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Jolly AA, Brown RB, Tozer DJ, Hong YT, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, O’Brien JT, Markus HS. Are central and systemic inflammation associated with fatigue in cerebral small vessel disease? Int J Stroke 2024; 19:705-713. [PMID: 38533609 PMCID: PMC11292988 DOI: 10.1177/17474930241245613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue is a common symptom in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. It has been suggested that inflammation may play a role. We determined whether central (neuro) inflammation and peripheral inflammation were associated with fatigue in SVD. METHODS Notably, 36 patients with moderate-to-severe SVD underwent neuropsychometric testing, combined positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) scan, and blood draw for the analysis of inflammatory blood biomarkers. Microglial signal was taken as a proxy for neuroinflammation, assessed with radioligand 11C-PK11195. Of these, 30 subjects had full PET datasets for analysis. We assessed global 11C-PK11195 binding and hotspots of 11C-PK11195 binding in the normal-appearing white matter, lesioned tissue, and combined total white matter. Peripheral inflammation was assessed with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and using the Olink cardiovascular III proteomic panel comprising 92 biomarkers of cardiovascular inflammation and endothelial activation. Fatigue was assessed using the fatigue severity scale (FSS), the visual analog fatigue scale, and a subscale of the Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS Mean (SD) age was 68.7 (11.2) years, and 63.9% were male. Of these, 55.6% showed fatigue on the FSS. Fatigued participants had higher disability scores (p = 0.02), higher total GDS scores (p = 0.02), and more commonly reported a history of depression (p = 0.04). 11C-PK11195 ligand binding in the white matter was not associated with any measure of fatigue. Serum CRP was significantly associated with average fatigue score on FSS (ρ = 0.48, p = 0.004); this association persisted when controlling for age, sex, disability score, and depression (β = 0.49, 95% CI (0.17, 2.26), p = 0.03). Blood biomarkers from the Olink panel showed no association with fatigue. CONCLUSION In symptomatic SVD patients, neuroinflammation, assessed with microglial marker 11C-PK11195, was not associated with fatigue. We found some evidence for a role of systematic inflammation, evidenced by an association between fatigue severity and raised CRP, but further studies are required to understand this relationship and inform whether it could be therapeutically modified to reduce fatigue severity. DATA ACCESS STATEMENT Data for this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Jolly
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin B Brown
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Tozer
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John T O’Brien
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Emvalomenos GM, Kang JWM, Jupp B, Mychasiuk R, Keay KA, Henderson LA. Recent developments and challenges in positron emission tomography imaging of gliosis in chronic neuropathic pain. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00597. [PMID: 38713812 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the transition from acute to chronic pain is critical for the development of more effective and targeted treatments. There is growing interest in the contribution of glial cells to this process, with cross-sectional preclinical studies demonstrating specific changes in these cell types capturing targeted timepoints from the acute phase and the chronic phase. In vivo longitudinal assessment of the development and evolution of these changes in experimental animals and humans has presented a significant challenge. Recent technological advances in preclinical and clinical positron emission tomography, including the development of specific radiotracers for gliosis, offer great promise for the field. These advances now permit tracking of glial changes over time and provide the ability to relate these changes to pain-relevant symptomology, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and treatment outcomes at both a group and an individual level. In this article, we summarize evidence for gliosis in the transition from acute to chronic pain and provide an overview of the specific radiotracers available to measure this process, highlighting their potential, particularly when combined with ex vivo/in vitro techniques, to understand the pathophysiology of chronic neuropathic pain. These complementary investigations can be used to bridge the existing gap in the field concerning the contribution of gliosis to neuropathic pain and identify potential targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle M Emvalomenos
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James W M Kang
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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3
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Blum N, Mirian C, Maier AD, Mathiesen TI, Vilhardt F, Haslund-Vinding JL. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:1020-1032. [PMID: 37952221 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors and show extensive infiltration of macrophages. The mitochondrial membrane protein translocator protein (TSPO) has been used as an in vivo marker of microglia and macrophage activation to visualize neuroinflammation. However, it is unknown which cell types express TSPO in meningiomas. Immunohistochemistry of 38 WHO grade 1-3 meningiomas was subjected to segmentation and deep learning classification of TSPO expression to either Iba1-positive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) or all other (mainly neoplastic) cells. A possible association between clinical data and TSPO expression intensities was also investigated. TAMs accounted for 15.9%-26% of all cells in the meningioma tissue. Mean fluorescence intensity of TSPO was significantly higher in TAMs (p < 0.0001), but the mass of neoplastic cells in the tumors exceeded that of TAMs. Thus, the summed fluorescence intensity of TSPO in meningioma cells was 64.1% higher than in TAMs (p = 0.0003). We observed no correlation between TSPO expression intensity and WHO grade. These results indicate that both macrophage-lineage and neoplastic cells in meningiomas express TSPO and that the SPECT-TSPO signal in meningiomas mainly reflects the latter; TSPO is expressed equally in parenchymal activated and resting macrophage/microglia lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Blum
