native grazing mares. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:91-98. [PMID: 34539210 PMCID: PMC8437754 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the lactational performance of mares in relation to metabolic
parameters can help practitioners to manipulate animal rearing management for sustainable
mare milk production. The aim of this study was to characterize the lactational
performance of Mongolian native mares grazing on natural pastureland by revealing the
seasonal effects on metabolic parameters. In this study, 8 multiparous mares were used.
Milk yield and composition and serum metabolic parameters, such as alanine
aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), triacylglycerol, total
cholesterol (TCH), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), albumin, urea, total protein,
cortisol (Cort), and insulin, were determined at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, and
270 days of lactation. During the lactation period, milk yield peaked at around the 90th
day and declined sharply in the following period. While the milk fat and protein contents
decreased gradually from the early stages of lactation to the late stages, the lactose
content was highest at mid-lactation and stayed constant until the end of the lactation
period. Meanwhile, changes were observed between the stages of lactation, and the
differences in metabolic parameters were significant (P<0.05), except for AST and GLU.
The strongest correlation was found with NEFA (P<0.01), followed by the Cort
(P<0.05) concentration, with both parameters showing negative correlation, and strong
positive correlation was detected between the milk yield and TCH (P<0.05)
concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrakh Sandagdorj
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Tserenpil Baigalmaa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Sedhuu Burenjargal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Munkhbat Enkhdalai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Davaakhuu Bayanbat
- School of Animal Science, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Dashdorj Janchiv
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Ooyo Jamyandorj
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | | | - Purevdorj Nyam-Osor
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
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15
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Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) is an enzyme widely used in the dairy sector to improve the functional properties of protein-based products via the formation of a network between protein molecules. The aim of this study involving cheese from the milk of donkeys was to evaluate the effects of treatment with MTGase at the concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 8 and 10 U/g milk protein on the cheese-making process parameters, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the resulting cheese. MTGase influenced the time of gel formation from rennet addition (P < 0.05), with a delay at the two highest concentrations, accompanied by a lower (P < 0.01) pH of cheese and the lowest (P < 0.01) loss in cheese weight at 24 h of storage. The highest gel viscosity (P < 0.01) was observed at the highest concentration of the enzyme, reaching the value of 70 mPa⋅sec after 60 min. The chemical composition and color of the cheeses were not significantly affected by the inclusion of MTGase, regardless of the enzyme concentration. These findings may be of relevance in adapting the cheese-making process and might help in the design of new dairy products from donkey's milk.
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Norris SL, Little HA, Ryding J, Raw Z. Global donkey and mule populations: Figures and trends. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247830. [PMID: 33630957 PMCID: PMC7906361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing how many donkeys there are in specific countries where welfare is compromised is a key concern for targeting efforts to improve donkey welfare. Additionally, accurate population estimates are vital for providing evidence and addressing the impact of population threats. The FAO annually report the number of donkeys and mules in each country. The last paper to investigate global and region trends dates back to 2000 and used FAO data from 1961 to 1997. This paper is an update focusing on global, regional and country level donkey and mule populations to understand if there have been any changes in the trends reported by the previous study between 1997 and 2018. Results show that the general trend identified between 1961 and 1997 is continuing with the number of donkeys globally increasing at a rate of ~1% per annum whilst mule populations are in decline at a rate of ~2% per annum. Results also suggest that the trend identified in the original paper are still evident today with the largest increases in donkey population seen in the sub-Saharan African region and greatest reduction noted in Eastern Europe with these two regions having different socio-economic drivers influencing these changes. These results highlight the multifaceted socio-economic drivers influence changes in donkey and mule populations demonstrating the complexity of designing targeted one-welfare approaches. Whilst the FAO donkey and mule datasets are the best available for understanding spatial-temporal distributions in populations there needs to be greater effort to promote the communication of information from the country level to the FAO. This can be directly supported by NGO's by promoting the robustness of the FAO process for collating and disseminating this information. NGO's should also seek to highlight the importance of this information for understanding global regional and country level drivers for equid population changes and potential threats to welfare as well as using this information to facilitate projects that support one-welfare approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Ryding
