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Reynolds LP, Dahlen CR, Ward AK, Crouse MS, Borowicz PP, Davila-Ruiz BJ, Kanjanaruch C, Bochantin KA, McLean KJ, McCarthy KL, Menezes ACB, Diniz WJS, Cushman RA, Caton JS. Role of the placenta in developmental programming: Observations from models using large animals. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 257:107322. [PMID: 37696224 PMCID: PMC10591737 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programming, which proposes that "insults" or "stressors" during intrauterine or postnatal development can have not only immediate but also long-term consequences for healthy and productivity, has emerged as a major biological principle, and based on studies in many animal species also seems to be a universal phenomenon. In eutherians, the placenta appears to be programmed during its development, which has consequences for fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy, and likewise has long-term consequences for postnatal development, leading to programming of organ function of the offspring even into adulthood. This review summarizes our current understanding of the placenta's role in developmental programming, the mechanisms involved, and the challenges remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Reynolds
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - C R Dahlen
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - A K Ward
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - M S Crouse
- Nutrition, Growth, and Physiology Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
| | - P P Borowicz
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - B J Davila-Ruiz
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - C Kanjanaruch
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - K A Bochantin
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - K J McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA
| | - K L McCarthy
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - A C B Menezes
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - W J S Diniz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - R A Cushman
- Nutrition, Growth, and Physiology Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
| | - J S Caton
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Tokareva M, Brown JA, MacPhee DJ, Seddon YM. Providing periodic exercise to stall-housed gestating sows influences only the total number of live-born piglets in older parity sows. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 Canadian Pig Code of Practice includes a recommendation to provide stall-housed gestating pigs with periodic exercise. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of periodic exercise on sow performance and placental and piglet characteristics. Sows ( n = 180) were assigned to one of three gestation treatments: stall-housed sows (Control: C), stall-housed sows given weekly exercise (Exercise: E—10 min of walking per week), and group-housed sows (Group: G). Sows were distributed among three parity groups: young (parity 0–1), mid (parity 2–4), and old (parity 5–7). Old C sows had a higher number of total born than G sows, and E sows were intermediate; mid G sows had a higher total born than E and C sows ( P = 0.023). Old E and G sows had similar numbers of total live-born piglets, which were higher than in old C sows ( P = 0.033). Periodic exercise did not influence placental and piglet characteristics in the current study. In conclusion, periodic exercise benefited only the reproductive performance of older parity sows, increasing the number of live-born piglets in E and G sows compared to C sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Tokareva
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Brown
- Prairie Swine Centre Inc., Box 21057, 2105 8th Street East, Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada
| | - Daniel J. MacPhee
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Yolande M. Seddon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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3
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The influence of satiety on the motivation of stall-housed gestating sows to exit their stall. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tokareva M, Brown JA, Woodward A, Pajor EA, Seddon YM. Movement or more food? A comparison of motivation for exercise and food in stall-housed sows and gilts. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Bhattacharjee J, Mohammad S, Adamo KB. Does exercise during pregnancy impact organs or structures of the maternal-fetal interface? Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101543. [PMID: 33940567 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with improved health outcomes both during and after pregnancy for mother and fetus across the lifespan. Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour during pregnancy have been recommended by many researchers and clinicians-alike. It is thought that the placenta plays a central role in mediating any positive or negative pregnancy outcomes. The positive outcomes obtained through prenatal exercise are postulated to result from exercise-induced regulation of maternal physiology and placental development. Considerable research has been performed to understand the placenta's role in pregnancy-related diseases, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and gestational diabetes mellitus. However, little research has examined the potential for healthy lifestyle and behavioural changes to improve placental growth, development, and function. While the placenta represents the critical maternal-fetal interface responsible for all gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the mother and fetus, the impact of exercise during pregnancy on placental biology and function is not well known. This review will focus on prenatal exercise and its promising influence on the structures of the maternal-fetal interface, with particular emphasis on the placenta. Potential molecular mechanistic hypotheses are presented to aid future investigations of prenatal exercise and placental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayonta Bhattacharjee
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shuhiba Mohammad
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kristi B Adamo
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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6