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Andrea Daniela Maier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Scott AP, Henden A, Kennedy GA, Tey SK. PET assessment of acute gastrointestinal graft versus host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2023; 58:973-979. [PMID: 37537245 PMCID: PMC10471499 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-023-02038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal graft versus host disease (GI-GVHD) is a common complication following allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), and is characterised by severe morbidity, frequent treatment-refractoriness, and high mortality. Early, accurate identification of GI-GVHD could allow for therapeutic interventions to ameliorate its severity, improve response rates and survival; however, standard endoscopic biopsy is inadequately informative in terms of diagnostic sensitivity or outcome prediction. In an era where rapid technological and laboratory advances have dramatically expanded our understanding of GI-GVHD biology and potential therapeutic targets, there is substantial scope for novel investigations that can precisely guide GI-GVHD management. In particular, the combination of tissue-based biomarker assessment (plasma cytokines, faecal microbiome) and molecular imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) offers the potential for non-invasive, real-time in vivo assessment of donor:recipient immune activity within the GI tract for GI-GVHD prediction or diagnosis. In this article, we review the evidence regarding GI-GVHD diagnosis, and examine the potential roles and translational opportunities posed by these novel diagnostic tools, with a focus on the evolving role of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh P Scott
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Andrea Henden
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen A Kennedy
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Conte M, De Feo MS, Sidrak MMA, Corica F, Gorica J, Granese GM, Filippi L, De Vincentis G, Frantellizzi V. Imaging of Tauopathies with PET Ligands: State of the Art and Future Outlook. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101682. [PMID: 37238166 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Tauopathies are a group of diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein. They are distinguished into 3R, 4R, and 3R/4R tauopathies and also include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging represents a pivotal instrument to guide clinicians. This systematic review aims to summarize the current and novel PET tracers. (2) Methods: Literature research was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, Medline, Central, and the Web of Science using the query "pet ligands" and "tauopathies". Articles published from January 2018 to 9 February, 2023, were searched. Only studies on the development of novel PET radiotracers for imaging in tauopathies or comparative studies between existing PET tracers were included. (3) Results: A total of 126 articles were found, as follows: 96 were identified from PubMed, 27 from Scopus, one on Central, two on Medline, and zero on the Web of Science. Twenty-four duplicated works were excluded, and 63 articles did not satisfy the inclusion criteria. The remaining 40 articles were included for quality assessment. (4) Conclusions: PET imaging represents a valid instrument capable of helping clinicians in diagnosis, but it is not always perfect in differential diagnosis, even if further investigations on humans for novel promising ligands are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Conte
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia De Feo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marko Magdi Abdou Sidrak
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Corica
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Joana Gorica
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Maria Granese
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Filippi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, 00410 Latina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vincentis
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Frantellizzi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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6
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Intracellular DAMPs in Neurodegeneration and Their Role in Clinical Therapeutics. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3600-3616. [PMID: 36859688 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the major implication of neurodegeneration. This is a complex process which initiates from the cellular injury triggering the innate immune system which gives rise to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which are also recognized as endogenous danger indicators. These originate from various compartments of the cell under pathological stimulus. These are very popular candidates having their origin in the intracellular compartments and organelles of the cell and may have their site of action itself in the intracellular or at the extracellular spaces. Under the influence of the pathological stimuli, they interact with the pattern-recognition receptor to initiate their pro-inflammatory cascade followed by the cytokine release. This provides a good opportunity for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions creating better conditions for repair and reversal. Since the major contributors arise from the intracellular compartment, in this review, we have attempted to focus on the DAMP molecules arising from the intracellular compartments and their specific roles in the neurodegenerative events explaining their downstream mediators and signaling. Moreover, we have tried to cover the latest interventions in terms of DAMPs as clinical biomarkers which can assist in detecting the disease and also target it to reduce the innate-immune activation response which can help in reducing the sterile neuroinflammation having an integral role in the neurodegenerative processes.
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7
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Della Vecchia S, Marchese M, Santorelli FM. Glial Contributions to Lafora Disease: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123103. [PMID: 36551859 PMCID: PMC9776290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lafora disease (LD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the accumulation of polyglucosan bodies (PBs) throughout the brain. Alongside metabolic and molecular alterations, neuroinflammation has emerged as another key histopathological feature of LD. METHODS To investigate the role of astrocytes and microglia in LD, we performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA statement. PubMed, Scopus, and Web-of-Science database searches were performed independently by two reviewers. RESULTS Thirty-five studies analyzing the relationship of astrocytes and microglia with LD and/or the effects of anti-inflammatory treatments in LD animal models were identified and included in the review. Although LD has long been dominated by a neuronocentric view, a growing body of evidence suggests a role of glial cells in the disease, starting with the finding that these cells accumulate PBs. We discuss the potential meaning of glial PB accumulations, the likely factors activating glial cells, and the possible contribution of glial cells to LD neurodegeneration and epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Given the evidence for the role of neuroinflammation in LD, future studies should consider glial cells as a potential therapeutic target for modifying/delaying LD progression; however, it should be kept in mind that these cells can potentially assume multiple reactive phenotypes, which could influence the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Della Vecchia
- Molecular Medicine and Neurogenetics, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.V.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Maria Marchese
- Neurobiology, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine and Neurogenetics, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Neurobiology, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.V.); (F.M.S.)
