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Gordiano L, Ferreira F, Ribeiro CDM, de Carvalho G, Silva F, de Araújo M, Alba H, e Silva R, Azevedo J, Freitas Jr JED. Association between chitosan and unsaturated fatty acids supplementation on ruminal fermentation, digestive metabolism, and ruminal kinetics in beef heifers. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Effects of low-fat dried distillers grains on nutrient intake and digestibility in high-concentrate diets. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Silvestre T, Ferreira AL, Machado FS, Campos MM, Tomich TR, Pereira LGR, Rodrigues PHM, Marcondes MI. Energy requirements of Holstein, Gyr, and Holstein × Gyr crossbred heifers using the respirometry technique. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.919515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the energy requirements for maintenance and gain of 18 prepubertal dairy heifers of three breed compositions (BC; Holstein, Gyr, and Holstein × Gyr). Diets were formulated for gains of 0, 400, and 800 g/day, corresponding to 1.0×, 1.5×, and 2.0× maintenance, respectively. Each dairy BC had six animals with an initial body weight (iBW) of 219.8 ± 32 kg, 215.8 ± 33 kg, and 228.3 ± 33 kg for Holstein, Gyr, and Holstein × Gyr, respectively. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 3 × 3 [three BC and three feeding levels (FL)]. Digestibility and metabolism assays were performed to determine energy losses through feces and urine. Heat production was determined using the continuous measurement of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and methane emissions in respiration chambers. Energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were calculated based on the relationship between heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) was obtained from the ratio between NEm and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance. The net energy requirements for growth (NEg) were estimated from the model RE = β0 × EBW0.75 × EBGβ1, where RE is the retained energy (Mcal/day), EBW is empty body weight (kg0.75), and EBG is the empty body gain (kg/day). The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for gain (kg) was estimated as the slope of the regression between RE and MEI for gain. Gyr heifers presented NEm 15% lower (98 kcal/kg of BW0.75) than HG crossbred animals. Holstein and crossbred heifers had similar NEm, 102 and 112 kcal/kg of BW0.75, respectively. The km was 0.71, 0.74, and 0.75 for HG, Holstein, and Gyr, respectively. Net energy requirement for gain (NEg) did not differ across BC, and a single equation was fit for all BC: RE = 0.069 × BW0.75 × BGW0.852. A single kg of 0.65 was observed for all three BC. Breed composition affected the energy requirements for maintenance and the energy partition, and those differences should be considered when estimating requirements for Gyr, Holstein × Gyr crossbred, and Holstein heifers.
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Silva J, Pucetti P, Pacheco M, Oliveira K, Souza G, Silva B, Godoi L, Alhadas H, Menezes AB, Andrade D, Vasconcellos G, Acedo T, Rennó L, Silva F, Filho SV. Effect of vitamin blend supplementation on the ingestive, digestive, and ruminal parameters of Nellore cattle. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Silva BDC, Pacheco MVC, Godoi LA, de Souza GAP, Trópia NV, Pucetti P, Silva FADS, Menezes ACB, Rennó LN, Paulino MF, Schoonmaker JP, Valadares Filho SDC. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and selected rumen parameters in feedlot bulls fed diets with different feed additives. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259414. [PMID: 34727141 PMCID: PMC8562795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, nutrient digestibility and selected rumen parameters in feedlot bulls fed diets containing different feed additives. Six rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (age = 8 ± 1.0 months; initial BW = 225 ± 13.2 kg) were distributed in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Six experimental diets based on 30% corn silage and 70% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis were evaluated. Diets differed in feed additive on a DM basis, as follows: 1.4% bicarbonate and magnesium oxide in 3:1 ratio (BOX); 36 ppm lasalocid sodium (LAS); 30 ppm monensin sodium (MON); 25 ppm virginiamycin (VIR); 30 ppm monensin sodium plus 25 ppm virginiamycin (MV); and 3.15% commercial mineral supplement containing D-limonene and exogenous α-amylase (EOA). The experiment lasted 144 d, with six periods of 24 d. Each period consisted of 14 d for dietary adaptation, 3 d for feces and urine collection, and 7 d for omasal and ruminal digesta collection. Bulls fed the BOX diet showed greater (P < 0.05) intake of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (apNDF), crude protein (CP), and starch compared to the other diets. Diets with LAS, MON, VIR, MV, or EOA did not influence (P > 0.05) the DM, OM, apNDF, CP, or starch intake of feedlot bulls. Bulls fed the EOA diet showed greater (trend; P = 0.09) ruminal digestibility of starch compared to the other diets. The feed additives did not affect (P > 0.05) the intestinal or total tract digestibility of starch, rumen pH, microbial efficiency, total rumen fluid, dilution rate, rate of intake, rate of degradation, or passage rate of the DM, OM, apNDF, and starch. In conclusion, LAS, MON, VIR, MV, and EOA diets reduced nutrient intake compared to BOX. Although all feed additives presented similar effects on rumen pH, temperature, and kinetics the presence of exogenous α-amylase in the EOA diet may increase ruminal starch digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of DM and OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno de Castro Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Artuzo Godoi
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália Veloso Trópia
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pauliane Pucetti
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Clara Baião Menezes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Luciana Navajas Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mário Fonseca Paulino