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Raw
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
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17
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de Souza Farias S, Montechese ACD, Bernardino T, Rodrigues PHM, de Araujo Oliveira CA, Zanella AJ. Two Hours of Separation Prior to Milking: Is This Strategy Stressful for Jennies and Their Foals? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010178. [PMID: 33466573 PMCID: PMC7828724 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The economic importance of donkeys has decreased in Brazil, which has led to their mass abandonment. Asinine milk production is a potential solution to the reintroduction of donkeys into the Brazilian social and economic scenario. The milk has nutraceutical properties that make it valuable for human consumption, and thus a donkey dairy industry is likely to help stop their abandonment. That said, in any such industry, the welfare of jennies maintained for milk production must be guaranteed. Few studies have been published measuring the impact of milking management on the welfare of jennies and foals, and the potential behavioural and physiological challenges it may cause. It is also unknown whether these animals adapt to the milking routine. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of separating Pêga jennies from their foals for 2 h on indicators of welfare. Animal welfare was analysed through behavioural and hormonal assessments, their potential adaptive responses and effects on milk yield. Few significant alterations were found in behaviour, salivary cortisol concentrations, or milk yield as a result of the 2-h separation, which could indicate that the welfare of the animals was not compromised; however, the adaptation of jennies and foals to separation stress remains to be fully verified. The 2-h separation period, based on the reported data, is possibly not a stressful experience for the assessed group of Pêga jennies and foals. The reported protocol, which included frequent positive interactions with the animals, may be useful to assure acceptable animal welfare levels for donkeys in small-scale dairy production settings. Abstract The goal of this study was to assess whether or not a separation period of 2 h is stressful for jennies and foals, as measured by changes in behaviour, salivary cortisol, and milk production. This study was reviewed and approved by the Committee for the Use and Care of Animals in Research (CEUA) of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo. Fourteen multiparous Pêga jennies (245 kg average body weight) and their foals were assessed from day 45 to 135 of lactation. Dams and foals were separated for 2 h prior to milking. Behavioural assessments and saliva samples were collected before and after separation, every 15 days, resulting in 14 samples per individual animal. Behavioural states (affiliative and inactivity) and events (agonistic, abnormal, eliminative and vocalisations) of the jennies were observed during 6 min in both periods. Moreover, milk yield was measured. Few significant behavioural and salivary cortisol changes were observed, and milk yield was not affected by cortisol levels in response to the separation. The 2-h separation period, on the basis of the collected variables, did not appear to be stressful for the assessed group of Pêga jennies or foals; however, their ability to adapt to milking routine stress remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharacely de Souza Farias
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Carolina Dierings Montechese
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
| | - Thiago Bernardino
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
| | - Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Chiara Albano de Araujo Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil;
| | - Adroaldo José Zanella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
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18
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Faccia M, D’Alessandro AG, Summer A, Hailu Y. Milk Products from Minor Dairy Species: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081260. [PMID: 32722331 PMCID: PMC7460022 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk processing is one of the most ancient food technologies, dating back around 6000 BC. The majority of dairy products are manufactured from cows, buffaloes, goats, and sheep; their production technologies are mostly standardized and have been widely investigated. Milk and dairy products from minor species are less important under the economic point of view, but they play a fundamental social role in many marginal and poor areas. Due to scarce interest of the dairy industry, their technological characteristics and related issues have been investigated less. Recently, the increasing interest toward ethnic foods and food biodiversity is helping these minor products to emerge from the "darkness" in which they have remained for long time. Some of them are increasingly seen as useful for the valorization of marginal areas, while others are recognized as innovative or healthy foods. The present review aims to resume the most recent knowledge about these less-known dairy products. The first part summarizes the main technological properties of equine, camel, and yak milk with a view to processing. The second is a survey on the related dairy products, both the traditional ones that have been manufactured for a long time and those that have been newly developed by food researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Faccia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-3012
| | | | - Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Science (DSMV), University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Yonas Hailu
