1
|
Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Aguilera‐Gómez M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Gelbmann W, Gerazova‐Efremova K, Roldán‐Torres R, Knutsen HK. Safety of yellow/orange tomato extract as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07994. [PMID: 37207273 PMCID: PMC10190518 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on yellow/orange tomato extract used as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2283/2015. The NF which is the subject of the application is a carotenoid-rich extract from the yellow/orange tomato containing predominantly phytoene and phytofluene, as well as a lesser amount of beta-carotene, zeta-carotene and lycopene. The NF is produced from the tomato pulp using supercritical CO2 extraction. The applicant proposes the use of the NF in cereal bars, functional drinks and as a food supplement in individuals above 15 years of age. For the use of the NF in cereal bars and functional drinks, the Panel considers, the target population is the general population. According to EFSA's latest exposure assessment for lycopene as a food additive (EFSA ANS Panel, 2017), the highest P95 intakes for children (< 10 and 10-17 years) and adults when combined to the use of lycopene as a food colour from natural occurrence would exceed the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) for lycopene (0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) day). The estimated intakes of the NF would lead to an exceedance of the ADI when considering natural occurrence and exposure to lycopene when used as a food additive. Due to the absence of safety data regarding phytoene and phytofluene intake from the NF, and the contribution of the NF to the estimated high daily intakes of lycopene, the Panel considers that it cannot be established whether or not the consumption of the NF is nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel concludes that the safety of the NF has not been established under the proposed conditions of use.
Collapse
|
3
|
Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Using Hydrophobic Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Terpenes and Fatty Acids. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172645. [PMID: 36076828 PMCID: PMC9455282 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study proposes a green extraction approach for the recovery of lycopene from tomato fruits. Different hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (HNADESs) based on terpenes (i.e., menthol and thymol) and fatty acids (i.e., decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid) were prepared at different molar ratios, characterised in terms of density, rheological properties, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and were examined for their effectiveness to extract lycopene from tomato. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the extraction parameters, namely duration (min) and solvent:solid ratio (v/w). Spectrophotometry and RP-HPLC-DAD were used in order to monitor the process efficiency. The combination of decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid was found to exhibit comparable extraction capacity to acetone. Taking into account that the HNADESs used in the present study are considered green, biodegradable and of low cost, the obtained carotenoid rich extracts are expected to be of use in industrial food applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cassani L, Marcovich NE, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Valorization of fruit and vegetables agro-wastes for the sustainable production of carotenoid-based colorants with enhanced bioavailability. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
5
|
Yuan L, Muli S, Huybrechts I, Nöthlings U, Ahrens W, Scalbert A, Floegel A. Assessment of Fruit and Vegetables Intake with Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents and Their Level of Validation: A Systematic Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:126. [PMID: 35208201 PMCID: PMC8876138 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit and vegetables (FV) are part of a healthy diet and should be frequently consumed already at a young age. However, intake of FV is difficult to assess in children and adolescents due to various misreporting aspects. Thus, measurement of dietary biomarkers may be a promising alternative to assess FV intake more objectively at young age. To date, dietary biomarkers have been primarily studied in adults, and research focused on their usefulness in children is scarce. However, clinical studies have revealed important differences between children and adults, most importantly in their gut microbiome composition, resulting in differences in postprandial metabolism, as well as in food choices and meal compositions that may influence individual biomarker levels. Therefore, the present review aimed to identify biomarkers of FV intake (BFVI) currently available in children and adolescents and to explore whether there are any differences in the BFVI profile above between children and adolescents and adults. In addition, the current level of validation of BFVI in children and adolescents was examined. In total, 28 studies were eligible for this review, and 18 compounds were identified as potential biomarkers for FV intake in children and adolescents. Carotenoid concentration in skin was a valuable biomarker for total FV intake for both children and adult populations. Common BFVI in blood in adults (e.g., carotenoids and vitamin C) showed inconsistent results in children and adolescents. Biomarkers particularly useful in children included urinary hippuric acid as a biomarker of polyphenolic compound intake originating from FV and the combination of N-methylnicotinic acid and acetylornithine as a biomarker of bean intake. Further studies are needed to assess their kinetics, dose-response, and other validation aspects. There is limited evidence so far regarding valid BFVI in children and adolescents. Thus, to put BFVI into practice in children and adolescents, further studies, particularly based on metabolomics, are needed to identify and validate BFVI that can be used in future epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (W.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Samuel Muli
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.M.); (U.N.)
