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Yang L, Liu M, Zhao M, Zhi S, Zhang W, Qu L, Xiong J, Yan X, Qin C, Nie G, Wang S. Dietary Bile Acid Supplementation Could Regulate the Glucose, Lipid Metabolism, and Microbiota of Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) Fed with a High-Lipid Diet. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:9953927. [PMID: 37266416 PMCID: PMC10232174 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9953927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to examine the role of bile acids in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, intestinal flora, and growth in high-fat diet-fed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish (6.34 ± 0.07 g) were fed for 56 days with three different diets, the control diet (CO, 5.4% lipid), high-fat diet (HF, 11% lipid), and high-fat diet with 60 mg/kg bile acids (BAs, 11% lipid). The results showed that high-fat diets resulted in poor growth performance and increased triglyceride (TG) in serum and the liver. The addition of bile acids significantly alleviated the adverse effects of a high-fat diet. The mRNA expression results indicated that bile acids may improve lipid metabolism through the enhancement of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARa). The expression of gluconeogenesis-related phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA was inhibited, while fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) was significantly higher. Bile acids reshaped the intestinal microflora community, with the level of Bacteroidetes increasing. The correlation analysis indicated that Patescibacteria, Dependentiae, Myxococcota, and Planctomycetota in the gut are associated with genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. These results indicated that bile acids could ameliorate the negative effects of high-fat diets on common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shaoyang Zhi
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wenlei Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Leya Qu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jinrui Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chaobin Qin
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Dezhou Key Laboratory for Applied Bile Acid Research, Shandong Longchang Animal Health Product Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
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Feyera T, Lashkari S, Johannsen JC, Llauradó-Calero E, Zhe L, Theil PK, Jensen SK. Supplementation of palmitoleic acid improved piglet growth and reduced body temperature drop upon cold exposure. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad372. [PMID: 37935407 PMCID: PMC10656293 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglet survival is a major challenge in the first few days postpartum and interventions during this period may improve survival and growth. This study investigated the effects of palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7; PA) supplementation on growth performance, body temperature, fatty acid (FA), and energy metabolism in milk-replacer-fed piglets. Forty-eight piglets were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% PA supplementation as a percent of milk replacer) and given the diet through an orogastric tube. They were fed dietary treatments every 2 h for 4 d in the first week postpartum and all were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The piglets were weighed daily, and half in each dietary treatment group, the same piglets each day, were exposed daily to a lower temperature for 2 h. Plasma samples were collected immediately before sacrifice for analyses of FA and other plasma metabolites. The weight of organs and empty body weight were determined after sacrifice. Liver and semimembranosus muscle tissue samples were collected and analyzed for FA content. Contents of C16:1n-7 and C18:1n-7 in both plasma and liver (P < 0.001), and C16:1n-7 in semimembranosus muscle (P < 0.001) increased linearly as PA supplementation increased. Most plasma FA levels (except C16:1n-7, C16:1n-9, and C22:5n-3) were lower in piglets exposed to lower temperatures than those that were not. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, and lactate dehydrogenase levels increased linearly with PA supplementation (P < 0.001). Piglets' average daily gain, liver glycogen pool, liver weight, and gallbladder weight increased linearly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively), but lung weight, liver nitrogen content, and body temperature drop decreased linearly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, respectively) with PA supplementation. Piglets exposed to low temperature had greater liver nitrogen (P < 0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.001) contents but had lower liver weight (P < 0.01) and plasma lactate concentration (P < 0.05) than those that were not. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the importance of PA on the growth performance of the piglets by increasing their average daily gain and decreasing a drop in body temperature upon cold exposure, most likely due to a modified energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Feyera
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Saman Lashkari
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jakob C Johannsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Eudald Llauradó-Calero
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Li Zhe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Peter K Theil
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Søren K Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Transcriptome and targeted metabolome analysis provide insights into bile acids' new roles and mechanisms on fat deposition and meat quality in lamb. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schmidt LH, Aa JS, Hartmann B, Madsen GI, Qvist N, Ellebæk MB. Segmental reversal of the distal small intestine in a short bowel syndrome model in piglets showed detrimental effect on weight gain. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:349. [PMID: 35858830 PMCID: PMC9297615 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effects of a reversed segment of the distal small intestine to improve weight gain in an experimental short bowel syndrome (SBS) model in piglets. Methods Twenty-four piglets underwent resection of 70% of the distal small intestine. In half of the animals a conventional anastomosis was performed, and in the other half, the distal 25 cm of the remnant jejunum was reversed before the intestinal continuity was recreated. Weight was measured daily until day 28, where the animals were euthanized. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 (GLP-2) and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) was measured pre- and postoperatively at day 28. Results The group with reversal of small intestine had a significant lower weight gain at 5.26 ± 3.39 kg (mean ± SD) compared to the control group with 11.14 ± 3.83 kg (p < 0.05). In the control group greater villus height and crypt depth was found distally, and greater muscular thickness was found proximally in the intervention group. GLP-2 and GIP levels increased significantly in the control group. Conclusions Treatment of short bowel syndrome with a reversed jejunal segment of 25 cm had a detrimental effect on the weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Hartmann Schmidt
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Stensig Aa
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Medical Sciences, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gunvor Iben Madsen
- Research Unit for Pathology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Niels Qvist
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mark Bremholm Ellebæk
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
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Wang P, Yuan P, Lin S, Zhong H, Zhang X, Zhuo Y, Li J, Che L, Feng B, Lin Y, Xu S, Wu D, Burrin DG, Fang Z. Maternal and Fetal Bile Acid Homeostasis Regulated by Sulfated Progesterone Metabolites through FXR Signaling Pathway in a Pregnant Sow Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6496. [PMID: 35742938 PMCID: PMC9224516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally elevated circulating bile acids (BA) during pregnancy endanger fetal survival and offspring health; however, the pathology and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. A total of nineteen pregnant sows were randomly assigned to day 60 of gestation, day 90 of gestation (G60, G90), and the farrowing day (L0), to investigate the intercorrelation of reproductive hormone, including estradiol, progesterone and sulfated progesterone metabolites (PMSs), and BA in the peripheral blood of mother and fetuses during pregnancy. All data were analyzed by Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA of GraphPad Prism and further compared by using the Student-Newman-Keuls test. Correlation analysis was also carried out using the CORR procedure of SAS to study the relationship between PMSs and BA levels in both maternal and fetal serum at G60, G90, and L0. Allopregnanolone sulphate (PM4S) and epiallopregnanolone sulphate (PM5S) were firstly identified in the maternal and fetal peripheral blood of pregnant sows by using newly developed ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods. Correlation analysis showed that pregnancy-associated maternal BA homeostasis was correlated with maternal serum PM4S levels, whereas fetal BA homeostasis was correlated with fetal serum PM5S levels. The antagonist activity role of PM5S on farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated BA homeostasis and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) were confirmed in the PM5S and FXR activator co-treated pig primary hepatocytes model, and the antagonist role of PM4S on FXR-mediated BA homeostasis and FGF19 were also identified in the PM4S-treated pig primary hepatocytes model. Together with the high relative expression of FGF19 in pig hepatocytes, the pregnant sow is a promising animal model to investigate the pathogenesis of cholestasis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
- College of Biology Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Peiqiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Sen Lin
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, China;
| | - Heju Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.W.); (P.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (B.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (D.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