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jon Patrick Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Alhadas H, Valadares Filho S, Silva F, Silva F, Pucetti P, Pacheco M, Silva B, Tedeschi L. Effects of including physically effective fiber from sugarcane in whole corn grain diets on the ingestive, digestive, and ruminal parameters of growing beef bulls. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hanigan MD, Souza VC, Martineau R, Daley VL, Kononoff P. Predicting ruminally undegraded and microbial protein flows from the rumen. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8685-8707. [PMID: 33985783 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present work were (1) to identify the cause of the linear bias in predictions of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) content of feeds, and devise methods to remove the bias from prediction equations, and (2) to further explore the impact of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) on microbial N (MiN) outflow from the rumen. The kinetic model used by NRC (2001), which is based on protein fractionation and rates of degradation (Kd) and passage (Kp), displays considerable slope bias (-0.30 kg/kg), indicating parameter or structural problems. Regressing Kp by feed class and a static adjustment factor for the in situ-derived Kd on observed RUP flows completely resolved the slope bias problem, and the model performed significantly better than models using unadjusted Kd and marker-based Kp. The Kd adjustment was 3.82%/h, which represents approximately a 50% increase in rates of degradation over the in situ values, indicating that in situ analyses severely underestimate true rates of protein degradation. The Kp for concentrate-derived protein was 5.83%/h, which was slightly less than the marker-predicted rate of 6.69%/h. However, the derived forage protein rate was 0.49%/h, which was considerably less than the marker-based rate of 5.07%/h. Compartmental analysis of data from a single study corroborated the regression analysis, indicating that a 25% reduction in the overall passage rate and an 87% increase in the rate of degradation were required to align ruminal N pool sizes and the extent of protein degradation with the observed data. Therefore, one must conclude that both the in situ-derived degradation rates and the marker-based particle passage rates are biased relative to protein passage and cannot be used directly to predict RUP outflow from the rumen. The effects of RDP supply on microbial nitrogen (MiN) flow were apparent when intakes of individual nutrients were offered but not when DM intake and individual nutrient concentrations were offered, due to collinearity problems. Microbial N flow from the rumen was found to be linearly related to ruminally degraded starch, ruminally degraded neutral detergent fiber (NDF), RDP, and forage NDF intakes; and quadratically related to residual OM intake. More complicated models containing 2- and 3-way interactions among nutrients were also supported by the data. Independent MiN responses to RDP, ruminally degraded starch, and ruminally degraded NDF aligned with the expected responses to each of those nutrients. Nonlinear representations of MiN were found to be inferior to the linear models. Despite using unbiased predictions of RUP and MiN as drivers of AA flows, predictions of Arg, His, Ile, and Lys flow exhibited linear slope bias relative to the observed data, indicating that representations of the AA composition of the proteins may be biased or the observed data are biased. This is an improvement over the NRC (2001) predictions, where bias adjustments were required for all of the essential AA. Despite the bias for 4 AA flows, the revised prediction system was a substantial improvement over the prior work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060.
| | - V C Souza
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - R Martineau
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - V L Daley
- National Animal Nutrition Program, Virginia Tech, and Land O'Lakes/Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Gray Summit, MO 63039
| | - P Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68585
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Brant LMS, de Carvalho GGP, Pina DDS, de Araújo MLGML, Santos SA, Leite LC, Alba HDR, Bulcão LFDA, da Silva LO, de Freitas Júnior JE. Estimation of ruminal outflow in buffaloes fed diets with different energy and protein sources by use of reticular and omasal sampling. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:201. [PMID: 33687567 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different traditional or alternative energy and protein sources, associated or not, on feeding behavior, ruminal kinetics, and post-ruminal flow of nutrients. Besides, it was assessed diets' effects on different sites (reticulum and omasum) of buffaloes. Four ruminally cannulated male Murrah buffaloes (average initial weight of 637 ± 66.37 kg) were randomly distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor evaluated was the inclusion of energy sources (ground corn and crude glycerin), and the second factor was the inclusion of protein sources (soybean meal and cottonseed cake). Buffaloes fed cottonseed cake had a higher content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and potentially digestible detergent fiber (pdNDF) in the rumen environment than buffaloes fed soybean meal. There was a sampling site effect on rumen digestion rates of pdNDF, passage rates of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and pdNDF, and flow of iNDF. In this study, omasal collections were more representative. Total replacement of ground corn by crude glycerin promoted less NDF ruminal digestibility, and care should be taken to include this energy source. The cottonseed cake does not cause a difference in rumen dynamics and can totally replace soybean meal in feedlot buffaloes' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Maria Santos Brant
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Douglas Dos Santos Pina
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | | | - Stefanie Alvarenga Santos
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Laudi Cunha Leite
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, 44.380-000, Brazil
| | - Henry Daniel Ruiz Alba
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fialho de Aragão Bulcão
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Liliane Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - José Esler de Freitas Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil.
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Effects of Feeding Level and Breed Composition on Intake, Digestibility, and Methane Emissions of Dairy Heifers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030586. [PMID: 33668080 PMCID: PMC7995984 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dairy Nutrients Requirements of Cattle (NRC) was developed using data from purebred Holsteins and it might not accurately predict the performance of crossbred cattle. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of two feeding levels (FLs) and three breed compositions (BCs) on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, and methane (CH4) emissions of prepubertal dairy heifers. We used thirty-six heifers from three BCs: purebred Holstein (H), purebred Gyr (G), and F1 Holstein × Gyr (HG). Each BC had 12 animals and the experiment was designed as twelve incomplete three by three Latin squares, in a factorial arrangement three by two, with three BCs and two FLs (400 and 800 g/day). Total tract nutrient digestibility was determined using total fecal collection and DMI was individually measured. The data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS. Dry matter intake of all nutrients increased from the medium to high feeding level and the nutrients digestibility coefficients did differ among BCs. Achieved body weight gain in the medium FL treatment was greater than those predicted using the NRC, suggesting that crossbred and Gyr heifers have similar performance to Holsteins. Breed composition does not influence body weight gain of confined dairy heifers, but Holstein heifers fed a medium FL had higher feed efficiency and reduced CH4 emissions intensity.