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa 3000, Ethiopia;
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Salari F, Licitra R, Altomonte I, Martini M. Donkey Feeding During Maintenance, Pregnancy, and Lactation: Effects on Body Weight, Milk Production, and Foal Growth. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103131. [PMID: 32684269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the daily intake in donkeys during maintenance, late pregnancy, and early lactation. The growth curves of the foals in the first eight weeks of life and the milk production in lactating jennies were also investigated. Donkeys were separated into two groups: seven pregnant jennies (group 1: pregnant/lactating) and seven nonpregnant, nonlactating jennies (group 2). The groups were fed two different diets each. The feeding period for group 1 covered eight weeks before parturition and eight weeks postpartum. Group 2 was managed during the same time period (16 weeks). Diet 1 consisted of ad libitum hay, which was fed to group 1 during late pregnancy and to group 2 from weeks 1-8. Diet 2 consisted of the same ad libitum hay supplemented with 2 kg/head/day of concentrate, which was fed to group 1 during lactation and to group 2 from weeks 9-16. The daily dry matter intake (diet 1) was 2.56 kg/100 kg of body weight (BW) for nonpregnant jennies and 31% lower in the pregnant donkeys. In the lactating jennies, the total dry matter intake was similar to the nonpregnant group fed diet 2. The nonpregnant jennies lost 1.9% of their initial BW when fed diet 1, whereas they gained 8.4% of their initial BW when fed with diet 2. A weight loss was also found in the lactating donkeys. The foals more than doubled in their birth weight within two months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Licitra
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agricultural and Environmental Research "E. Avanzi", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mina Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Malacarne M, Criscione A, Franceschi P, Bordonaro S, Formaggioni P, Marletta D, Summer A. New Insights into Chemical and Mineral Composition of Donkey Milk throughout Nine Months of Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121161. [PMID: 31861194 PMCID: PMC6940851 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Donkey milk, because of its nutritional quality, is a more interesting product for the human diet. Moreover, due to its similarity to human milk, it is an optimal substitute for breast milk for babies. The aim of this study is to provide new insights on donkey milk production, which characterizes gross and mineral composition of Ragusano donkey breed milk. Compared to cow milk, donkey milk is characterized by a lower content of dry matter, high lactose amount, low protein, and a very low-fat content. In addition, the casein content is lower than cow’s milk. The most abundant macro element was K, followed by Ca, Na, and P. Most of the constituents are diminishing their content during lactation. In conclusion, the Ragusano breed showed a good aptitude for milk production. The composition of the milk confirmed its nutritional quality. Moreover, this research can have important positive impacts. The Ragusano breed has a long lactation and a high level of production that can ensure good income for farmers. Moreover, given its nutritional values, a larger consumption of donkey milk would be desirable and could promote the breeding of the donkey, which is an endangered species all over the world, as a profitable alternative for farmers. Abstract Donkey milk is increasingly being proposed as a natural alternative milk for various categories of consumers, especially infants and the elderly population. However, its potential production, gross, and mineral composition have not been deeply investigated yet. Sixty-two individual milk samples were collected monthly from nine Ragusano donkeys reared in a specialized dairy farm. Milk yield as well as chemical and mineral composition, including macro and micro elements, were investigated over an entire lactation, from the second to the ninth month of milking. Milk yield averaged 1.64 kg/day, which highlights good aptitude of the Ragusano breed for the production of milk. Gross composition was characterized by low content of dry matter (8.19%), a high amount of lactose (6.07%), low protein (1.34%), and very low-fat content (0.16%). Whey proteins represented 58% of the total protein, and proteose-peptones accounted for 0.35 ± 0.07 g per 100 g. Total ash content was 0.36 g per 100 g and represented 4.40% of the dry matter. The most abundant element was K, which was followed by Ca, Na, and P. As expected, the micro elements Fe, Zn, and Cu were found in low amounts or in traces. Dry matter, fat, whey proteins. The total ash, Ca, P, Mg, and mineral ratios were significantly affected by the lactation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Malacarne
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (P.F.); (P.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Criscione
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, I-95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Piero Franceschi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (P.F.); (P.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Salvatore Bordonaro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, I-95131 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (D.M.); Tel.: +39-0954783489 (S.B.); +39-0954783477 (D.M.)
| | - Paolo Formaggioni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (P.F.); (P.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Donata Marletta
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, I-95131 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (D.M.); Tel.: +39-0954783489 (S.B.); +39-0954783477 (D.M.)
| | - Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (P.F.); (P.F.); (A.S.)
