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Hollis AR. Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Horses: An Update of the Aetiopathogenesis and Treatment Options. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00056-7. [PMID: 39168748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas are a very common tumor type in horses, and are found in a variety of dermatologic and non-dermatologic locations. Metastasis is common, even at the first presentation of the disease, and a full staging workup is therefore strongly recommended to direct treatment and assist with prognostication. Wide surgical excision remains the treatment of choice in most cases, but recurrence is common, and adjunctive therapy may be indicated to improve the long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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2
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Malalana F. Chemotherapeutics in Equine Practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00053-1. [PMID: 39155164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancerous cells through the use of cytotoxic drugs. Whilst the use of systemic (intravenous) chemotherapy in equine practice is generally limited to the management of lymphoma, cytotoxic drugs are commonly used in the treatment of accessible skin tumors, either by topical application in the form of ointments or injected intralesionally. These drugs should be employed with caution due to the risk of serious adverse effects. In addition, extreme caution should be followed when preparing, handling, administering, and disposing them, due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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3
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Pimenta J, Prada J, Pires I, Cotovio M. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Sci 2024; 11:77. [PMID: 38393095 PMCID: PMC10891553 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine melanocytic tumors are common and have an unusual benign behavior with low invasiveness and metastatic rates. However, tumoral mass growth is usually a concern that can have life-threatening consequences. COX-2 is related to oncogenesis, promoting neoplastic cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in equine melanocytic tumors. Through extension and intensity of labeling, 39 melanocytomas and 38 melanomas were evaluated. Of the malignant tumors, 13.2% were negative and 63.2% presented a low COX-2 expression. Only 6 malignant tumors presented >50% of labeled cells, 18 malignant and 8 benign had an expression between 21 and 50%, 8 malignant and 3 benign tumors had an expression between 6 and 20%, 1 malignant tumor had an expression between 1 and 5%, and 5 malignant and 28 benign tumors had no expression. Malignant tumors showed higher COX-2 expression than did benign tumors, with statistically significant differences. The low levels of COX-2 may be one of the molecular reasons for the presence of expansive mass growth instead of the invasive pattern of other species, which is related to high COX-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pimenta
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG—Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Cotovio
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Kretsch CM, Simpson KM, Rawlinson JE, Laurence H, Spraker TR. Regional and Distant Metastasis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Male Castrated Llama: A Case Report. J Vet Dent 2022; 38:216-222. [PMID: 35023391 DOI: 10.1177/08987564211073533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 19-year-old male castrated llama presented with a 3-year history of tooth root abscesses and an osseous mass on the left mandible. Surgical excision of the affected teeth and mass was performed, and histopathologic review indicated that the mass was an oral squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was admitted to the hospital again 4 months later in severe respiratory distress with submandibular edema, and bicavitary effusion. Necropsy results revealed regional and distant metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cileah M Kretsch
- 70722Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678
| | - Katharine M Simpson
- 70722Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678
| | | | - Hannah Laurence
- 70722Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678
| | - Terry R Spraker
- 70722Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678
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Zetterström SM, Matz BM, Neto RLALT, Lindley SES, Cole RC, Wilhite R, Boone LH. Partial parotid sialoadenectomy in a horse with parotid ductal carcinoma: Surgical description and case report. Vet Surg 2021; 51:296-302. [PMID: 34850982 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the surgical findings, histopathological features, and long-term outcome for a horse with parotid salivary carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN Case report ANIMALS: Twelve year old American Quarter Horse gelding. METHODS The gelding was presented for a 10 × 10 cm swelling below the base of the right ear. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a mass involving the right parotid salivary gland. Incisional biopsy was consistent with parotid carcinoma. The tumor was marginally excised. The lateral wall of the guttural pouch was excised with the mass and was reconstructed with a porcine small intestinal submucosal (SIS) sheet. Cisplatin beads were implanted in the wound bed prior to closure. Firocoxib (0.1 mg/kg orally, daily, every 24 h) treatment was initiated. RESULTS Postoperative complications included right-sided facial nerve paralysis, difficulty with deglutition of fibrous feeds, and surgical site dehiscence. Wound healing was achieved by second intention. Partial improvement in nerve function was observed within the first 6 months. At 12 months postparotidectomy, no sign of tumor reoccurrence or metastatic disease was present, and the gelding returned to work. CONCLUSION Partial parotid sialoadenectomy was performed with a favorable long-term outcome. Regional anatomic knowledge is crucial.
