1
|
Giorio ME, Graham RJ, Berner D, O'Neill HD, Bladon BM. Presence and size of synovial masses within the navicular bursa correlate well between magnetic resonance imaging and bursoscopy and have a guarded prognosis. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:982-988. [PMID: 38131123 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal hyperintense lesions within the navicular bursa emanating from the dorsal border of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) can be recognised on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) and have been attributed to lameness in horses. Removal of these lesions, also referred to as synovial masses, by navicular bursoscopy is currently recommended. OBJECTIVES To investigate the correlation between MRI and navicular bursoscopic findings. It is hypothesised that the prognosis following surgery is proportional to the size of the DDFT lesion. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of clinical records. METHODS Horses undergoing standing low-field MRI and navicular bursoscopy with >1 year follow-up were included. A grading system was developed to classify the size of synovial mass(es) and lesion(s) of the DDFT on MRI and at surgery. Generalised estimating equations were used to evaluate the association between MRI findings and surgery and between outcome and severity of the tendon injury. RESULTS Fifty-nine horses presenting over a 15-year period (2006-2021) fulfilled inclusion criteria. Ninety navicular bursae were examined both on MRI and endoscopically. There was strong correlation between the size of synovial masses and tendon lesions on MRI and bursoscopy (p < 0.001, OR: 25.61, 95% CI 8.71-75.29 and p < 0.001, OR: 7.34, 95% CI 2.70-19.92, respectively). Size of tendon lesion and synovial mass had no impact on prognosis (p = 0.3, OR: 1, 95% CI 1-1 and p = 0.1, OR: 1, 95% CI 1-1, respectively), which was guarded (30.5% return to previous level of exercise). MAIN LIMITATIONS Performance data for conservatively treated horses with MRI-detected synovial masses was not considered, nor was the effect of navicular bursal effusion. Horses were not randomly assigned to treatment protocols. CONCLUSION There is good correlation between MRI and bursoscopic findings of DDFT lesions and synovial masses within the navicular bursa, with no false positives. Size of the synovial masses and DDFT lesions does not influence prognosis following navicular bursoscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Giorio
- Equine Referral Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Robyn J Graham
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Dagmar Berner
- Equine Referral Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spriet M, Vandenberghe F. Equine Nuclear Medicine in 2024: Use and Value of Scintigraphy and PET in Equine Lameness Diagnosis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2499. [PMID: 39272284 PMCID: PMC11394151 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Scintigraphy and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are both nuclear medicine imaging techniques, providing functional information of the imaged areas. Scintigraphy is a two-dimensional projected imaging technique that was introduced in equine imaging in the late 1970s. Scintigraphy allows imaging of large body parts and can cover multiple areas, remaining the only technique commonly used in horses for whole body imaging. PET is a cross-sectional imaging technique, first used in horses in 2015, allowing higher resolution three-dimensional functional imaging of the equine distal limb. This manuscript will cover current use and values of these two modalities in equine lameness diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nahas AE, Almohamad Z, Hagag U. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the dromedary camel distal limbs. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:12. [PMID: 38183041 PMCID: PMC10768528 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lameness associated with the distal limb region in dromedary camels is quiet prevalent. The diagnosis of lameness relies on a comprehensive orthopedic examination conjugated with an appropriate imaging modality to achieve a decisive diagnosis. Using of modern imaging tools provoked a significant breakthrough in the diagnosis of lameness. Ultrasonography (US) is widely established in dromedaries, whereas computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are gaining popularity. CT provides a considerably higher bone detail than any other imaging modality. US and MRI continue to be the best options for soft tissue imaging. A truthful assessment of the clinical US, CT and MRI images dictates a comprehensive familiarity with the standard US, CT and MRI tissue deviations. Accordingly, our purposes were to present a full MRI protocol for investigating the dromedary camel distal limbs as well as comparing and illustrating the merits of using MRI, CT and US for evaluation of the front and hind distal limbs in 10 healthy lameness free dromedary camel cadavers. The limbs were scanned via a high-field 1.5 Tesla MRI magnet and a multi-detector CT scanner then subjected to a systematic US examination in both longitudinal and transverse planes. The obtained MRI, CT and US images were evaluated, correlated and compared. RESULTS CT and MRI eliminated the structural superimposition in the dromedary camel distal limbs and afforded assessment of minute ligamentous and tendentious structures that were inaccessible by US including the axial collateral ligaments, ligaments supporting the proximal sesamoid bones and the palmar/plantar aspects of the inter-phalangeal joints. US and MRI were appreciated for the assessment of the articular cartilage that was not visible on the plain CT images. CONCLUSIONS CT and MRI accurately identified and characterized bones and soft tissues constituting the dromedary camel distal limbs. US was appreciated for assessment of soft tissues, articular cartilage and bone contours. CT and MRI may be considered when US results are inconclusive or to evaluate the unreachable parts of the camel distal limbs. Images presented in this study could be used as a reference standard for evaluating dromedary camel distal limb diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El Nahas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakriya Almohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama Hagag
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Germonpré J, Vandekerckhove LMJ, Raes E, Chiers K, Jans L, Vanderperren K. Post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot: a proof of concept. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1201017. [PMID: 38249561 PMCID: PMC10797750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this proof-of-concept study, the post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot is described in agreement with the gold standard imaging technique, which is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A total of five equine cadaver feet were studied, of which two were pathological and three were within normal limits and served as references. A low-field MRI of each foot was performed, followed by a DECT acquisition. Multiplanar reformations of DECT virtual non-calcium images were compared with MRI for the detection of bone edema-like lesions. A gross post-mortem was performed, and histopathologic samples were obtained of the navicular and/or distal phalanx of the two feet selected based on pathology and one reference foot. Results On DECT virtual non-calcium imaging, the two pathological feet showed diffuse increased attenuation corresponding with bone edema-like lesions, whereas the three reference feet were considered normal. These findings were in agreement with the findings on the MRI. Histopathology of the two pathologic feet showed abnormalities in line with bone edema-like lesions. Histopathology of the reference foot was normal. Conclusion DECT virtual non-calcium imaging can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot. Further examination of DECT in equine diagnostic imaging is warranted in a larger cohort, different locations, and alive animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Germonpré
