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Li Q, Guo P, Wang S, Feng Y, Zhang H, Yu W, Liao J, Tang Z. Mitochondrial derived vesicle-carrying protein MIGA2 promotes copper-induced autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion by regulating ATG14. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133703. [PMID: 38354437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
As an environmental pollution metal, copper (Cu) exposure-induced toxicity is closely related to mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) plays an essential role in mitochondrial quality control and cellular metabolism. However, the mechanism by which MDVs are involved in cellular metabolism under Cu exposure remains unclear. Here, the MDV-carrying protein MIGA2 was identified as a crucial molecule involved in the Cu-induced autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion. Furthermore, Cu exposure significantly promoted MDVs secretion, accompanied by a markedly increased MIGA2 expression in MDVs, as well as accelerated the autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion. However, small RNA interference of SNX9 (the MDVs secretion inductor) and MIGA2 blocked autophagic flux induced by Cu, leading to failure of autophagosomes degradation. Co-immunoprecipitation assay further demonstrated that ATG14 was a regulation target protein of MIGA2. Overexpression and knockdown of ATG14 significantly affected the autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion induced by Cu. Meanwhile, knockdown of ATG14 dramatically reversed the effect of MIGA2-overexpression in promoting autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion, while overexpression of ATG14 shows the opposite effect. These results demonstrated that MDVs-carrying MIGA2 protein promoted autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion induced by Cu. This study demonstrated that MDVs is involved in regulating organelles-to-organelles communication, providing a new insight into the toxicity mechanism of Cu exposure on hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Pan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuanhong Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenlan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianzhao Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
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van Ryssen JBJ, Bath GF. Copper (Cu) metabolism in domestic herbivores as guide to criteria for predicting the Cu nutritional status of wild ruminants in southern Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2024; 95:26-34. [PMID: 38533812 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In southern Africa game farming has become an effective way of using underutilised resources and a valuable method of preserving and increasing wildlife numbers. However, little is known about the mineral requirements of wild animal species or the assessment of the mineral nutritional status of these species. To establish criteria for estimating the copper (Cu) nutritional status of wildlife, current knowledge about Cu metabolism and criteria for domestic animals has been used. Since the Cu metabolism of ruminants differs substantially from that of non-ruminants, Cu metabolism in domestic species such as cattle and sheep representing wild ruminants, and pigs and horses as non-ruminant species, has been scrutinised to propose criteria for wild bovids in southern Africa. In the adequate range of dietary Cu intakes, literature suggests that hepatic Cu concentrations in ruminants increase linearly with an increase in Cu intake, allowing a relatively reliable measure of sufficiency. In non-ruminants, hepatic Cu concentrations follow a lag phase during which hepatic Cu concentrations remain relatively constant with increasing dietary Cu intakes of more that 25 times their requirements. A consequence is that non-ruminants can tolerate much higher dietary levels of Cu compared to ruminants. It is proposed that at liver Cu concentrations of < 20 mg/kg dry matter (DM), a wild ruminant could benefit from Cu supplementation; liver Cu concentrations of between 20 and 300 mg Cu/kg DM suggest an adequate Cu intake; concentrations of 300 to 500 mg/kg DM indicate a potentially unhealthy accumulation of Cu, while liver Cu concentrations of > 500 mg/kg DM indicate that the animal probably consumed more Cu than required and might be at risk of developing Cu toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B J van Ryssen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G F Bath
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Donato MM, Assis G, Cardoso O, Oliveiros B, Freitas A, Ramos F. Assessment of Zn and Cu in piglets' liver and kidney: impact in fecal Enterococcus spp.? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20941-20952. [PMID: 38381291 PMCID: PMC10948465 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Zinc and copper have been used as growth promotors in alternative to antibiotics in pig's diet. The aim was the ascertainment of the Zn and Cu concentrations in piglets' liver and kidney and their impact in the reduced susceptibility to Zn, Cu, and antibiotics in enterococci, used as microbiota biomarker. Zn and Cu were determined in the livers and kidneys of 43 piglets slaughtered in Portugal, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Enterococci were isolated from feces for determining the identification of species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, and Enterococcus spp.); susceptibility to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, linezolid, tigecycline, ampicillin, imipenem, and metals; and Cu tolerance genes. In piglets with Zn and Cu high or toxic levels, enterococci had reduced susceptibility to ions, reinforced by the presence of Cu tolerance genes and by resistance to antibiotics. The study relevance is to show the relationship between these metals' levels and decreased susceptibility to Cu, Zn, and antibiotics by enterococci. From the results, it could be supposed that the piglets were being fed with high doses of Zn and Cu which could select more resistant bacteria to both antibiotics and metals that could spread to environment and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Donato
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, CIMAGO, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Assis
- Laboratório de Controlo da Alimentação Animal, Unidade Estratégica de Investigação E Serviços, Tecnologia E Segurança Alimentar, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária E Veterinária, I.P., Av. da República, Quinta Do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Olga Cardoso
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, CERES, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Bárbara Oliveiros
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, LBIM, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, CIMAGO, I-CBR, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- Laboratório de Controlo da Alimentação Animal, Unidade Estratégica de Investigação E Serviços, Tecnologia E Segurança Alimentar, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária E Veterinária, I.P., Av. da República, Quinta Do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratório Nacional de Referência Para a Segurança Alimentar, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária E Veterinária, I.P., Rua Dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655, Vairão, Vila Do Conde, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dom Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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James C, James SJ, Onarinde BA, Dixon RA, Williams N. A Critical Review of AMR Risks Arising as a Consequence of Using Biocides and Certain Metals in Food Animal Production. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37998771 PMCID: PMC10668721 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review was to assess what evidence exists on whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitizers) and certain metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production (both land and aquatic) leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain. A comprehensive literature search identified 3434 publications, which after screening were reduced to 154 relevant publications from which some data were extracted to address the focus of the review. The review has shown that there is some evidence that biocides and metals used in food animal production may have an impact on the development of AMR. There is clear evidence that metals used in food animal production will persist, accumulate, and may impact on the development of AMR in primary animal and food production environments for many years. There is less evidence on the persistence and impact of biocides. There is also particularly little, if any, data on the impact of biocides/metal use in aquaculture on AMR. Although it is recognized that AMR from food animal production is a risk to human health there is not sufficient evidence to undertake an assessment of the impact of biocide or metal use on this risk and further focused in-field studies are needed provide the evidence required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Stephen J. James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Bukola A. Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Ronald A. Dixon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK;
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
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More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Hernández‐Jerez A, Bennekou SH, Koutsoumanis KP, Lambré C, Machera K, Mullins E, Nielsen SS, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Turck D, Younes M, Kraft A, Naegeli H, Tsaioun K, Aiassa E, Arcella D, Barizzone F, Cushen M, Georgiadis M, Gervelmeyer A, Lanzoni A, Lenzi P, Lodi F, Martino L, Messens W, Ramos Bordajandi L, Rizzi V, Stancanelli G, Supej Š, Halldorsson TI. Guidance on protocol development for EFSA generic scientific assessments. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08312. [PMID: 37908452 PMCID: PMC10613941 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA Strategy 2027 outlines the need for fit-for-purpose protocols for EFSA generic scientific assessments to aid in delivering trustworthy scientific advice. This EFSA Scientific Committee guidance document helps address this need by providing a harmonised and flexible framework for developing protocols for EFSA generic assessments. The guidance replaces the 'Draft framework for protocol development for EFSA's scientific assessments' published in 2020. The two main steps in protocol development are described. The first is problem formulation, which illustrates the objectives of the assessment. Here a new approach to translating the mandated Terms of Reference into scientifically answerable assessment questions and sub-questions is proposed: the 'APRIO' paradigm (Agent, Pathway, Receptor, Intervention and Output). Owing to its cross-cutting nature, this paradigm is considered adaptable and broadly applicable within and across the various EFSA domains and, if applied using the definitions given in this guidance, is expected to help harmonise the problem formulation process and outputs and foster consistency in protocol development. APRIO may also overcome the difficulty of implementing some existing frameworks across the multiple EFSA disciplines, e.g. the PICO/PECO approach (Population, Intervention/Exposure, Comparator, Outcome). Therefore, although not mandatory, APRIO is recommended. The second step in protocol development is the specification of the evidence needs and the methods that will be applied for answering the assessment questions and sub-questions, including uncertainty analysis. Five possible approaches to answering individual (sub-)questions are outlined: using evidence from scientific literature and study reports; using data from databases other than bibliographic; using expert judgement informally collected or elicited via semi-formal or formal expert knowledge elicitation processes; using mathematical/statistical models; and - not covered in this guidance - generating empirical evidence ex novo. The guidance is complemented by a standalone 'template' for EFSA protocols that guides the users step by step through the process of planning an EFSA scientific assessment.