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Wichman BE, Nilson J, Govindan S, Chen A, Jain A, Arun V, Derdoy J, Krebs J, Jain AK. Beyond lipids: Novel mechanisms for parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2022; 37:265-273. [PMID: 35124837 PMCID: PMC8930621 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a therapy that delivers essential nutrients intravenously to patients who are unable to meet their nutrition requirements via standard enteral feeding. This methodology is often referred to as PN when accompanied by minimal or no enteral nutrition (EN). Although PN is lifesaving, significant complications can arise, such as intestinal failure-associated liver disease and gut-mucosal atrophy. The exact mechanism of injury remains ill defined. This review was designed to explore the available literature related to the drivers of injury mechanisms. The Farnesoid X receptor and fibroblast growth factor 19 signaling pathway seems to play an important role in gut-systemic signaling, and its alteration during PN provides insights into mechanistic links. Central line infections also play a key role in mediating PN-associated injury. Although lipid reduction strategies, as well as the use of multicomponent lipid emulsions and vitamin E, have shown promise, the cornerstone of preventing injury is the early establishment of EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Wichman
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jamie Nilson
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Srinivas Govindan
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aditya Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Varsha Arun
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Juana Derdoy
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ajay K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Babu AF, Koistinen VM, Turunen S, Solano-Aguilar G, Urban JF, Zarei I, Hanhineva K. Identification and Distribution of Sterols, Bile Acids, and Acylcarnitines by LC-MS/MS in Humans, Mice, and Pigs-A Qualitative Analysis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010049. [PMID: 35050171 PMCID: PMC8781580 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols, bile acids, and acylcarnitines are key players in human metabolism. Precise annotations of these metabolites with mass spectrometry analytics are challenging because of the presence of several isomers and stereoisomers, variability in ionization, and their relatively low concentrations in biological samples. Herein, we present a sensitive and simple qualitative LC–MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) method by utilizing a set of pure chemical standards to facilitate the identification and distribution of sterols, bile acids, and acylcarnitines in biological samples including human stool and plasma; mouse ileum, cecum, jejunum content, duodenum content, and liver; and pig bile, proximal colon, cecum, heart, stool, and liver. With this method, we detected 24 sterol, 32 bile acid, and 27 acylcarnitine standards in one analysis that were separated within 13 min by reversed-phase chromatography. Further, we observed different sterol, bile acid, and acylcarnitine profiles for the different biological samples across the different species. The simultaneous detection and annotation of sterols, bile acids, and acylcarnitines from reference standards and biological samples with high precision represents a valuable tool for screening these metabolites in routine scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrin Farizah Babu
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (V.M.K.); (I.Z.); (K.H.)
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-45-20-30-433
| | - Ville Mikael Koistinen
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (V.M.K.); (I.Z.); (K.H.)
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Soile Turunen
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gloria Solano-Aguilar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (G.S.-A.); (J.F.U.J.)
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (G.S.-A.); (J.F.U.J.)
| | - Iman Zarei
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (V.M.K.); (I.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (V.M.K.); (I.Z.); (K.H.)
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Barmpatsalou V, Dubbelboer IR, Rodler A, Jacobson M, Karlsson E, Pedersen BL, Bergström CAS. Physiological properties, composition and structural profiling of porcine gastrointestinal mucus. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:156-167. [PMID: 34687897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucus is a hydrogel that lines the luminal side of the gastrointestinal epithelium, offering barrier protection from pathogens and lubrication of the intraluminal contents. These barrier properties likewise affect nutrients and drugs that need to penetrate the mucus to reach the epithelium prior to absorption. In order to assess the potential impact of the mucus on drug absorption, we need information about the nature of the gastrointestinal mucus. Today, most of the relevant available literature is mainly derived from rodent studies. In this work, we used a larger animal species, the pig model, to characterize the mucus throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract. This is the first report of the physiological properties (physical appearance, pH and water content), composition (protein, lipid and metabolite content) and structural profiling (rheology and gel network) of the porcine gastrointestinal mucus. These findings allow for direct comparisons between the characteristics of mucus from various segments and can be further utilized to improve our understanding of the role of the mucus on region dependent drug absorption. Additionally, the present work is expected to contribute to the assessment of the porcine model as a preclinical species in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Barmpatsalou
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ilse R Dubbelboer
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnes Rodler
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Karlsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Betty Lomstein Pedersen
- Product Development & Drug Delivery, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Kay Fiskers Plads 11, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cullen JT, Lawlor PG, Cormican P, Gardiner GE. Microbial Quality of Liquid Feed for Pigs and Its Impact on the Porcine Gut Microbiome. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102983. [PMID: 34680002 PMCID: PMC8532943 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liquid feed is produced by mixing dry feed ingredients with water, and sometimes liquid co-products from the food and beverage industry, at a defined ratio. Liquid feeding of pigs is popular, particularly in parts of northern and western Europe, and can be associated with lower feed costs, improved dry matter intake, growth rate and gut health, compared to dry feeding. However, spontaneous/uncontrolled fermentation upon mixing of feed with water or co-products can decrease the microbial and nutritional quality of the feed, resulting in poorer pig health and growth. For this reason, strategies aimed at optimising liquid feed microbial quality are frequently employed. These include: deliberate fermentation with/without the use of lactic acid bacteria starter cultures that produce lactic acid and lower the feed pH, thereby preventing growth of pathogens. Fermenting only the cereal component of the diet is preferred to whole diet fermentation to minimise loss of free amino acids from the diet during fermentation. This review examines the microbiome of liquid feed and explores how optimisation strategies impact both feed microbial quality and the gut microbiota and growth of liquid-fed pigs. It also covers cleaning and disinfection of liquid feeding systems and how this might impact liquid feed microbial quality. Abstract There is evidence that spontaneous fermentation frequently occurs in liquid pig feed that is intended to be delivered as fresh liquid feed, often with a resultant deterioration in the microbial and nutritional quality of the feed, which can negatively affect pig health and growth. Strategies including controlled fermentation with microbial inoculants, pre-fermentation or soaking of the cereal fraction of the diet, enzyme supplementation and dietary acidification have been employed to inhibit pathogens and prevent deterioration of feed nutritional quality, with promising results obtained in many cases. This review evaluates the impact of these strategies on the microbial quality of liquid feed and discusses how they can be further improved. It also investigates if/how these strategies impact the pig gut microbiota and growth performance of liquid-fed pigs. Finally, we review liquid feed system sanitisation practices, which are highly variable from farm to farm and discuss the impact of these practices and whether they are beneficial or detrimental to liquid feed microbial quality. Overall, we provide a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on liquid feed for pigs, focusing on factors affecting microbial quality and strategies for its optimisation, as well as its impact on the pig gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Cullen
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Co. Waterford, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland;
| | - Peadar G. Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Paul Cormican
- Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Research Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Gillian E. Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Co. Waterford, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Parenteral Nutrition and Oxidant Load in Neonates. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082631. [PMID: 34444799 PMCID: PMC8401055 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates with preterm, gastrointestinal dysfunction and very low birth weights are often intolerant to oral feeding. In such infants, the provision of nutrients via parenteral nutrition (PN) becomes necessary for short-term survival, as well as long-term health. However, the elemental nutrients in PN can be a major source of oxidants due to interactions between nutrients, imbalances of anti- and pro-oxidants, and environmental conditions. Moreover, neonates fed PN are at greater risk of oxidative stress, not only from dietary sources, but also because of immature antioxidant defences. Various interventions can lower the oxidant load in PN, including the supplementation of PN with antioxidant vitamins, glutathione, additional arginine and additional cysteine; reduced levels of pro-oxidant nutrients such as iron; protection from light and oxygen; and proper storage temperature. This narrative review of published data provides insight to oxidant molecules generated in PN, nutrient sources of oxidants, and measures to minimize oxidant levels.