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Louis M. J. Vandekerckhove
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Raes
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lennart Jans
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin ST, Peter VG, Schiavo S, Pokora R, Patrick H, Bolas N, Foote AK, Sargan DR, Murray RC. Identification of Heterotopic Mineralization and Adjacent Pathology in the Equine Fetlock Region by Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cone-Beam and Fan-Beam Computed Tomography. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104252. [PMID: 36796738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic mineralization in equine distal limbs has been considered an incidental finding and little is known about its imaging features. The study aimed to identify heterotopic mineralization and adjacent pathology in the fetlock region with cone-beam (CB) computed tomography (CT), fan-beam (FB) CT, and low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Images from 12 equine cadaver limbs were examined for heterotopic mineralization and adjacent pathology and verified by macro-examination. Retrospective review of the CBCT/MR images from 2 standing horses was also included. CBCT and FBCT identified twelve mineralization's with homogeneous hyperattenuation: oblique-sesamoidean-ligament (5) without macroscopic abnormality; deep-digital-flexor-tendon (1) and suspensory-branch (6) with macroscopic abnormalities. MRI failed to identify all mineralization's, but detected suspensory branch splitting, and T2 and STIR hyperintensity in 4 suspensory-branches and 3 oblique-sesamoidean-ligaments. Macro-examination found corresponding disruption/splitting and discoloration. All modalities identified 7 ossified fragments showing cortical/trabecular pattern: capsular (1), palmar sagittal ridge (1), proximal phalanx (2) without macroscopic abnormality, and proximal sesamoid bones (3). On MRI, fragments were most identifiable on T1 images. All abaxial avulsions had suspensory-branch splitting on T1 images with T2 and STIR hyperintensity. Macro-examination showed ligament disruption/splitting and discoloration. Suspensory-branch/intersesamoidean ligament mineralization's were identified by CBCT in standing cases; 1 had associated T2 hyperintensity. Both CT systems were generally superior in identifying heterotopic mineralization's than MRI, while MRI provided information on soft tissue pathology related to the lesions, which may be important for management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Vanessa G Peter
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Newmarket, UK
| | - Stefano Schiavo
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Newmarket, UK
| | - Rachel Pokora
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Newmarket, UK
| | - Hayley Patrick
- Swayne and Partners Veterinary Surgeons, Bury Saint Edmunds, UK
| | - Nick Bolas
- Hallmarq Veterinary Imaging, Guildford, UK
| | | | - David R Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Newmarket, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aßmann AD, Ohlerth S, Torgerson PR, Bischofberger AS. Sensitivity and specificity of 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and multidetector computed tomographic tenography to identify artificially induced soft tissue lesions in the equine cadaveric digital flexor tendon sheath. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton D. Aßmann
- Vetsuisse‐Faculty, Equine Hospital University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Ohlerth
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse‐Faculty University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse‐Faculty University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hewitt‐Dedman CL, Biggi M, Van Zadelhoff C, Schwarz T, Reardon RJM, Taylor SE. Imaging findings and clinical outcome of foot pain attributable to insertional deep digital flexor tendon injury and/or fluid signal within the flexor surface of the distal phalanx. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Hewitt‐Dedman
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| | - M. Biggi
- VetCT St John’s Innovation Centre Cambridge UK
| | - C. Van Zadelhoff
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| | - T. Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| | - R. J. M. Reardon
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| | - S. E. Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mechanical nociceptive assessment of the equine hoof after navicular bursa anesthetic infiltration validated by bursography. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269532. [PMID: 35671268 PMCID: PMC9173607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The analgesic specificity of navicular bursa (NB) anesthetic infiltration is still questionable. The study aimed to determine the mechanical nociceptive threshold of non-specific analgesia in the dorsal lamellar stratum, as well as in the sole, coronary band, and heel bulbs of the hoof, after navicular bursa anesthetic infiltration. Six healthy horses with no clinical or radiographic changes of the digits and no communication between the NB and the distal interphalangeal joint, were used. After random selection, the NB of one of the forelimbs was infiltrated with 2% lidocaine and the contralateral one with lactated ringer’s solution. Contrast was added to confirm radiographic infiltration. The mechanical nociceptive threshold was determined using a portable pressure dynamometer, before and at various times after the infiltration, in 10 points of the hoof. The effects of time and treatment were verified by ANOVA (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the values of the mechanical nociceptive threshold (P>0.05) in all regions evaluated. However, in one of the six hooves that receives lidocaine, complete absence of response to the painful stimulus (maximum force of 6 Kg over an area of 38.46 mm2, for a maximum of 4 seconds) was observed in the dorsal lamellae between 30 and 60 min after infiltration. In conclusion, lidocaine infiltration of NB did not promote significant increases in the nociceptive threshold of the sole, coronary band, bulbs of the heel and dorsal lamellae clinically healthy horses. However, the occurrence of analgesia in one of the six hooves subjected to NB anesthesia indicates that the technique may not be fully specific in few horses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hewitt‐Dedman CL, O'Neill HD, Bladon BM. Arthroscopic removal of palmar intermediate carpal bone fracture fragments in four horses using a transthecal approach through the carpal flexor tendon sheath. Vet Surg 2022; 51:929-939. [PMID: 35403724 PMCID: PMC9544275 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective Study design Animals Methods Results Conclusion Clinical significance