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Effect of flint corn processing methods on intake, digestion sites, rumen pH, and ruminal kinetics in finishing Nellore bulls. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
We evaluated the differences between the supplementation of urea in rumen and/or abomasum on forage digestion, N metabolism and urea kinetics in cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage. Five Nellore heifers were fitted with rumen and abomasum fistulas and assigned to a Latin square design. The treatments were control, continuous infusion of urea in the abomasum (AC), continuous infusion of urea in the rumen, a pulse dose of urea in the rumen every 12 h (PR) and a combination of PR and AC. The control exhibited the lowest (P < 0·10) faecal and urinary N losses, which were, overall, increased by supplementation. The highest urinary N losses (P < 0·10) were observed when urea was either totally or partially supplied as a ruminal pulse dose. The rumen N balance was negative for the control and when urea was totally supplied in the abomasum. The greatest microbial N production (P < 0·10) was obtained when urea was partially or totally supplied in the abomasum. Urea supplementation increased (P < 0·10) the amount of urea recycled to the gastrointestinal tract and the amount of urea-N returned to the ornithine cycle. The greatest (P < 0·10) amounts of urea-N used for anabolism were observed when urea was totally and continuously infused in the abomasum. The continuous abomasal infusion also resulted in the highest (P < 0·10) assimilation of microbial N from recycling. The continuous releasing of urea throughout day either in the rumen or abomasum is able to improve N accretion in the animal body, despite mechanism responsible for that being different.
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Digestive parameters during gestation of Holstein heifers. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Silva BDC, Pacheco MVC, Godoi LA, Alhadas HM, Pereira JMV, Rennó LN, Detmann E, Paulino PVR, Schoonmaker JP, Valadares Filho SDC. Reconstituted and ensiled corn or sorghum grain: Impacts on dietary nitrogen fractions, intake, and digestion sites in young Nellore bulls. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237381. [PMID: 32764802 PMCID: PMC7413414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted: (1) to evaluate the effect of ensiling time and grain source on dietary nitrogen fractions; and (2) to verify the influence of concentrate level, processing method and grain source on intake, microbial efficiency, and digestibility by young Nellore bulls. In Experiment 1, corn and sorghum grains were milled, reconstituted to 35% moisture, and ensiled in a bag silo for 10 different times. There were three replications per ensiling time and grain source. Samples from each replication were analyzed in triplicate for total nitrogen (N), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), soluble N, insoluble N, and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN). In Experiment 2, five Nellore bulls were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Four diets were comprised of 28.4% corn silage, 10.7% supplement, and 60.9% dry ground corn, dry ground sorghum, reconstituted and ensiled corn, or reconstituted and ensiled ground sorghum. An additional diet comprised of 45% corn silage, 10.7% supplement, and 44.3% dry ground corn (Roughage+) was used. Each experimental period lasted 22 days, with an adaptation period of 14 days followed by 5 days of total feces and urine collection and 3 days of collecting omasal samples. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. The reconstitution and ensiling process reduced (P < 0.05) the insoluble N fraction, increased (P < 0.05) non-protein nitrogen of corn and sorghum grains, tended (P = 0.052) to increase microbial efficiency, and increased (P < 0.05) intestinal and total digestion of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and starch. The concentrate level affected neither (P > 0.05) DM intake nor rumen pH. On the other hand, bulls fed diets based on 72% concentrate showed greater (P < 0.05) DM, OM, and CP digestibility compared with those fed a diet based on 55% concentrate. In addition, animals fed diets based on corn grains (both reconstituted and ensiled or dry) presented greater (P < 0.05) intestinal and total starch digestion compared to those fed sorghum grain. Therefore, the reconstitution process can reduce the insoluble N fraction and increase nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno de Castro Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Letícia Artuzo Godoi
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Navajas Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Jon Patrick Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Creighton Hall of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Dias LSB, Silva DDS, Carvalho GGPD, Araújo MLGMLD, Silva FFD, Pereira MLA, Gandra JR, Lima VGO, Santos ACSD, Bulcão LFDA, Leite VM, Freitas Júnior JED. Chitosan associated with whole raw soybean in diets for Murrah buffaloes on ruminal fermentation, apparent digestibility and nutrients metabolism. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13435. [PMID: 32869472 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of chitosan and whole raw soybean on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilization, microbial protein synthesis, blood metabolites, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation, digesta kinetics, and reticular flow of nutrients of buffaloes. Four ruminally-cannulated Murrah buffaloes (351 ± 15 kg of initial BW) were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: the first factor was whole raw soybean (WRS), and the second factor was chitosan (CHI) with or without their inclusion in diets. Intake and apparent digestibility of ether extract (p < .01; p = .04, respectively), non-fiber carbohydrates intake (p = .03) and apparent ruminal digestibility of dry matter (p = .01) were affected by diets. An interaction effect or tendency was observed for microbial nitrogen (p = .09), concentrations, ruminal ammonia nitrogen (p = .05), total volatile fatty acid (p = .03). Association of chitosan with whole raw soybean has potential effects as a modulator of rumen fermentation; therefore, chitosan can be applied as an alternative non-ionophore for Murrah buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais S B Dias
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Dayane de S Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Giordano P de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Leonor G M L de Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fabiano F da Silva
- Department of Ruminant Production, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mara Lúcia A Pereira
- Department of Ruminant Production, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jefferson R Gandra
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Victor G O Lima
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Antônio C S Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas F de A Bulcão
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vagner M Leite