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Soster P, Vieira SL, Feijo JC, Altevogt WE, Tormes GB. Dietary phytase effects on copper requirements of broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1170488. [PMID: 37781289 PMCID: PMC10535567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1170488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on the availability of Cu from plant feedstuffs for broilers in the presence of phytase is scarce. The present research has been conducted with the objective of evaluating the Cu requirements of broilers when fed corn-soy diets with or without phytase. A total of 640 one-day-old male Cobb x Cobb 500, allocated into 80 battery cages with 8 chicks in each, were fed a low Cu content diet (formulated with 8.58 ± 0.21 mg/kg Cu) without phytase from placement to day 7. Starting on day 8, battery cages were distributed into a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (phytase-added diets X 5 with graded increases of supplemental Cu) until day 28. Feeding treatments (feeds added or not with phytase and 5 graded increases of Cu) were randomly distributed with 8 cages of 8 chicks. The basal non-supplemented feeds were formulated with corn and soybean meal (SBM) without any other significant Cu contributors. Supplemental Cu was from laboratory-grade Cu sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO5H20) which was increasingly added to the feeds. Phytase was added in excess to the producer recommendation (2,500 FYT) and had average analyzed values of 2,768 ± 135.2 FYT/kg whereas analyzed Cu values were: 8.05 ± 0.25, 11.25 ± 0.15, 14.20 ± 0.40, 16.55 ± 0.05, and 19.45 ± 0.45 mg/kg. Statistics were conducted using linear and quadratic polynomial regression models. No interactions occurred between dietary Cu and phytase (p > 0.05) for any response and no effects were found for the individual factors (phytase or dietary Cu) for Ht, Hb, varus, valgus, rotated tibia, and tibia breaking strength, as well as for Cu contents in breast, gastrocnemius tendon, and kidney (p > 0.05). However, the phytase-added diets led to higher BWG, lower FCR, and increased ileal digestible Cu (p < 0.05). The gradual increase in dietary Cu produced linear increases in Cu content in livers, as well as in excreta and retention (p < 0.05). Supplementing phytase at levels expected to maximize phytate degradation was demonstrated to improve BWG and FCR; however, no effects were observed when dietary Cu was increased to a maximum of 19.45 mg/kg. An increase of 8.8% in ileal digestible Cu was observed when birds were fed phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Luiz Vieira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Wang Q, Huang S, Jiang R, Zhuang Z, Liu Z, Wang Q, Wan Y, Li H. Phytoremediation strategies for heavy metal-contaminated soil by selecting native plants near mining areas in Inner Mongolia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:94501-94514. [PMID: 37535284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation technology, as an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach, is widely used to restore soil contaminated by heavy metal(loid)s. However, the adaptability and absorption capacity of plants to multiple elements are the crucial factors affecting the application of phytoremediation in mining areas. In this study, dominant native plant species and their paired soils were collected near a lead-zinc mine in Inner Mongolia, to assess the ecological risk of heavy metal(loid)s and phytoremediation potential. The results showed that Cd and As were the dominant soil pollutants, with levels of 90.91% and 100%, respectively, exceeding the risk intervention values for soil contamination of agricultural land. The rates of Pb, Cu, and Zn exceeding the risk screening values were 69.70%, 60.61%, and 96.97%, respectively. Extremely high ecological risk of heavy metal(loid)s was observed in this area. The ability of native plants accumulating heavy metals varied among species. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) varied from 0.14 to 2.59 for Cd, 0.02 to 0.45 for As, 0.06 to 0.76 for Pb, 0.05 to 2.69 for Cr, 0.15 to 1.00 for Cu, and 0.22 to 4.10 for Zn. Chinese Cinquefoil Herb (Potentilla chinensis Ser.) showed the potential to accumulate multiple toxic elements based on the biomass, shoot content, translocation factor (TF), BCF, and metal extraction rate (MER), while, other species showed the potential to accumulate single toxic element: goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.), Lespedeza daurica (Laxm.) Schindl. and peashrubs (Caragana korshinskii Kom.), Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (Artemisia capillaris Thunb.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and Moldavian Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) for Cd, As, Cr, Cu, and Zn, respectively. Furthermore, wild leek (Allium ramosum L.), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.), fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigida Willd.), and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) were selected for phytostabilization of specific elements, considering the heavy metal contents in the roots and low TF values. This study provides a reference for selecting appropriate species for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils in certain mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqi Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huafen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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A Copper-Responsive Two-Component System Governs Lipoprotein Remodeling in Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0039022. [PMID: 36622228 PMCID: PMC9879112 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00390-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are membrane-associated proteins with a characteristic acylated N-terminal cysteine residue anchoring C-terminal globular domains to the membrane surface. While all lipoproteins are modified with acyl chains, the number, length, and position can vary depending on host. The acylation pattern also alters ligand recognition by the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) protein family, a signaling system that is central to bacterial surveillance and innate immunity. In select Listeria monocytogenes isolates carrying certain plasmids, copper exposure converts the lipoprotein chemotype into a weak TLR2 ligand through expression of the enzyme lipoprotein intramolecular acyltransferase (Lit). In this study, we identify the response regulator (CopR) from a heavy metal-sensing two-component system as the transcription factor that integrates external copper levels with lipoprotein structural modifications. We show that phosphorylated CopR controls the expression of three distinct transcripts within the plasmid cassette encoding Lit2, prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt2), putative copper resistance determinants, and itself (the CopRS two-component system). CopR recognizes a direct repeat half-site consensus motif (TCTACACA) separated by 3 bp that overlaps the -35 promoter element. Target gene expression and lipoprotein conversion were not observed in the absence of the response regulator, indicating that CopR phosphorylation is the dominant mechanism of regulation. IMPORTANCE Copper is a frontline antimicrobial used to limit bacterial growth in multiple settings. Here, we demonstrate how the response regulator CopR from a plasmid-borne two-component system in the opportunistic pathogen L. monocytogenes directly induces lipoprotein remodeling in tandem with copper resistance genes due to extracellular copper stress. Activation of CopR by phosphorylation converts the lipoprotein chemotype from a high- to low-immunostimulatory TLR2 ligand. The two-component system-mediated coregulation of copper resistance determinants, in tandem with lipoprotein biosynthesis demonstrated here in L. monocytogenes, may be a common feature of transmissible copper resistance cassettes found in other Firmicutes.