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoaglund EL, Barrett MF. Magnetic resonance imaging changes of the navicular bursa following navicular bursoscopy in seven horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Hoaglund
- Department of Environmental Health and Radiological Sciences Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental Health and Radiological Sciences Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Fort Collins Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evrard L, Joostens Z, Vandersmissen M, Audigié F, Busoni V. Comparison Between Ultrasonographic and Standing Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Podotrochlear Apparatus of Horses With Foot Pain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:675180. [PMID: 34291100 PMCID: PMC8287171 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study aimed to blindly compare the ultrasonographic and standing magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) findings in deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), navicular bone, and navicular bursa in horses with foot pain, positive digital analgesia, and without definitive radiographic diagnosis. Ultrasonography detected more DDFT abnormalities (32/34 feet vs. 27/34 with sMRI) but identified less palmar navicular abnormalities (23/34 feet vs. 30/34 with sMRI). In suprasesamoidean DDFT lesions, which were mainly dorsally located, changes in echogenicity did not correspond to a particular pattern of sMRI signal change. Transcuneal ultrasonography did not allow assessment of morphology and extent of distal DDFT lesions, and sporadically discriminated the affected lobe compared to sMRI. Defects of the palmar compact bone were identified with both modalities except a parasagittal defect, which was only seen at sMRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Evrard
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zoë Joostens
- Medical Imaging Department, Equitom Equine Clinic, Lummen, Belgium
| | - Maxime Vandersmissen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Audigié
- Centre d'Imagerie et de Recherche sur les Affections Locomotrices Equines, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Goustranville, France
| | - Valeria Busoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wilson S, Spriet M, Mur PE, Anishchenko S, Beylin D, Katzman S, Galuppo L. 18 Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for assessment of deep digital flexor tendinopathy: An exploratory study in eight horses with comparison to CT and MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:610-620. [PMID: 34148276 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) are a cause for foot lameness in horses. Positron emission tomography (PET) could provide valuable information regarding the metabolic activity of these lesions. The aims of this exploratory, prospective, methods comparison study were to assess the ability of 18 fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) PET to detect DDFT lesions and to compare the PET findings with CT and MRI findings. Eight horses with lameness due to pain localized to the front feet were included. Both front limbs of all horses were imaged with 18 F-FDG PET, noncontrast CT, and arterial contrast-enhanced CT; 11 limbs were also assessed using MRI. Two observers graded independently 18 F-FDG PET, noncontrast CT, arterial contrast CT, T1-weighted (T1-w) MRI, and T2-weighted (T2-w)/STIR MRI. Maximal standardized uptake values were measured. Lesions were found in seven of 16 DDFT on PET, 12 of 16 DDFT on noncontrast CT, six of 15 DDFT on arterial contrast CT, eight of 11 DDFT on T1-w MRI, and six of 11 DDFT on T2-w/STIR MRI. Positron emission tomography was in better agreement with arterial contrast CT (Kappa-weighted 0.40) and T2-w/STIR MRI (0.35) than with noncontrast CT (0.28) and T1-w MRI (0.20). Maximal standardized uptake values of lesions ranged from 1.9 to 4.6 with a median of 3.1. Chronic lesions with scar tissues identified on noncontrast CT or T1-w MRI did not have increased 18 F-FDG uptake. These results demonstrated that 18 F-FDG PET agreed more closely with modalities previously used to detect active tendon lesions, i.e. arterial contrast CT and T2-w/STIR MRI. 18 Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose PET can be used to identify metabolically active DDFT lesions in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pablo Espinosa Mur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sergey Anishchenko
- LONGMILE Veterinary Imaging, Brain Biosciences Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David Beylin
- LONGMILE Veterinary Imaging, Brain Biosciences Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Katzman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Larry Galuppo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Acutt EV, Contino EK, Frisbie DD, Barrett MF. Deep digital flexor tendon lesions in the pastern are associated with the presence of distal tendinopathy. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:502-512. [PMID: 34050982 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct diagnosis and characterisation of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions in equine athletes allows targeted treatment and improved prognostication. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence and character of pathological change within the DDFT in the pastern with concurrent tendon injury distally. It is hypothesised that tendon lesions in the pastern will be associated with tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective descriptive case series. METHODS Cases with DDFT lesions in the pastern and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography of the foot were evaluated retrospectively. Lesion location and type were recorded. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the associations between more distal tendinopathy and the presence of different DDFT lesion types in the pastern. RESULTS Thirty-four MRI scans of 33 horses and 64 ultrasonographic exams of 58 horses were analysed. Lesion location and type were recorded. Distal DDFT lesions were found in 75% (95% CI: 66.0-84.0) of total cases of pastern DDF tendinopathy and in 97% (95% CI: 91.6-100.0) of cases with core lesions of the DDFT in the pastern. A core lesion in the pastern was significantly more likely (OR = 20.7, 95% CI: 2.2-191.0; P = .008) to be associated with injury in the foot than other types of pastern lesion. MAIN LIMITATIONS MRIs of the foot were not obtained on all included limbs which did not allow for fully inclusive evaluation of DDFT lesions distal to the navicular bone. CONCLUSIONS DDFT pathological change in the pastern, particularly core lesions, is associated with additional tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. When a DDFT lesion is found in the pastern, further imaging of the tendon within the foot is indicated to direct appropriate treatment and improve prognostication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Acutt
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin K Contino