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - José Esler de Freitas Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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Del Valle T, Ghizzi L, Zilio E, Marques J, Dias M, Silva T, Gheller L, Silva G, Sconamiglio N, Nunes A, Rennó L, Costa V, Rennó F. Evaluation of 15N and purine bases as microbial markers to estimate ruminal bacterial nitrogen outflow in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Freitas Júnior JE, Bettero VP, Zanferari F, Del Valle TA, De Paiva PG, Ferreira De Jesus E, Takiya CS, Leite LC, Dias M, Rennó FP. Ruminal fatty acid outflow in dry cows fed different sources of linoleic acid: reticulum and omasum as alternative sampling sites to abomasum. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:171-193. [PMID: 31033355 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1595886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the rumen outflow of fatty acids (FA) and biohydrogenation (BH) extent using alternative sampling sites (reticulum and omasum) to abomasum in dry cows fed different sources of FA. Four Holstein non-pregnant dry cows (≥3 parturitions, and 712 ± 125 kg BW), cannulated in the rumen and abomasum, were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, containing the following treatments: 1) control (CON); 2) soya bean oil (SO), dietary inclusion at 30 g/kg; 3) whole raw soya beans (WS), dietary inclusion at 160 g/kg; and 4) calcium salts of FA (CSFA), dietary inclusion at 32 g/kg. Rumen outflow of nutrients was estimated using the three markers reconstitution system (cobalt-EDTA, ytterbium chloride, and indigestible neutral detergent fibre [NDF]). Diets with FA sources decreased feed intake and increased FA intake. No differences in nutrient intake and digestibility were detected among cows fed diets supplemented with different FA sources. Diets with FA sources reduced the rumen outflow of DM and NDF, hence decreasing their passage rates. In addition, SO diet reduced the ruminal outflow of DM and NDF in comparison with WS and CSFA. Omasal sampling yielded the highest values of rumen outflow of NDF and potentially degradable NDF (pdNDF), whereas the reticular and abomasal samplings yielded intermediate and least values, respectively. The interaction effect between diet and sampling site was observed for rumen outflow of majority FA (except for C16:0, C18:0, and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12) and BH extension of C18:1 cis, C18:2, and C18:3. Calculations derived from abomasal sampling revealed that WS and CSFA diets had lower BH extent of C18:1 cis and C18:2 in comparison with SO, whereas cows fed CSFA had greater BH extent of C18:3 and lower BH extent of C18:1 cis compared to those fed WS. However, the latter results were not similar when calculations were performed based on the reticular and omasal samplings. Thus, there is evidence that neither reticular nor omasal samplings are suitable for estimating rumen outflow of FA in dry cows. In addition, WS and CSFA diets can increase the abomasal flow of polyunsaturated FA in dry cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Freitas Júnior
- a Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production , University of São Paulo , Pirassununga , Brazil
- b Department of Animal Sciences , Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Vitor P Bettero
- c Department of Animal Science , UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho' , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - Filipe Zanferari
- a Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production , University of São Paulo , Pirassununga , Brazil
| | - Tiago A Del Valle
- a Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production , University of São Paulo , Pirassununga , Brazil
| | - Pablo G De Paiva
- c Department of Animal Science , UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho' , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - Elmeson Ferreira De Jesus
- c Department of Animal Science , UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho' , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - Caio S Takiya
- a Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production , University of São Paulo , Pirassununga , Brazil
| | - Laudi C Leite
- d Department of Animal Sciences , Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia , Cruz das Almas , Brazil
| | - Márcia Dias
- e Department of Animal Sciences , Federal University of Goiás , Jataí , Brazil
| | - Francisco P Rennó
- a Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production , University of São Paulo , Pirassununga , Brazil
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Hristov AN, Bannink A, Crompton LA, Huhtanen P, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Nozière P, Reynolds CK, Bayat AR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Schwarm A, Shingfield KJ, Yu Z. Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5811-5852. [PMID: 31030912 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a component of essential nutrients critical for the productivity of ruminants. If excreted in excess, N is also an important environmental pollutant contributing to acid deposition, eutrophication, human respiratory problems, and climate change. The complex microbial metabolic activity in the rumen and the effect on subsequent processes in the intestines and body tissues make the study of N metabolism in ruminants challenging compared with nonruminants. Therefore, using accurate and precise measurement techniques is imperative for obtaining reliable experimental results on N utilization by ruminants and evaluating the environmental impacts of N emission mitigation techniques. Changeover design experiments are as suitable as continuous ones for studying protein metabolism in ruminant animals, except when changes in body weight or carryover effects due to treatment are expected. Adaptation following a dietary change should be allowed for at least 2 (preferably 3) wk, and extended adaptation periods may be required if body pools can temporarily supply the nutrients studied. Dietary protein degradability in the rumen and intestines are feed characteristics determining the primary AA available to the host animal. They can be estimated using in situ, in vitro, or in vivo techniques with each having inherent advantages and disadvantages. Accurate, precise, and inexpensive laboratory assays for feed protein availability are still needed. Techniques used for direct determination of rumen microbial protein synthesis are laborious and expensive, and data variability can be unacceptably large; indirect approaches have not shown the level of accuracy required for widespread adoption. Techniques for studying postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous compounds, urea recycling, and mammary AA metabolism are also laborious, expensive (especially the methods that use isotopes), and results can be variable, especially the methods based on measurements of digesta or blood flow. Volatile loss of N from feces and particularly urine can be substantial during collection, processing, and analysis of excreta, compromising the accuracy of measurements of total-tract N digestion and body N balance. In studying ruminant N metabolism, nutritionists should consider the longer term fate of manure N as well. Various techniques used to determine the effects of animal nutrition on total N, ammonia- or nitrous oxide-emitting potentials, as well as plant fertilizer value, of manure are available. Overall, methods to study ruminant N metabolism have been developed over 150 yr of animal nutrition research, but many of them are laborious and impractical for application on a large number of animals. The increasing environmental concerns associated with livestock production systems necessitate more accurate and reliable methods to determine manure N emissions in the context of feed composition and ruminant N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L A Crompton