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21
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D'Alessandro AG, Martemucci G, Loizzo P, Faccia M. Production of cheese from donkey milk as influenced by addition of transglutaminase. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10867-10876. [PMID: 31563318 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Donkey milk is characterized by low contents of total solids, fat, and caseins, especially κ-casein, which results in formation of a very weak gel upon renneting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fortification of donkey milk with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) for cheesemaking in relation to different enzyme addition protocols (patterns, PAT). Four independent trials were performed using MTGase (5.0 U/g of milk protein) according to the following experimental patterns: control (no MTGase addition); MTGase addition (40°C) 15 min before starter inoculation (PAT1); addition of MTGase to milk simultaneously with starter culture (40°C) (PAT2); and MTGase addition simultaneously with rennet (42°C) in acidified milk (pH 6.3) (PAT3). Evolution of pH during acidification, cheesemaking parameters, and proximal composition and color of cheese at 24 h were recorded. The protein fractions of cheese and whey were investigated by urea-PAGE and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. Addition of MTGase had no significant effect on moisture, protein, fat, or cheese yield. The addition of MTGase with rennet (PAT3) improved curd firmness compared with the control. Among the different patterns of MTGase addition, PAT3 reduced gel formation time, time between rennet addition and cheese molding, and weight loss of cheese at 24 h. The PAT3 treatment also resulted in the lowest lightness and highest yellowness color values of the cheese. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE of cheeses revealed that MTGase modified the protein pattern in the high-molecular-weight zone (range 37-75 kDa) compared with the control. Of the MTGase protocols, PAT3 showed better casein retention in cheese, as confirmed by the lanes of α- and β-caseins in the electropherogram of the whey, which was subtler for this protocol. In conclusion, MTGase may be used in cheese production from donkey milk to improve curd firmness; MTGase should be added simultaneously with the rennet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G D'Alessandro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - G Martemucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Loizzo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Faccia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy
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22
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Salari F, Ciampolini R, Mariti C, Millanta F, Altomonte I, Licitra R, Auzino B, Ascenzi CD, Bibbiani C, Giuliotti L, Amerigo Papini R, Martini M. A multi-approach study of the performance of dairy donkey during lactation: preliminary results. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1623094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Salari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Mariti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Licitra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Auzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo D’ Ascenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Bibbiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Giuliotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mina Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NutraFood), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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24
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Zhang X, Li H, Yu J, Zhou X, Ji C, Wu S, Chen Y, Liu J, Zhao F. Label-free based comparative proteomic analysis of whey proteins between different milk yields of Dezhou donkey. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:237-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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25
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Valle E, Raspa F, Giribaldi M, Barbero R, Bergagna S, Antoniazzi S, Mc Lean AK, Minero M, Cavallarin L. A functional approach to the body condition assessment of lactating donkeys as a tool for welfare evaluation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3001. [PMID: 28367363 PMCID: PMC5372837 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breeding of lactating donkeys is increasing in Western Europe; with it the evaluation of body condition is growing in importance since it is considered a key principle for their welfare. However, assessment of body condition is a complex task, since several factors are involved. The aim of the present study is to investigate which animal-based indicators are the most reliable to describe the body condition of lactating donkeys. For this purpose, new animal-based indicators, which are easy to measure in field conditions (including body measurements, fatty neck score (FNS), dental score), are recorded and their relationship with BCS (a proxy measure for overall adiposity) was assessed. The ones that reveal an association with the BCS are included in an integrated principal component analysis to understand which are the most related to BCS. METHODS Fifty-three healthy lactating donkeys of various breeds, including 7 Martina Franca, 10 Ragusano, 2 Romagnolo and 34 crossbreeds, were evaluated. The animal-based indicators that were recorded were: length (OP, olecranon tuber-pinbone and SH, shoulder-hip), heart girth (HG), abdominal circumference (AC), neck length (NL), neck height (NH) and neck thickness (NT) at 