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More SJ, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson TI, Hernández‐Jerez AF, Bennekou SH, Koutsoumanis K, Lambré C, Machera K, Mullins E, Nielsen SS, Schlatter JR, Schrenk D, Turck D, Younes M, Boon P, Ferns GAA, Lindtner O, Smolders E, Wilks M, Bastaki M, de Sesmaisons‐Lecarré A, Ferreira L, Greco L, Kass GEN, Riolo F, Leblanc J. Re-evaluation of the existing health-based guidance values for copper and exposure assessment from all sources. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07728. [PMID: 36694841 PMCID: PMC9843535 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient and also a regulated product used in organic and in conventional farming pest management. Both deficiency and excessive exposure to copper can have adverse health effects. In this Scientific Opinion, the EFSA 2021 harmonised approach for establishing health-based guidance values (HBGVs) for substances that are regulated products and also nutrients was used to resolve the divergent existing HBGVs for copper. The tightly regulated homeostasis prevents toxicity manifestation in the short term, but the development of chronic copper toxicity is dependent on copper homeostasis and its tissue retention. Evidence from Wilson disease suggests that hepatic retention is indicative of potential future and possibly sudden onset of copper toxicity under conditions of continuous intake. Hence, emphasis was placed on copper retention as an early marker of potential adverse effects. The relationships between (a) chronic copper exposure and its retention in the body, particularly the liver, and (b) hepatic copper concentrations and evidence of toxicity were examined. The Scientific Committee (SC) concludes that no retention of copper is expected to occur with intake of 5 mg/day and established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.07 mg/kg bw. A refined dietary exposure assessment was performed, assessing contribution from dietary and non-dietary sources. Background copper levels are a significant source of copper. The contribution of copper from its use as plant protection product (PPP), food and feed additives or fertilisers is negligible. The use of copper in fertilisers or PPPs contributes to copper accumulation in soil. Infant formula and follow-on formula are important contributors to dietary exposure of copper in infants and toddlers. Contribution from non-oral sources is negligible. Dietary exposure to total copper does not exceed the HBGV in adolescents, adults, elderly and the very elderly. Neither hepatic copper retention nor adverse effects are expected to occur from the estimated copper exposure in children due to higher nutrient requirements related to growth.
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González-Valoys AC, Jiménez Salgado JU, Rodríguez R, Monteza-Destro T, Vargas-Lombardo M, García-Noguero EM, Esbrí JM, Jiménez-Ballesta R, García-Navarro FJ, Higueras P. An approach for evaluating the bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements using edible and inedible plants-the Remance (Panama) mining area as a model. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:151-170. [PMID: 34677729 PMCID: PMC9867682 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mining affects the environment, particularly through the persistence of accumulation of tailings materials; this is aggravated under tropical climatic conditions, which favours the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) bioavailable to the local flora and fauna and supposing a risk to human health. The Remance gold mine (Panamá), exploited intermittently for more than 100 years, and has remained derelict for over 20 years. Within the area live farmers who carry out subsistence agriculture and livestock activities. The objective of this study has been to study the transference of PTEs in the local agricultural soil-plants system, with the goal of identifying their bioavailability to perform a human risk assessment. The results obtained of the Bioaccumulation coefficient in local plants show very weak to strong absorption of As (< 0.001-1.50), Hg (< 0.001-2.38), Sb (0.01-7.83), Cu (0.02-2.89), and Zn (0.06-5.32). In the case of Cu in grass (18.3 mg kg-1) and plants (16.9 mg kg-1) the concentrations exceed the maximum authorised value in animal nutrition for ruminants (10 mg kg-1). The risk to human health for edible plants exceeds the non-carcinogenic risk for rice, corn, cassava, and tea leaves for Sb (HQ 19.450, 18.304, 6.075, 1.830, respectively), the carcinogenic risk for Cu (CR = 2.3 × 10-3, 7.7 × 10 -4, 1.1 × 10-3, 1.0 × 10-3, respectively), and the carcinogenic risk for As in rice, corn and tea leaves (CR = 8 × 10-5, 3 × 10-5, 3 × 10-5, respectively). Urgent measures are needed to alleviate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina González-Valoys
- Centro Experimental de Ingeniería, Technological University of Panama, Vía Tocumen, 0819-07289, Panama City, Panama.
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Castilla-La Mancha University, EIMI Almadén. Plaza Manuel Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Department of Geology & Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, University City of Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Ulises Jiménez Salgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Hidráulicas e Hidrotécnicas, Technological University of Panama, Ricardo J. Alfaro Avenue, Dr. Víctor Levi Sasso University Campus, 0819-07289, Panama City, Panama
| | - Rita Rodríguez
- Dirección de Investigación, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Postgrado y Extensión, Technological University of Panama, Ricardo J. Alfaro Avenue, Dr. Víctor Levi Sasso University Campus, 0819-07289, Panama City, Panama
| | - Tisla Monteza-Destro
- Departamento de Geotecnia, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Technological University of Panama, Ricardo J. Alfaro Avenue, Dr. Víctor Levi Sasso University Campus, 0819-07289, Panama City, Panama
| | - Miguel Vargas-Lombardo
- Facultad de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales, Technological University of Panama, Ricardo J. Alfaro Avenue, Dr. Víctor Levi Sasso University Campus, 0819-07289, Panama City, Panama
- SNI-SENACYT Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Clayton, Ciudad del Saber Edif.205, 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama
| | - Eva María García-Noguero
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Castilla-La Mancha University, EIMI Almadén. Plaza Manuel Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José María Esbrí
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Castilla-La Mancha University, EIMI Almadén. Plaza Manuel Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta
- Department of Geology & Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, University City of Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Jesús García-Navarro
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha University, Ronda de Calatrava n° 7, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Higueras
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Castilla-La Mancha University, EIMI Almadén. Plaza Manuel Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
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11
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Berry EA, Milner SJ, Bosson M, McDougall S. Comparison of a novel form of zinc with zinc oxide bolus licensed for prevention of facial eczema, and interaction with copper oxide in sheep. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:27-34. [PMID: 36305368 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate a novel elemental zinc bolus compared with a registered positive control zinc oxide bolus and assess serum zinc concentrations following concomitant treatment with a capsule containing copper oxide needles. Forty Romney-cross ewes were randomly allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial design study. On Day 0, 20 ewes received novel boluses containing elemental zinc (Investigational Veterinary Product, IVP) while 20 received a zinc oxide bolus (control; CP). Half the animals in each zinc treatment group (n = 10) were treated with a copper oxide needle capsule [Copasure® - Ewe]. Weekly, from Day -7 to 56, all ewes were assessed for signs of photosensitization, and for 10 ewes from each zinc treatment groups, samples were collected for analysis of serum GGT activity, serum zinc concentrations, faecal zinc concentrations and on Days -7 and 56, liver copper concentrations. Multivariable random-effects models assessed the effects of zinc treatment, copper treatment, treatment interactions and time on all analytes. Regression models examined associations between serum and faecal zinc concentrations and GGT activity. Low spore numbers indicated low Pithomyces chartarum challenge. Serum zinc levels were significantly higher in the IVP than in the CP group [p < 0.0001] and varied by time [p < 0.001] and positively associated with faecal zinc concentration [p < 0.001]. Copper treatment did not affect serum zinc [p = 0.82] or faecal zinc [p = 0.92] concentrations. Liver copper concentrations did not differ between zinc treatment groups on Day -7 [p = 0.6] or Day 56 [p = 0.95]. Only the CP/no copper group had no increase in liver copper concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Bosson
- Cognosco, Morrinsville, New Zealand
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12
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Pederiva S, Avolio R, Marchis D, Abete MC, Squadrone S. Preliminary Data on Essential and Non-essential Element Occurrence in Processed Animal Proteins from Insects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03462-6. [PMID: 36352299 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insects represent a valuable and environmentally friendly protein alternative in food and feed. The Farm to Fork strategy encouraged the reintroduction of animal by-products in feed production to optimise recycling and to valorise under-used resources. In order to grant safe and valuable feed products, this study investigated the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) chemical risk. Samples collected in different steps of production (8 samples of substrate for culturing, 7 samples of larvae, 15 samples of protein meal, 18 samples of spent substrate) were analysed for microessential elements (chromium, copper, iron, nickel, selenium and zinc) and inorganic contaminants (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, tin and vanadium) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Microessential elements were found in the following order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Se > Cr (mg kg-1). Non-essential element concentrations were found lower than the set limits according to the European Union Regulations. The growing demand for alternative protein sources for feed production could be partially compensated by black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) meal, as it appears a good source for high-quality proteins and microessential elements which play a pivotal role in animal growth. In the foreseeable future the current legislation and the official monitoring plans may be implemented and broaden, to focus and assess limits for upcoming matrices, and to ensure feed and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Pederiva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
- Italian National Reference Laboratory of Animal Proteins in Feed, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosa Avolio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy.