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading, PO Box 237 Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M McGee
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93
| | - P Nozière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading, PO Box 237 Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - A R Bayat
- Milk Production Solutions, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - D R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A Schwarm
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Milk Production Solutions, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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18
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Silva AL, Detmann E, Rennó LN, Pedroso AM, Fontes MM, Morais VC, Sguizzato AL, Abreu MB, Rotta PP, Marcondes MI. Effects of rumen undegradable protein on intake, digestibility and rumen kinetics and fermentation characteristics of dairy heifers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Del Bianco Benedeti P, Silva BDC, Pacheco MVC, Serão NVL, Carvalho Filho I, Lopes MM, Marcondes MI, Mantovani HC, Valadares Filho SDC, Detmann E, Duarte MDS. Effects of grain processing methods on the expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport and pH regulation, and keratinization in rumen epithelium of beef cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198963. [PMID: 29902237 PMCID: PMC6002044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of corn and sorghum with different processing methods on the expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acids transport and pH regulation, and ruminal keratinization in rumen epithelium of finishing bulls. For Exp. 1, five rumen cannulated Nellore bulls were used in a 5x5 Latin square arrangement, with 14 d for adaptation and 9 d for sample collection. Treatments were: dry ground corn, dry ground sorghum, reconstituted corn, reconstituted sorghum, and control (forage-based diet). Samples of rumen epithelium from ventral sac were excised, rinsed, snap-frozen and stored at -80°C until total RNA isolation and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. In the Exp. 2, 24 Nellore bulls were assigned to a completely randomized design lasting 168 d. Experimental treatments were similar to those at Exp. 1, but without the control treatment. After the experimental period, bulls were slaughtered and rumen epithelium samples were rapidly excised for further histological analysis. Rumen epithelial tissue from animals fed reconstituted corn had lower expression of downregulated-in-adenoma (P = 0.03) and Na+/H+ exchanger 2 (trend; P = 0.09). The expression of Na+/ H+ exchanger 1 (P = 0.10) and putative anion transporter (P = 0.06) tended to be lower in rumen epithelium of bulls fed reconstituted grains. Ruminal concentration of valerate was greater for animals fed reconstituted grain (P = 0.01). Likewise, animals fed reconstituted corn tended to have greater butyrate ruminal concentration (P = 0.08). Keratinized layer thickness did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). Therefore, reconstituted grains (especially corn) decrease the mRNA expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acids transport and pH control in the rumen epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Del Bianco Benedeti
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (PDBB); (MSD)
| | - Breno de Castro Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivan Carvalho Filho
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Mescouto Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcio de Souza Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (PDBB); (MSD)
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20
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Mariz LDS, Amaral PDM, Valadares Filho SDC, Santos SA, Marcondes MI, Prados LF, Carneiro Pacheco MV, Zanetti D, de Castro Menezes GC, Faciola AP. Dietary protein reduction on microbial protein, amino acids digestibility, and body retention in beef cattle. I. Digestibility sites and ruminal synthesis estimated by purine bases and 15N as markers. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2453-2467. [PMID: 29668924 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary CP contents on 1) total and partial nutrient digestion and nitrogen balance and 2) on microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis and true MCP digestibility in the small intestine obtained with 15N and purine bases (PB) in beef cattle. Eight bulls (4 Nellore and 4 Crossbred Angus × Nellore) cannulated in the rumen and ileum were distributed in duplicated 4 × 4 Latin squares. The diets consisted of increasing CP contents: 100, 120, or 140 g CP/kg DM offered ad libitum, and restricted intake (RI) diet with 120 g CP/kg DM. The experiment lasted four 17-d periods, with 10 d for adaptation to diets and another 7 for data collection. Omasal digesta flow was obtained using Co-EDTA and indigestible NDF (iNDF) as markers, and to estimate ileal digesta flow only iNDF was used. From days 11 to 17 of each experimental period, ruminal infusions of Co-EDTA (5.0 g/d) and 15N (7.03 g of ammonium sulfate enriched with 10% of 15N atoms) were performed. There was no effect of CP contents (linear effect, P = 0.55 and quadratic effect, P = 0.11) on ruminal OM digestibility. Intake of CP linearly increased (P < 0.01) with greater dietary CP. The NH3-N (P < 0.01) and urinary N excretion (P < 0.01) increased in response to dietary CP, whereas retained N increased linearly (P = 0.03). Liquid-associated bacteria (LAB) in the omasum had greater N content (P < 0.05) in relation to the particle-associated bacteria (PAB). There was no difference between LAB and PAB (P = 0.12) for 15N:14N ratio. The 15N:14N ratio was greater (P < 0.01) in RI animals in relation to those fed at voluntary intake. Microbial CP had a quadratic tendency (P = 0.09) in response to CP increase. Microbial efficiency (expressed in relation to apparent ruminally degradable OM and true ruminally degradable OM) had a quadratic tendency (P = 0.07 and P = 0.08, respectively) to CP increasing and was numerically greatest at 120 g CP/kg DM. The adjusted equations for estimating true intestinal digestibility of MCP (Y1) and total CP (Y2) were, respectively, as follows: Y1 =--16.724(SEM = 40.06) + 0.86X(SEM = 0.05) and Y2 = -43.81(SEM = 49.19) + 0.75X(SEM = 0.05). It was concluded that diets with 120 g/kg of CP optimize the microbial synthesis and efficiency and ruminal ash and protein NDF digestibility, resulting in a better use of N compounds in the rumen. The PB technique can be used as an alternative to the 15N to estimate microbial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paloma de Melo Amaral
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Laura Franco Prados
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Zanetti