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France; (I.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.M.); (U.N.)
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (W.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France; (I.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Floegel
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (W.A.); (A.F.)
- Section of Dietetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Hochschule Neubrandenburg—University of Applied Sciences, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song X, Luo Y, Ma L, Hu X, Simal-Gandara J, Wang LS, Bajpai VK, Xiao J, Chen F. Recent trends and advances in the epidemiology, synergism, and delivery system of lycopene as an anti-cancer agent. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:331-346. [PMID: 33794344 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunyu Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinghua Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingjun Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
[Influence of dietary carotenoids on biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in peri- and post-menopausal women]. NUTR HOSP 2021; 38:993-1001. [PMID: 34281348 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND peri- and post-menopausal women exhibit a high tendency towards obesity and visceral fat deposition, which increases cardiometabolic risk. OBJECTIVE to evaluate through a prospective nutritional study the effect of carotenoid consumption on cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in peri- and post-menopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS twelve peri- and post-menopausal women without previous symptoms of cardiovascular disease, but with some cardiometabolic risk factor, were recruited. Their diet was supplemented during 4 weeks with orange-carrot juice, tomato juice, and boiled spinach, providing 415 mg of total carotenoids/week (carotenes, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin). At the beginning (TI) and at the end (TF) of the intervention period blood samples were drawn to measure biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial function biomarkers, and plasma carotenoid levels. RESULTS at TF a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, and an increase in HDL-cholesterol were observed. Plasma carotenoids increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 0.56 µg/mL at TI to 1.22 µg/mL at TF. Concurrently, a shift in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers was detected, with a decrease in plasma C-reactive protein and malonaldehyde levels, and an increase in adiponectin. However, endothelial dysfunction biomarkers (sVCAM and sICAM) and total antioxidant capacity remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS dietary supplementation with carotenoids leads to an increase in plasma carotenoids, a decrease in atherogenic dyslipidemia, and an improvement in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, which indicates a reduction in cardiometabolic risk.
Collapse
|
8
|
Conboy Stephenson R, Ross RP, Stanton C. Carotenoids in Milk and the Potential for Dairy Based Functional Foods. Foods 2021; 10:1263. [PMID: 34199355 PMCID: PMC8226488 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are a family of over 1100 known natural pigments synthesized by plants, algae, fungi and bacteria. Dietary intake of carotenoids is necessary for mammals as they cannot be synthesized in the body. In cows, the nature of the diet consumed strongly influences the composition of milk produced and this includes carotenoid concentration and profile. Fresh forage is the richest source of carotenoids for cows. The main carotenoids identified in forages are lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and epilutein. Manipulating cow feed via carotenoid supplementation increases the carotenoid content of bovine milk. In humans, carotenoids have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and provitamin A activity. Lutein is a major carotenoid in human milk and the brain tissue of adults and infants. Lutein and zeaxanthin are linked to improved eye health and cognitive function. Traditionally for humans, fruit and vegetables have been the main source of carotenoid intake. Functional foods present an opportunity to incorporate these naturally occurring compounds into milk products for added health benefits, widening the range of dietary sources of carotenoids. We offer an overview of the literature to date on carotenoid-fortified dairy products and infant formula. This review will describe and summarize the key mechanisms by which the carotenoid profile of bovine milk can be manipulated. We present findings on the origin and role of carotenoids in bovine and human milk, outline factors that impact the carotenoid content of milk, evaluate carotenoid-fortified milk products and discuss the associated challenges, such as bioaccessibility and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Conboy Stephenson