| | - Daniela Marchis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
- Italian National Reference Laboratory of Animal Proteins in Feed, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
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13
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Borobia M, Villanueva-Saz S, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Fernández A, Verde MT, González JM, Navarro T, Benito AA, Arnal JL, De las Heras M, Ortín A. Copper Poisoning, a Deadly Hazard for Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182388. [PMID: 36139248 PMCID: PMC9495211 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sheep are very susceptible to copper intoxication, a deadly disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. Two types of copper poisoning can occur depending on the chronic or acute exposure to copper. Chronic toxicosis is the most common form and is developed after a long subclinical period of copper accumulation in the liver. When the capacity of the liver for copper storage is exceeded, a sudden release of copper into the blood causes severe haemolysis and the death of the animals. Acute copper poisoning is much less frequent and appears following the accidental administration or ingestion of toxic amounts of copper. Collapse and death occur shortly after parenteral administration, whereas acute oral exposure to copper causes severe gastroenteritis followed by shock and death. In this review, we summarise the available information on the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of sheep copper poisoning. Abstract Copper (Cu) is an essential microelement for animals. However, sheep are particularly susceptible to Cu intoxication, a deadly disease reported worldwide. The risk of developing this poisoning is higher in vulnerable breeds and in intensively managed lambs or milk sheep. Two types of Cu intoxication can occur depending on the chronic or acute exposure to Cu. In chronic Cu poisoning (CCP), the most common form, Cu is accumulated in the liver during a subclinical period. A low intake of Cu antagonists (molybdenum, sulphur, iron, or zinc) favours Cu accumulation. The sudden release of Cu into the blood causes acute haemolysis with anaemia, haemoglobinuria, jaundice and death within 1–2 days. Acute Cu poisoning is related to the accidental administration or ingestion of toxic amounts of Cu. Acute oral exposure to Cu causes severe gastroenteritis, shock and death. Collapse and death occur shortly after parenteral administration. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical, gross pathological, histological and toxicological findings. Treatment of sheep with severe clinical signs often has poor success but is very effective during the Cu accumulation phase. Different therapies, based on either chelating agents or Cu antagonists, have been used to treat and prevent CCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Borobia
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María González
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Navarro
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alfredo A. Benito
- EXOPOL S.L., Pol. Río Gállego D/S, San Mateo de Gállego, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Luis Arnal
- EXOPOL S.L., Pol. Río Gállego D/S, San Mateo de Gállego, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcelo De las Heras
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-605-319-592
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14
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Li N, Li H, Zhu C, Liu C, Su G, Chen J. Controlling AMR in the Pig Industry: Is It Enough to Restrict Heavy Metals? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11265. [PMID: 36141538 PMCID: PMC9517514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals have the potential to influence the transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, the effect on AMR caused by heavy metals has not been clearly revealed. In this study, we used a microcosm experiment and metagenomics to examine whether common levels of Cu and Zn in pig manure influence AMR transmission in manured soil. We found that the abundance of 204 ARGs significantly increased after manure application, even though the manure did not contain antibiotic residuals. However, the combined addition of low Cu and Zn (500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively) only caused 14 ARGs to significantly increase, and high Cu and Zn (1000 and 3000 mg/kg, respectively) caused 27 ARGs to significantly increase. The disparity of these numbers suggested that factors within the manure were the primary driving reasons for AMR transmission, rather than metal amendments. A similar trend was found for biocide and metal resistance genes (BMRGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). This study offers deeper insights into AMR transmission in relation to the effects of manure application and heavy metals at commonly reported levels. Our findings recommend that more comprehensive measures in controlling AMR in the pig industry are needed apart from restricting heavy metal additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongna Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changxiong Zhu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guofeng Su
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Heyer CME, Jaworski NW, Page GI, Zijlstra RT. Effect of Fiber Fermentation and Protein Digestion Kinetics on Mineral Digestion in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162053. [PMID: 36009643 PMCID: PMC9404855 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient kinetic data and the timing of nutrient release along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), are not yet widely used in current feed formulations for pigs and poultry. The present review focuses on interactions between fermentable substrates (e.g., starch, fiber, and protein) and selected minerals on nutrient digestion and absorption to determine nutritional solutions to maximize animal performance, principally in the grower–finisher phase, with the aim of minimizing environmental pollution. For phosphorus (P), myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), no standardized methodologies to assess in vitro mineral digestion exist. The stepwise degradation of InsP6 to lower inositol phosphate (InsP) forms in the GIT is rare, and inositol phosphate4 (InsP4) might be the limiting isomer of InsP degradation in diets with exogenous phytase. Furthermore, dietary coefficients of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of P might be underestimated in diets with fermentable ingredients because of increased diet-specific endogenous P losses (EPL), and further clarification is required to better calculate the coefficients of true total tract digestibility (CTTTD) of P. The quantification of fiber type, composition of fiber fractions, their influence on digestion kinetics, effects on digesta pH, and nutrient solubility related to fermentation should be considered for formulating diets. In conclusion, applications of nutrient kinetic data should be considered to help enhance nutrient digestion and absorption in the GIT, thereby reducing nutrient excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. E. Heyer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | | - Greg I. Page
- Trouw Nutrition Innovation, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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16
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Byrne L, Murphy RA. Relative Bioavailability of Trace Minerals in Production Animal Nutrition: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1981. [PMID: 35953970 PMCID: PMC9367456 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of dietary supplementation of animal feeds with trace minerals is irrefutable, with various forms of both organic and inorganic products commercially available. With advances in research techniques, and data obtained from both in-vitro and in-vivo studies in recent years, differences between inorganic and organic trace minerals have become more apparent. Furthermore, differences between specific organic mineral types can now be identified. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we carried out an extensive literature search on previously published studies detailing performance responses to trace minerals, in addition to their corresponding relative bioavailability values. This review covers four of the main trace minerals included in feed: copper, iron, manganese and zinc, and encompasses the different types of organic and inorganic products commercially available. Their impact from environmental, economic, and nutritional perspectives are discussed, along with the biological availability of various mineral forms in production animals. Species-specific sections cover ruminants, poultry, and swine. Extensive relative bioavailability tables cover values for all trace mineral products commercially available, including those not previously reviewed in earlier studies, thereby providing a comprehensive industry reference guide. Additionally, we examine reasons for variance in reported relative bioavailability values, with an emphasis on accounting for data misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurann Byrne
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, A86 X006 Co. Meath, Ireland
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17
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Belloso Daza MV, Milani G, Cortimiglia C, Pietta E, Bassi D, Cocconcelli PS. Genomic Insights of Enterococcus faecium UC7251, a Multi-Drug Resistant Strain From Ready-to-Eat Food, Highlight the Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894241. [PMID: 35814695 PMCID: PMC9262338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in ready-to-eat foods comprises a threat for public health due to their ability to acquire and transfer antibiotic-resistant determinants that could settle in the microbiome of the human digestive tract. In this study, Enterococcus faecium UC7251 isolated from a fermented dry sausage was characterized phenotypically and genotypically to hold resistance to multiple antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines. We further investigated this strain following a hybrid sequencing and assembly approach (short and long reads) and determined the presence of various mobile genetic elements (MGEs) responsible of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). On the chromosome of UC7251, we found one integrative and conjugative element (ICE) and a conjugative transposon Tn916-carrying tetracycline resistance. UC7251 carries two plasmids: one small plasmid harboring a rolling circle replication and one MDR megaplasmid. The latter was identified as mobilizable and containing a putative integrative and conjugative element-like region, prophage sequences, insertion sequences, heavy-metal resistance genes, and several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, confirming the phenotypic resistance characteristics. The transmissibility potential of AMR markers was observed through mating experiments, where Tn916-carried tetracycline resistance was transferred at intra- and inter-species levels. This work highlights the significance of constant monitoring of products of animal origin, especially RTE foodstuffs, to stimulate the development of novel strategies in the race for constraining the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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18