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8
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Wongso H. Recent progress on the development of fluorescent probes targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114854. [PMID: 35963341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) was first identified in 1997, and has now become one of the appealing subcellular targets in medicinal chemistry and its related fields. TSPO involves in a variety of diseases, covering neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, cancers, and so on. To date, various high-affinity TSPO ligands labelled with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclides have been reported, with some third-generation radioligands advanced to clinical trials. On the other hand, only a few number of TSPO ligands have been labelled with fluorophores for disease diagnosis. It is noteworthy that the majority of the TSPO fluorescent probes synthesised to date are based on visible fluorophores, suggesting that their applications are limited to in vitro studies, such as in vitro imaging of cancer cells, post-mortem analysis, and tissue biopsies examinations. In this context, the potential application of TSPO ligands can be broadened for in vivo investigations of human diseases by labelling with near-infrared (NIR)-fluorophores or substituting visible fluorophores with NIR-fluorophores on the currently developed fluorescent probes. In this review article, recent progress on fluorescent probes targeting the TSPO are summarised, with an emphasis on development trend in recent years and application prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendris Wongso
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, Banten, 15314, Indonesia.
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Zhou J, Benoit M, Sharoar MG. Recent advances in pre-clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1703-1725. [PMID: 33900524 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia with currently no known cures or disease modifying treatments (DMTs), despite much time and effort from the field. Diagnosis and intervention of AD during the early pre-symptomatic phase of the disease is thought to be a more effective strategy. Therefore, the detection of biomarkers has emerged as a critical tool for monitoring the effect of new AD therapies, as well as identifying patients most likely to respond to treatment. The establishment of the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (A/T/N) framework in 2018 has codified the contexts of use of AD biomarkers in neuroimaging and bodily fluids for research and diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, a renewed drive for novel AD biomarkers and innovative methods of detection has emerged with the goals of adding additional insight to disease progression and discovery of new therapeutic targets. The use of biomarkers has accelerated the development of AD drugs and will bring new therapies to patients in need. This review highlights recent methods utilized to diagnose antemortem AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Marc Benoit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Md Golam Sharoar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Faldu KG, Shah JS. Alzheimer's disease: a scoping review of biomarker research and development for effective disease diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:681-703. [PMID: 35855631 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as the foremost reason for neurodegeneration that prominently affects the geriatric population. Characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), and neuronal degeneration that causes impairment of memory and cognition. Amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) classification is utilized for research purposes and involves amyloid, tau, and neuronal injury staging through MRI, PET scanning, and CSF protein concentration estimations. CSF sampling is invasive, and MRI and PET scanning requires sophisticated radiological facilities which limit its widespread diagnostic use. ATN classification lacks effectiveness in preclinical AD. AREAS COVERED This publication intends to collate and review the existing biomarker profile and the current research and development of a new arsenal of biomarkers for AD pathology from different biological samples, microRNA (miRNA), proteomics, metabolomics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning for AD screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of AD treatments. EXPERT OPINION It is an accepted observation that AD-related pathological changes occur over a long period of time before the first symptoms are observed providing ample opportunity for detection of biological alterations in various biological samples that can aid in early diagnosis and modify treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Govind Faldu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Samir Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Rauf A, Badoni H, Abu-Izneid T, Olatunde A, Rahman MM, Painuli S, Semwal P, Wilairatana P, Mubarak MS. Neuroinflammatory Markers: Key Indicators in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103194. [PMID: 35630670 PMCID: PMC9146652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a protective response of the central nervous system (CNS), is associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The CNS is composed of neurons and glial cells consisting of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Entry of any foreign pathogen activates the glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and overactivation of these cells triggers the release of various neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1β (IL-10), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), among others. Various studies have shown the role of neuroinflammatory markers in the occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These markers also trigger the formation of various other factors responsible for causing several neuronal diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemia, and several others. This comprehensive review aims to reveal the mechanism of neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), which could cause different neurodegenerative disorders. Important NMs may represent pathophysiologic processes leading to the generation of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, various molecular alterations related to neurodegenerative diseases are discussed. Identifying these NMs may assist in the early diagnosis and detection of therapeutic targets for treating various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Himani Badoni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, Dehradun 248006, India;
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University for Science and Technology, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740272, Nigeria;
| | - Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB), Premnagar, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed To Be University), Dehradun 248002, India;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mohammad S. Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
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12