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Jones AL, Suárez-Bonnet A, Mitchell JA, Ramirez GA, Stidworthy MF, Priestnall SL. Avian Papilloma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Virological study. J Comp Pathol 2020; 175:13-23. [PMID: 32138838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective study, we describe the histopathological findings in seven papillomas and 45 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from psittacine birds, raptors and domestic fowl. The age of affected birds ranged from 3 to 40 years, with median age significantly higher in psittacines (P = 0.014). The majority of tumours were located in the skin (24/52, 46.2%) or uropygial gland (10/52, 19.2%). Thirty of the SCCs (66.7%) were well differentiated and 15 (33.3%) were poorly-differentiated. SCCs exhibited a significantly higher degree of nuclear pleomorphism (P = 0.005) and a greater proportion were ulcerated (P = 0.001) compared with papillomas; however, there was no significant difference in mitotic count (MC) or inflammation score. The expression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and E-cadherin was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The COX-2 total score (TS) was significantly higher in SCCs compared with papillomas (P = 0.002), but the difference between COX-2 TS of well- and poorly-differentiated SCCs was not significant. COX-2 labelling was predominantly cytoplasmic, but some tumours had concurrent membranous and/or perinuclear labelling. SCCs with membranous labelling had a significantly higher MC (P = 0.028). A significantly higher proportion of SCCs were negative for E-cadherin compared with papillomas (P = 0.042), but there was no significant difference between well- and poorly-differentiated SCCs. Fourteen papillomas and SCCs from psittacines were also tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of Psittacus erithacus papillomavirus 1 and Psittacid herpesvirus 1, but all samples tested negative. We demonstrate for the first time the expression of COX-2 and E-cadherin in avian tissues, and suggest that these markers may be useful in differentiating papillomas from SCCs, particularly when sample size is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Jones
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - A Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J A Mitchell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - G A Ramirez
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Campus of the Agrifood, Forestry and Veterinary Sciences, Universitat de Lleida, Av. de l'Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Spain
| | - M F Stidworthy
- IZVG Pathology, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, UK
| | - S L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Morrison ML, Groover E, Schumacher J, Newton J, Pereira MM. Lingual Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Two Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:35-38. [PMID: 31405497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in horses, but lingual SCC has seldom been reported. On separate occasions, a 12-year-old American Quarter Horse mare and an 18-year-old American Saddlebred stallion were presented to the Auburn University Large Animal Teaching Hospital for evaluation of weight loss, dysphagia, and ptyalism. Evaluation of each horse included physical examination, skull radiographs, oral examination, complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile, endoscopic evaluation of the mouth, and biopsy of tissue from a lesion found on the tongue. Histopathologic assessment of tissue harvested from the lingual lesions led to a diagnosis of SCC in each case. The diagnosis prompted euthanasia for one horse, but radiation therapy appeared to delay the progression of the lesion in the other horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lane Morrison
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - Erin Groover
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL.
| | - John Schumacher
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - Joseph Newton
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - Mariano Mora Pereira
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
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Suárez-Bonnet A, Willis C, Pittaway R, Smith K, Mair T, Priestnall SL. Molecular carcinogenesis in equine penile cancer: A potential animal model for human penile cancer. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:532.e9-532.e18. [PMID: 30270026 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the expression of COX-2, E-cadherin, vimentin, 14-3-3σ, and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor-related proteins in equine penile papillomas (ePP) and squamous cell carcinomas (ePSCC), the occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the invasion front (IF) and compare our findings with current knowledge on human penile squamous cell carcinoma (hPSCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed, by immunohistochemistry in 45 equine penile proliferative epithelial lesions, the expression of COX-2, E-cadherin, vimentin, 14-3-3σ, and PTEN using monoclonal antibodies. Tumors were histopathologically classified as well-differentiated or poorly differentiated using the IF grading scheme. Semiquantitative analysis was performed to determine down or up-regulation of the proteins and association with histopathological characteristics were statistically investigated using Mann-Whitney U test and/or Spearman's tests. RESULTS COX-2 was neo-expressed in 86.6% of the cases and expression progressively increased from ePP to ePSCC (P = 0.0003) and from well to poorly differentiated (P = 0.033). High COX-2 expression was associated with a high mitotic index (MI) (P = 0.026). In contrast to normal epidermis, ePSCC had very low E-cadherin expression in 64% of the cases (P = 0.0005). Vimentin was neo-expressed in 65% of poorly differentiated ePSCC at the IF indicating EMT. Cytoplasmic 14-3-3σ protein expression was reduced in 42% of the ePSCC and additionally, nuclear expression of 14-3-3σ in neoplastic keratinocytes and in the cytoplasm of stromal fibroblasts at the IF was features only found in ePSCC. PTEN protein showed a tendency to be decreased or lost in ePSCC. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence of molecular abnormalities in ePSCC similar to those reported for human PSCC. The occurrence of EMT at the IF is a common event in ePSCC. Naturally occurring ePSCC could serve as a valuable preclinical animal model to explore upcoming therapeutic options for hPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Claire Willis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rachel Pittaway