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Mantovani A, Aquilina G, Cubadda F, Marcon F. Risk-Benefit Assessment of Feed Additives in the One Health Perspective. Front Nutr 2022; 9:843124. [PMID: 35223963 PMCID: PMC8866873 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.843124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Safety and sustainability of animal feeds is a pillar of the safety of the entire food chain. Feed additive assessment incorporates consumer safety as well as animal health and welfare, which, in turn, can affect productivity and hence food security. The safety of feed users and the environment are other important components of the assessment process which, therefore, builds on a One Health perspective. In several instances the assessment entails a balanced assessment of benefits and risks for humans, animals and/or the environment. Three case studies are selected to discuss issues for a consistent framework on Risk-Benefit Assessment (RBA) of feed additives, based on EFSA opinions and literature: (a) Supplementation of feeds with trace elements with recognized human toxicity (cobalt, iodine) - RBA question: can use levels, hence human exposure, be reduced without increasing the risk of deficiency in animals?; (b) Aflatoxin binders in dairy animals - RBA question: can the use reduce the risk for human health due to aflatoxin M1, without unexpected adverse effects for animals or humans?; (c) Use of formaldehyde as preservative in feedstuffs to prevent microbial contamination - RBA question: is the reduction of microbiological risks outweighed by risks for the consumers, farmed animals or the workers? The case studies indicate that the safety of use of feed additives can involve RBA considerations which fit into a One Health perspective. As in other RBA circumstances, the main issues are defining the question and finding “metrics” that allow a R/B comparison; in the case of feed additives, R and B may concern different species (farm animals and humans). A robust assessment of animal requirements, together with sustainability considerations, might be a significant driving force for a RBA leading to a safe and effective use.
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19
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Larrán B, Miranda M, Herrero-Latorre C, Rigueira L, Pereira V, Suárez ML, López-Alonso M. Influence of Haemolysis on the Mineral Profile of Cattle Serum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123336. [PMID: 34944113 PMCID: PMC8698072 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The results of blood tests routinely used in clinical chemistry can be altered by haemolysis, the disruption of red blood cells. Haemolysis of serum samples is recognized to be the leading cause of preanalytical errors in clinical laboratories. The influence of haemolysis must be specifically studied for each analyte and species of clinical interest, as it is often not known how serum samples are affected. Little is known about the potential alterations in the concentrations of mineral elements in haemolyzed serum in general and the phenomenon has not been specifically studied in bovine serum samples. We investigate how haemolysis affects the mineral content of bovine samples. Abstract Haemolysis of serum samples is the leading cause of preanalytical errors in clinical laboratories. Little is known about the potential alterations in the concentrations of mineral elements in haemolyzed serum and the phenomenon has not been specifically studied in bovine serum samples. We investigate how haemolysis affects the mineral content of bovine samples. We used ICP-MS to measure the concentrations of 12 mineral elements (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Se and Zn) in bovine whole blood, serum and gradually haemolyzed samples and observed significant differences between the different types of samples, particularly in the Fe and Zn concentrations. However, in practice, the high interindividual variability makes it difficult to establish whether a given value corresponds to normal or haemolyzed samples. In response to this problem, we propose to consider that a result is significantly biased when the haemolysis threshold (the degree of haemolysis above which the concentration of an element in serum is significantly altered) of a given element is surpassed. The haemolysis threshold values for the different elements considered were found as follows: 0.015 g Hb L−1 for Fe, 2 g for Zn, 4 g for Cr and 8 g for Ca, Se and Mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Larrán
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (B.L.); (L.R.); (M.L.S.)
- Rof-Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (B.L.); (L.R.); (M.L.S.)
- Rof-Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Herrero-Latorre
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Lucas Rigueira
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (B.L.); (L.R.); (M.L.S.)
- Rof-Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Víctor Pereira
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (V.P.); (M.L.-A.)
| | - María Luisa Suárez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (B.L.); (L.R.); (M.L.S.)
- Rof-Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (V.P.); (M.L.-A.)
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20
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Mayasula VK, Arunachalam A, Babatunde SA, Naidu SJ, Sellappana S, Krishnan BB, Rajendran US, Janardhan RI, Bhatta R. Trace minerals for improved performance: a review of Zn and Cu supplementation effects on male reproduction in goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:491. [PMID: 34596788 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Minerals are required in small amounts but play significant roles in many physiological functions related with growth, reproduction, and health of goats such as biochemical, molecular systems, and optimized enzymatic activities due to their roles as co-factors to metalloenzymes. Among them, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are leading essential elements in goat nutrition, because of their role across several biological functions. The proportion of these minerals availability and absorption from the ingested feed is usually less, because of their complexities with un-degradable parts of feed resources. Hence, their exogenous supplementation is required for normal animal functions. On this background, this review presents findings associated with supplementation of these minerals in organic form as a way for improving the fertility of male goats with special focus on physico-chemical-kinetics of the semen for improving the application of reproductive technologies. This review emphasizes the organic sources of these minerals to replace the inorganic sources, based on their significance in improving semen qualities, antioxidant protection, and mediation of molecular activities. This review also discusses salient routes of Zn and Cu absorption and identifies the need for molecular exploration for positive outcomes with supplementation of these minerals as an area of the future goat nutrition-reproduction improvement strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata K Mayasula
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arangasamy Arunachalam
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India.
| | - Sikiru A Babatunde
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
- DBT -TWAS, Federal University of Technology, Minna, 920626, Nigeria
| | - Sharanya J Naidu
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - Selvaraju Sellappana
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - Binsila B Krishnan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - Umaya S Rajendran
- Bioenergetics and Environmental Sciences Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - Reddy I Janardhan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560030, India
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21
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Sabry MIE, Stino FKR, El-Ghany WAA. Copper: benefits and risks for poultry, livestock, and fish production. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:487. [PMID: 34590182 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein production from animal origin should increase to meet the needs of a growing global population. This article presents an overview on copper (Cu) forms and their importance for animals' physiological functions. Moreover, it will focus on the current and promising nano-Cu applications in poultry, livestock, and fish production systems. Use of Cu as a feed additive directly or indirectly impacts the human food chain and may affect the safety and/or quality of food. Finally, the expected risks and hazards related to the use of nano-Cu that can affect animals, humans, and the environment are described. It is concluded that nano-Cu applications have the potential to provide an efficient solution for reducing the Cu amount in the poultry, livestock, and fish diets, which can help in reducing costs and environmental contamination and increasing animals' productivity. However, concerns over the safety of nano-Cu applications hamper their immediate implementation. Thus, rigorous risk assessments should be conducted to ensure the safety of animal-origin products in the case of supplementation animal diets with nano-copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I El Sabry
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | - Farid K R Stino
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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22
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Lall SP, Kaushik SJ. Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092711. [PMID: 34573676 PMCID: PMC8466162 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our aim is to introduce the mineral nutrition of fish and explain the complexity of determining requirements for these elements, which are absorbed and excreted by the fish into the surrounding water. To date, only the requirements for nine minerals have been investigated. The review is focused on the absorption and the dietary factors that reduce their absorption from feed ingredients of plant and animal origin. Some diseases, such as cataracts, anemia and bone deformity, have been linked to dietary deficiency of minerals. Abstract Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh P. Lall
- National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.P.L.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Sadasivam J. Kaushik
- Retd. INRA, 64310 St Pée sur Nivelle, France
- Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.P.L.); (S.J.K.)