- Vistamilk/Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Vistamilk/Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elvira-Torales LI, Navarro-González I, Rodrigo-García J, Seva J, García-Alonso J, Periago-Castón MJ. Consumption of Spinach and Tomato Modifies Lipid Metabolism, Reducing Hepatic Steatosis in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111041. [PMID: 33114278 PMCID: PMC7690917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently a serious and growing clinical problem in developed and developing countries and is considered one of the most frequent chronic liver diseases in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functionality of dietary carotenoids provided by tomato and spinach in the dietary treatment of steatosis. Twenty-two Sprague-Dawley rats with induced steatosis were grouped into three groups and fed standard diet (CD group) and two experimental diets supplemented with 12.75% (LC12.75 group) and 25.5% (HC25.5 group) of a mixture of spinach and tomato powder. Rats fed carotenoid-rich feeds showed an improvement in the plasma biomarkers of steatosis, with lower levels of glucose, total cholesterol, VLDL, TG, proteins, ALT and AST. Likewise, a decrease in oxidative stress was observed, with a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma (up to 54%), liver (up to 51.42%) and urine (up to 78.89%) (p < 0.05) and an increase in plasma antioxidant capacity (ORAC) (up to 73.41%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, carotenoid-rich diets led to an accumulation of carotenoids in the liver and were inversely correlated with the content of total cholesterol and hepatic triglycerides, increasing the concentrations of MUFA and PUFA (up to 32.6% and 48%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The accumulation of carotenoids in the liver caused the modulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, and we particularly observed an overexpression of ACOX1, APOA1 and NRIH2 (LXR) and the synthesis of the proteins. This study suggests that dietary carotenoids from spinach and tomato aid in the dietary management of steatosis by reversing steatosis biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Inés Elvira-Torales
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.)
- Department of Food Engineering, National Technological of Mexico, Tierra Blanca Campus, 95180 Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, Mexico
- Correspondence: (L.I.E.-T.); (M.J.P.-C.); Tel.: +34-8-6888-4793 (M.J.P.-C.)
| | - Inmaculada Navarro-González
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.)
| | - Joaquín Rodrigo-García
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310 Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico;
| | - Juan Seva
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Javier García-Alonso
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.)
| | - María Jesús Periago-Castón
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: (L.I.E.-T.); (M.J.P.-C.); Tel.: +34-8-6888-4793 (M.J.P.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gundert-Remy U, Kuhnle GG, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Herman L, Tobback P, Pizzo F, Smeraldi C, Tard A, Papaioannou A, Gott D. Extension of use of lycopene (E 160d) to certain meat preparations, meat products and fruit and vegetable preparations. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05064. [PMID: 32625366 PMCID: PMC7009999 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present scientific opinion deals with the safety of the extension of use of lycopene (E 160d) in certain meat preparations, meat products and fruit and vegetable preparations. Lycopene (E 160d) is an authorised food additive in the EU for use in several food categories and an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was established. In the present opinion, the Panel decided that a comparison of the exposure resulting from the current uses and use levels with the exposure resulting from this additional proposed extension of uses would be sufficient to address the safety of lycopene. The Panel calculated that, considering the current maximum permitted levels (MPLs) and the proposed extension of uses and use levels, the mean dietary exposure to lycopene (E 160d) in the total population ranged from 0.01 mg/kg bw per day in infants to 0.82 mg/kg bw per day in toddlers. At the high level, dietary exposure to lycopene (E 160d) ranged from 0.03 mg/kg bw per day in infants to 1.39 mg/kg bw per day in toddlers. The Panel concluded that the proposed extension of uses of lycopene (E 160d) as a food additive in meat preparations, meat products and fruit and vegetable preparations up to 60 mg/kg would not add significantly to the intake of the food additive at its current MPL. However, the Panel noted that the overall intake at the MPL scenario would exceed the currently established ADI. The Panel acknowledged the uncertainties in the current estimates which could result in an overestimation of the exposure to lycopene (E 160d) as a food additive in European countries and therefore concluded that a refined exposure estimate would be recommended focusing on food categories contributing the most to its estimates, in order to decrease uncertainties in its current estimates.
Collapse
|