0.50 and neck circumference (NC) at 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, body condition score (BCS) and fatty neck score (FNS). The owners' evaluation of the BCS was also considered. A dental assessment was performed and the month of lactation and age of each animal was recorded. RESULTS No correlation was found between BCS and the other morphometric body measurements. On the contrary the FNS was correlated with the morphometric measurements of the neck (positive correlation to 0.50 NH and 0.50 NT, 0.50 NC, 0.75 mean NC, and negative correlation to the mean NC:NH and mean NC:NT, 0.50 NC:NT and 0.50 NC:NH ratios). A significant inverse relationship was identified between BCS and dental score. A Principal Component analysis (PCA) separated the BCS classes on the first principal component (PC1). PC1 revealed a meaningful positive correlation between the BCS and the neck measurements (NT, NH and FNS), with high positive loadings, while a negative correlation was found for dental abnormalities. The owners' evaluation of BCS was different from the expert evaluator' assessment, since they tended to give higher score that was slightly but significantly correlated to AC. DISCUSSION A new scoring system, called Fatty Neck Score (FNS), has been proposed for the judgement of the adiposity status of donkey neck. The results suggest that caregivers might use the proposed animal based indicators (BCS, FNS and dental scores) together as a tool for the evaluation of the body condition of lactating donkeys. Our findings highlight that caregivers need to be trained in order to be able to properly record these indicators. Ultimately use of these indicators may help to improve the welfare of lactating donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Grugliasco (Torino) , Italy
| | - Federica Raspa
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Grugliasco (Torino) , Italy
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production , Grugliasco , Italy
| | - Raffaella Barbero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta , Torino , Italy
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta , Torino , Italy
| | - Sara Antoniazzi
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production , Grugliasco , Italy
| | - Amy K Mc Lean
- North Carolina State University, Animal Science , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Michela Minero
- Department Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production , Grugliasco , Italy
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Dietary verbascoside supplementation in donkeys: effects on milk fatty acid profile during lactation, and serum biochemical parameters and oxidative markers. Animal 2017; 11:1505-1512. [PMID: 28264745 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Various uses of donkeys' milk have been recently proposed for human consumption on the basis of its nutritional characteristics. Improvements in milk fatty acid profile and animal oxidative status can be induced through dietary supplementation of phenolic compounds. The study aimed to evaluate in donkeys the effects of dietary supplementation with verbascoside (VB) on: (i) the fatty acid profile and vitamins A and E contents of milk during a whole lactation, and (ii) blood biochemical parameters and markers of oxidative status of the animals. At foaling, 12 lactating jennies were subdivided into two groups (n 6): control, without VB supplement; VB, receiving a lipid-encapsulated VB supplement. Gross composition, fatty acid profile and vitamins A and E contents in milk were assessed monthly over the 6 months of lactation. Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol, tryglicerides, non-esterified fatty acid, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, reactive oxygen metabolites, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), vitamin A and vitamin E were evaluated at 8 days after foaling (D0) and then at D90, D105 and D120 of lactation. In milk, the VB supplementation decreased the saturated fatty acids (P<0.05) and increased the monounsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05), and vitamins A and E (P<0.01) values. On the serum parameters, the VB supplementation decreased total cholesterol (P<0.01), tryglicerides, bilirubin, ALT and TBARs, and increased (P<0.01) vitamin E. In conclusion, the VB dietary supplementation affects the nutritional quality of donkey's milk with a benefit on the oxidative status and serum lipidic profile of the animals.
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Effect of parity, milking time and stage of lactation on milk yield of Jiangyue donkey (Equus asinus) in North West China. J DAIRY RES 2017; 84:23-26. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029916000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study reported in this Research Communication was carried out to examine how parity and milking time affected donkey milk yield under a typical Chinese production system. Eighteen Jiangyue breed donkeys with good health condition, aged between 6 and 9 years, and with parities 3 and 4, were selected. Milk production was measured commencing from the fourth week post-foaling, with a total data collection of 170 d in milk (lactation length). Mean milk yield of the donkeys used in this study was 3·0 kg/donkey/d. Results showed milk yield decreased with days in milk from 3·3 kg/donkey/d at the start of the study, to 2·2 kg/donkey/d by the end of the 170 d. Parity 3 donkeys produced 22% more milk than parity 4 donkeys (3·3 kg/donkey/d vs 2·7 kg/donkey/d). The information provided by this study should aid producers in estimating the expected milk yields from individual donkey, and better predict milk yield over the course of a production cycle.