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11
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Ní Dhonnabháín R, Xiao Q, O’Malley D. Aberrant Gut-To-Brain Signaling in Irritable Bowel Syndrome - The Role of Bile Acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:745190. [PMID: 34917022 PMCID: PMC8669818 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.745190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional bowel disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common, multifactorial and have a major impact on the quality of life of individuals diagnosed with the condition. Heterogeneity in symptom manifestation, which includes changes in bowel habit and visceral pain sensitivity, are an indication of the complexity of the underlying pathophysiology. It is accepted that dysfunctional gut-brain communication, which incorporates efferent and afferent branches of the peripheral nervous system, circulating endocrine hormones and local paracrine and neurocrine factors, such as host and microbially-derived signaling molecules, underpins symptom manifestation. This review will focus on the potential role of hepatic bile acids in modulating gut-to-brain signaling in IBS patients. Bile acids are amphipathic molecules synthesized in the liver, which facilitate digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. They are also important bioactive signaling molecules however, binding to bile acid receptors which are expressed on many different cell types. Bile acids have potent anti-microbial actions and thereby shape intestinal bacterial profiles. In turn, bacteria with bile salt hydrolase activity initiate the critical first step in transforming primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. Individuals with IBS are reported to have altered microbial profiles and modified bile acid pools. We have assessed the evidence to support a role for bile acids in the pathophysiology underlying the manifestation of IBS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Ní Dhonnabháín
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Qiao Xiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O’Malley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Dervla O’Malley,
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Manithody C, Denton C, Price A, Blomenkamp K, Patel Y, Welu A, Glbert E, Madnawat H, Jain S, Villalona GA, Jain AK. Development and validation of an ambulatory piglet model for short bowel syndrome with ileo-colonic anastomosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1049-1057. [PMID: 32264693 PMCID: PMC7357144 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220915881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Short bowel syndrome is associated with significant comorbidities and mortality. This study is important as unlike current systems, it provides a validated piglet model which mirrors anatomical, histological, and serological characteristics observed in human SBS. This model can be used to advance knowledge into mechanistic pathways and therapeutic modalities to improve outcomes for SBS patients. This study is novel in that in addition to significant reduction in the remnant bowel and noted liver disease, we also developed a method to emulate ileocecal valve resection and described gut adaptive responses which has important clinical implications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Denton
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Amber Price
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Keith Blomenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Yogi Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Adam Welu
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Ester Glbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Himani Madnawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Gustavo A Villalona
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Ajay K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
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13
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Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum modified gut microbiota, bile acid profile and glucose homoeostasis in weaning piglets. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:797-808. [PMID: 32436488 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) have emerged as signalling molecules regulating intestinal physiology. The importance of intestinal microbiota in production of secondary BA, for example, lithocholic acid (LCA) which impairs enterocyte proliferation and permeability, triggered us to determine the effects of oral probiotics on intestinal BA metabolism. Piglets were weaned at 28 d of age and allocated into control (CON, n 14) or probiotic (PRO, n 14) group fed 50 mg of Lactobacillus plantarum daily, and gut microbiota and BA profile were determined. To test the potential interaction of LCA with bacteria endotoxins in inducing damage of enterocytes, IPEC-J2 cells were treated with LCA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LCA + LPS and expressions of genes related to inflammation, antioxidant capacity and nutrient transport were determined. Compared with the CON group, the PRO group showed lower total LCA level in the ileum and higher relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in faeces. In contrast, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Parabacteroides and Ruminococcus_1, important bacteria genera in BA biotransformation, were all lower in the PRO than in the CON group. Moreover, PRO piglets had lower postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 level, while higher glucose level than CON piglets. Co-administration of LPS and LCA led to down-regulated expression of glucose and peptide transporter genes in IPEC-J2 cells. Altogether, oral L. plantarum altered BA profile probably by modulating relative abundances of gut microbial genera that play key roles in BA metabolism and might consequently impact glucose homoeostasis. The detrimental effect of LCA on nutrient transport in enterocytes might be aggravated under LPS challenge.
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14
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Guzman M, Manithody C, Krebs J, Denton C, Besmer S, Rajalakshmi P, Jain S, Villalona GA, Jain AK. Impaired Gut-Systemic Signaling Drives Total Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Injury. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1493. [PMID: 32443928 PMCID: PMC7284746 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) provides all nutritional needs intravenously. Although lifesaving, enthusiasm is significantly tempered due to side effects of liver and gut injury, as well as lack of mechanistic understanding into drivers of TPN injury. We hypothesized that the state of luminal nutritional deprivation with TPN drives alterations in gut-systemic signaling, contributing to injury, and tested this hypothesis using our ambulatory TPN model. METHODS A total of 16 one-week-old piglets were allocated randomly to TPN (n = 8) or enteral nutrition (EN, n = 8) for 3 weeks. Liver, gut, and serum were analyzed. All tests were two-sided, with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS TPN resulted in significant hyperbilirubinemia and cholestatic liver injury, p = 0.034. Hepatic inflammation (cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) immunohistochemistry) was higher with TPN (p = 0.021). No significant differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or bile ductular proliferation were noted. TPN resulted in reduction of muscularis mucosa thickness and marked gut atrophy. Median and interquartile range for gut mass was 0.46 (0.30-0.58) g/cm in EN, and 0.19 (0.11-0.29) g/cm in TPN (p = 0.024). Key gut-systemic signaling regulators, liver farnesoid X receptor (FXR; p = 0.021), liver constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; p = 0.014), gut FXR (p = 0.028), G-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) (p = 0.003), epidermal growth factor (EGF; p = 0.016), organic anion transporter (OAT; p = 0.028), Mitogen-activated protein kinases-1 (MAPK1) (p = 0.037), and sodium uptake transporter sodium glucose-linked transporter (SGLT-1; p = 0.010) were significantly downregulated in TPN animals, whereas liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CyP7A1) was substantially higher with TPN (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION We report significant alterations in key hepatobiliary receptors driving gut-systemic signaling in a TPN piglet model. This presents a major advancement to our understanding of TPN-associated injury and suggests opportunities for strategic targeting of the gut-systemic axis, specifically, FXR, TGR5, and EGF in developing ameliorative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Guzman
- Department of Pathology at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Chandrashekhara Manithody
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Joseph Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Christine Denton
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Sherri Besmer
- Department of Pathology at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Pranjali Rajalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Villalona
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Ajay Kumar Jain
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
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15
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Madnawat H, Welu AL, Gilbert EJ, Taylor DB, Jain S, Manithody C, Blomenkamp K, Jain AK. Mechanisms of Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver and Gut Injury. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 35:63-71. [PMID: 31872510 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) has revolutionized the care of patients with intestinal failure by providing nutrition intravenously. Worldwide, PN remains a standard tool of nutrition delivery in neonatal, pediatric, and adult patients. Though the benefits are evident, patients receiving PN can suffer serious cholestasis due to lack of enteral feeding and sometimes have fatal complications from liver injury and gut atrophy, including PN-associated liver disease or intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Recent studies into gut-systemic cross talk via the bile acid-regulated farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) axis, gut microbial control of the TGR5-glucagon-like peptide (GLP) axis, sepsis, and role of prematurity of hepatobiliary receptors are greatly broadening our understanding of PN-associated injury. It has also been shown that the composition of ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids given parenterally as lipid emulsions can variably drive damage to hepatocytes and cell integrity. This manuscript reviews the mechanisms for the multifactorial pathogenesis of liver disease and gut injury with PN and discusses novel ameliorative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Madnawat
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam L Welu