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais, Paraguaçu, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, FL
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21
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Gandra J, Miranda G, Goes R, Takiya C, Del Valle T, Oliveira E, Freitas Junior J, Gandra E, Araki H, Santos A. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation through ruminal bolus on eating behavior, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in Jersey heifers fed either corn silage- or sugarcane silage-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Menezes ACB, Filho SCV, Rotta PP, Santos SA, Pacheco MVC, Silva BC, Pucetti P, Alhadas HM, Detmann E, Caton JS. Does microbial nitrogen contamination affect the estimation of crude protein degradability of concentrate feeds?1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. B. Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S. C. Valadares Filho
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P. P. Rotta
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S. A. Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Department of Animal Science, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M. V. C. Pacheco
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B. C. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P. Pucetti
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - H. M. Alhadas
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E. Detmann
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Animal Science, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J. S. Caton
- North Dakota State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fargo 58105
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23
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Sathler DFT, Prados LF, Zanetti D, Silva BC, Filho SCV, Pacheco MVC, Amaral PM, Rennó LN, Paulino MF. Reducing mineral usage in feedlot diets for Nellore cattle: I. Impacts of calcium, phosphorus, copper, manganese, and zinc contents on microbial efficiency and ruminal, intestinal, and total digestibility of dietary constituents. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1715-1726. [PMID: 28464082 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated intake, microbial efficiency, and ruminal, small and large intestinal, and total digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and NDF, as well as availability of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Mn, and Zn in Zebu cattle fed with or without supplemental sources of Ca and P or a micromineral premix. Five rumen- and ileum-cannulated Nellore bulls (BW = 200 ± 10.5 kg; 9 mo) were used in the experiment, distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The experiment was developed in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design to measure the effects of mineral supplementation on intake, digestibility, and site of nutrient absorption. The factors consisted of 2 Ca and P levels (macromineral factor; CaP+ or CaP-) and 2 microminerals levels (micromineral factor; CuMnZn+ or CuMnZn-). In addition, a treatment with alimentary restriction (REST) was evaluated at 1.7% of BW. Nutrient fluxes were measured in the omasum and ileum, in addition to intake and fecal excretion. Microbial efficiency was estimated using purine derivative excretion. Dry matter, OM, NDF, CP intake, and total digestibility were not affected ( ≥ 0.058) by the absence of Ca, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn supplementation. Intake of Ca, P, and Mg were reduced ( < 0.01) by CaP-. The absence of CuMnZn reduced ( < 0.01) Cu, Mn, and Zn intake. Ruminal recycling of P, Na, and K is significant for increasing the influx of these minerals to the digestive tract; however, influences of treatments were not observed. The small and large intestines contributed to mineral absorption in different proportions ( < 0.05), according to minerals and treatments. Because of the similarity ( > 0.05) of OM, NDF, and CP digestion sites and coefficients, we assume that omitting supplemental sources of Ca, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn may be an option in raising cattle on feedlots. If supplementation is viable, knowledge about the specific absorption site of each mineral could positively impact choices about the supplemental source.
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24
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Oss DB, Machado FS, Tomich TR, Pereira LGR, Campos MM, Castro MMD, da Silva TE, Marcondes MI. Energy and protein requirements of crossbred (Holstein × Gyr) growing bulls. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2603-2613. [PMID: 28161164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the energy and protein requirements of crossbred (Holstein × Gyr) growing bulls. Twenty-four 10-mo-old bulls [initial body weight (BW) = 184 ± 23.4 kg] were used in a comparative slaughter trial. Six bulls were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment as the reference group, to estimate initial empty body weight (EBW) and energy and protein contents of the remaining animals. The remaining bulls were assigned to a completely randomized design with 3 levels of dry matter intake and 6 replicates. The levels of dry matter intake were 1.2% of BW, 1.8% of BW, and ad libitum to target orts equal to 5% of the total amount that was fed. The remaining bulls were slaughtered at the end of the experiment. The bulls were fed a diet consisting of 59.6% corn silage and 40.4% concentrate on a dry matter basis. The equation that determined the relationship between EBW and BW was EBW = (0.861 ± 0.0031) × BW. The relationship between empty body gain (EBG) and average daily gain (ADG) was demonstrated by the following equation: EBG = (0.934 ± 0.0111) × ADG. Net energy for maintenance (NEM) was 74.8 ± 2.89 kcal/kg of EBW0.75 per day, and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEM) was 120.8 kcal/kg of EBW0.75 per day. The detected efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) was 61.9%. The equation used to estimate net energy for gain (NEG) was as follows: NEG = (0.049 ± 0.0011) × EBW0.75 × EBG0.729 ± 0.0532. The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for gain (kg) was 35.7%. The metabolizable protein for maintenance (MPM) was 3.05 g/kg of BW0.75. The equation used to estimate net protein requirements for gain (NPG) = (87.138 ± 65.1378 × EBG) + [(40.436 ± 21.3640) × NEG]. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain (k) was 35.7%. We concluded that the estimates of energy and protein requirements presented herein are more appropriate than the National Research Council dairy cattle model and the Brazilian BR-CORTE system to balance the diets of crossbred (Holstein × Gyr) growing bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Oss
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - F S Machado
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - T R Tomich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - L G R Pereira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - M M Campos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - M M D Castro
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - T E da Silva
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - M I Marcondes
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900.