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De Palo P, Maggiolino A, Centoducati P, Calzaretti G, Milella P, Tateo A. Equid milk production: evaluation of Martina Franca jennies and IHDH mares by Wood’s model application. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims to evaluate milk production aptitude of two equid species: horse and donkey. The trial was conducted on the Italian Heavy Draught breed horse (IHDH) and on the Martina Franca breed donkey. Data were collected from 23 multiparous nursing IHDH mares aged from 6 to 10 years, with an average bodyweight (BW) (mean ± s.d.) of 822.3 ± 61.8 kg and from 28 multiparous nursing donkeys of Martina Franca breed aged from 7 to 12 years, with an average BW (mean ± s.d.) of 389.5 ± 21.2 kg. Milk yield was recorded on 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165 and 180 days in milk (DIM). At each milk yield evaluation day, a milk sample was collected and its composition was analysed. All data were normalised according metabolic weight (MBW) of animals, so to make comparable results of the two considered species. Wood’s lactation model was used to describe milk, fat, protein and lactose yield. Peak lactation was reached on DIM 69 in IHDH horse and on DIM 48 in Martina Franca donkey with a milk production of 10.693 kg/100 kg MBW (R2 = 0.9139) and 5.264 kg/100 kg MBW (R2 = 0.9428), respectively. Persistency index of milk lactation curve was higher in Martina Franca donkey then in IHDH mares (7.0338 vs 6.2672). IHDH mares showed higher fat and protein production. Lactose curves showed a similar trend in both the species although IHDH’s curve was characterised by higher values. Data reported in the present work underline that both breeds considered are characterised by good milk production aptitude. Moreover, high R2 values obtained applying Wood’s model to milk, fat, protein and lactose production, calculated on the metabolic bodyweight basis, are indices of goodness of model fit.
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Aspri M, Economou N, Papademas P. Donkey milk: An overview on functionality, technology, and future prospects. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1175014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Very little is known about the udder characteristics, partitioning of milk in the mammary gland and efficiency of machine milking in donkeys. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the udder and teats, milk yield in relation to pulsation rates (90, 120 and 150 cycles/min), milk partitioning in the mammary gland, composition of the spontaneously removed and residual milk fractions and milking efficiency. Forty-one healthy Martina Franca jennies in the third month of lactation and routinely milked twice daily were used in three studies. Udder characteristics were evaluated by direct measurements and ultrasonographic scanning. Residual milk was obtained by milking after an oxytocin administration (40 IU i.m.). The prevalent shapes were 'bowl' for udders and 'conical' for teats. After milking the udder characteristics decreased within a range from -11·6% (udder depth) to -25·7% (diameter of teat at the base). The internal structures of the udder resulted as several pockets of ducts empting directly into the teat. The pulsation rate of 120 cycles/min improved (P<0·05) the milk yield in comparison to the 90 and 150 cycles/min, reduced the residual milk fraction, thus improved (P<0·05) milking efficiency. Residual milk composition had higher (P<0·05) fat content and somatic cell count than the spontaneously removed milk fraction. The udders revealed several pockets of ducts empting into the teat instead of a single cisternal cavity and showed a certain compliance. The use of 120 cycles/min pulsation rate improved milking efficiency.