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ester J Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Derian B Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chandrashekhara Manithody
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith Blomenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ajay K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Martínez G, Diéguez SN, Fernández Paggi MB, Riccio MB, Pérez Gaudio DS, Rodríguez E, Amanto FA, Tapia MO, Soraci AL. Effect of fosfomycin, Cynara scolymus extract, deoxynivalenol and their combinations on intestinal health of weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2019; 5:386-395. [PMID: 31890916 PMCID: PMC6920400 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is a challenging stage of pig farming. Animals undergo environmental, social and dietary changes leading to weaning stress syndrome. In order to compensate for the detrimental effects of weaning stress, antibiotics and natural extracts are used as feed additives, sometimes without fully understanding the interactions between them or even with low concentrations of mycotoxins that are frequently present in feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin (FOS), Cynara scolymus extract (CSE), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their combined administration on intestinal health of weaned piglets. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 factors (FOS, CSE and DON treatments), 2 levels each (presence and absence) and 3 repeats. Weaned piglets (n = 24) were randomly divided in groups to receive the different treatments, namely DON administered in diet (50 μg/kg BW), FOS administered into the drinking water (30 mg/kg BW), CSE administered in diet (15 mg/kg BW) and all their combinations. After 15 d, the animals were euthanized and gastrointestinal tract samples were immediately taken to evaluate gastrointestinal pH, Enterobacteriaceae to lactic acid bacteria (E:L) ratio, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, disaccharidase (lactase, sucrase and maltase) activity, histology (intestinal absorptive area [IAA] and goblet cells count) and mucus ability to adhere pathogenic Escherichia coli. From our results, FOS and CSE treatments, individually or combined, produced a lower E:L ratio, an enhanced production of butyrate, increased disaccharidase activity (particularly maltase), and a greater IAA and goblet cells count along with an increase in pathogenic bacteria adherence to intestinal mucus. Deoxynivalenol did not show interactions with the other factors and its administration produced decreases on VFA, disaccharidase activity and goblet cells count. In conclusion, weaning piglets receiving diets containing FOS, CSE or both exhibited evident beneficial intestinal effects compared to animals receiving diets free from these compounds. On the contrary, the presence of DON at sub-toxic concentrations produced detrimental effects on intestinal health. The knowledge of the physiological and pathological gut changes produced by these compounds contributes to understand their potential productive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Martínez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Susana N. Diéguez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, B1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B. Fernández Paggi
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B. Riccio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denisa S. Pérez Gaudio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez
- Área Estadística, Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián A. Amanto
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María O. Tapia
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L. Soraci
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
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Zhao X, Schindell B, Li W, Ni L, Liu S, Wijerathne CUB, Gong J, Nyachoti CM, O K, Yang C. Distribution and localization of porcine calcium sensing receptor in different tissues of weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2402-2413. [PMID: 30887022 PMCID: PMC6541828 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors including calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) are expressed in various animal tissues, and CaSR plays important roles in nutrient sensing and the physiology, growth, and development of animals. However, molecular distribution of porcine CaSR (pCaSR) in different tissues, especially along the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract in weaned piglets, is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and localization of pCaSR in the different tissues including intestinal segments of weaned piglets. Six male pigs were anesthetized and euthanized. Different tissues such as intestinal segments were collected. The pCaSR mRNA abundance, protein abundance, and localization were measured by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The mRNA and protein of pCaSR were detected in the kidney, lung, liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The pCaSR mRNA was much higher (five to 180 times) in the kidney when compared with other tissues (P < 0.05). The ileum had higher pCaSR mRNA and protein abundances than the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and colon (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the pCaSR protein was mostly located in the epithelia of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. These results demonstrate that pCaSR is widely expressed in different tissues including intestinal segments in weaned piglets and the ileum has a higher expression level of pCaSR. Further research is needed to confirm the expression of CaSR in the different types of epithelial cells isolated from weaned piglets and characterize the functions of pCaSR, its potential ligands and cell signaling pathways related to CaSR activation in enteroendocrine cells and potentially in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brayden Schindell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Weiqi Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charith U B Wijerathne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Lin S, Stoll B, Robinson J, Pastor JJ, Marini JC, Ipharraguerre IR, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Cruz S, Lau P, Olutoye O, Fang Z, Burrin DG. Differential action of TGR5 agonists on GLP-2 secretion and promotion of intestinal adaptation in a piglet short bowel model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G641-G652. [PMID: 30920308 PMCID: PMC6580240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine L cells and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) secretion are activated in the intestinal adaptation process following bowel resection in patients with short bowel syndrome. We hypothesized that enteral activation of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), expressed in enteroendocrine L cells, could augment endogenous GLP-2 secretion and the intestinal adaptation response. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of different TGR5 agonists to stimulate GLP-2 secretion and intestinal adaptation in a piglet short-bowel model. In study 1, parenterally fed neonatal pigs (n = 6/group) were gavaged with vehicle, olive extract (OE; 10 or 50 mg/kg), or ursolic acid (UA; 10 mg/kg), and plasma GLP-2 was measured for 6 h. In study 2, neonatal pigs (n = 6-8/group) were subjected to transection or 80% mid-small intestine resection and, after 2 days, assigned to treatments for 10 days as follows: 1) transection + vehicle (sham), 2) resection + vehicle (SBS), 3) resection + 30 mg UA (SBS + UA), and 4) resection + 180 mg/kg OE (SBS + OE). We measured plasma GLP-2, intestinal histology, cell proliferation, and gene expression, as well as whole body citrulline-arginine kinetics and bile acid profiles. In study 1, GLP-2 secretion was increased by UA and tended to be increased by OE. In study 2, SBS alone, but not additional treatment with either TGR5 agonist, resulted in increased mucosal thickness and crypt cell proliferation in remnant jejunum and ileum sections. SBS increased biliary and ileal concentration of bile acids and expression of inflammatory and farnesoid X receptor target genes, but these measures were suppressed by UA treatment. In conclusion, UA is an effective oral GLP-2 secretagogue in parenterally fed pigs but is not capable of augmenting GLP-2 secretion or the intestinal adaptation response after massive small bowel resection. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Therapeutic activation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) secretion is a promising strategy to improve intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome. This study in neonatal pigs showed that oral supplementation with a selective Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonist is an effective approach to increase GLP-2 secretion. The results warrant further study to establish a more potent oral TGR5 agonist that can effectively improve intestinal adaptation in pediatric patients with SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Sichuan , People's Republic of China
| | - Barbara Stoll
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Robinson
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center , Houston, Texas
| | | | - Juan C Marini
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center , Houston, Texas
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio R Ipharraguerre
- Lucta S.A., Montornès del Vallès, Spain
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Stephanie Cruz
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - Patricio Lau
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - Oluyinka Olutoye
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, Sichuan , People's Republic of China
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center , Houston, Texas
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Role of the Gut⁻Liver Axis in Driving Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Injury. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5100136. [PMID: 30257520 PMCID: PMC6210809 DOI: 10.3390/children5100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, parenteral nutrition (PN) has been a successful method for intravenous delivery of nutrition and remains an essential therapy for individuals with intolerance of enteral feedings or impaired gut function. Although the benefits of PN are evident, its use does not come without a significant risk of complications. For instance, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD)—a well-described cholestatic liver injury—and atrophic changes in the gut have both been described in patients receiving PN. Although several mechanisms for these changes have been postulated, data have revealed that the introduction of enteral nutrition may mitigate this injury. This observation has led to the hypothesis that gut-derived signals, originating in response to the presence of luminal contents, may contribute to a decrease in damage to the liver and gut. This review seeks to present the current knowledge regarding the modulation of what is known as the “gut–liver axis” and the gut-derived signals which play a role in PN-associated injury.