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - David D Frisbie
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Myra F Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Byrne CA, Marshall JF, Voute LC. Clinical magnetic resonance image quality of the equine foot is significantly influenced by acquisition system. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:469-480. [PMID: 32767582 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of image quality in clinical equine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may optimise diagnostic value. OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of field strength and anaesthesia on image quality in MR imaging of the equine foot in a clinical context. STUDY DESIGN Analytical clinical study. METHODS Fifteen equine foot studies (five studies per system) were randomly selected from the clinical databases of three MR imaging systems: low-field standing (LF St), low-field anaesthetised (LF GA) and high-field anaesthetised (HF GA). Ten experienced observers graded image quality for entire studies and seven clinically important anatomical structures within the foot (briefly, grade 1: textbook quality, grade 2: high diagnostic quality, grade 3: satisfactory diagnostic quality, grade 4: non-diagnostic). Statistical analysis assessed the effect of anaesthesia and field strength using a combination of the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS There was no difference in the proportion of entire studies of diagnostic quality between LF St (90%, 95% CI 78%-97%) and LF GA (88%, 76-95%, P = .7). No differences were evident in the proportion of diagnostic studies or median image quality gradings between LF St and LF GA when assessing individual anatomical structures (both groups all median grades = 3). There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of entire studies of diagnostic quality between LF GA and HF GA (100%, 95% CI lower bound 94%, P = .03). There were statistically significant differences in median image quality gradings between LF GA (all median grades = 3) and HF GA (median grades = 1 (5/7 structures) or 2 (2/7 structures) for all individual anatomical structures (all P < .001). The reasons reported for reduced image quality differed between systems. MAIN LIMITATIONS Randomised selection of cases from clinical databases. Individual observer preferences may influence image quality assessment. CONCLUSIONS Field strength is a more important influencer of image quality than anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot in clinical patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Byrne
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lance C Voute
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Malacarne BD, Cota LO, Neto ACP, Paz CFR, Dias LA, Corrêa MG, Carvalho AM, Faleiros RR, Xavier ABS. Mechanical nociceptive assessment of the equine hoof following distal interphalangeal joint intra-articular anesthesia. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9469. [PMID: 32864201 PMCID: PMC7427544 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the hypothesis that equine dorsal lamellar tissue can be desensitized by anesthesia injection into distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ), the objective was to assess the mechanical nociceptive threshold of hoof dorsal lamellae following intra-articular (IA) administration of lidocaine into this joint. Methods The DIPJ of the forelimbs of six adult healthy horses were injected with either 5 mL of lidocaine, or 5 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution. Treatments were randomly distributed, with each forelimb undergoing a single treatment. The hooves were evaluated pre- and post-injection at pre-selected times over 4 h, using a pressure algometry model. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) were recorded for the sole (dorsal, palmarolateral, and palmaromedial regions), coronary band (medial, lateral, and dorsal regions), heel bulbs (medial and lateral), and dorsal lamellar region (2 cm and 4 cm distal to the coronary band). The MNT means were compared over time using the Friedman test and between treatments using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with values of P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results There were no differences between treatments for any region of the hoof during the evaluation period. However, MNT values indicating analgesia were recorded in the dorsal lamellar region in 50% of hooves following adminstration of lidocaine into the DIPJ. Conclusion The administration of 5 mL of lidocaine into the DIPJ does not significantly increase the mechanical nociceptive threshold of the equine hoof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D Malacarne
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leticia O Cota
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio C P Neto
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cahuê F R Paz
- Centro Universitário INTA-Uninta, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Dias
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mayara G Corrêa
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Armando M Carvalho
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Faleiros
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientìfico e Tecnològico -CNPq, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Andressa B S Xavier
- Equinova Research Group -Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jones ARE, Ragle CA, Mattoon JS, Sanz MG. Use of non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography to identify deep digital flexor tendinopathy in horses with lameness: 28 cases (2014-2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:852-858. [PMID: 30888281 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.7.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of non-contrast-enhanced CT to identify deep digital flexor (DDF) tendinopathy in horses with lameness attributed to pain in regions distal to the metatarsophalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 28 client-owned horses. PROCEDURES Medical records were searched to identify horses that underwent non-contrast-enhanced CT with or without high-field MRI as part of an evaluation for lameness localized to areas distal to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in ≥ 1 limb. Horses were included in the study if they had ≥ 1 DDF tendon lesion (DDF tendinopathy) identified. Signalment, lameness examination findings and response to perineural anesthesia, imaging modality, anesthetic agents and duration of anesthesia, and imaging findings were recorded. Data were summarized descriptively. RESULTS Bilateral imaging was performed for all horses, irrespective of unilateral or bilateral lameness. Nine of 28 horses underwent both CT and MRI, and all DDF tendon lesions identified by one modality were identified by the other. Of 48 limbs with DDF tendinopathy, 46 (96%) had core lesions and 35 (73%) had dorsal border irregularities. Median anesthesia time for CT and CT followed by MRI was 15 and 110 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that non-contrast-enhanced CT was useful for identifying DDF tendinopathy in horses with lameness localized to the phalangeal regions, and this was supported by consistency of findings in a subset of horses that underwent MRI. Further research is needed to confirm these results.