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ken Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Tim Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Maidstone, Kent ME18 5GS, UK
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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10
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Rassnick KM, Njaa BL. Cyclooxygenase-2 Immunoreactivity in Equine Ocular Squamous-Cell Carcinoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:436-9. [PMID: 17609359 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common tumor in horses, and 40%-50% may occur in ocular and adnexal structures. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandins that control cell growth and the development and progression of cancer. Mechanisms responsible for the initial upregulation of COX-2 in neoplasia are unclear; prolonged sunlight exposure and mutations in the p53 gene may be possibilities. Because the etiopathogenesis of ocular SCC in horses may involve ultraviolet sunlight and p53 mutations, the purpose of this study was to characterize the immunoreactivity of COX-2 in these tumors. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was found in 6 of 22 (27%) paraffin-embedded equine SCCs. Cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity was associated with the mitotic index ( P < 0.001). Strategies to inhibit COX-2 by the use of topical or systemic COX-2 inhibitors might prove to be a safe and economical treatment in some horses with SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Rassnick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE HIND FEET PADS IN A SOUTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM SIMUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:645-9. [PMID: 27468043 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0001.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current report describes the temporary regression, due to intensive symptomatic treatment, of ulcerative skin lesions caused by squamous cell carcinoma in a white rhinoceros. A captive, 40-yr-old southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) developed profound, ulcerative skin lesions on the pads of both hind feet. At the peak of the disease, at least one quarter of the pads was affected. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was made via biopsy. Treatment included anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and local care. The lesions regressed on both feet until they seemed clinically healed. It was presumed that long-term, anti-inflammatory treatment and local bandaging had induced the temporary regression of the lesions. Two years later, however, a small ulcerative lesion reappeared on one pad and post mortem examination confirmed that the carcinoma was also histologically present in the clinically intact tissue. No metastasis was found and computed tomography showed normal digital bones.
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Busechian S, Gialletti R, Brachelente C, Corsalini J, Nannarone S, Rueca F. Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder in a 12-Year-Old Gelding. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tornago R, Sabattini S, De Simoi A, Bettini G, Furlanello T, Baldassarre V, Cornali M, Mazzucato M, Carlin S, Gentilini F. Treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a horse by surgical debulking followed by metronomic chemotherapy. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Tornago
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - S. Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - A. De Simoi
- Feltrina Veterinary Clinic; Feltre Belluno Italy
| | - G. Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | | | | | - M. Cornali
- Ippodromo di Merano Veterinary Horse Clinic; Merano Italy
| | | | - S. Carlin
- Ippodromo di Merano Veterinary Horse Clinic; Merano Italy
| | - F. Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
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Lisowski ZM, Mair TS, Fews D. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in a 12-year-old Belgian Warmblood gelding. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. S. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic; Mereworth Kent
| | - D. Fews
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
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van den Top JGB, Harkema L, Ensink JM, Barneveld A, Martens A, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Gröne A. Expression of cyclo-oxygenases-1 and -2, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in penile and preputial papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in the horse. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:618-24. [PMID: 23879794 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Penile and preputial papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are commonly diagnosed in horses. Papillomas have the potential to progress to potentially lethal SCC. Knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms may help in prevention and definition of treatment targets. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study using archived material. OBJECTIVES To determine the expression of cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in penile and preputial normal tissue, papilloma and SCC in horses, and whether expression of these enzymes is influenced by degree of inflammation and differentiation grade. METHODS Tumour differentiation grade, degree of inflammation and COX-1, COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in 75 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples of penile and preputial papilloma and SCC of 68 horses were investigated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Inflammation was more prominent in SCC compared with papilloma. No correlation between expression of COX-1 or COX-2 and inflammation was found. Expression of mPGES-1 was weakly correlated with inflammation. Expression of COX-1, COX-2 and mPGES-1 was found in 42.6%, 50.7% and 96.0% of lesions respectively, but less than 1% of cells were immunopositive for COX-1 and COX-2 in 59.4% and 84.2% of cases respectively. Expression of COX-1 was moderately negatively correlated with differentiation grade, COX-2 was not correlated and mPGES-1 was poorly negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in penile and preputial SCC in the horse is poor and COX inhibitors may thus be of little value for prevention or treatment. Microsomal PGES-1 is more prominently expressed in well-differentiated tissue compared with poorly differentiated tissue. Further research on the role of mPGES-1 in carcinogenesis is needed to assess its potential use as a treatment target. Knowledge of arachidonic pathway enzyme expression and their role in equine penile and preputial carcinogenesis may help in developing preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G B van den Top