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Singh P, Adhikari A, Singh D, Gond C, Tiwari AK. The 18-kDa Translocator Protein PET Tracers as a Diagnostic Marker for Neuroinflammation: Development and Current Standing. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14412-14429. [PMID: 35557664 PMCID: PMC9089361 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa) is an evolutionary, well-preserved, and tryptophan-rich 169-amino-acid protein which localizes on the contact sites between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes of steroid-synthesizing cells. This mitochondrial protein is implicated in an extensive range of cellular activities, including steroid synthesis, cholesterol transport, apoptosis, mitochondrial respiration, and cell proliferation. The upregulation of TSPO is well documented in diverse disease conditions including neuroinflammation, cancer, brain injury, and inflammation in peripheral organs. On the basis of these outcomes, TSPO has been assumed to be a fascinating subcellular target for early stage imaging of the diseased state and for therapeutic purposes. The main outline of this Review is to give an update on dealing with the advances made in TSPO PET tracers for neuroinflammation, synchronously emphasizing the approaches applied for the design and advancement of new tracers with reference to their structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anupriya Adhikari
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandraprakash Gond
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Address:
Department of Chemistry,
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Tel.: +91-7503381343. Fax: +91-522-2440821. E-mail:
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Wang J, Ren P, Zeng Z, Ma L, Li Y, Zhang H, Guo W. Inhibition of translocator protein 18 kDa suppressed the progression of glioma via the ELAV-like RNA-binding protein 1/MAPK-activated protein kinase 3 axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7457-7470. [PMID: 35285415 PMCID: PMC9208533 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2048992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng,China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis & Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng,China
| | - Zhirui Zeng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis & Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng,China
| | - Yunjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng,China
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14
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[18F]GE-180 PET/CT assessment of enterocytic translocator protein (TSPO) over-expression: a pilot study in gastrointestinal GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2022; 57:517-519. [DOI: 10.1038/s41409-022-01571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Wang Q, Lu M, Zhu X, Gu X, Zhang T, Xia C, Yang L, Xu Y, Zhou M. Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Possible Mechanism Links Early Life Anxiety to Alzheimer’s Disease in Later Life. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1127-1145. [PMID: 35855329 PMCID: PMC9286915 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qixue Wang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengna Lu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyi Xia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Mingmei Zhou, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. E-mail:
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Andersen E, Casteigne B, Chapman WD, Creed A, Foster F, Lapins A, Shatz R, Sawyer RP. Diagnostic biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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17
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Wu KM, Zhang YR, Huang YY, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the immune system in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101409. [PMID: 34273589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder where the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the formation of tau tangles are the prominent pathological hallmarks. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that different components of the immune system may act as important contributors to AD etiology and pathogenesis. The recognition of misfolded Aβ and tau by immune cells can trigger a series of complex immune responses in AD, and then lead to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In parallel, genome-wide association studies have also identified several immune related loci associated with increased - risk of AD by interfering with the function of immune cells. Other immune related factors, such as impaired immunometabolism, defective meningeal lymphatic vessels and autoimmunity might also be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we review the data showing the alterations of immune cells in the AD trajectory and seek to demonstrate the crosstalk between the immune cell dysfunction and AD pathology. We then discuss the most relevant research findings in regards to the influences of gene susceptibility of immune cells for AD. We also consider impaired meningeal lymphatics, immunometabolism and autoimmune mechanisms in AD. In addition, immune related biomarkers and immunotherapies for AD are also mentioned in order to offer novel insights for future research.
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18
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Luo R, Wang L, Ye F, Wang YR, Fang W, Zhang MR, Wang F. [ 18F]FEDAC translocator protein positron emission tomography-computed tomography for early detection of mitochondrial dysfunction secondary to myocardial ischemia. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 35:927-936. [PMID: 34081287 PMCID: PMC8285353 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the biodistribution and kinetics of [18F]FEDAC targeting the translocator protein TSPO in the myocardium, and to explore its use for the identification of mitochondrial dysfunction. We also assessed the feasibility of [18F]FEDAC for the early detection of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischemia (MI). METHODS The radiochemical purity and stability of [18F]FEDAC were analyzed by radio-high-performance liquid chromatography (radio-HPLC). Its biodistribution and kinetics were evaluated by dissection and dynamic imaging using micro-positron emission tomography-computed tomography (micro-PET-CT) in healthy mice. [18F]FEDAC was also applied in an MI rat model and in sham-operated controls. Mitochondrial changes were observed by immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy. RESULTS Radioactivity levels (%ID/g) in the myocardium in normal mice, determined by [18F]FEDAC, were 8.32 ± 0.80 at 5 min and 2.40 ± 0.10 at 60 min. PET showed significantly decreased uptake by injured cardiac tissue in MI rats, with maximal normal-to-ischemic uptake ratios of 10.47 ± 3.03 (1.5 min) and 3.92 ± 1.12 (27.5 min) (P = 0.025). Immunohistochemistry confirmed that TSPO expression was decreased in MI rats. Mitochondrial ultrastructure demonstrated significant swelling and permeability. CONCLUSION [18F]FEDAC uptake is reduced in the injured myocardium, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. These results may provide new evidence to aid the early detection of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Deparment of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Rong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, China.