Collapse
|
17
|
Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Mosbah E, Zaghloul A. Ultrasonographic, Computed Tomographic, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Normal Donkeys (Equus asinus) Digit. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Schiavo S, Cillán-García E, Elce Y, Liuti T, Taylor SE. Horses with solar foot penetration, deep digital flexor tendon injury, and absence of concurrent synovial sepsis can have a positive outcome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:697-704. [PMID: 30159973 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar foot penetration is one of the causes of deep digital flexor tendon injuries in horses, however, limited information is available on the prognosis for return to soundness in the absence of synovial sepsis. Objectives of this retrospective observational study were to describe low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and long-term outcome for a group of horses with this combination of clinical problems. Horses were included if low-field standing MRI of the foot was performed following puncture wounds, injury of the deep digital flexor tendon was diagnosed, and sepsis was confirmed to be absent in all adjacent synovial structures (distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bursa, and digital flexor tendon sheath). Medical records were reviewed and MRI studies were re-interpreted. Follow-up information was obtained via a telephone questionnaire at a minimum of 6 months post-injury. A total of 11 horses met inclusion criteria. In three horses, the deep digital flexor tendon injury was only visible in the T2 fast spin echo sequence and contrast radiography improved diagnostic certainty. The most commonly affected area was between the distal border of the distal sesamoid bone and the facies flexoria of the distal phalanx (6/11, 55%). Six horses (60%) had an excellent outcome (5, show jumping; 1, general purpose) and returned to full athletic function. Five horses (40%) were sound but had not yet resumed full work at the time of follow-up. Findings indicated that the prognosis for return to soundness can be good for horses with solar penetration, deep digital flexor injury, and absence of synovial sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiavo
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Dick Vet Equine Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Eugenio Cillán-García
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Dick Vet Equine Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Yvonne Elce
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Dick Vet Equine Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Dick Vet Equine Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Crişan MI, Damian A, Ştefănuţ LC, Dezdrobitu CC, Neagu DM, Denoix JM. Global Epidemiological Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With the Deep Digital Flexor Tendinopathy in the Equine Distal Limb: 100 Cases. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
20
|
Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, McCoy AM, Selberg KT. Recent advances in conservative and surgical treatment options of common equine foot problems. Vet J 2018; 237:9-15. [PMID: 30089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot problems are very common causes of lameness in horses. With the recent diagnostic advances to evaluate and treat foot pathology as well as to monitor response to therapy, it is now possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of many of these treatments. This review details some of the recent advances of the most common conservative and surgical treatment options for foot problems in horses, including an overview of evidence on the efficacy to support the use of these treatment options and on factors that may affect prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - A M McCoy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K T Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Quiney LE, Ireland JL, Dyson SJ. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of skeletal scintigraphy for the causes of front foot pain determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:490-498. [PMID: 29750846 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is good correlation between increased radiopharmaceutical uptake anywhere in the feet of sports or leisure horses and the presence of foot pain. However, low sensitivity of scintigraphy for identifying lesions contributing to foot pain as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical study was to assess the accuracy of scintigraphy for identifying the cause(s) of foot pain, using MRI as the reference standard. Sports and leisure horses that underwent both skeletal scintigraphy and MRI of the front feet between March 2008 and December 2014 and for which a definitive diagnosis of the cause(s) of front foot pain was reached were included (121 feet of 70 horses). Imaging studies were evaluated retrospectively, blindly. Agreements between scintigraphic localization of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake and subjective categorization of lesions with MRI diagnosis were assessed using Kappa statistics (κ). Measures of diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Sensitivity of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake varied among regions (31.8-76.2%) but specificity was at least high for all (84.6-100%). Agreements between both scintigraphy measures and MRI diagnosis were substantial for the distal phalanx (palmar processes and body) (κ = 0.77 and κ = 0.74, respectively), and ungular cartilages and chondral ligaments (κ = 0.62, for both). When all regions were combined, agreements of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (κ = 0.49) and relevance categorization (κ = 0.45) with MRI diagnosis were moderate. In conclusion, skeletal scintigraphy does not meet the minimum reliability level for a diagnostic test, but is reliable for identification of osseous trauma to the distal phalanx and ungular cartilages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Quiney
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Joanne L Ireland
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Sue J Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dau S, Azevedo M, Corte FDL, Brass K, Gallio M, Ceni F, Lubini B. Response of three digital anesthetic technics in horses with forelimb hoof lameness. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The presented study aimed to assess objectively the response of distal interphalangeal joint (DIJ), navicular bursa (NB) and deep digital flexor tendon sheath (DDFTS) anesthesia in horses with forelimb hoof lameness; and evaluate if the presence of radiographic abnormalities on navicular bone could interfere on blocks’ results. Fifteen horses with lameness improvement above 70% after palmar digital nerve (PDN) block were selected for this study. Blocks were assessed separately on five consecutive trials at seven different time-points. The fifth trial was performed to evaluate the influence of exercise on preexisting lameness. Most of horses (73.33%) presented pain related to the podotrochlear apparatus based on clinical and lameness exam and blocks’ responses. NB and DIJ anesthesia differed on the frequency of horses with lameness improvement above 70% only at 10min (p=0.03), and both differed from DDFTS block until 30’(p<0.05). The blocks’ response was variable along the time and the highest means for NB, DIJ and DDFTS were observed at 5-10 minutes (’), 15-20’ and 10-15’ respectively.Exercise had low interference on lameness intensity since no improvement above 50% was observed and an increase on lameness intensity over time was identified in seven horses. Variable grades of navicular bone radiographic lesions were observed in 14 horses, although these lesions had no interference on blocks’ response (p>0.05). The NB and DIJ blocks had similar responses and both were superior to DDFTS anesthesia, coincident with a major prevalence of podotroclear apparatus abnormalities in this equine population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Dau