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20
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Antimicrobial promotion of pig growth is associated with tissue-specific remodeling of bile acid signature and signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13671. [PMID: 30209339 PMCID: PMC6135865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials (AMA) have intensified efforts to discontinue the non-therapeutic use of AMA in animal production. Finding alternatives to AMA, however, is currently encumbered by the obscure mechanism that underlies their growth-promoting action. In this report, we demonstrate that combinations of antibiotics and zinc oxide at doses commonly used for stimulating growth or preventing post-weaning enteritis in pigs converge in promoting microbial production of bile acids (BA) in the intestine. This leads to tissue-specific modifications in the proportion of BA, thereby amplifying BA signaling in intestine, liver, and white adipose tissue (WAT). Activation of BA-regulated pathways ultimately reinforces the intestinal protection against bacterial infection and pathological secretion of fluids and electrolytes, attenuates inflammation in colon and WAT, alters protein and lipid metabolism in liver, and increases the circulating levels of the hormone FGF19. Conceivably, these alterations could spare nutrients for growth and improve the metabolic efficiency of AMA-treated animals. This work provides evidence that BA act as signaling molecules that mediate host physiological, metabolic, and immune responses to the AMA-induced alterations in gut microbial metabolism, eventually permitting the growth-promoting action of AMA. Consequently, BA emerge as a promising target for developing efficacious alternatives to AMA.
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21
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Gavaldà-Navarro A, Pastor JJ, Mereu A, Villarroya F, Ipharraguerre IR. Developmental regulation of the intestinal FGF19 system in domestic pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G647-G654. [PMID: 29446652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) is an emerging endocrine factor involved in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis and energy metabolism in rodents and humans. In pigs, however, the FGF19 system remains largely unexplored. This study was designed to investigate the developmental regulation of the FGF19 system in domestic pigs. Samples of intestinal sections, liver, and plasma were collected from 24 pigs ( n = 6) at four developmental stages (birth, preweaning, postweaning, and adulthood). In the intestine, expression of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and FGF19 showed a congruent time- and region-dependent regulation, beginning soon after birth to achieve maximal expression in ileum during adulthood. The same temporal pattern was followed by the circulating concentration of FGF19, and these changes were accompanied by a time-related increase in the ileal proportion of bile acids that potently activate FXR. Conversely, genes belonging to the FGF19 signaling machinery achieved maximal expression in the small intestine at birth to decrease sharply afterward. In the liver, gene expression of FGF19 receptors and enzymes involved in bile acid biosynthesis paralleled after-birth changes in plasma concentration of this enterokine and attained a maximum during postweaning when plasma FGF19 was the lowest. Although detectable at birth, the hepatic expression of genes belonging to the bile acid-FXR-FGF19 pathway was low before the onset of enteral feeding. In summary, the porcine FGF19 system is present from birth, operative before the onset of enteral feeding, and regulated in a temporal and section-specific manner. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) is an emerging endocrine factor. The domestic pig is a translational model of value in biomedical research. We show for the first time that in pigs the intestinal FGF19 system is present from birth, operative before the onset of enteral feeding, and regulated in a temporal and section-specific manner. This work identifies pigs as a suitable model for investigating the implications of FGF19 signaling within and beyond the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institute of Biomedecine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona , Spain
| | | | | | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institute of Biomedecine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ignacio R Ipharraguerre
- Lucta S. A., Montornès del Vallès, Spain.,Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
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22
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Mercer KE, Bhattacharyya S, Diaz-Rubio ME, Piccolo BD, Pack LM, Sharma N, Chaudhury M, Cleves MA, Chintapalli SV, Shankar K, Ronis MJJ, Yeruva L. Infant Formula Feeding Increases Hepatic Cholesterol 7α Hydroxylase (CYP7A1) Expression and Fecal Bile Acid Loss in Neonatal Piglets. J Nutr 2018; 148:702-711. [PMID: 30053282 PMCID: PMC6857617 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the postnatal feeding period, formula-fed infants have higher cholesterol synthesis rates and lower circulating cholesterol concentrations than their breastfed counterparts. Although this disparity has been attributed to the uniformly low dietary cholesterol content of typical infant formulas, little is known of the underlying mechanisms associated with this altered cholesterol metabolism phenotype. Objective We aimed to determine the molecular etiology of diet-associated changes in early-life cholesterol metabolism with the use of a postnatal piglet feeding model. Methods Two-day-old male and female White-Dutch Landrace piglets were fed either sow milk (Sow group) or dairy-based (Milk group; Similac Advance powder) or soy-based (Soy group; Emfamil Prosobee Lipil powder) infant formulas until day 21. In addition to measuring serum cholesterol concentrations, hepatic and intestinal genes involved in enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol and bile acids were analyzed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Bile acid concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in serum, liver, and feces. Results Compared with the Sow group, hepatic cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) protein expression was 3-fold higher in the Milk group (P < 0.05) and expression was 10-fold higher in the Soy group compared with the Milk group (P < 0.05). Likewise, fecal bile acid concentrations were 3-fold higher in the Soy group compared with the Milk group (P < 0.05). Intestinal mRNA expression of fibroblast factor 19 (Fgf19) was reduced in the Milk and Soy groups, corresponding to 54% and 67% decreases compared with the Sow group. In the Soy group, small heterodimer protein (SHP) protein expression was 30% lower compared with the Sow group (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that formula feeding leads to increased CYP7A1 protein expression and fecal bile acid loss in neonatal piglets, and this outcome is linked to reduced efficacy in inhibiting CYP7A1 expression through FGF19 and SHP transcriptional repression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neha Sharma
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin J J Ronis
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
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23
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Villalona G, Price A, Blomenkamp K, Manithody C, Saxena S, Ratchford T, Westrich M, Kakarla V, Pochampally S, Phillips W, Heafner N, Korremla N, Greenspon J, Guzman MA, Kumar Jain A. No Gut No Gain! Enteral Bile Acid Treatment Preserves Gut Growth but Not Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Injury in a Novel Extensive Short Bowel Animal Model. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 42:1238-1251. [PMID: 29701901 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) provides nutrition intravenously; however, this life-saving therapy is associated with significant liver disease. Recent evidence indicates improvement in PN-associated injury in animals with intact gut treated with enteral bile acid (BA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and a gut farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, which drives the gut-liver cross talk (GLCT). We hypothesized that similar improvement could be translated in animals with short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS Using piglets, we developed a novel 90% gut-resected SBS model. Fifteen SBS piglets receiving PN were given CDCA or control (vehicle control) for 2 weeks. Tissue and serum were analyzed posteuthanasia. RESULTS CDCA increased gut FXR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction; P = .008), but not downstream FXR targets. No difference in gut fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19; P = .28) or hepatic FXR (P = .75), FGF19 (P = .86), FGFR4 (P = .53), or Cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (P = .61) was noted. PN resulted in cholestasis; however, no improvement was noted with CDCA. Hepatic fibrosis or immunostaining for Ki67, CD3, or Cytokeratin 7 was not different with CDCA. PN resulted in gut atrophy. CDCA preserved (P = .04 vs control) gut mass and villous/crypt ratio. The median (interquartile range) for gut mass for control was 0.28 (0.17-0.34) and for CDCA was 0.33 (0.26-0.46). CONCLUSIONS We note that, unlike in animals with intact gut, in an SBS animal model there is inadequate CDCA-induced activation of gut-derived signaling to cause liver improvement. Thus, it appears that activation of GLCT is critically dependent on the presence of adequate gut. This is clinically relevant because it suggests that BA therapy may not be as effective for patients with SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Villalona