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25
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Batista ED, Detmann E, Titgemeyer EC, Valadares Filho SC, Valadares RFD, Prates LL, Rennó LN, Paulino MF. Effects of varying ruminally undegradable protein supplementation on forage digestion, nitrogen metabolism, and urea kinetics in Nellore cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:201-16. [PMID: 26812327 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of supplemental RDP and RUP on nutrient digestion, N metabolism, urea kinetics, and muscle protein degradation were evaluated in Nellore heifers () consuming low-quality signal grass hay (5% CP and 80% NDF, DM basis). Five ruminally and abomasally cannulated Nellore heifers (248 ± 9 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Treatments were the control (no supplement) and RDP supplementation to meet 100% of the RDP requirement plus RUP provision to supply 0, 50, 100, or 150% of the RUP requirement. Supplemental RDP (casein plus NPN) was ruminally dosed twice daily, and RUP supply (casein) was continuously infused abomasally. Jugular infusion of [NN]-urea with measurement of enrichment in urine was used to evaluate urea kinetics. The ratio of urinary 3-methylhistidine to creatinine was used to estimate skeletal muscle protein degradation. Forage NDF intake (2.48 kg/d) was not affected ( ≥ 0.37) by supplementation, but supplementation did increase ruminal NDF digestion ( < 0.01). Total N intake (by design) and N retention increased ( < 0.001) with supplementation and also linearly increased with RUP provision. Urea entry rate and gastrointestinal entry rate of urea were increased by supplementation ( < 0.001). Supplementation with RUP linearly increased ( = 0.02) urea entry rate and tended ( = 0.07) to linearly increase gastrointestinal entry rate of urea. Urea use for anabolic purposes tended ( = 0.07) to be increased by supplementation, and RUP provision also tended ( = 0.08) to linearly increase the amount of urea used for anabolism. The fraction of recycled urea N incorporated into microbial N was greater ( < 0.001) for control (22%) than for supplemented (9%) heifers. Urinary 3-methylhistidine:creatinine of control heifers was more than double that of supplemented heifers ( < 0.001). Control heifers reabsorbed a greater ( < 0.001) fraction of urea from the renal tubule than did supplemented heifers. Overall, unsupplemented heifers had greater mobilization of AA from myofibrillar protein, which provided N for urea synthesis and subsequent recycling. Supplemental RUP, when RDP was supplied, not only increased N retention but also supported increased urea N recycling and increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis.
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26
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Górka P, Castillo-Lopez E, Joy F, Chibisa GE, McKinnon JJ, Penner GB. Effect of including high-lipid by-product pellets in substitution for barley grain and canola meal in finishing diets for beef cattle on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4891-902. [PMID: 26523582 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of replacing barley grain and canola meal with high-lipid by-product pellets (HLBP; 14.6% CP, 29.8% NDF, 9.0% fat, and 5.52 MJ NE/kg in DM) on DMI, ruminal fermentation, nutrient flow at the omasal canal, and nutrient digestibility. Four ruminally cannulated and ovariectomized Hereford × Gelbvieh heifers (initial BW of 631.9 ± 23.3 kg; mean ± SD) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Periods consisted of 28 d, including 10 d for diet transition, 11 d for dietary adaptation, and 7 d for measurements. Heifers were fed a typical finishing diet consisting of 89% of concentrate (barley grain and canola meal; CONT), 6% of barley silage, and 5% of mineral and vitamin supplement (on DM basis). Dietary treatments consisted of a CONT or diets where 30% (HLBP30), 60% (HLBP60), and 90% (HLBP90) of the barley grain and canola meal were replaced with HLBP. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment ( > 0.10). Total short-chain fatty acid concentration and molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate ( > 0.10) among treatments and ruminal ammonia did not differ ( > 0.10) among treatments, and ruminal ammonia increased ( = 0.03) linearly with increasing HLBP inclusion rate in the diet. Mean and maximum pH increased, whereas the duration and area that pH was below 5.8, 5.5, and 5.2, thresholds used for mild, severe, and acute ruminal acidosis, respectively, decreased linearly ( ≤ 0.05) with increasing rates of inclusion of HLBP. Organic matter flow at the omasal canal increased linearly ( = 0.03) with increasing HLBP inclusion rate in the diet. However, OM digestibility coefficients and apparent ruminal NDF and ADF digestibility yielded negative values for some animals, especially those fed HLBP90, indicating that ruminal digestibility was underestimated. Total tract OM digestibility decreased linearly ( < 0.01) with increasing inclusion rates of HLBP. This study showed that HLBP inclusion in substitution for barley grain and canola meal linearly decreases the severity of ruminal acidosis in cattle fed a typical grain-based finishing diet. However, total tract nutrient digestibility was negatively affected.