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23
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Álvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Argüello H, Berendonk T, Cavaco LM, Gaze W, Schmitt H, Topp E, Guerra B, Liébana E, Stella P, Peixe L. Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06651. [PMID: 34178158 PMCID: PMC8210462 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of food-producing environments in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in EU plant-based food production, terrestrial animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) and aquaculture was assessed. Among the various sources and transmission routes identified, fertilisers of faecal origin, irrigation and surface water for plant-based food and water for aquaculture were considered of major importance. For terrestrial animal production, potential sources consist of feed, humans, water, air/dust, soil, wildlife, rodents, arthropods and equipment. Among those, evidence was found for introduction with feed and humans, for the other sources, the importance could not be assessed. Several ARB of highest priority for public health, such as carbapenem or extended-spectrum cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacterales (including Salmonella enterica), fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were identified. Among highest priority ARGs bla CTX -M, bla VIM, bla NDM, bla OXA -48-like, bla OXA -23, mcr, armA, vanA, cfr and optrA were reported. These highest priority bacteria and genes were identified in different sources, at primary and post-harvest level, particularly faeces/manure, soil and water. For all sectors, reducing the occurrence of faecal microbial contamination of fertilisers, water, feed and the production environment and minimising persistence/recycling of ARB within animal production facilities is a priority. Proper implementation of good hygiene practices, biosecurity and food safety management systems is very important. Potential AMR-specific interventions are in the early stages of development. Many data gaps relating to sources and relevance of transmission routes, diversity of ARB and ARGs, effectiveness of mitigation measures were identified. Representative epidemiological and attribution studies on AMR and its effective control in food production environments at EU level, linked to One Health and environmental initiatives, are urgently required.
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24
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The effect of copper source on the stability and activity of α-tocopherol acetate, butylated hydroxytoulene and phytase. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe supplementation of Copper (Cu) is essential for the optimum performance of physiological functions, including growth performance and immune function. Cu is usually formulated into animal premixes in the form of inorganic salts, such as sulphates, or organic minerals. Organic minerals are mineral salts that are either complexed or chelated to organic ligands such as proteins, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Cu is often formulated into premixes alongside other essential components such as vitamins, enzymes and synthetic antioxidants, all of which are susceptible to negative interactions with Cu which can detrimentally effect both their stability and activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of five different commercially available Cu sources in relation to their effect on the stability of α-tocopherol acetate and on the activity of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and three commercially available phytases in vitro. The results determined that Cu source played a significant role in relation to limiting the interactions between Cu and each of the other components in vitro. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), not only, between the inorganic and organic Cu sources but also between some of the individual organic Cu sources in relation to their effect on α-tocopherol acetate, BHT and phytase.
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25
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López-Alonso M, Miranda M. Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101890. [PMID: 33076570 PMCID: PMC7602799 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring adequate copper supplementation in ruminants is a challenging task due to the complexity of copper metabolism in these animals. The three-way interaction between copper, molybdenum and sulphur (Cu-Mo-S) in the rumen makes ruminants, particularly cattle, very susceptible to suffering from secondary copper deficiency. Paradoxically, excessive copper storage in the liver to prevent deficiency becomes a hazard when ruminants are fed copper-supplemented diets even slightly above requirements. While cattle were traditionally thought to be relatively tolerant of copper accumulation, and reports of copper poisoning were until recently somewhat rare, in recent years an increased number of episodes/outbreaks of copper toxicity in cattle, particularly in dairy cattle, have been reported worldwide. The growing number of lethal cases reported seems to indicate that copper intoxication is spreading silently in dairy herds, urging the development of strategies to monitor herd copper status and improve farmers' awareness of copper toxicity. In fact, monitoring studies carried out on numerous samples collected from culled animals in slaughterhouses and/or diagnostic laboratories have demonstrated that large numbers of animals have hepatic copper concentrations well above adequate levels in many different countries. These trends are undoubtedly due to copper supplementation aimed at preventing copper deficiency, as dietary copper intake from pasture alone is unlikely to cause such high levels of accumulation in liver tissue. The reasons behind the copper overfeeding in cattle are related both to a poor understanding of copper metabolism and the theory of "if adding a little produces a response, then adding a lot will produce a better response". Contrary to most trace elements, copper in ruminants has narrow margins of safety, which must also be formulated considering the concentrations of copper antagonists in the diet. This review paper aims to provide nutritionists/veterinary practitioners with the key points about copper metabolism in cattle to guarantee an adequate copper supply while preventing excessive hepatic copper loading, which requires à la carte copper supplementation for each herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-982-822-615
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Effect of Different Levels of Copper Nanoparticles and Copper Sulfate on Morphometric Indices, Antioxidant Status and Mineral Digestibility in the Small Intestine of Turkeys. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
It was hypothesized that dietary copper (Cu) nanoparticles, as a substitute for the commonly used copper sulfate, could contribute to lowering the dietary inclusion levels of Cu without compromising growth performance or reducing Cu digestibility and utilization in turkeys. An experiment was carried out on 648 one-day-old Hybrid Converter turkeys divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates per group in a two-factorial design with 3 dietary inclusion levels of Cu (20, 10 and 2 mg kg−1) and 2 dietary sources of Cu, copper sulfate and Cu nanoparticles (Cu-SUL and Cu-NPs, respectively). The apparent digestibility coefficients of minerals were determined after 6 weeks, and tissue samples were collected after 14 weeks of experimental feeding. A decrease in the dietary inclusion levels of Cu from 20 to 10 and 2 mg kg−1 did not reduce the body weights of turkeys at 42 and 98 days of age. In comparison with the remaining treatments, the lowest dietary inclusion level of Cu significantly decreased MDA concentrations in small intestinal tissue (P=0.002) and in the bursa of Fabricius (P=0.001). The replacement of Cu-SUL with Cu-NPs differentially modulated the redox status of selected tissues, i.e., enhanced SOD activity in small intestinal tissue (P=0.001) and decreased total glutathione levels in the bursa of Fabricius (P=0.005). In general, neither the different levels nor sources of additional dietary Cu (main factors) exerted negative effects on the histological structure of the duodenum and jejunum in turkeys. The intestinal digestibility of Cu increased with decreasing dietary Cu levels, and as a consequence, the highest apparent digestibility coefficient of Cu (and zinc) was noted in turkeys fed diets with the addition of 2 mg kg−1 Cu-NPs. Therefore, the environmental burden of excreted Cu was substantially reduced along with decreasing dietary Cu levels but it did not depend on the Cu source.
