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Yeak KYC, Garre A, Membré JM, Zwietering MH, den Besten HMW. Systematic risk ranking of microbiological hazards in infant foods. Food Res Int 2024; 192:114788. [PMID: 39147463 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring food safety, particularly for vulnerable groups, like infants and young children, requires identifying and prioritizing potential hazards in food chains. We previously developed a web-based decision support system (DSS) to identify specific microbiological hazards (MHs) in infant and toddler foods through a structured five-step process. This study takes the framework further by introducing systematic risk ranking (RR) steps to rank MH risks with seven criteria: process survival, recontamination, growth opportunity, meal preparation, hazard-food association evidence, food consumption habits of infants and toddlers in the EU, and MH severity. Each criterion is given a semi-quantitative or quantitative score or risk value, contributing to the final MH risk calculation via three aggregation methods: semi-quantitative risk scoring, semi-quantitative risk value, and outranking multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). To validate the criteria and ranking approaches, we conducted a case study to rank MH risks in infant formula, compared the results of the three risk ranking methods, and additionally evaluated the ranking results against expert opinions to ensure their accuracy. The results showed strong agreement among the three methods, consistently ranking Salmonella non-Typhi and Cronobacter spp. and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli as the top MH risks in infant formulae, with minor deviations. When MHs were ranked after an initial hazard identification step, all three methods produced nearly identical MH rankings, reinforcing the reliability of the ranking steps and the selected criteria. Notably, the risk value and MCDA methods provided more informative MH rankings compared to the risk scoring method. The risk value and risk scoring methods were implemented into an online tool, called the MIcrobiological hazards risk RAnking decision support system (Mira-DSS), available at https://foodmicrobiologywur.shinyapps.io/MIcrobial_hazards_RAnking/. In conclusion, our framework enables the ranking of MH risks, facilitating intervention comparisons and resource allocations to mitigate MH risks in infant foods, with potential applicability to broader food categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yen Claire Yeak
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Garre
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (ETSIA), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Marcel H Zwietering
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Baker‐Austin C, Hervio‐Heath D, Martinez‐Urtaza J, Caro ES, Strauch E, Thébault A, Guerra B, Messens W, Simon AC, Barcia‐Cruz R, Suffredini E. Public health aspects of Vibrio spp. related to the consumption of seafood in the EU. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8896. [PMID: 39045511 PMCID: PMC11263920 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae are the Vibrio spp. of highest relevance for public health in the EU through seafood consumption. Infection with V. parahaemolyticus is associated with the haemolysins thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related haemolysin (TRH) and mainly leads to acute gastroenteritis. V. vulnificus infections can lead to sepsis and death in susceptible individuals. V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 can cause mild gastroenteritis or lead to severe infections, including sepsis, in susceptible individuals. The pooled prevalence estimate in seafood is 19.6% (95% CI 13.7-27.4), 6.1% (95% CI 3.0-11.8) and 4.1% (95% CI 2.4-6.9) for V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and non-choleragenic V. cholerae, respectively. Approximately one out of five V. parahaemolyticus-positive samples contain pathogenic strains. A large spectrum of antimicrobial resistances, some of which are intrinsic, has been found in vibrios isolated from seafood or food-borne infections in Europe. Genes conferring resistance to medically important antimicrobials and associated with mobile genetic elements are increasingly detected in vibrios. Temperature and salinity are the most relevant drivers for Vibrio abundance in the aquatic environment. It is anticipated that the occurrence and levels of the relevant Vibrio spp. in seafood will increase in response to coastal warming and extreme weather events, especially in low-salinity/brackish waters. While some measures, like high-pressure processing, irradiation or depuration reduce the levels of Vibrio spp. in seafood, maintaining the cold chain is important to prevent their growth. Available risk assessments addressed V. parahaemolyticus in various types of seafood and V. vulnificus in raw oysters and octopus. A quantitative microbiological risk assessment relevant in an EU context would be V. parahaemolyticus in bivalve molluscs (oysters), evaluating the effect of mitigations, especially in a climate change scenario. Knowledge gaps related to Vibrio spp. in seafood and aquatic environments are identified and future research needs are prioritised.
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3
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Buchmann K, Careche M, Levsen A, Mattiucci S, Mladineo I, Santos MJ, Barcia‐Cruz R, Broglia A, Chuzhakina K, Goudjihounde SM, Guerra B, Messens W, Guajardo IM, Bolton D. Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1-3. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8719. [PMID: 38650612 PMCID: PMC11033839 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow-through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat-treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV-press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV-scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High-pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes - air-drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) - suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.