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - K.E. Brass
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - M. Gallio
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - F. Ceni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Groom LM, White NA, Adams MN, Barrett JG. Accuracy of open magnetic resonance imaging for guiding injection of the equine deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:671-678. [PMID: 28681515 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the distal deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) are frequently diagnosed using MRI in horses with foot pain. Intralesional injection of biologic therapeutics shows promise in tendon healing; however, accurate injection of distal deep digital flexor tendon lesions within the hoof is difficult. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate accuracy of a technique for injection of the deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof using MRI-guidance, which could be performed in standing patients. We hypothesized that injection of the distal deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof could be accurately guided using open low-field MRI to target either the lateral or medial lobe at a specific location. Ten cadaver limbs were positioned in an open, low-field MRI unit. Each distal deep digital flexor tendon lobe was assigned to have a proximal (adjacent to the proximal aspect of the navicular bursa) or distal (adjacent to the navicular bone) injection. A titanium needle was inserted into each tendon lobe, guided by T1-weighted transverse images acquired simultaneously during injection. Colored dye was injected as a marker and postinjection MRI and gross sections were assessed. The success of injection as evaluated on gross section was 85% (70% proximal, 100% distal). The success of injection as evaluated by MRI was 65% (60% proximal, 70% distal). There was no significant difference between the success of injecting the medial versus lateral lobe. The major limitation of this study was the use of cadaver limbs with normal tendons. The authors conclude that injection of the distal deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof is possible using MRI guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Groom
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, 24060
| | - Nathaniel A White
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, 24060
| | - M Norris Adams
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, 24060
| | - Jennifer G Barrett
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, 24060
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Janvier V, Olive J, Rossier Y. Magnetic Resonance Assessment of the Equine Distal Phalanx Facies Flexoria. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
Humbach KE, Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD. Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon for treatment of chronic deep digital flexor tendinopathy in three Quarter Horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Humbach
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - S. D. Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marcatili M, Marshall J, Voute L. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided injection of platelet-rich plasma for treatment of an insertional core lesion of the deep digital flexor tendon within the foot of a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Marcatili
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow; UK
- Pool House Equine Clinic; Crown Inn Farm; Lichfield Staffordshire UK
| | - J. Marshall
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow; UK
| | - L. Voute
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow; UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Is there an association between clinical features, response to diagnostic analgesia and radiological findings in horses with a magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of navicular disease or other injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus? Vet J 2015; 204:40-6. [PMID: 25724857 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous descriptions of the clinical features of navicular disease occurred before the widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed a more definitive diagnosis of foot pain. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical features of horses with lesions of the podotrochlear apparatus with those with other causes of foot pain. It was hypothesised that primary navicular bone disease would be associated with more advanced radiological findings than other diagnoses. A retrospective study was performed of all horses examined at a referral centre with a definitive diagnosis of foot pain based on MRI ± post-mortem examination. Clinical examination findings, response to diagnostic analgesia and radiological grading of the navicular bone were compared among five diagnosis groups: (1) primary navicular bone pathology (NB); (2) lesions of the collateral sesamoidean ligament and/or distal sesamoidean impar ligament (CSL + DSIL); (3) primary deep digital flexor tendon injury (DDFT); (4) navicular bone pathology and other lesions of the podotrochlear apparatus ± DDFT (PTA) and (5) Other. There were 702 horses (NB, 62; CSL + DSIL, 180; DDFT, 69; PTA, 92; Other, 299). Horses with PTA injuries were more frequently unilaterally lame than other groups (P = 0.04). Horses with DDFT injury were more likely to exhibit pain on turning than other groups (P <0.01). There were no associations between response to diagnostic analgesia and diagnostic group, and no association between radiological grade and diagnostic group. Clinical examination findings generally did not discriminate between diseases of the PTA and other causes of foot pain. Overall radiological scores of the navicular bone did not accurately predict navicular bone pathology.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sherlock CE, Mair TS, Ireland J, Blunden T. Do low field magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities correlate with macroscopical and histological changes within the equine deep digital flexor tendon? Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:92-7. [PMID: 25555604 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Correlating magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathological findings is essential to validate low field MR imaging in lame horses. This study aimed to compare signal changes in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of the distal limb on low field MR imaging with macroscopical and histological findings. Cadaver limbs from lame horses with DDFT lesions were selected. The DDFT MR imaging findings and histopathological results were graded, and macroscopical abnormalities were recorded. There was a strong correlation between MR imaging and histopathology grades (rs = 0.76, p < 0.001) in the foot. There was moderate agreement (Kappa statistic 0.52) between the MR and histopathology grades; agreement was superior further proximal in the foot. The presence and severity of pathology in the DDFT are well represented by the presence and severity of MR imaging signal changes. The study supports the use of low field MR imaging for diagnosis of equine distal limb DDFT lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Sherlock
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Kent ME18 5GS, UK.