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Dalto DB, Audet I, Matte JJ. Impact of dietary zinc:copper ratio on the postprandial net portal appearance of these minerals in pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3938-3946. [PMID: 31292635 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the net intestinal absorption of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) after meals containing different dietary ratios among these trace elements. Ten 46-kg pigs were used in a cross-over design to assess the 10-h net portal-drained viscera (PDV) flux of serum Cu and Zn after ingestion of boluses containing ZnSO4 and CuSO4 in different Zn:Cu ratios (mg:mg): 120:20; 200:20; 120:8; and 200:8. Arterial Zn concentrations peaked within the first hour post-meal and responses were greater with 200 (0.9 to 1.8 mg/L) than with 120 mg (0.9 to 1.6 mg/L) of dietary Zn (dietary Zn × time, P = 0.05). Net PDV flux of Zn was greater (P = 0.02) with 200 than with 120 mg of dietary Zn and tended to be greater (P = 0.10) with 20 than with 8 mg of dietary Cu. The cumulative PDV appearance of Zn (% of dietary intake) was greater with 120 than 200 mg of dietary Zn from 8 h post-meal (P ≤ 0.04) and with 20 than 8 mg of dietary Cu from 7 h post-meal (P ≤ 0.05). At the end of the postprandial period (10 h), estimated PDV appearance of Zn was 16.0%, 18.4%, 12.0%, and 15.3% of Zn intake for 120:8, 120:20, 200:8, and 200:20 ratios, respectively. For Cu, irrespective of treatment, arterial values varied (P < 0.01) by less than 5% across postmeal times. Net PDV flux was not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.12), but the value for ratio 120:20 was different from zero (P = 0.03). There was an interaction dietary Zn × dietary Cu on cumulative PDV appearance of Cu (% of dietary intake) at 30 min post-meal (P = 0.04) and thereafter at 3 h post-meal (P = 0.04). For the whole postprandial period (10 h), estimated PDV appearance of Cu was 61.9%, 42.1%, -17.1%, and 23.6% of Cu intake for 120:8, 120:20, 200:8, and 200:20 ratios, respectively. In conclusion, the present dietary amounts and ratios of Zn and Cu can affect the metabolic availability of both trace minerals for pigs. Ratios with 120 mg of dietary Zn maximized the postintestinal availability of both Zn and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel Bueno Dalto
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Audet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - J Jacques Matte
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
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28
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The Effect of Administration of Copper Nanoparticles in Drinking Water on Redox Reactions in the Liver and Breast Muscle of Broiler Chickens. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine what dosage of copper nanoparticles added in the form of a hydrocolloid to standard dietary supplementation with copper sulphate will increase the antioxidant potential in the liver and breast muscle of chickens. In total, 126 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were assigned to 7 experimental groups of 18 birds each (3 replications of 6 individuals each). The basal-diet treatment did not receive nano-Cu. Experimental groups received nano-Cu (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day) via a tube into the crop over three 3-day periods (days 8–10, 22–24 and 36–38) or three 7-day periods (days 8–14, 22–28 and 36–42). Dietary supplementation of chickens with nano-Cu to exceed the Cu level recommended by the NRC increased the content of Cu (P=0.042) while reducing that of Zn in the liver (P=0.031) and breast muscle (P=0.036). Supplementing the diet of chickens with nano-Cu to a level exceeding the level of copper recommended by the NRC by 7% to 25% increased the antioxidant potential of the liver and the breast meat. The study has shown that the antioxidant status of the liver and breast meat of chickens can be improved by supplementing the standard dietary copper sulphate supplement with the addition of nano-Cu, but to a level not exceeding 25% of the copper content recommended by NRC (1994) for broiler chickens, but the most safe is the nano-Cu level not exceeding 7% of the copper content recommended by NRC (1994).
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29
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Redox and Immunological Status of Turkeys Fed Diets with Different Levels and Sources of Copper. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study, performed on turkeys aged 1 to 98 days, aimed to investigate whether different dietary inclusion levels (20, 10, 2 mg kg−1) of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NP) as a substitute for copper sulphate (Cu-SUL) affect redox and immunological status of turkeys’ tissues. No significant differences in the final body weights of turkeys were found across the dietary treatments. A comparison of the physiological effects of Cu-NP and Cu-SUL revealed equivocal metabolic responses including decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver, increased SOD and catalase activities in breast muscles, decreased total glutathione concentrations in breast muscles, and decreased plasma IgY concentrations. An analysis of the antioxidant and immune status parameters in the blood, liver and breast meat of turkeys indicates that 10 mg/kg is the optimal inclusion level of additional Cu. Both two-fold higher and five-fold lower Cu supplementation levels have a negative influence on selected parameters of the antioxidant and immune status of birds. Lower supplementation levels of Cu-NP (2 and 10 mg/kg) exert similar physiological effects to Cu-SUL, whereas higher addition of Cu-NP (20 mg/kg) may negatively affect selected redox parameters and stimulate the synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. The results of the present study indicate that further research is needed to establish the actual dietary requirements for Cu in turkeys and the efficacy of nanoparticles as a new additional Cu source in turkey nutrition.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kouba M, Kos Durjava M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Flachowsky G, Gropp J, Cubadda F, López-Gálvez G, Mantovani A. Safety and efficacy of a molybdenum compound (E7) sodium molybdate dihydrate as feed additive for sheep based on a dossier submitted by Trouw Nutrition International B.V. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05606. [PMID: 32626229 PMCID: PMC7009221 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of sodium molybdate dihydrate for sheep, based on a dossier submitted for the re-evaluation of the additive. The additive is currently authorised in the EU for all animal species as 'Nutritional additive' - 'Compounds of trace elements'. Taking the optimal Cu:Mo ratio of 3-10, and the highest total copper level authorised in complete feeds for sheep (15 mg/kg), the FEEDAP Panel concluded that 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for sheep. Considering (i) a safe intake of 0.6 mg Mo/day, (ii) the estimate average intake figure from food in Europe (generally less than 100 μg/day), (iii) the contribution of foods of animal origin to the total molybdenum intake (estimated to be up to 22 %), and (iv) that molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues/products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper safe level, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of sodium molybdate as a additive in sheep at 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for consumers. The additive under assessment feed poses no risk by inhalation to users; it is a skin and eye irritant, but it is not considered as a skin sensitiser. Sodium molybdate used up to 2.5 mg Mo/kg complete sheep feed poses no concerns for the safety for the environment. The FEEDAP Panel recognises that molybdenum does not need to be added to diets to cover the nutritional needs of molybdenum of sheep. Molybdenum supplementation in sheep feed is considered effective in order to guarantee an adequate balance with copper, when the Cu:Mo ratio in the diet is in the range 3-10.
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Jun H, Kurenbach B, Aitken J, Wasa A, Remus-Emsermann MN, Godsoe W, Heinemann JA. Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of copper ammonium acetate, pyrethrins and atrazine on the response of Escherichia coli to antibiotics. F1000Res 2019; 8:32. [PMID: 30828439 PMCID: PMC6381802 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17652.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic resistance in human and animal pathogens is mainly the outcome of human use of antibiotics. However, bacteria are also exposed to thousands of other antimicrobial agents. Increasingly those exposures are being investigated as co-selective agents behind the rapid rise and spread of resistance in bacterial pathogens of people and our domesticated animals. Methods: We measured the sub-lethal effects on antibiotic tolerance of the human pathogen/commensal Escherichia coli caused by exposure to three common biocide formulations based on either copper, pyrethrins, or atrazine as active ingredients. The influence of the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC was investigated using deletion strains, and the persistence of observed effects was determined. Results: Some effects were seen for all biocides, but the largest effects were observed with copper in combination with the antibiotic tetracycline. The effect was caused by both the induction of the adaptive efflux system and by chelation of the antibiotic by copper. Finally, persistence of the adaptive response was measured and found to persist for about two generations. Conclusions: Through a combination of microbe-chemical and chemical-chemical interactions, humanity may be creating micro-environments in which resistance evolution is accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Jun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Brigitta Kurenbach
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and Centre for Integrative Ecology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jack Aitken
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alibe Wasa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mitja N.P. Remus-Emsermann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - William Godsoe
- Bio-Protection Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jack A. Heinemann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and Centre for Integrative Ecology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Abstract
Metals and metalloids have been used alongside antibiotics in livestock production for a long time. The potential and acute negative impact on the environment and human health of these livestock feed supplements has prompted lawmakers to ban or discourage the use of some or all of these supplements. This article provides an overview of current use in the European Union and the United States, detected metal resistance determinants, and the proteins and mechanisms responsible for conferring copper and zinc resistance in bacteria. A detailed description of the most common copper and zinc metal resistance determinants is given to illustrate not only the potential danger of coselecting antibiotic resistance genes but also the potential to generate bacterial strains with an increased potential to be pathogenic to humans. For example, the presence of a 20-gene copper pathogenicity island is highlighted since bacteria containing this gene cluster could be readily isolated from copper-fed pigs, and many pathogenic strains, including Escherichia coli O104:H4, contain this potential virulence factor, suggesting a potential link between copper supplements in livestock and the evolution of pathogens.
