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Ishimaru M, Tsuchiya T, Endo Y, Matsui A, Ohmura H, Murase H, Korosue K, Sato F, Taya K. Effects of different winter paddock management of Thoroughbred weanlings and yearlings in the cold region of Japan on physiological function, endocrine function and growth. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:756-768. [PMID: 38777756 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Effects of different winter paddock management of Thoroughbred weanlings and yearlings in Hokkaido, Japan, which is extremely cold in winter, on physiological function, endocrine function and growth were investigated. They were divided into two groups; those kept outdoors for 22 hr in the paddock (22hr group) and those kept outdoors for 7 hr in daytime with walking exercise for 1 hr using the horse-walker (7hr+W group), and the changes in daily distance travelled, body temperature (BT), heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), endocrine function and growth parameters were compared between the two groups from November at the year of birth to January at 1 year of age. The 7hr+W group could travel almost the same distance as the 22hr group by using the horse-walker. The 22hr group had a lower rate of increase in body weight than the 7hr+W group in January. In addition, lower in BT and HR were observed, and HRV analysis showed an increase in high frequency power spectral density, indicating that parasympathetic nervous activity was dominant. And also, changes in circulating cortisol and thyroxine were not observed despite cold environment. On the other hand, the 7hr+W group had higher prolactin and insulin like growth factor than the 22hr group in January, and cortisol and thyroxine were also increased. Physiological and endocrinological findings from the present study indicate that the management of the 7hr+W group is effective in promoting growth and maintaining metabolism during the winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki Ishimaru
- International Department, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiro Endo
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Matsui
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Korosue
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Japan Farriery Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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ISHIMARU M, OKANO A, MATSUI A, MURASE H, KOROSUE K, AKIYAMA K, TAYA K. Effects of an extended photoperiod on body composition of young Thoroughbreds in training. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:58-65. [PMID: 37967974 PMCID: PMC10849847 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of an extended photoperiod (EP) on body composition of Thoroughbreds colts and fillies from December at one year old to April at two years old were investigated. Seventy-three Thoroughbreds reared and trained in Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido were used. Forty-one horses were under the EP conditions from December 20 to April 15, and the 32 horses were under natural light alone as the control group. Body weight (BW), rump fat thickness (RFT), fat free mass (FFM) and percentage of fat (%F) were used as parameters of body composition. The present study revealed that BW and FFM increased with age in the EP group in colts. In fillies, BW increased with age in both the EP and the control group, however FFM increased with age only in the EP group. From December to April, only colts had a higher rate of increase in both BW and FFM in the EP group than in the control group. However, according to the mean rates of increase in FFM from January to March, the EP group was significantly higher than the control group in both sexes. Furthermore, monthly increase rate of FFM in March was significantly higher in the EP group than in the control group in both sexes. These results suggests that EP treatment to young Thoroughbreds in training at Hokkaido, which is shorter daylength in winter, accelerate the increase of FFM, representing muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki ISHIMARU
- International Department, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi OKANO
- Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akira MATSUI
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Harutaka MURASE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji KOROSUE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyoshi TAYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Tokyo, Japan
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Čoudková V, Vrbová A, Civišová H, Papoušková Z, Maršálek M. The growth curves for some biometric traits in Czech Warmblood stallions. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N, Ghorbani A. Modeling the growth curves for body weight and some biometric traits in Caspian horses (Equus ferus caballus) using non-linear mixed models. Mamm Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tozaki T, Kikuchi M, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Nagata SI. A genome-wide association study for body weight in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses clarifies candidate regions on chromosomes 3, 9, 15, and 18. J Equine Sci 2017; 28:127-134. [PMID: 29270069 PMCID: PMC5735309 DOI: 10.1294/jes.28.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Body weight is an important trait to confirm growth and development in humans and animals. In Thoroughbred racehorses, it is measured in the postnatal, training, and racing periods to evaluate growth and training
degrees. The body weight of mature Thoroughbred racehorses generally ranges from 400 to 600 kg, and this broad range is likely influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Therefore, a genome-wide association study
(GWAS) using the Equine SNP70 BeadChip was performed to identify the genomic regions associated with body weight in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses using 851 individuals. The average body weight of these horses was