| | - T S Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Kent ME18 5GS, UK
| | - J Ireland
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - T Blunden
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, Werpy NM, White NA, Mitchell MA, Edwards RB, Mitchell RD, Gold SJ, Allen AK. Outcome of palmar/plantar digital neurectomy in horses with foot pain evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging: 50 cases (2005-2011). Equine Vet J 2014; 47:160-4. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - N. M. Werpy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida USA
| | - N. A. White
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center; Leesburg Virginia USA
| | - M. A. Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - R. B. Edwards
- Fairfield Equine Associates; Newtown Connecticut USA
| | | | - S. J. Gold
- BW Furlong & Associates; Oldwick New Jersey USA
| | - A. K. Allen
- Virginia Equine Imaging; The Plains Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bladon B. Magnetic resonance imaging and foot lameness. Problem solved? Or do we know we know less now that we know more? Equine Vet J 2014; 46:264-6. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Bladon
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Surgery; Newbury Berkshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hunter BG, Huber MJ, Nemanic S. The use of computed tomography to diagnose bilateral forelimb tendon pathology in a horse with unilateral lameness. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. G. Hunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Corvallis USA
| | - M. J. Huber
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Corvallis USA
| | - S. Nemanic
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Corvallis USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
New Concepts in Standing Advanced Diagnostic Equine Imaging. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:239-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
Cillán-García E, Milner PI, Talbot A, Tucker R, Hendey F, Boswell J, Reardon RJM, Taylor SE. Deep digital flexor tendon injury within the hoof capsule; does lesion type or location predict prognosis? Vet Rec 2013; 173:70. [PMID: 23736518 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The type and location of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions may be important in predicting outcome. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of different types of DDFT lesions within the hoof capsule and to determine whether lesion type predicts return to athletic activity. Lesions of the DDFT were divided into: core lesions, dorsal border lesions and parasagittal splits. Lesion location was documented, and follow-up information was obtained by telephone survey at least 18 months after diagnosis. Of 168 horses with primary DDFT injury, 54 horses had dorsal border lesions, 59 had parasagittal splits and 55 had core lesions. Twenty-five per cent of all horses returned to previous levels of athletic activity within 18 months of MRI evaluation. Horses with complete splits or core lesions of the DDFT were significantly less likely to return to some level of athletic activity than horses with dorsal border lesions P<0.001. Dorsal border lesions of the DDFT appear to have a better prognosis than core lesions or parasagittal splits. This study provides additional information that may help clinicians predict the prognosis for different types of DDFT injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Cillán-García
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marsh CA, Schneider RK, Sampson SN, Roberts GD. Response to injection of the navicular bursa with corticosteroid and hyaluronan following high-field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with signs of navicular syndrome: 101 cases (2000-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 241:1353-64. [PMID: 23113529 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.10.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine treatment outcome on the basis of pathological changes identified on MRI and lameness duration in horses with navicular syndrome that underwent injection of corticosteroid and hyaluronan into the navicular bursa. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 101 horses with navicular syndrome. PROCEDURES Medical records of horses with signs of navicular syndrome evaluated between January 2000 and December 2008 were reviewed. Data on signalment, use of the horse, history, affected limbs, duration of lameness, findings on lameness examination, radiographic findings, MRI findings, treatment, and outcome were collected from the medical records. Follow-up information was obtained a minimum of 10 months after navicular bursa injection. RESULTS Following navicular bursa injection, 76 of 101 (75%) horses returned to their intended use for a mean of 9.66 months, and 35 (35%) were sound at follow-up. Horses that had been lame for < 6 months before treatment were significantly more likely to return to their intended use, have a longer positive response to treatment, and be sound at follow-up, compared with horses that had a longer lameness history. Horses with primary deep digital flexor (DDF) tendonitis responded best to navicular bursa injection with rest and rehabilitation, followed by horses with navicular bursitis and horses with DDF tendonitis and adhesions to the collateral sesamoidean ligament of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. Horses with scar tissue in the proximal portion of the navicular bursa, adhesions from the navicular bone to the DDF tendon, or multiple abnormalities did not respond as well to treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Response to navicular bursa injection with corticosteroid and hyaluronan in horses with navicular syndrome was dependent on the disease process detected on MRI and duration of lameness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Marsh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Development of an Increased Signal Intensity in Fat-Suppressed Images into a Navicular Cyst of an 11-Year-Old Warmblood Horse Evidenced by Six Follow-Up Standing Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Examinations Over 2 Years. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
38
|
Schumacher J, Schramme MC, Schumacher J, DeGraves FJ. Diagnostic analgesia of the equine digit. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Schumacher
- Sports Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Alabama; USA
| | - M. C. Schramme
- Equine Clinic; National Veterinary School of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile; France
| | - J. Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Tennessee; USA
| | - F. J. DeGraves
- Ogden College of Science and Engineering; Western Kentucky University; Kentucky; USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Parkes RS, Richard Newton J, Dyson SJ. An investigation of risk factors for foot-related lameness in a United Kingdom referral population of horses. Vet J 2012; 196:218-25. [PMID: 23122618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lameness relating to the foot of the horse is common, but the majority of information concerning risk factors for injury is anecdotal. The objectives of this study were to investigate risk factors for foot-related pain in a referral population of horses, with particular reference to injury/disease of the podotrochlear apparatus (PTA), by comparison with the remainder of the clinic population. It was hypothesised that there would be an increased risk of foot pain associated with breed, work discipline, age, height and bodyweight (BW). A retrospective study of all horses examined at a referral centre between 2001 and 2010 was performed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. There were 4618 horses investigated, 1132 of which had foot pain. There was increased risk of foot pain in multivariable analyses (all categories combined) in horses aged 6-9 and 10-15 years (OR = 1.60 and 1.72, respectively), compared with horses <6 years old, in show jumpers (OR = 1.44) compared with dressage horses, Thoroughbred cross-breeds (OR = 1.53) compared with Warmbloods and in horses with a BW:height ratio in the upper two quartiles (3.45-3.71 or >3.71; OR = 1.55 and 1.44, respectively), compared with the lowest quartile (<3.19). Racehorses had reduced risk for all types of foot pain combined (OR = 0.13) compared with dressage horses. Risk factors for PTA injury were age (10-15 years, OR = 2.12; >15 years, OR = 3.36, compared with <6 years old), BW:height ratio (>3.45-3.71 (OR = 2.75), >3.71 (OR = 2.06), compared with <3.19) and Thoroughbred cross-breed (OR = 1.73) compared with Warmbloods. Show jumpers had an increased risk of PTA and other injuries (OR = 2.29) when compared with dressage horses. Age, breed, work discipline and BW:height ratio influenced the risk of foot pain, but other factors probably also play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Parkes