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Pereira V, Carbajales P, López-Alonso M, Miranda M. Trace Element Concentrations in Beef Cattle Related to the Breed Aptitude. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 186:135-142. [PMID: 29478230 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal feed has traditionally been supplemented with trace elements at dietary concentrations well above physiological needs. However, environmental concerns have led to calls for better adjustment of mineral supplementation to actual physiological needs and, in this context, consideration of breed-related differences in trace element requirements. The aim of this study was to analyze trace element concentrations in the main breeds used for intensive beef production in northern Spain (Holstein-Friesian [HF], Galician Blonde [GB], and GB × HF cross). Samples of blood, internal organs, and muscle were obtained at slaughter from 10 HF, GB, and GB × HF cross calves in the same feedlot. Overall, trace element concentrations in serum and internal organs were within adequate ranges and did not differ between those of breeds, suggesting that trace mineral supplementation was adequate in all groups. The only exception to this was copper, and hepatic copper concentrations were above adequate levels in all calves. This was particularly evident in the HF calves, and the maximum recommended level for human consumption was exceeded in 90% of these animals. Copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc concentrations in muscle were significantly higher in the HF than those in the GB calves, with intermediate values for the crosses. These breed-related differences in trace element concentrations in the muscle may be related to lower muscle mass and/or higher hepatic activity in the HF (dairy) calves than in GB (beef) calves. As meat is an essential source of highly available trace elements in human diets, breed-related differences in trace element concentrations in meat deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pereira
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Paloma Carbajales
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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Keenan J, O'Sullivan F, Henry M, Breen L, Doolan P, Sinkunaite I, Meleady P, Clynes M, Horgan K, Murphy R. Acute exposure to organic and inorganic sources of copper: Differential response in intestinal cell lines. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2499-2514. [PMID: 30510751 PMCID: PMC6261202 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SCOPE Copper supplementation in nutrition has evolved from using inorganic mineral salts to organically chelated minerals but with limited knowledge of the impact at the cellular level. METHODS Here, the impact of inorganic and organic nutrient forms (glycinate, organic acid, and proteinate) of copper on the cellular level is investigated on intestinal cell lines, HT29 and Caco-2, after a 2-hr acute exposure to copper compounds and following a 10-hr recovery. RESULTS Following the 10-hr recovery, increases were observed in proteins involved in metal binding (metallothioneins) and antioxidant response (sulfiredoxin 1 and heme oxygenase 1), and global proteomic analysis suggested recruitment of the unfolded protein response and proteosomal overloading. Copper organic acid chelate, the only treatment to show striking and sustained reactive oxygen species generation, had the greatest impact on ubiquitinated proteins, reduced autophagy, and increased aggresome formation, reducing growth in both cell lines. The least effect was noted in copper proteinate with negligible impact on aggresome formation or extended growth for either cell line. CONCLUSION The type and source of copper can impact significantly at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Keenan
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | - Finbarr O'Sullivan
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | - Laura Breen
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | - Padraig Doolan
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | | | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
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Rychen G, Aquilina G, Azimonti G, Bampidis V, Bastos MDL, Bories G, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Flachowsky G, Gropp J, Kolar B, Kouba M, López Puente S, López-Alonso M, Mayo B, Ramos F, Saarela M, Villa RE, Wallace RJ, Wester P, Leng L, López-Gálvez G, Mantovani A. Safety and efficacy of iron dextran as a feed additive for piglets. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04701. [PMID: 32625406 PMCID: PMC7009916 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The additive, 'Iron dextran 10%', is a liquid preparation containing iron dextran (25%, of which 10% is total iron), sodium chloride (1.5%), phenol (0.4%) and water (73.1%). Iron dextran 10% is considered safe for suckling piglets when given at an oral dose of 1 mL/kg body weight (bw) once in each of the first 2 weeks of life; this dose corresponds to 100 mg Fe/kg bw. The administration of iron dextran 10% to piglets deficient in vitamin E and/or selenium is considered a risk. The oral use of iron dextran 10% in suckling piglets does not pose any safety concerns to consumers, provided that the conditions identified as safe for the target animal are respected. Iron dextran 10% is considered a respiratory sensitiser and may be harmful if inhaled; however, exposure by inhalation is not expected; therefore, the risk is considered to be negligible. Iron dextran 10% is an irritant to skin and eyes; a risk by skin sensitisation cannot be excluded. The presence of phenol in the additive should be considered to pose a hazard for users. The use of the additive for suckling piglets at the proposed level does not pose a safety concern to the environment. The available studies with orally administered iron dextran indicate that the additive is a bioavailable source of iron for suckling piglets; however, the efficacy of the additive when given to newborn pigs as proposed via water for drinking (voluntary intake) has not been demonstrated. The Panel proposed some recommendations regarding the dextran used in the manufacture of the additive and the procedure for administering the additive to piglets.
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Murphy D, Ricci A, Auce Z, Beechinor JG, Bergendahl H, Breathnach R, Bureš J, Duarte Da Silva JP, Hederová J, Hekman P, Ibrahim C, Kozhuharov E, Kulcsár G, Lander Persson E, Lenhardsson JM, Mačiulskis P, Malemis I, Markus-Cizelj L, Michaelidou-Patsia A, Nevalainen M, Pasquali P, Rouby JC, Schefferlie J, Schlumbohm W, Schmit M, Spiteri S, Srčič S, Taban L, Tiirats T, Urbain B, Vestergaard EM, Wachnik-Święcicka A, Weeks J, Zemann B, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Fernandez Escamez PS, Girones R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Wahlström H, Baptiste K, Catry B, Cocconcelli PS, Davies R, Ducrot C, Friis C, Jungersen G, More S, Muñoz Madero C, Sanders P, Bos M, Kunsagi Z, Torren Edo J, Brozzi R, Candiani D, Guerra B, Liebana E, Stella P, Threlfall J, Jukes H. EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04666. [PMID: 32625259 PMCID: PMC7010070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA and EMA have jointly reviewed measures taken in the EU to reduce the need for and use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, and the resultant impacts on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Reduction strategies have been implemented successfully in some Member States. Such strategies include national reduction targets, benchmarking of antimicrobial use, controls on prescribing and restrictions on use of specific critically important antimicrobials, together with improvements to animal husbandry and disease prevention and control measures. Due to the multiplicity of factors contributing to AMR, the impact of any single measure is difficult to quantify, although there is evidence of an association between reduction in antimicrobial use and reduced AMR. To minimise antimicrobial use, a multifaceted integrated approach should be implemented, adapted to local circumstances. Recommended options (non-prioritised) include: development of national strategies; harmonised systems for monitoring antimicrobial use and AMR development; establishing national targets for antimicrobial use reduction; use of on-farm health plans; increasing the responsibility of veterinarians for antimicrobial prescribing; training, education and raising public awareness; increasing the availability of rapid and reliable diagnostics; improving husbandry and management procedures for disease prevention and control; rethinking livestock production systems to reduce inherent disease risk. A limited number of studies provide robust evidence of alternatives to antimicrobials that positively influence health parameters. Possible alternatives include probiotics and prebiotics, competitive exclusion, bacteriophages, immunomodulators, organic acids and teat sealants. Development of a legislative framework that permits the use of specific products as alternatives should be considered. Further research to evaluate the potential of alternative farming systems on reducing AMR is also recommended. Animals suffering from bacterial infections should only be treated with antimicrobials based on veterinary diagnosis and prescription. Options should be reviewed to phase out most preventive use of antimicrobials and to reduce and refine metaphylaxis by applying recognised alternative measures.
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