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19
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Sriranjan RS, Tarkin JM, Evans NR, Le EPV, Chowdhury MM, Rudd JHF. Atherosclerosis imaging using PET: Insights and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2186-2203. [PMID: 31517992 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PET imaging is able to harness biological processes to characterise high-risk features of atherosclerotic plaque prone to rupture. Current radiotracers are able to track inflammation, microcalcification, hypoxia, and neoangiogenesis within vulnerable plaque. 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) is the most commonly used radiotracer in vascular studies and is employed as a surrogate marker of plaque inflammation. Increasingly, 18 F-FDG and other PET tracers are also being used to provide imaging endpoints in cardiovascular interventional trials. The evolution of novel PET radiotracers, imaging protocols, and hybrid scanners are likely to enable more efficient and accurate characterisation of high-risk plaque. This review explores the role of PET imaging in atherosclerosis with a focus on PET tracers utilised in clinical research and the applications of PET imaging to cardiovascular drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason M Tarkin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas R Evans
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth P V Le
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - James H F Rudd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Zhang L, Hu K, Shao T, Hou L, Zhang S, Ye W, Josephson L, Meyer JH, Zhang MR, Vasdev N, Wang J, Xu H, Wang L, Liang SH. Recent developments on PET radiotracers for TSPO and their applications in neuroimaging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:373-393. [PMID: 33643818 PMCID: PMC7893127 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is predominately localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane in steroidogenic cells. Brain TSPO expression is relatively low under physiological conditions, but is upregulated in response to glial cell activation. As the primary index of neuroinflammation, TSPO is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In this context, numerous TSPO-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) tracers have been developed. Among them, several radioligands have advanced to clinical research studies. In this review, we will overview the recent development of TSPO PET tracers, focusing on the radioligand design, radioisotope labeling, pharmacokinetics, and PET imaging evaluation. Additionally, we will consider current limitations, as well as translational potential for future application of TSPO radiopharmaceuticals. This review aims to not only present the challenges in current TSPO PET imaging, but to also provide a new perspective on TSPO targeted PET tracer discovery efforts. Addressing these challenges will facilitate the translation of TSPO in clinical studies of neuroinflammation associated with central nervous system diseases.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid
- ANT, adenine nucleotide transporter
- Am, molar activities
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells
- BP, binding potential
- BPND, non-displaceable binding potential
- BcTSPO, Bacillus cereus TSPO
- CBD, corticobasal degeneration
- CNS disorders
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRAC, cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus sequence
- DLB, Lewy body dementias
- EP, epilepsy
- FTD, frontotemporal dementia
- HAB, high-affinity binding
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HSE, herpes simplex encephalitis
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- KA, kainic acid
- LAB, low-affinity binding
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAB, mixed-affinity binding
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidase B
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MDD, major depressive disorder
- MMSE, mini-mental state examination
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- MSA, multiple system atrophy
- Microglial activation
- NAA/Cr, N-acetylaspartate/creatine
- Neuroinflammation
- OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- P2X7R, purinergic receptor P2X7
- PAP7, RIa-associated protein
- PBR, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor
- PCA, posterior cortical atrophy
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PDD, PD dementia
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PRAX-1, PBR-associated protein 1
- PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- PpIX, protoporphyrin IX
- QA, quinolinic acid
- RCYs, radiochemical yields
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RRMS, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
- SA, specific activity
- SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SCIDY, spirocyclic iodonium ylide
- SNL, selective neuronal loss
- SNR, signal to noise ratio
- SUV, standard uptake volume
- SUVR, standard uptake volume ratio
- TBAH, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy
- TSPO
- TSPO, translocator protein
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- VT, distribution volume
- d.c. RCYs, decay-corrected radiochemical yields
- dMCAO, distal middle cerebral artery occlusion
- fP, plasma free fraction
- n.d.c. RCYs, non-decay-corrected radiochemical yields
- p.i., post-injection
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Zetterberg H, Bendlin BB. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease-preparing for a new era of disease-modifying therapies. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:296-308. [PMID: 32251378 PMCID: PMC8172244 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trial results presented in 2019 suggest that antibody-based removal of cerebral amyloid β (Aβ) plaques may possibly clear tau tangles and modestly slow cognitive decline in symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although regulatory approval of this approach is still pending, preparing the healthcare system for the advent of disease-modifying therapies against AD is imperative. In particular, it will be necessary to identify the most suitable biomarkers to facilitate appropriate treatment of AD. Here, we give an update on recent developments in fluid and imaging biomarkers for AD-related pathologies and discuss potential approaches that could be adopted to screen for and clarify the underlying pathology in people seeking medical advice because of cognitive symptoms. We succinctly review recent data regarding biomarkers for Aβ and tau pathology, neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and inflammation, highlight the need for further research into common copathologies, and suggest how different biomarkers could be used (most likely in combination) to facilitate the development and clinical implementation of novel drug candidates against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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22
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Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:42. [PMID: 33239064 PMCID: PMC7689983 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 968] [Impact Index Per Article: 242.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia and astrocytes are key regulators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is heterogeneous and traditionally categorized as neurotoxic (M1-phenotype microglia and A1-phenotype astrocytes) or neuroprotective (M2-phenotype microglia and A2-phenotype astrocytes). However, this dichotomized classification may not reflect the various phenotypes of microglia and astrocytes. The relationship between these activated glial cells is also very complicated, and the phenotypic distribution can change, based on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the roles of microglia and astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for developing effective therapies. In this review, we discuss the roles of inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the contributions of microglia and astrocytes and their relationship. In addition, we discuss biomarkers to measure neuroinflammation and studies on therapeutic drugs that can modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Liu M, Dexheimer T, Sui D, Hovde S, Deng X, Kwok R, Bochar DA, Kuo MH. Hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation and cytotoxicity modulators screen identified prescription drugs linked to Alzheimer's disease and cognitive functions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16551. [PMID: 33024171 PMCID: PMC7539012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more than 30 million people