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Stenhouse C, Tennant P, Duncan WC, Ashworth CJ. Doppler ultrasound can be used to monitor umbilical arterial blood flow in lightly sedated pigs at multiple gestational ages. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1402-1411. [PMID: 29723486 DOI: 10.1071/rd17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Doppler ultrasound was performed under moderate sedation (ketamine and azaperone) for 30min to monitor umbilical arterial (UA) blood flow in one uterine horn of Large White×Landrace gilts (n=23) at Gestational Days (GD) 30, 45, 60 and 90. Gilts were scanned before they were killed to examine relationships between litter size, sex ratio and five UA parameters (peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), A/B (PSV to EDV) ratio, fetal heart rate (FHR) and resistance index (RI)). In gilts in which scans were obtained from all fetuses in the scanned horn, relationships between UA parameters, and fetal weight and sex were examined. A subset of gilts were sedated, scanned and recovered (SSR) earlier in gestation (GD30 or GD45) to assess the effects of sedation on later fetal development by comparison with control litters (no previous sedation). Temporal changes were observed in all UA parameters (P≤0.001). At GD60 and GD90, FHR decreased with increasing duration of sedation (P≤0.001). Sex ratio and fetal weight affected UA blood flow, whereas litter size and fetal sex did not. SSR at GD30 and GD45 was associated with decreased fetal weight at GD60 (P≤0.001) and GD90 (P=0.06) respectively, compared with controls. These results suggest maternal sedation during gestation affects fetal development, which should be investigated further. Measuring UA blood flow in growth-restricted porcine fetuses throughout gestation may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Stenhouse
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Tennant
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - W Colin Duncan
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cheryl J Ashworth
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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Reynolds LP, Borowicz PP, Caton JS, Crouse MS, Dahlen CR, Ward AK. Developmental Programming of Fetal Growth and Development. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:229-247. [PMID: 31103178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal stressors that affect fetal development result in "developmental programming," which is associated with increased risk of various chronic pathologic conditions in the offspring, including metabolic syndrome; growth abnormalities; and reproductive, immune, behavioral, or cognitive dysfunction that can persist throughout their lifetime and even across subsequent generations. Developmental programming thus can lead to poor health, reduced longevity, and reduced productivity. Current research aims to develop management and therapeutic strategies to optimize fetal growth and development and thereby overcome the negative consequences of developmental programming, leading to improved health, longevity, and productivity of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, NDSU Department 7630, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Pawel P Borowicz
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Core Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, NDSU Department 7630, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, NDSU Department 7630, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Matthew S Crouse
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, NDSU Department 7630, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, NDSU Department 7630, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, NDSU Department 7630, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Niederecker KN, Larson JM, Kallenbach RL, Meyer AM. Effects of feeding stockpiled tall fescue versus summer-baled tall fescue-based hay to late gestation beef cows: I. Cow performance, maternal metabolic status, and fetal growth. J Anim Sci 2019; 96:4618-4632. [PMID: 30137366 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that cows grazing stockpiled tall fescue (STF) during late gestation would have increased nutrient intake, resulting in improved metabolic status and fetal growth compared with cows consuming summer-baled tall fescue hay. Multiparous, spring-calving, crossbred beef cows (year 1: n = 48, year 2: n = 56) were allocated by body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), age, service sire, and expected calving date to 1 of 2 forage systems (4 rep/system) in mid-November on day 188 of gestation: strip-graze endophyte-infected STF in 4.05 ha pastures or consume ad libitum endophyte-infected summer-baled tall fescue-based hay in uncovered dry lots. Treatments were terminated 1 wk postpartum, and cow-calf pairs were managed together until weaning. Data were analyzed with forage system, year, and their interaction as fixed effects. Sampling day was a repeated effect for cow metabolites and hormones. Calf date of birth was in the model when P < 0.25; pasture or pen was the experimental unit. Cow prepartum BW was not affected (P ≥ 0.424) by forage system, but cows grazing STF tended (P = 0.09) to have greater BCS at day 35 and had greater (P = 0.03) final precalving BCS than hay-fed cows. Additionally, final precalving 12th rib fat thickness tended (P = 0.09) to be greater for STF than hay-fed cows. Calves born to cows fed hay only weighed 10.2% less (P = 0.03) at birth than calves born to cows consuming STF, indicating reduced fetal growth. Postpartum cow BW, BCS, first service conception rate, and overall pregnancy rate were not affected (P ≥ 0.15) by late gestational forage system. After day 0, serum urea N was greater (P < 0.001) in cows consuming STF on all days measured. Cows grazing STF also tended (P = 0.08) to have greater plasma glucose than cows consuming hay. Serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were greater (P < 0.001) in cows grazing STF on day 56 in year 1 and on day 77 and 99 in year 2. Serum triiodothyronine was less (P = 0.03) on day 0, but greater (P = 0.004) on day 99, in cows grazing STF. Cows grazing STF tended (P = 0.06) to have greater thyroxine on day 77 in year 1. Serum cortisol was greater (P = 0.003) on day 35 and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater on day 99 in cows grazing STF. Calf birth weight was positively correlated with prepartum maternal serum urea N (r = 0.31, P = 0.002) and NEFA (r = 0.12, P = 0.005). In this study, cows grazing STF had increased nutrient intake during late gestation, resulting in greater fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill M Larson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Douglas SL, Szyszka O, Stoddart K, Edwards SA, Kyriazakis I. A meta-analysis to identify animal and management factors influencing gestating sow efficiency. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5716-26. [PMID: 25367520 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis on the effects of management and animal-based factors on the reproductive efficiency of gestating sows can provide information on single-factor and interaction effects that may not have been detected in individual studies. This study analyzed the effects of such factors on the number of piglets born alive per litter (BA), piglet birth weight (BiW) and weaning weight (WW), and number of piglets born alive per kilogram of sow feed intake during gestation (BA/FI). A total of 51 papers and 7 data sources were identified for the meta-analysis, out of which 23 papers and 5 sets of production data were useable (a total of 121 treatments). The information gathered included the dependent variables as well as information regarding animal, management, and feed characteristics. While a number of factors were individually significant, the multivariate models identified significant effects only of 1) floor type (P=0.003), sow BW at the end of gestation (P=0.002), and housing (stalls vs. loose; P=0.004) on BA; as floor type and housing were confounded, they were included in 2 separate models. The BA was higher on solid (12.1) in comparison to partly slatted (11.4) and fully slatted floors (10.2); 2) sow gestation environment (P=0.017) and gestation feed allowance (P=0.046) on BiW, with BiW of pigs higher for sows kept outdoors rather than indoors (1.75 versus 1.49 kg); 3) parity number (P=0.003) and feed intake during gestation (P=0.017) on WW; in addition there was an interaction between parity number×feed ME and parity number×feed CP content of feed during gestation on WW, with the positive effects of feed ME and CP contents seen during early rather than later parities; and 4) floor type (P=0.019) and feed crude fiber (P=0.003) for BA/FI with a greater number for those kept on solid floors (5.11) versus partially and fully slatted floors (4.07 and 4.05). The meta-analysis confirmed the significant effect of several well-known factors on the efficiency of gestating sows and, importantly, the interactions between these factors. In addition, the effects of some less established factors were noted, such as floor type. The results may contribute towards the improvement of efficiency of gestating sow systems by better understanding of the various factors that influence this.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Douglas
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - O Szyszka
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - K Stoddart
- BPEX, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 2TL
| | - S A Edwards
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - I Kyriazakis
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Rodríguez I, González M. Physiological mechanisms of vascular response induced by shear stress and effect of exercise in systemic and placental circulation. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:209. [PMID: 25278895 PMCID: PMC4165280 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological vascular function regulation is essential for cardiovascular health and depends on adequate control of molecular mechanisms triggered by endothelial cells in response to mechanical and chemical stimuli induced by blood flow. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular pathology, where the imbalance between the synthesis of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor molecules is common in the development of vascular disorders in systemic and placental circulation. In the placenta, an organ without autonomic innervations, the local control of vascular tone is critical for maintenance of fetal growth and mechanisms that underlie shear stress response induced by blood flow are essential during pregnancy. In this field, shear stress induced by moderate exercise is one of the most important mechanisms to improve vascular function through nitric oxide synthesis and stimulation of mechanical response of endothelial cells triggered by ion channels, caveolae, endothelial NO synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor, among others. The demand for oxygen and nutrients by tissues and organs, especially in placentation and pregnancy, determines blood flow parameters, and physiological adaptations of vascular beds for covering metabolic requirements. In this regard, moderate exercise versus sedentarism shows potential benefits for improving vascular function associated with the enhancement of molecular mechanisms induced by shear stress. In this review, we collect evidence about molecular bases of physiological response to shear stress in order to highlight the relevance of moderate exercise-training for vascular health in adult and fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad San Sebastián Concepción, Chile ; PhD Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera Temuco, Chile
| | - Marcelo González
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile ; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health Chillán, Chile
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11
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Kaminski SL, Grazul-Bilska AT, Harris EK, Berg EP, Vonnahme KA. Impact of maternal physical activity during gestation on porcine fetal, neonatal, and adolescent ovarian development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 48:56-61. [PMID: 24906929 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine how exercise from mid to late (days 40-104) gestation impacts offspring body, uterine and ovarian weight, and ovarian cell proliferation at three different developmental stages, Yorkshire gilts were either exercised by walking (EX) or not exercised (CON). In parity 1, ovaries and uteri were collected from the heaviest (H) and lightest (L) neonates and adolescent (6 mo) offspring. In parity 2, mothers were assigned the same treatment groups, and ovaries and uteri were collected from H and L fetuses on day 94 of gestation. Body weight was greater (P < 0.02) for H than L fetuses and neonates but not affected by EX treatment at any developmental stage. Ovarian weight in L but not H neonates was greater (P < 0.02) in EX than CON. Labeling index (LI; percentage of proliferating cells) was greater (P < 0.01) in cortex than medulla regions of fetal and neonatal ovaries. In fetal ovaries, EX enhanced LI (P < 0.01), and LI was greater (P < 0.01) in H compared with L offspring. In adolescent ovaries, LI was greatest (P < 0.01) in healthy antral and least in atretic antral follicles, and LI was greater (P < 0.01) in granulosa than theca cells of healthy antral follicles. Thus, exercise increased LI in fetal but not neonatal or adolescent ovaries. Although maternal exercise during gestation influences fetal and neonatal ovarian development, impacts on fertility remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Kaminski
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - A T Grazul-Bilska
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108.
| | - E K Harris
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - E P Berg
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - K A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
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Vonnahme KA, Lemley CO, Shukla P, O'Rourke ST. 2011 AND 2012 EARLY CAREERS ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS: Placental programming: How the maternal environment can impact placental function1,2. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2467-80. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - C. O. Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - P. Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - S. T. O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
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