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Vanel M, Olive J, Gold S, Mitchell RD, Walker L. Clinical significance and prognosis of deep digital flexor tendinopathy assessed over time using MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:621-7. [PMID: 22741926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep digital flexor (DDF) tendinopathy is one of the most frequent causes of foot lameness and the prognosis is guarded. The progress of lesion healing may be followed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to formulate a prognosis and to adapt the rehabilitation program. We assessed the correlation of outcome with total tendon damage and temporal resolution of MR abnormalities. Images from 34 horses with DDF tendinopathy that had undergone at least two low-field standing MR examinations of the foot (mean 2.5 ± 1.3 times) were reviewed. No horse having a T1-GRE hyperintense lesion over 30 mm in length or over 10% tendon cross-sectional area returned to its previous activity level. Horses with concomitant lesions had worse outcome than horses with DDF tendinopathy only (P = 0.005). In all horses including those with excellent outcome, the lesion persisted, even mildly, in T1-GRE and PD images. Horses with tendon lesion resolution on STIR-FSE and T2-FSE images on recheck examination had a better outcome (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.002, respectively), and all horses that returned to their previous level of performance had complete resolution of signal hyperintensity on the STIR-FSE sequence. Although rehabilitation remains multifactorial, characteristics of DDF tendinopathy and concomitant lesions on first and recheck MR examinations allow refining the prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maïa Vanel
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Holowinski ME, Solano M, Maranda L, García-López JM. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF NAVICULAR BURSA ADHESIONS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:566-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen E. Holowinski
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; 200 Westboro Road; North Grafton; MA; 01536
| | - Mauricio Solano
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; 200 Westboro Road; North Grafton; MA; 01536
| | - Louise Maranda
- University of Massachusetts; 55 Lake Avenue North; Worcester; MA; 01655
| | - José M. García-López
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; 200 Westboro Road; North Grafton; MA; 01536
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dyson S, Blunden T, Murray R. Comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and histological findings in the navicular bone of horses with foot pain. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:692-8. [PMID: 22494146 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There is limited knowledge about both histological features in early navicular disease and what histological features are represented by increased signal intensity in fat-suppressed magnetic resonance (MR) images of the navicular bone. OBJECTIVE To characterise increased signal intensity in the spongiosa of the navicular bone in fat-suppressed MR images and to compare this with histopathology; and to compare objective grading of all aspects of the navicular bone on MR images with histological findings. METHODS One or both front feet of 22 horses with foot pain and a median lameness duration of 3 months were examined using high-field MR imaging (MRI) and histopathology. The dorsal, palmar, proximal and distal borders of the navicular bone and the spongiosa were assigned an MRI grade (0-3) and a histological grade and compared statistically. RESULTS Increased signal intensity in the spongiosa of the navicular bone was associated with a variety of abnormalities, including fat atrophy, with lipocytes showing loss of definition of cytoplasmic borders, a proliferation of capillaries within the altered marrow fat, perivascular or interstitial oedema, enlarged intertrabecular bone spaces, fibroplasia and thinned trabeculae showing loss of bone with irregularly spiculated edges of moth-eaten appearance. There were significant associations among histological lesions of the fibrocartilage, calcified cartilage and subchondral bone. There were also significant associations between MRI grading of the spongiosa and both histological marrow fat grade and the combined maximum of the MRI grades for the fibrocartilage. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Increased signal intensity in the spongiosa of the navicular bone in fat-suppressed MR images may occur in association with lesions of the fibrocartilage with or without subchondral bone or may represent a separate disease entity, particularly if diffuse, reflecting a variety of alterations of trabecular bone and marrow fat architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies and Centre for Preventative Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Suffolk, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jacquet S, Denoix JM. Ultrasonographic examination of the distal podotrochlear apparatus of the horse: A transcuneal approach. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
SMITH MRW, WRIGHT IM. Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: Observations, treatment and outcome in 92 cases with identified pathology. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:339-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
MILNER PI, SIDWELL S, TALBOT AM, CLEGG PD. Short-term temporal alterations in magnetic resonance signal occur in primary lesions identified in the deep digital flexor tendon of the equine digit. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:157-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
47
|
Vallance SA, Bell RJW, Spriet M, Kass PH, Puchalski SM. Comparisons of computed tomography, contrast enhanced computed tomography and standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with lameness localised to the foot. Part 1: anatomic visualisation scores. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:51-6. [PMID: 21623900 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To date, few reports exist comparing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for imaging of the equine distal limb, yet clinicians are required to decide which modality to use regularly. OBJECTIVES To report and compare anatomic visualisation scores obtained for CT, contrast enhanced CT (CECT) and standing low-field MRI (LFMRI) in the equine foot. HYPOTHESIS Anatomic visualisation score discrepancies would exist between CT, CECT and LFMRI. METHODS Images of 22 lame horses (31 limbs) undergoing both CT and LFMRI of the foot were reviewed. When available, CECT images were reviewed. The deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) was categorised into proximal to distal levels (A-D), structures were assigned visualisation scores (Grades 0-3) and technique comparisons were made using the paired marginal homogeneity test. RESULTS Computed tomography and LFMRI had similar visibility scores for the navicular bone, middle phalanx, DDFT-B, collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint and collateral sesamoidean ligament of the navicular bone. The proximal and distal phalanx had lower visibility scores with LFMRI. The distal DDFT (C-D), distal sesamoidean impar ligament and synovial structures had higher scores with LFMRI. Contrast enhanced CT lowered DDFT and collateral sesamoidean ligament scores and raised distal interphalangeal synovium CT visualisation scores. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Visualisation scores differ depending on imaging technique and anatomic structure of interest. This information increases our understanding of the limitations of CT, CECT and LFMRI to visualise anatomy in clinical cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Vallance
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
SILVER IA, JEFFCOTT LB, ROSSDALE PD. Fifty years of the British Equine Veterinary Association as a facilitator of progress in equine clinical science. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:618-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
49
|
Seignour M, Pasquet H, Coudry V, Denoix JM. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of injuries to the deep digital flexor tendon and associated structures in the equine foot (suprasesamoidean area). EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
50
|
|