worldwide. There is thus far no cure or prevention for AD. Aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain correlates with the cognitive decline of patients of AD and other neurodegenerative tauopathies. Intracerebral injection of tau aggregates isolated from tauopathy brains causes similar pathology in the recipient mice, demonstrating the pathogenic role of abnormally phosphorylated tau. Compounds controlling the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau therefore are probable modulators for the disease. Here we report the use of recombinant hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) to identify potential tauopathy therapeutics and risk factors. Hyperphosphorylation renders tau prone to aggregate and to impair cell viability. Taking advantage of these two characters of p-tau, we performed a screen of a 1280-compound library, and tested a selective group of prescription drugs in p-tau aggregation and cytotoxicity assays. R-(-)-apomorphine and raloxifene were found to be p-tau aggregation inhibitors that protected p-tau-treated cells. In contrast, a subset of benzodiazepines exacerbated p-tau cytotoxicity apparently via enhancing p-tau aggregation. R-(-)apomorphine and raloxifene have been shown to improve cognition in animals or in humans, whereas benzodiazepines were linked to increased risks of dementia. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of using hyperphosphorylated tau-based assays for AD drug discovery and risk factor identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 401, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas Dexheimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Dexin Sui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 401, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stacy Hovde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 401, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Xiexiong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 401, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Roland Kwok
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Min-Hao Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, Room 401, Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Microglia Implicated in Tauopathy in the Striatum of Neurodegenerative Disease Patients from Genotype to Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176047. [PMID: 32842621 PMCID: PMC7503242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We found interactions between dopamine and oxidative damage in the striatum involved in advanced neurodegeneration, which probably change the microglial phenotype. We observed possible microglia dystrophy in the striatum of neurodegenerative brains. To investigate the interactions between oxidative damage and microglial phenotype, we quantified myeloperoxidase (MPO), poly (ADP-Ribose) (PAR), and triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To test the correlations of microglia dystrophy and tauopathy, we quantified translocator protein (TSPO) and tau fibrils using autoradiography. We chose the caudate and putamen of Lewy body diseases (LBDs) (Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and Dementia with Lewy body), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and control brains and genotyped for TSPO, TREM2, and bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) genes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) assays. TREM2 gene variants were absent across all samples. However, associations between TSPO and BIN1 gene polymorphisms and TSPO, MPO, TREM2, and PAR level variations were found. PAR levels reduced significantly in the caudate of LBDs. TSPO density and tau fibrils decreased remarkably in the striatum of LBDs but increased in AD. Oxidative damage, induced by misfolded tau proteins and dopamine metabolism, causes microglia dystrophy or senescence during the late stage of LBDs. Consequently, microglia dysfunction conversely reduces tau propagation. The G allele of the BIN1 gene is a potential risk factor for tauopathy.
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25
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Wang Z, Mascarenhas C, Jia X. Positron Emission Tomography After Ischemic Brain Injury: Current Challenges and Future Developments. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:628-642. [PMID: 31939060 PMCID: PMC7347441 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is widely used in clinical and animal studies, along with the development of diverse tracers. The biochemical characteristics of PET tracers may help uncover the pathophysiological consequences of cardiac arrest (CA) and ischemic stroke, which include cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, depletion of oxygen and glucose, and neuroinflammation. PubMed was searched for studies of the application of PET for "cardiac arrest," "ischemic stroke," and "targeted temperature management." Available studies were included and classified according to the biochemical properties involved and metabolic processes of PET tracers, and were summarized. The mechanisms of ischemic brain injuries were investigated by PET with various tracers to elucidate the pathological process from the initial decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the subsequent abnormalities in energy and oxygen metabolism, to the monitoring of inflammation. In general, the trends of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism after ischemic attack are not unidirectional but closely related to the time point of injury and recovery. Glucose metabolism after injury showed significant differences in different brain regions whereas global cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) declined. PET monitoring of neuroinflammation shows comparable efficacy to immunostaining. The technology of PET targeting in brain metabolism and the development of tracers provide new tools to track and evaluate the brain's pathological changes after ischemic brain injury. Despite no existing evidence for an available PET-based prediction method, discoveries of new tracers are expected to provide more possibilities for the whole field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 43007, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Conrad Mascarenhas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Building 823, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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26
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Longitudinal translocator protein-18 kDa-positron emission tomography imaging of peripheral and central myeloid cells in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2020; 160:2136-2148. [PMID: 31095093 PMCID: PMC6527343 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Longitudinal positron emission tomography of translocator protein-18 kDa revealed early central, and persistent peripheral, myeloid activation in a mouse tibial fracture model of complex regional pain syndrome. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a severely disabling disease characterized by pain, temperature changes, motor dysfunction, and edema that most often occurs as an atypical response to a minor surgery or fracture. Inflammation involving activation and recruitment of innate immune cells, including both peripheral and central myeloid cells (ie, macrophages and microglia, respectively), is a key feature of CRPS. However, the exact role and time course of these cellular processes relative to the known acute and chronic phases of the disease are not fully understood. Positron emission tomography (PET) of translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO) is a method for noninvasively tracking these activated innate immune cells. Here, we reveal the temporal dynamics of peripheral and central inflammatory responses over 20 weeks in a tibial fracture/casting mouse model of CRPS through longitudinal TSPO-PET using [18F]GE-180. Positron emission tomography tracer uptake quantification in the tibia revealed increased peripheral inflammation as early as 2 days after fracture and lasting 7 weeks. Centralized inflammation was detected in the spinal cord and brain of fractured mice at 7 and 21 days after injury. Spinal cord tissue immunofluorescent staining revealed TSPO expression in microglia (CD11b+) at 7 days but was restricted mainly to endothelial cells (PECAM1+) at baseline and 7 weeks. Our data suggest early and persistent peripheral myeloid cell activation and transient central microglial activation are limited to the acute phase of CRPS. Moreover, we show that TSPO-PET can be used to noninvasively monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of myeloid cell activation in CRPS progression with potential to inform disease phase–specific therapeutics.