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Van Nieuwenhove C, Pérez M, Hernández M, Luna Pizarro P. Characterization of gross composition, energy value, and fatty acid profile of milk from lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) during different lactation periods. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated gross composition, energy value, and fatty acid profile of colostrum, transitional, and mature milk of lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris (L., 1758)) from Argentina. Samples were obtained from six healthy animals kept in captive or semicaptive conditions. Protein content varied over time from 6 to 19 g/100 g of milk; carbohydrates varied from 2.4 to 5.4 g/100 g of milk; fat varied from 2.4 to 17.3 g/100 g of milk. Energy value also varied over time, with colostrum having the highest value. Fatty acid profile revealed a unique pattern in tapir milk, characterized by the presence of higher amounts of lauric, myristic, and pentadecanoic acids than in milk from other equids. Traces of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were measured, being the only trans fatty acid detected in tapir milk. Neither butyric acid (C4:0) nor fatty acids longer than C18 were found in tapir milk. The characteristics of tapir milk include high concentration of fat, caseins, and whey proteins. Gross composition and saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid (SFA/UFA) ratio of tapir milk were more similar to that of horse milk than rhinoceros milk. The present study sheds light on tapir fatty acid metabolism and on nutritional requirements of their newborns, which can be used to improve conservation and management strategies. Furthermore, different periods of lactation were evaluated in this species for the first time, thus contributing to the general knowledge of milk from other members of the order Perissodactyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Van Nieuwenhove
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA–CONICET), Chacabuco 145, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M.E. Pérez
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M. Hernández
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - P. Luna Pizarro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Gorrite 237, 4600, S.S. de Jujuy, Argentina
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Bordonaro S, Dimauro C, Criscione A, Marletta D, Macciotta NPP. The mathematical modeling of the lactation curve for dairy traits of the donkey (Equus asinus). J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4005-14. [PMID: 23587386 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increase in the number of donkeys farmed in Italy as a consequence of the growing demand for donkey milk for direct consumption has been observed. Some research has been carried out on jenny milk composition and on its nutritional properties, whereas milk production features are scarcely described for this species. In this work, the lactation curve shape of donkeys for milk yield and composition was investigated. A total of 453 test-day records for milk yield, fat and protein percentage, and somatic cell count of 62 lactations measured on 46 multiparous jennies of the Ragusano breed were considered. Effects of herd, age, and foaling season were assessed by using a mixed model analysis. Average and individual lactation curves were fitted using the Wood incomplete gamma function, the Cappio-Borlino modified gamma, and a third-order Legendre orthogonal polynomial model. Donkeys foaling between 6- and 10-yr-old had the highest test-day milk yield (about 1.85 kg/d). Donkeys foaling in winter and autumn had a higher daily milk yield compared with those foaling in summer and spring. Less defined results were obtained for composition traits. The general pattern of the donkey lactation curve is similar to the standard shape reported for the main dairy ruminant species, with a peak yield occurring at about 5 wk from parturition. Younger jennies tended to have lower production peaks and higher lactation persistency. Similarly to what is reported for dairy cattle, a large variability in individual patterns has been observed. No differences in goodness of fit have been observed between the models in the case of average lactation curves, whereas orthogonal polynomials were more efficient in fitting individual patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bordonaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie ed Alimentari, Sezione di Produzioni Animali, via Valdisavoia, 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Essential trace elements in milk and blood serum of lactating donkeys as affected by lactation stage and dietary supplementation with trace elements. Animal 2013; 7:1893-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173111300133x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Martemucci G, D'Alessandro AG. Fat content, energy value and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation and implications for human nutrition. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:113. [PMID: 22963037 PMCID: PMC3545721 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Milk contains numerous nutrients. The content of n-3 fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and short- and medium-chain fatty acids may promote positive health effects. In Western societies, cow’s milk fat is perceived as a risk factor for health because it is a source of a high fraction of saturated fatty acids. Recently, there has been increasing interest in donkey’s milk. In this work, the fat and energetic value and acidic composition of donkey’s milk, with reference to human nutrition, and their variations during lactation, were investigated. We also discuss the implications of the acidic profile of donkey’s milk on human nutrition. Methods Individual milk samples from lactating jennies were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210days after foaling, for the analysis of fat, proteins and lactose, which was achieved using an infrared milk analyser, and fatty acids composition by gas chromatography. Results The donkey’s milk was characterised by low fat and energetic (1719.2kJ·kg-1) values, a high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), a low n-6 to n-3 FA ratio or LA/ALA ratio, and advantageous values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Among the minor PUFA, docosahesaenoic (DHA), eicosapentanoic (EPA), and arachidonic (AA) acids were present in very small amounts (<1%). In addition, the AA/EPA ratio was low (0.18). The fat and energetic values decreased (P < 0.01) during lactation. The fatty acid patterns were affected by the lactation stage and showed a decrease (P < 0.01) in saturated fatty acids content and an increase (P < 0.01) in the unsaturated fatty acids content. The n-6 to n-3 ratio and the LA/ALA ratio were approximately 2:1, with values <1 during the last period of lactation, suggesting the more optimal use of milk during this period. Conclusions The high level of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and PUFA-n3 content and the low n-6/n-3 ratio suggest the use of donkey’s milk as a functional food for human nutrition and its potential utilisation for infant nutrition as well as adult diets, particular for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martemucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari, Via G, Amendola, 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
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