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amber Price
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith Blomenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Saxena
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas Ratchford
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew Westrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vindhya Kakarla
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shruthika Pochampally
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William Phillips
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicole Heafner
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Niraja Korremla
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jose Greenspon
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Miguel A Guzman
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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24
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Henze LJ, Koehl NJ, O'Shea JP, Kostewicz ES, Holm R, Griffin BT. The pig as a preclinical model for predicting oral bioavailability and in vivo performance of pharmaceutical oral dosage forms: a PEARRL review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 71:581-602. [PMID: 29635685 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In pharmaceutical drug development, preclinical tests in animal models are essential to demonstrate whether the new drug is orally bioavailable and to gain a first insight into in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters that can subsequently be used to predict human values. Despite significant advances in the development of bio-predictive in vitro models and increasing ethical expectations for reducing the number of animals used for research purposes, there is still a need for appropriately selected pre-clinical in vivo testing to provide guidance on the decision to progress to testing in humans. The selection of the appropriate animal models is essential both to maximise the learning that can be obtained from such experiments and to avoid unnecessary testing in a range of species. KEY FINDINGS The present review, provides an insight into the suitability of the pig model for predicting oral bioavailability in humans, by comparing the conditions in the GIT. It also contains a comparison between the bioavailability of compounds dosed to both humans and pigs, to provide an insight into the relative correlation and examples on why a lack of correlation may be observed. SUMMARY While there is a general trend towards predicting human bioavailability from pig data, there is considerable variability in the data set, most likely reflecting species specific differences in individual drug metabolism. Nonetheless, the correlation between pigs vs. humans was comparable to that reported for dogs vs. humans. The presented data demonstrate the suitability of the pig as a preclinical model to predict bioavailability in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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25
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Zhang H, Zhang B, Zhang X, Wang X, Wu K, Guan Q. Effects of cathelicidin-derived peptide from reptiles on lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:41-53. [PMID: 29042014 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are the largest family of antimicrobial peptides. C-BF, which is short for Cathelicidin-Bungarus Fasciatus, was isolated from snake venom. C-BF was found to be the most potential substitutes for antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the effects of cathelicidin-derived peptide C-BF, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal damage in weaned piglets, to evaluate the therapeutic effect of C-BF on infectious disease of piglets. Twenty-four piglets were randomly assigned into four groups: control, C-BF, LPS, and C-BF+LPS. The LPS and C-BF+LPS groups were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at fixed timepoints, while the control and C-BF groups were injected with equal volumes of saline. The C-BF and C-BF+LPS groups were then intraperitoneally injected with antimicrobial peptide C-BF, while the control and LPS groups were injected with equal volumes of saline. All piglets were observed for 15days and then sacrificed for analysis. The results showed that C-BF significantly improved the growth performance of weaned piglets compared with LPS-treated animals (P<0.05), and that C-BF could ameliorate the structural and developmental damage to the small intestine caused by LPS treatment. Further, the level of apoptosis in the LPS group was significantly higher than in the other three groups (P<0.05), as was the invasion of inflammatory cells into the intestinal mucosa of the jejunum (P<0.05), leading to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the study indicates that C-BF treatment may be a potential therapy for LPS/pathogen-induced intestinal injury in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kebang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingfeng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Saqui-Salces M, Luo Z, Urriola PE, Kerr BJ, Shurson GC. Effect of dietary fiber and diet particle size on nutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal secretory function in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2640-2648. [PMID: 28727063 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of diet particle size (PS) increases feed efficiency due to an increase in the apparent total tract (ATTD) of GE. However, other effects of PS on the gut secretory function are not known. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to measure the effect of diet composition (DC) and PS on nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal hormones, total bile acids (TBA), total cholesterol and glucose concentrations in plasma of finishing pigs ( = 8/diet). Pigs were fed finely (374 ± 29 µm) or coarsely (631 ± 35 µm) ground corn-soybean meal (CSB), CSB + 35% corn dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), and CSB with 21% soybean hulls (SBH) diets for 49 d. Diet composition, nutrient digestibility, along with fasting plasma concentrations of gastrin, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), TBA, cholesterol, and glucose were measured. Fine ground diets had greater ( < 0.05) ATTD of GE as well as greater ( < 0.05) ME than coarse ground diets independent on the DC. Fine ground diets also had greater ( < 0.05) ATTD of DM, N, ether extract, and NDF, independent of DC. A decrease in PS also caused an increase ( < 0.05) in ATTD of N, K, and S, but it did not affect ATTD of Ca, P, or Na. The DC and PS affected plasma gastrin, insulin and TBA but not GIP, GLP-1, glucose, and cholesterol. Gastrin concentration was greater ( < 0.05) in pigs fed coarse DDGS compared with feeding coarse CSB and SBH diets. Insulin concentration of pigs fed CSB was greater ( < 0.01) in pigs fed fine compared with coarse DDGS, and was greater ( < 0.05) in coarse compared with fine SBH diets. Pigs fed DDGS had greater ( < 0.05) TBA than those fed SBH and fine CSB diets. Gastrin, insulin, TBA and cholesterol tended ( < 0.10), or correlated ( < 0.05) with P, K and Fe intake. Insulin, TBA, and cholesterol were correlated ( < 0.05) with Na and S intake. In conclusion, a decrease in diet PS increases the ATTD of nutrients independently of DC, while mineral intake affects gastrointestinal secretion of hormones with potential metabolic impacts. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were correlated with DM intake, and glucose was associated with lipid and protein intake. Diet energy, nutrient digestibility, and plasma gastrin, insulin and TBA concentrations were affected by DC and PS.