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Malpetti M, Kievit RA, Passamonti L, Jones PS, Tsvetanov KA, Rittman T, Mak E, Nicastro N, Bevan-Jones WR, Su L, Hong YT, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, O’Brien JT, Rowe JB. Microglial activation and tau burden predict cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2020; 143:1588-1602. [PMID: 32380523 PMCID: PMC7241955 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration are key aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Understanding whether these features predict cognitive decline, alone or in combination, is crucial to develop new prognostic measures and enhanced stratification for clinical trials. Here, we studied how baseline assessments of in vivo tau pathology (measured by 18F-AV-1451 PET), neuroinflammation (measured by 11C-PK11195 PET) and brain atrophy (derived from structural MRI) predicted longitudinal cognitive changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Twenty-six patients (n = 12 with clinically probable Alzheimer's dementia and n = 14 with amyloid-positive mild cognitive impairment) and 29 healthy control subjects underwent baseline assessment with 18F-AV-1451 PET, 11C-PK11195 PET, and structural MRI. Cognition was examined annually over the subsequent 3 years using the revised Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. Regional grey matter volumes, and regional binding of 18F-AV-1451 and 11C-PK11195 were derived from 15 temporo-parietal regions characteristically affected by Alzheimer's disease pathology. A principal component analysis was used on each imaging modality separately, to identify the main spatial distributions of pathology. A latent growth curve model was applied across the whole sample on longitudinal cognitive scores to estimate the rate of annual decline in each participant. We regressed the individuals' estimated rate of cognitive decline on the neuroimaging components and examined univariable predictive models with single-modality predictors, and a multi-modality predictive model, to identify the independent and combined prognostic value of the different neuroimaging markers. Principal component analysis identified a single component for the grey matter atrophy, while two components were found for each PET ligand: one weighted to the anterior temporal lobe, and another weighted to posterior temporo-parietal regions. Across the whole-sample, the single-modality models indicated significant correlations between the rate of cognitive decline and the first component of each imaging modality. In patients, both stepwise backward elimination and Bayesian model selection revealed an optimal predictive model that included both components of 18F-AV-1451 and the first (i.e. anterior temporal) component for 11C-PK11195. However, the MRI-derived atrophy component and demographic variables were excluded from the optimal predictive model of cognitive decline. We conclude that temporo-parietal tau pathology and anterior temporal neuroinflammation predict cognitive decline in patients with symptomatic Alzheimer's disease pathology. This indicates the added value of PET biomarkers in predicting cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, over and above MRI measures of brain atrophy and demographic data. Our findings also support the strategy for targeting tau and neuroinflammation in disease-modifying therapy against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rogier A Kievit
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Milano, Italy
| | - P Simon Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kamen A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolas Nicastro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | | | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John T O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
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D'Ascenzo N, Antonecchia E, Gao M, Zhang X, Baumgartner G, Brensing A, Li Z, Liu Q, Rose G, Shi X, Zhang B, Kao CM, Ni J, Xie Q. Evaluation of a Digital Brain Positron Emission Tomography Scanner Based on the Plug&Imaging Sensor Technology. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2019.2937681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Parbo P, Madsen LS, Ismail R, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Eskildsen SF, Vorup-Jensen T, Brooks DJ. Low plasma neurofilament light levels associated with raised cortical microglial activation suggest inflammation acts to protect prodromal Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:3. [PMID: 31898549 PMCID: PMC6941285 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurofilament light (NfL), a marker of axonal degeneration, have previously been reported to be raised in patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activated microglia, an intrinsic inflammatory response to brain lesions, are also known to be present in a majority of Alzheimer or mild cognitive impaired (MCI) subjects with raised β-amyloid load on their positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. It is now considered that the earliest phase of inflammation may be protective to the brain, removing amyloid plaques and remodelling synapses. Our aim was to determine whether the cortical inflammation/microglial activation load, measured with the translocator protein marker 11C-PK11195 PET, was correlated with plasma NfL levels in prodromal and early Alzheimer subjects. METHODS Twenty-seven MCI or early AD cases with raised cortical β-amyloid load had 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET, structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, and levels of their plasma NfL measured. Correlation analyses were performed using surface-based cortical statistics. RESULTS Statistical maps localised areas in MCI cases where levels of brain inflammation correlated inversely with plasma NfL levels. These areas were localised in the frontal, parietal, precuneus, occipital, and sensorimotor cortices. Brain inflammation correlated negatively with mean diffusivity (MD) of water with regions overlapping. CONCLUSION We conclude that an inverse correlation between levels of inflammation in cortical areas and plasma NfL levels indicates that microglial activation may initially be protective to axons in AD. This is supported by the finding of an inverse association between cortical water diffusivity and microglial activation in the same regions. Our findings suggest a rationale for stimulating microglial activity in early and prodromal Alzheimer cases-possibly using immunotherapy. Plasma NfL levels could be used as a measure of the protective efficacy of immune stimulation and for monitoring efficacy of putative neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Parbo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Physiology, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark.