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Witte S. Maxillectomy and mandibulectomy in the horse: Indications and necessity of post operative adjunct therapy. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Witte
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Universität Bern, Bern; Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Taylor
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette; Indiana; USA
| | - G. Haldorson
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology; Washington State University; Pullman; Washington; USA
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Gebbie RC, Hardcastle MR, Hunter SA, Hartman AC. Transcoelomic spread and metastasis of a squamous cell carcinoma of presumed pancreatic duct origin in a cat. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:154-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.639056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Van den Top JGB, Ensink JM, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR. Penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma in the horse and proposal of a classification system. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Witte TH, Perkins JD. Early diagnosis may hold the key to the successful treatment of nasal and paranasal sinus neoplasia in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Giuliano EA. Equine periocular neoplasia: current concepts in aetiopathogenesis and emerging treatment modalities. Equine Vet J 2010:9-18. [PMID: 20939161 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.tb05629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neoplastic adnexal disease represents one of the most frequently encountered and therapeutically challenging ophthalmic problems of horses. This paper reviews current concepts in equine periocular neoplasia. Specifically, a literature-based review of the aetiopathogenesis of the most common tumours to affect the equine eyelid (squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoid, melanoma and lymphosarcoma) is provided. Current and emerging treatment modalities, including photodynamic therapy, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Giuliano
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Van Den TOP JGB, ENSINK JM, GRÖNE A, KLEIN WR, BARNEVELD A, Van WEEREN PR. Penile and preputial tumours in the horse: Literature review and proposal of a standardised approach. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:746-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX; also known as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase) is a key enzyme in the biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of prostaglandins. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental evidence supports a role for COX-2, the inducible form of the enzyme, in human tumorigenesis, notably in colorectal cancer. COX-2 mediates this role through the production of PGE(2) that acts to inhibit apoptosis, promote cell proliferation, stimulate angiogenesis, and decrease immunity. Similarly, COX-2 is believed to be involved in the oncogenesis of some cancers in domestic animals. Here, the author reviews the current knowledge on COX-2 expression and role in cancers of dogs, cats, and horses. Data indicate that COX-2 upregulation is present in many animal cancers, but there is presently not enough information to clearly define the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression. To date, only few reports document an association between COX-2 expression and survival, notably in canine mammary cancers and osteosarcomas. Some evidence suggests that COX inhibitors could be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of certain cancers in domestic animals, the best example being urinary transitional cell carcinomas in dogs. However, determination of the levels of COX-2 in a tumor does not appear to be a good prognostic factor or a good indicator for the response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. Clearly, additional research, including the development of in vitro cell systems, is needed to determine if COX-2 expression can be used as a reliable prognostic factor and as a definite therapeutic target in animal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Doré
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
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Thamm DH, Ehrhart EJ, Charles JB, Elce YA. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Equine Tumors. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:825-8. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-6-825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed in some tumor and stromal tissues, and catalyzes production of prostaglandins with growth stimulatory, antiapoptotic, proangiogenic, and immunosuppressive properties. Pharmacologic inhibition of COX-2 is associated with antitumor activity in various human and canine malignancies. The purpose of this study was to assess COX-2 expression in a series of equine sarcoids, melanomas, and squamous-cell carcinomas (SCC). COX-2 expression was assessed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 14 sarcoids, 11 melanomas, and 37 SCC that represent various anatomic sites by using standard immunohistochemical methods. COX-2 was expressed in 2 of 14 sarcoids, 7 of 11 melanomas, and 32 of 37 SCC, 56% of which demonstrated moderate-to-strong immunoreactivity. There were no differences in expression between anatomic sites. In conclusion, most equine SCC and many melanomas appear to express COX-2 and thus could respond to COX-2 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. H. Thamm
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - J. B. Charles
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Y. A. Elce
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Smith KM, Scase TJ, Miller JL, Donaldson D, Sansom J. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 by equine ocular and adnexal squamous cell carcinomas. Vet Ophthalmol 2008; 11 Suppl 1:8-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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