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Ribeiro RCO, Villela SDJ, Valadares Filho SC, Santos SA, Ribeiro KG, Detmann E, Zanetti D, Martins PGMA. Effects of roughage sources produced in a tropical environment on forage intake, and ruminal and microbial parameters. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2363-74. [PMID: 26020332 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to study the effect of different roughage sources produced in a tropical environment on intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters of crossbred bulls. Five rumen-fistulated 30-mo-old Holstein × Bos indicus bulls (average BW =459 ± 32.5 kg) were utilized in a 5 × 5 randomized Latin square design. The experiment consisted of five 19-d experimental periods (10 d for adaptation and 9 d for data collection) and 5 treatments. Experimental diets consisted of corn (Zea mays L.) silage (CS), Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) silage (BGS), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) silage(EGS), Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) hay (T85), and fresh sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.; SC). Diets were formulated to have approximately 11% CP (DM basis)using a mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate (9:1 ratio) that was diluted in water and then mixed with roughage. Intake, ruminal outflow, digestibility coefficients,ruminal pool, intake, passage (kp) and digestion rates, microbial parameters, and pH data were assessed.D ry matter intake was greater (P < 0.01) for CS compared with SC. Among treatments, lesser (P < 0.01)potentially digestible NDF, ash- and protein-free NDF(apNDF), and digestible ash- and protein-free NDF intake values were observed for SC. Ruminal outflows of DM and nonfibrous carbohydrates were lesser (P <0.01) for SC compared with other treatments. Dry matter apparent digestibility and ruminal digestibility did not differ (P > 0.27) among treatments. No differences (P = 0.11) were observed for ruminal apNDF pool and ruminal kp of apNDF (P = 0.06) among treatments. No treatment effect (P > 0.28) was observed for DM and nitrogen of rumen-isolated bacteria, and microbial efficiency was greater (P = 0.02) for BGS among treatments.A treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) was found for ruminal pH, with a quadratic pattern in terms of time for CS, BGS, EGS, and T85, whereas pH values for CA linearly decreased as a function of time. In summary, these roughages, when supplemented with an additional nitrogen sources, show similar overall apparent digestibility and ruminal pool values, but conversely, bulls fed sugarcane had less overall nutrient intake and lower ruminal outflow and digestion rate values. We conclude that fresh-cut sugarcane, when provided with urea, can affect digestion rate and, consequently, impact nutrient intake.
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Costa e Silva LF, de Campos Valadares Filho S, Engle TE, Rotta PP, Marcondes MI, Silva FAS, Martins EC, Tokunaga AT. Macrominerals and Trace Element Requirements for Beef Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144464. [PMID: 26657049 PMCID: PMC4681427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighty-seven Nellore animals were utilized in this study to estimate net requirements for the maintenance and growth of beef cattle as well as the retention coefficients of 13 minerals: macrominerals (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, and S) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Co, and Cr). The net requirements for maintenance and the true retention coefficient were estimated by using the regression between apparent retention and intake for each mineral. The net requirement for maintenance (μg/kg BW) and retention coefficients (%) were 163 and 85 for Cu, 2,097 and 53 for Fe, 32.3 and 24 for Mn, 3.72 and 48 for Se, 669 and 0.80 for Zn, 18.4 and 86 for Co, and 22.9 and 78 for Cr. The dietary requirements of macrominerals (g/kg DMI) were 5.12 for Ca, 2.38 for P, 0.96 for Mg, 2.40 for K, 0.79 for Na, and 1.47 for S. This is the first study using Nellore cattle to estimate mineral requirements; considering that Nellore cattle are the most common breed in Brazil and that Brazil is a major beef producer globally, this knowledge can help producers to improve animal performance by supplying the correct amount of minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terry Eugene Engle
- Colorado State University, Animal Science Department, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Polyana Pizzi Rotta
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Fatehi F, Krizsan SJ, Gidlund H, Huhtanen P. A comparison of ruminal or reticular digesta sampling as an alternative to sampling from the omasum of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3274-83. [PMID: 25747835 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and compare techniques for determining nutrient flow based on digesta samples collected from the reticulum or rumen of lactating dairy cows with estimates generated by the omasal sampling technique. Pre-experimental method development suggested, after comparing with the particle size distribution of feces, application of primary sieving of ruminal and reticular digesta from lactating cows through an 11.6-mm sieve, implying that digesta particles smaller than this were eligible to flow out of the rumen. For flow measurements at the different sampling sites 4 multiparous, lactating Nordic Red cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a Latin square design with 4 dietary treatments, in which crimped barley was replaced with 3 incremental levels of protein supplementation of canola meal. Digesta was collected from the rumen, reticulum, and omasum to represent a 24-h feeding cycle. Nutrient flow was calculated using the reconstitution system based on Cr, Yb, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber and using (15)N as microbial marker. Large and small particles and the fluid phase were recovered from digesta collected at all sampling sites. Bacterial samples were isolated from the digesta collected from the omasum. Several differences existed for digesta composition, nutrient flows, and estimates of ruminal digestibility among the 3 different sampling sites. Sampling site × diet interactions were not significant. The estimated flows of DM, potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber, nonammonia N, and microbial N were significantly different between all sampling sites. However, the difference between DM flow based on sampling from the reticulum and the omasum was small (0.13kg/d greater in the omasum). The equality between the reticulum and the omasum as sampling sites was supported by the following regression: omasal DM flow=0.37 (±0.649) + 0.94 (±0.054) reticular DM flow (R(2)=0.96 and root mean square error=0.438kg/d). More deviating nutrient-flow estimates when sampling digesta from the rumen than the reticulum compared with the omasum suggested that sampling from the reticulum is the most promising alternative to the omasal sampling technique. To definitively promote sampling from the reticulum as an alternative to the omasal sampling technique, more research is needed to determine selection criteria of reticular digesta for accurate and precise flow estimates across a range of diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fatehi
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Animal Science, Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Tehran, Iran 31587-77871
| | - S J Krizsan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - H Gidlund
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Rotta P, Valadares Filho S, Costa e Silva L, Detmann E, Villadiego F, Engle T, Valadares R, Silva B, Pacheco MC, Zanetti D. Comparison of purine bases and 15N for quantifying microbial nitrogen yield using three marker systems and different sampling sites in zebu cross breed bulls. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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