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27
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Schauf S, Salas-Mani A, Torre C, Jimenez E, Latorre MA, Castrillo C. Effect of feeding a high-carbohydrate or a high-fat diet on subsequent food intake and blood concentration of satiety-related hormones in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e21-e29. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Schauf
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - A. Salas-Mani
- Department of Research and Development; Affinity Petcare; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Torre
- Department of Research and Development; Affinity Petcare; Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Jimenez
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; Granada Spain
| | - M. A. Latorre
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - C. Castrillo
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
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28
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Li J, Xie XW, Zhou H, Wang B, Zhang MJ, Tang FY. Metabolic profiling reveals new serum biomarkers of lupus nephritis. Lupus 2017; 26:1166-1173. [PMID: 28420061 DOI: 10.1177/0961203317694256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics has been applied to explore altered metabolite profiles in disease and identify unique metabolic signatures specific to certain pathologies. The aim of the current study is to characterize the metabolic profile of patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis (LN) and explore new insights into underlying disease processes. A metabolomic approach using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was developed in serum samples from 32 LN patients, 30 idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) patients and 28 healthy controls (HCs). Potential biomarkers were screened from orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) and further evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC). A total of 14 potential biomarkers were screened and tentatively identified for LN patients compared to HCs. Compared to HCs and INS patients, the LN patients had increased serum levels of sorbitol and glycocholic acid metabolites and decreased levels of cortisol, creatinine and L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine. A panel of three metabolomics (theophylline, oxidized glutathione and capric acid) was identified as biomarkers of LN with a sensitivity of 87.50% and a specificity of 67.86% using ROC analysis. Our results suggest that UPLC-HRMS based quantification of circulating metabolites was a useful tool for identification of biomarkers with the ability to segregate LN patients from INS patients and HCs. The potential biomarkers indicated that the LN metabolic disturbance may be closely associated with inflammation injury, oxidative stress and phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - X-W Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - B Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - M-J Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - F-Y Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Soumeh EA, Hedemann MS, Poulsen HD, Corrent E, van Milgen J, Nørgaard JV. Nontargeted LC-MS Metabolomics Approach for Metabolic Profiling of Plasma and Urine from Pigs Fed Branched Chain Amino Acids for Maximum Growth Performance. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4195-4207. [PMID: 27704848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic response in plasma and urine of pigs when feeding an optimum level of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) for best growth performance is unknown. The objective of the current study was to identify the metabolic phenotype associated with the BCAAs intake level that could be linked to the animal growth performance. Three dose-response studies were carried out to collect blood and urine samples from pigs fed increasing levels of Ile, Val, or Leu followed by a nontargeted LC-MS approach to characterize the metabolic profile of biofluids when dietary BCAAs are optimum for animal growth. Results showed that concentrations of plasma hypoxanthine and tyrosine (Tyr) were higher while concentrations of glycocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid were lower when the dietary Ile was optimum. Plasma 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid and creatine were lower when dietary Leu was optimum. The optimum dietary Leu resulted in increased urinary excretion of ascorbic acid and choline and relatively decreased excretion of 2-aminoadipic acid, acetyl-dl-valine, Ile, 2-methylbutyrylglycine, and Tyr. In conclusion, plasma glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid were discriminating metabolites to the optimum dietary Ile. The optimum dietary Leu was associated with reduced plasma creatine and urinary 2-aminoadipic acid and elevated urinary excretion of ascorbic acid and choline. The optimum dietary Val had a less pronounced metabolic response reflected in plasma or urine than other BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Soumeh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette S Hedemann
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hanne D Poulsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jan V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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30
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Jain AK, Sharma A, Arora S, Blomenkamp K, Jun IC, Luong R, Westrich DJ, Mittal A, Buchanan PM, Guzman MA, Long J, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Teckman J. Preserved Gut Microbial Diversity Accompanies Upregulation of TGR5 and Hepatobiliary Transporters in Bile Acid-Treated Animals Receiving Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:198-207. [PMID: 27503935 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116661838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving therapy but is associated with gut atrophy and cholestasis. While bile acids (BAs) can modulate intestinal growth via gut receptors, the gut microbiome likely influences gut proliferation and inflammation. BAs also regulate the bile salt export pump (BSEP) involved in cholestasis. We hypothesized that the BA receptor agonist oleanolic acid (OA) regulates gut TGR5 receptor and modulates gut microbiota to prevent PN-associated injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neonatal piglets were randomized to approximately 2 weeks of isocaloric enteral nutrition (EN), PN, or PN + enteral OA. Serum alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, BAs, hepatic BSEP, gut TGR5, gut, liver morphology, and fecal microbiome utilizing 16S rRNA sequencing were evaluated. Kruskal-Wallis test, pairwise Mann-Whitney U test, and multilevel logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS PN support resulted in gut atrophy substantially prevented by OA. The median (interquartile range) for villous/crypt ratio was as follows: EN, 3.37 (2.82-3.80); PN, 1.73 (1.54-2.27); and OA, 2.89 (2.17-3.34; P = .006). Pairwise comparisons yielded P = .002 (EN vs PN), P = .180 (EN vs OA), P = .026 (PN vs OA). OA upregulated TGR5 and BSEP without significant improvement in serum bilirubin ( P = .095). A decreased microbial diversity and shift toward proinflammatory phylum Bacteroidetes were seen with PN, which was prevented by OA. CONCLUSIONS OA prevented PN-associated gut mucosal injury, Bacterioides expansion, and the decreased microbial diversity noted with PN. This study demonstrates a novel relationship among PN-associated gut dysfunction, BA treatment, and gut microbial changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Jain
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abhineet Sharma
- 2 Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sumit Arora
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith Blomenkamp
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ik Chan Jun
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Luong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David John Westrich
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Paula M Buchanan
- 4 Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Miguel A Guzman
- 5 Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John Long
- 6 Department of Comparative Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jeffery Teckman
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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31
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Connor EE, Evock-Clover CM, Wall EH, Baldwin RL, Santin-Duran M, Elsasser TH, Bravo DM. Glucagon-like peptide 2 and its beneficial effects on gut function and health in production animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S56-65. [PMID: 27345324 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous endocrine cell subtypes exist within the intestinal mucosa and produce peptides contributing to the regulation of critical physiological processes including appetite, energy metabolism, gut function, and gut health. The mechanisms of action and the extent of the physiological effects of these enteric peptides are only beginning to be uncovered. One peptide in particular, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) produced by enteroendocrine L cells, has been fairly well characterized in rodent and swine models in terms of its ability to improve nutrient absorption and healing of the gut after injury. In fact, a long-acting form of GLP-2 recently has been approved for the management and treatment of human conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and short bowel syndrome. However, novel functions of GLP-2 within the gut continue to be demonstrated, including its beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal inflammation. As knowledge continues to grow about GLP-2's effects on the gut and its mechanisms of release, the potential to use GLP-2 to improve gut function and health of food animals becomes increasingly more apparent. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize: (1) the current understanding of GLP-2's functions and mechanisms of action within the gut; (2) novel applications of GLP-2 (or stimulators of its release) to improve general health and production performance of food animals; and (3) recent findings, using dairy calves as a model, that suggest the therapeutic potential of GLP-2 to reduce the pathogenesis of intestinal protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Connor
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA.
| | - C M Evock-Clover
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R L Baldwin
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - M Santin-Duran
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - T H Elsasser
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
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Milk fat globule membrane coating of large lipid droplets in the diet of young mice prevents body fat accumulation in adulthood. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1930-7. [PMID: 27040581 PMCID: PMC4863696 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated protective effects of breast-feeding on
childhood obesity. Differences between human milk and infant milk formula (IMF) in dietary
lipid structure may contribute to this effect. In our mouse model, feeding a diet
containing large lipid droplets coated with phospholipids (PL) (Nuturis®; PL of
milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fraction origin) in early life protected against
excessive body fat accumulation following a diet challenge in adult life. We now set out
to determine the relevance of increased droplet size and/or MFGM lipid droplet coating to
the observed anti-obesogenic effects in adult life. From day 16 to 42, male mouse pups
were exposed to diets with small (S) or large (L) lipid droplets (0·3 v.