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Russo GL, Langellotti AL, Buonocunto G, Puleo S, Di Monaco R, Anastasio A, Vuoso V, Smaldone G, Baselice M, Capuano F, Garofalo F, Masi P. The Sous Vide Cooking of Mediterranean Mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis): Safety and Quality Assessment. Foods 2023; 12:2900. [PMID: 37569168 PMCID: PMC10417654 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study involves an investigation of the effects of various cooking temperatures, freeze-thaw processes, and food preservatives on the quality and shelf-life of sous vide Mediterranean mussels. Cooking temperatures of 80 °C or above significantly improved the microbiological quality, with bacterial counts remaining within the acceptability range for human consumption even after 21 days of refrigerated storage. Fast freezing followed by slow thawing preserved the highest moisture content, potentially improving texture. Sensory analysis revealed that refrigerated sous vide mussels maintained a comparable taste to freshly cooked samples. Frozen samples reheated via microwaving exhibited more intense flavour than pan-reheated or fresh mussels. Food additives, including citric acid, potassium benzoate, and potassium sorbate, alone or in combination with grape seed oil, significantly reduced total volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances during 28 days of storage, indicating decreased spoilage and lipid oxidation. Mussels with a combination of these additives registered a nitrogen content as low as 22 mg of N/100g after 28 days, well below the limit of acceptability (<35 mg of N/100g). Food additives also inhibited bacterial growth, with mesophilic bacteria count below 3.35 Log CFU/g after 28 days, compared with 5.37 Log CFU/g in control samples. This study provides valuable insights for developing optimal cooking and preservation methods for sous vide cooked seafood, underscoring the need for further research on optimal cooking and freeze-thaw protocols for various seafood types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Russo
- CAISIAL Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.L.R.); (G.B.); (S.P.); (R.D.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonio Luca Langellotti
- CAISIAL Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.L.R.); (G.B.); (S.P.); (R.D.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Gabriele Buonocunto
- CAISIAL Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.L.R.); (G.B.); (S.P.); (R.D.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Sharon Puleo
- CAISIAL Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.L.R.); (G.B.); (S.P.); (R.D.M.); (P.M.)
- Unit of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Monaco
- CAISIAL Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.L.R.); (G.B.); (S.P.); (R.D.M.); (P.M.)
- Unit of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production (MVPA), University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.)
| | - Valeria Vuoso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production (MVPA), University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.)
| | - Giorgio Smaldone
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per la Sicurezza Sanitaria del Pescato (CRiSSaP), 80143 Napoli, Italy;
- ASL Caserta, Department of Prevention, Complex Unit Hygiene of Animal Origin Foods, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Baselice
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Construction and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Federico Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesca Garofalo
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Paolo Masi
- CAISIAL Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.L.R.); (G.B.); (S.P.); (R.D.M.); (P.M.)
- Unit of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Savini F, Giacometti F, Tomasello F, Pollesel M, Piva S, Serraino A, De Cesare A. Assessment of the Impact on Human Health of the Presence of Norovirus in Bivalve Molluscs: What Data Do We Miss? Foods 2021; 10:2444. [PMID: 34681492 PMCID: PMC8535557 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the latest One Health ECDC EFSA technical report, Norovirus in fish and fishery products have been listed as the agent/food pair causing the highest number of strong-evidence outbreaks in the EU in 2019. This review aims to identify data gaps that must be filled in order to increase knowledge on Norovirus in bivalve molluscs, perform a risk assessment and rank the key mitigation strategies for this biological hazard, which is relevant to public health. Virologic determinations are not included in any of the food safety and process hygiene microbiologic criteria reflected in the current European regulations. In addition, the Escherichia coli-based indices of acceptable faecal contamination for primary production, as well as the food safety criteria, do not appear sufficient to indicate the extent of Norovirus contamination. The qualitative risk assessment data collected in this review suggests that bivalve molluscs present a high risk to human health for Norovirus only when consumed raw or when insufficiently cooked. On the contrary, the risk can be considered negligible when they are cooked at a high temperature, while information is still scarce for non-thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.S.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (A.D.C.)
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Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish along the Production and Distribution Chain in Sicily, Italy. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061384. [PMID: 34203938 PMCID: PMC8232761 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of bivalve mollusks with human pathogenic viruses represents a recognized food safety risk. Thus, monitoring programs for shellfish quality along the entire food chain could help to finally preserve the health of consumers. The aim of the present study was to provide up-to-date data on the prevalence of enteric virus contamination along the shellfish production and distribution chain in Sicily. To this end, 162 batches of mollusks were collected between 2017 and 2019 from harvesting areas, depuration and dispatch centers (n = 63), restaurants (n = 6) and retail stores (n = 93) distributed all over the island. Samples were processed according to ISO 15216 standard method, and the presence of genogroup GI and GII norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV, HEV), rotavirus and adenovirus was investigated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time-RT PCR), nested (RT)-PCR and molecular genotyping. Our findings show that 5.56% of samples were contaminated with at least one NoV, HAV and/or HEV. Contaminated shellfish were sampled at production sites and retail stores and their origin was traced back to Spain and several municipalities in Italy. In conclusion, our study highlights the need to implement routine monitoring programs along the whole food chain as an effective measure to prevent foodborne transmission of enteric viruses.