473.9 kg (standard deviation: 28.0) at the age of 3, and GWAS identified statistically significant SNPs on chromosomes 3 (BIEC2_808466, P=2.32E-14), 9 (BIEC2_1105503, P=1.03E-7), 15 (BIEC2_322669, P=9.50E-6), and 18
(BIEC2_417274, P=1.44E-14), which were associated with body weight as a quantitative trait. The genomic regions on chromosomes 3, 9, 15, and 18 included ligand-dependent nuclear receptor compressor-like protein (LCORL),
zinc finger and AT hook domain containing (ZFAT), tribbles pseudokinase 2 (TRIB2), and myostatin (MSTN), respectively, as candidate genes. LCORL and ZFAT are associated with withers height in horses, whereas MSTN affects
muscle mass. Thus, the genomic regions identified in this study seem to affect the body weight of Thoroughbred racehorses. Although this information is useful for breeding and growth management of the horses, the
production of genetically modified animals and gene doping (abuse/misuse of gene therapy) should be prohibited to maintain horse racing integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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Fradinho M, Bessa R, Ferreira-Dias G, Caldeira R. Growth and development of the Lusitano horse managed on grazing systems. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Onoda T, Yamamoto R, Sawamura K, Murase H, Nambo Y, Inoue Y, Matsui A, Miyake T, Hirai N. An approach of estimating individual growth curves for young thoroughbred horses based on their birthdays. J Equine Sci 2014; 25:29-35. [PMID: 25013356 PMCID: PMC4090356 DOI: 10.1294/jes.25.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an approach of estimating individual growth curves based on the birthday information of Japanese Thoroughbred horses,
with considerations of the seasonal compensatory growth that is a typical characteristic of seasonal breeding animals. The
compensatory growth patterns appear during only the winter and spring seasons in the life of growing horses, and the meeting point
between winter and spring depends on the birthday of each horse. We previously developed new growth curve equations for Japanese
Thoroughbreds adjusting for compensatory growth. Based on the equations, a parameter denoting the birthday information was added
for the modeling of the individual growth curves for each horse by shifting the meeting points in the compensatory growth periods.
A total of 5,594 and 5,680 body weight and age measurements of Thoroughbred colts and fillies, respectively, and 3,770 withers
height and age measurements of both sexes were used in the analyses. The results of predicted error difference and Akaike
Information Criterion showed that the individual growth curves using birthday information better fit to the body weight and
withers height data than not using them. The individual growth curve for each horse would be a useful tool for the feeding
managements of young Japanese Thoroughbreds in compensatory growth periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Onoda
- Comparative Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuta Yamamoto
- The Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan
| | | | - Harutaka Murase
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Inoue
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Akira Matsui
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyake
- Comparative Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hirai
- Comparative Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Onoda T, Yamamoto R, Sawamura K, Murase H, Nambo Y, Inoue Y, Matsui A, Miyake T, Hirai N. Empirical Percentile Growth Curves with Z-scores Considering Seasonal Compensatory Growths for Japanese Thoroughbred Horses. J Equine Sci 2013; 24:63-9. [PMID: 24834004 PMCID: PMC4013990 DOI: 10.1294/jes.24.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Percentile growth curves are often used as a clinical indicator to evaluate variations of children's growth status. In this study, we propose empirical percentile growth curves using Z-scores adapted for Japanese Thoroughbred horses, with considerations of the seasonal compensatory growth that is a typical characteristic of seasonal breeding animals. We previously developed new growth curve equations for Japanese Thoroughbreds adjusting for compensatory growth. Individual horses and residual effects were included as random effects in the growth curve equation model and their variance components were estimated. Based on the Z-scores of the estimated variance components, empirical percentile growth curves were constructed. A total of 5,594 and 5,680 body weight and age measurements of male and female Thoroughbreds, respectively, and 3,770 withers height and age measurements were used in the analyses. The developed empirical percentile growth curves using Z-scores are computationally feasible and useful for monitoring individual growth parameters of body weight and withers height of young Thoroughbred horses, especially during compensatory growth periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Onoda
- Comparative Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuta Yamamoto
- The Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association, 4-5-4 Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan
| | - Kyohei Sawamura
- JRA Facilities Co. Ltd., 4-5-4 Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan
| | - Harutaka Murase
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nissha, Urakawa-cho, Hidaka, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nissha, Urakawa-cho, Hidaka, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Inoue
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nissha, Urakawa-cho, Hidaka, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Akira Matsui
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 321-4 Tokami-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyake
- Comparative Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hirai
- Comparative Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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