2·9 µm average mode diameter, respectively), either without MFGM or with MFGM coating
around the lipid droplet, resulting in four groups: S (control diet), L,
Scoating and Lcoating (Nuturis® IMF diet). Mice were
subsequently challenged with a Western-style diet until dissection at postnatal day 98. A
non-challenged group served as reference (REF). We repeatedly determined body composition
between postnatal day 42 and 98. At day 98 plasma and gene expression measurements were
performed. Only the Nuturis® IMF diet (Lcoating) in early life
containing MFGM-coated large lipid droplets reduced body fat mass to a level comparable
with the REF group. These data support the notion that the structural aspects of lipids in
human milk, for example, both lipid droplet size as well as the MFGM coating, may
contribute to its reported protective effect against obesity in later life.
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Kumar JA, Teckman JH. Controversies in the Mechanism of Total Parenteral Nutrition Induced Pathology. CHILDREN-BASEL 2015; 2:358-70. [PMID: 27417369 PMCID: PMC4928764 DOI: 10.3390/children2030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over 30,000 patients are permanently dependent on Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) for survival with several folds higher requiring TPN for a prolonged duration. Unfortunately, it can cause potentially fatal complications. TPN infusion results in impairment of gut mucosal integrity, enhanced inflammation, increased cytokine expression and trans-mucosal bacterial permeation. It also causes endotoxin associated down regulation of bile acid transporters and Parenteral Nutrition Associated Liver Disease (PNALD), which includes steatosis, disrupted glucose metabolism, disrupted lipid metabolism, cholestasis and liver failure. Despite multiple theories, its etiology and pathophysiology remains elusive and is likely multifactorial. An important cause for TPN related pathologies appears to be a disruption in the normal enterohepatic circulation due to a lack of feeding during such therapy. This is further validated by the fact that in clinical settings, once cholestasis sets in, its reversal occurs when a patient is receiving a major portion of calories enterally. There are several other postulated mechanisms including gut bacterial permeation predisposing to endotoxin associated down regulation of bile acid transporters. An additional potential mechanism includes toxicity of the TPN solution itself, such as lipid mediated hepatic toxicity. Prematurity, leading to a poor development of bile acid regulating nuclear receptors and transporters has also been implicated as a causative factor. This review presents the current controversies and research into mechanisms of TPN associated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jain Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Jeffery H Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine.
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34
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Jain AK, Wen JX, Blomenkamp KS, Arora S, Blaufuss TA, Rodrigues J, Long JP, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Teckman JH. Oleanolic Acid Improves Gut Atrophy Induced by Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:67-72. [PMID: 25921560 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115583536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition support with parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with gut atrophy. Prior studies have shown improvement with enteral chenodeoxycholic acid, a dual agonist for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and bile acid receptor TGR5. We hypothesized that gut growth is induced by TGR5 activation, and gut atrophy during PN administration could be prevented with the TGR5-specific agonist oleanolic acid (OA). METHODS Neonatal pigs were implanted with duodenal and jugular vein catheters. Animals were provided equi-nutritious PN or enteral swine milk. A PN subgroup received enteral OA at 50 mg/kg/d. RESULTS PN caused marked gut atrophy compared with enterally fed (EN) control animals. OA treatment led to preservation of gut mass demonstrated grossly and histologically. The mean ± SD gut weight as a percentage of body weight was 4.30 ± 0.26 for EN, 1.92 ± 0.06 for PN (P < .05, EN vs PN), and 3.39 ± 0.79 for PN+OA (P < .05, PN+OA vs PN). Mean ± SD gut density (g/cm) was 0.31 ± 0.03 for EN, 0.18 ± 0.03 for PN (P < .05 EN vs PN), and 0.27 ± 0.01 for PN+OA (P < .05 PN+OA vs PN). Histologically, a markedly decreased villous to crypt ratio was noted with PN, and OA significantly prevented this decrease. The mean ± SD v/c ratio was 3.51 ± 0.59 for EN, 1.69 ± 0.10 for PN (P < .05, EN vs PN), and 2.90 ± 0.23 for PN+OA (P < .05, PN+OA vs PN). Gut TGR5 messenger RNA expression was significantly elevated with OA treatment compared with both PN and EN. CONCLUSION The bile acid-activated G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 agonist OA prevented gut atrophy associated with PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joy X Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith S Blomenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Sumit Arora
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy A Blaufuss
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan Rodrigues
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John P Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Jeffery H Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri
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35
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Validating hyperbilirubinemia and gut mucosal atrophy with a novel ultramobile ambulatory total parenteral nutrition piglet model. Nutr Res 2015; 35:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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36
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Abstract
The human food chain begins with upwards of 1,000 species of bacteria that inhabit the intestinal tracts of poultry and livestock. These intestinal denizens are responsible for the health and safety of a major protein source for humans. The use of antibiotics to treat animal diseases was followed by the surprising discovery that antibiotics enhanced food animal growth, and both led to six decades of antibiotic use that has shaped food animal management practices. Perhaps the greatest impact of antibiotic feeding in food animals has been as a selective force in the evolution of their intestinal bacteria, particularly by increasing the prevalence and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes. Future antibiotic use will likely be limited to prudent applications in both human and veterinary medicine. Improved knowledge of antibiotic effects, particularly of growth-promoting antibiotics, will help overcome the challenges of managing animal health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010; ,
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37
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Looking large, to make more, out of gut metagenomics. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:630-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Ipharraguerre IR. DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PIG SYMPOSIUM: Gut chemosensing: Integrating nutrition, gut function, and metabolism in pigs1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1929-31. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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39
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Liu Y, Ipharraguerre IR, Pettigrew JE. Digestive physiology of the pig symposium: potential applications of knowledge of gut chemosensing in pig production. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1982-90. [PMID: 23408810 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig production is a commodity business, which makes it a cost-driven business. Pig producers and their advisors are appropriately reluctant to adopt technologies without confidence that improved production will more than pay for the cost of the technology. Physiological effects of technologies targeting gut sensory pathways must translate to demonstrably improved health and/or productive performance if they are to be adopted. The types and degrees of stressors experienced by pigs in commercial production vary widely and often differ from those in research herds, and those variations influence their productive responses to nutritional and health technologies. Pigs are most vulnerable to disease soon after weaning, and the diets fed to pigs at that time are more expensive and offered in much smaller amounts than those fed later in life. Those factors make it easier to justify expensive dietary technologies for young pigs than for older ones. New developments in gut chemosensing appear important, but their practical application is not yet clear. We suggest investigation of the potential to connect chemical detection by the gut to pig productivity and/or efficiency through these mechanisms: 1) trophic effects on the intestines, which lead to improved enteric health or enhanced nutrient digestion and absorption, 2) enhanced barrier function in the intestinal mucosa, 3) increased feed intake, 4) enhanced insulin secretion and sensitivity, which may be especially useful in lactating sows to improve subsequent reproduction, and 5) other signals triggered by products of enteric fermentation, possibly short-chain fatty acids, that may influence gut integrity, feed intake, and reproductive function. Each of these mechanisms relates to a practical issue in pig production. Practical application would likely be achieved through dietary changes, but separate management factors, drugs, or other interventions may also be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 60801, USA
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