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Giusti A, Costa E, Traina A, Nucera D, Serratore P, Orlandi M, Armani A. Analysis of the sanitary survey 2015-2017 conducted in the gulf of La Spezia (Italy): Reclassification of the areas of production of live bivalve molluscs. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8448. [PMID: 32300566 PMCID: PMC7154601 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sanitary survey is aimed at classifying and monitoring the production areas of live bivalve molluscs (LBM) and it is performed using standards that are provided by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science's Guide to Good Practice. In this study, data from the sanitary survey carried out by the Asl5 Spezzino on the production areas of the gulf of La Spezia during the period 2015-2017 were analysed. The number and type of the analysis performed both on the total sampling and on the individual target species, as well as the number and type of found non-compliance (assessed on both mandatory parameters and on parameters fixed by the local monitoring plan) were considered. Data were also compared with those from the sanitary survey 2012-2014. Appropriate statistic tests were used to evaluate data from E. coli and Norovirus monitoring. Overall, 4306 analysis were performed, especially on the species M. galloprovincialis (89%) and they were mostly focused on to the search of biological agents. 160 NC were detected. Most of the NC concerns the Norovirus's positivity (93.75%) in M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas. A correlation between the levels of E. coli and rainfall/ seasonality (higher levels in the colder months) was proved, especially in the sampling points located in the inner part of the dam and in the Portovenere Bay. Class B was reconfirmed for M. galloprovincialis, the production areas of C. gigas were reclassified as A and those of V. verrucosa were definitively closed. The sanitary survey was therefore confirmed as a useful tool for reclassification and for monitoring LBM production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Giusti
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
| | - Erica Costa
- Liguria Local Health Unit - ASL 5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Foods and Animal Origin, La Spezia
| | - Alice Traina
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
| | - Daniele Nucera
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin
| | | | - Mino Orlandi
- Liguria Local Health Unit - ASL 5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Foods and Animal Origin, La Spezia
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Cacciò S, Chalmers R, Deplazes P, Devleesschauwer B, Innes E, Romig T, van der Giessen J, Hempen M, Van der Stede Y, Robertson L. Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05495. [PMID: 32625781 PMCID: PMC7009631 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validated detection methods, including survival/infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, are required for the development of quantitative risk assessments and efficient control measures.
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Papapanagiotou EP. Foodborne Norovirus State of Affairs in the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E61. [PMID: 29186840 PMCID: PMC5753641 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Union Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (EU RASFF) database is an invaluable instrument for analyzing notifications involving norovirus in food. The aim of this work was to carry out a thorough research of the alert and border rejection notifications submitted in the RASFF database from its onset until 31 August 2017. Some conclusions of interest were: (i) Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Norway have contributed the majority of alert notifications as notifying countries, (ii) France and Serbia have been cited more often in alert notifications as countries of origin, (iii) Italy and Spain have submitted the majority of border rejection notifications, (iv) Third Countries implicated more frequently in border rejection notifications for norovirus in bivalve molluscs were Vietnam and Tunisia, whereas in fruits and vegetables were China and Serbia, (v) "risk dispersion" from norovirus-contaminated food was narrow since, in just over half of all alert notifications and all of the border rejection notifications, only up to three countries were involved, and (vi) both raw (oysters and berries) and cooked (mussels) food products can present a health risk to consumers. The information retrieved from the RASFF database on norovirus-contaminated food could prove helpful in the planning of future norovirus risk analysis endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias P Papapanagiotou
- Laboratory of Animal Food Products Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Messens W, Fernandez-Escamez PS, Lees D, Lindqvist R, O’Mahony M, Suffredini E, Cortiñas Abrahantes J, Chantzis E, Koutsoumanis K. Thermal processing of live bivalve molluscs for controlling viruses: On the need for a risk-based design. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2854-2865. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1338246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winy Messens
- Unit on Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | | | - David Lees
- European Community Reference Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), The Nothe, Weymouth, UK
| | - Roland Lindqvist
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish National Food Agency, Sweden
| | | | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emmanouil Chantzis
- Unit on Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | - Kostas Koutsoumanis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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