| | - Lasse Stensvig Madsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rola Ismail
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Simon F Eskildsen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine/Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Zimmer L. [PET imaging for better understanding of normal and pathological neurotransmission]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 213:109-120. [PMID: 31829931 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography imaging is still an expanding field of preclinical and clinical investigations exploring the brain and its normal and pathological functions. In addition to technological improvements in PET scanners, the availability of suitable radiotracers for unexplored pharmacological targets is a key factor in this expansion. Many radiotracers (or radiopharmaceuticals, when administered to humans) have been developed by multidisciplinary teams to visualize and quantify a growing numbers of brain receptors, transporters, enzymes and other targets. The development of new PET radiotracers still represents an exciting challenge, given the large number of neurochemical functions that remain to be explored. In this article, we review the development context of the first preclinical radiotracers and their passage to humans. The main current contributions of PET radiotracers are described in terms of imaging neuronal metabolism, quantification of receptors and transporters, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory imaging. The different approaches to functional imaging of neurotransmission are also discussed. Finally, the contributions of PET imaging to the research and development of new brain drugs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Zimmer
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CNRS - INSERM - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), Lyon, France - CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France - Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, CEA, Saclay, France
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Characterisation of the ligand binding sites in the translocator protein TSPO using the chimeric bacterial-mammalian constructs. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 164:105456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Imaging disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis by macrophage targeting using second generation translocator protein positron emission tomography tracers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222844. [PMID: 31553762 PMCID: PMC6760780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of macrophages using the translocator protein (TSPO) tracer (R)-[11C]PK11195 has shown the promise to image rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further improve TSPO PET for RA imaging, second generation TSPO tracers [11C]DPA-713 and [18F]DPA-714 have recently been evaluated pre-clinically showing better imaging characteristics. Objective A clinical proof of concept study to evaluate [11C]DPA-713 and [18F]DPA-714 to visualize arthritis in RA patients. Methods RA patients (n = 13) with at least two active hand joints were included. PET/CT scans of the hands were obtained after injection of [18F]DPA-714, [11C]DPA-713 and/or (R)-[11C]PK11195 (max. 2 tracers pp). Standardized uptake values (SUVs) and target-to-background (T/B) ratios were determined. Imaging data of the 3 different tracers were compared by pooled post-hoc testing, and by a head to head comparison. Results Clinically active arthritis was present in 110 hand joints (2–17 pp). Arthritic joints were visualized with both [11C]DPA-713 and [18F]DPA-714. Visual tracer uptake corresponded with clinical signs of arthritis in 80% of the joints. Mean absolute uptake in PET-positive joints was significantly higher for [11C]DPA-713 than for [18F]DPA-714, the latter being not significantly different from (R)-[11C]PK11195 uptake. Background uptake was lower for both DPA tracers compared with that of (R)-[11C]PK11195. Higher absolute uptake and lower background resulted in two-fold higher T/B ratios for [11C]DPA-713. Conclusions [11C]DPA-713 and [18F]DPA-714 visualize arthritic joints in active RA patients and most optimal arthritis imaging results were obtained for [11C]DPA-713. Second generation TSPO macrophage PET provides new opportunities for both early diagnosis and therapy monitoring of RA.
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Investigating targets for neuropharmacological intervention by molecular dynamics simulations. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:909-918. [PMID: 31085614 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Medical research has identified over 500 brain disorders. Among these, there are still only very few neuropathologies whose causes are fully understood and, consequently, very few drugs whose mechanism of action is known. No FDA drug has been identified for major neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. We still lack effective treatments and strategies for modulating progression or even early neurodegenerative disease onset diagnostic tools. A great support toward the highly needed identification of neuroactive drugs comes from computer simulation methods and, in particular, from molecular dynamics (MD). This provides insight into structure-function relationship of a target and predicts structure, dynamics and energetics of ligand/target complexes under biologically relevant conditions like temperature and physiological saline concentration. Here, we present examples of the predictive power of MD for neuroactive ligands/target complexes. This brief survey from our own research shows the usefulness of partnerships between academia and industry, and from joint efforts between experimental and theoretical groups.
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Cox CS, Juranek J, Bedi S. Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury: cellular therapy and outcome measures. Transfusion 2019; 59:858-868. [PMID: 30737818 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials for traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not successfully produced a new therapeutic for neuroprotection or neurorestoration, despite multiple attempts. Stem cell-based therapies and/or cellular therapies have been developed over the past 20 years such that clinical trials are now in Phase II and III stages for neurologic diseases such as TBI and stroke. Many of the vexing issues from past clinical failures still exist today, namely, preclinical data that may not translate to clinical trial because of design and injury heterogeneity that poorly stratifies enrolled patients. Recognition of these problems has led us to advocate for outcome measures that are clinically meaningful, but do not represent a global functional "score." Specifically, we seek to measure those early physiologically relevant outcomes (intracranial pressure, edema, and therapeutic intensity) and later structural outcomes in regions of interest that are linked to putative mechanisms of action of cell based therapies. Early approval of therapeutics that are successful by these metrics would then allow further access to treatments that could be further tested via patient registries and other surveillance for ultimate adoption. Continuing to do the same thing with each iterative trial will assure the same results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer Juranek
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Supinder Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas
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Hammoud DA, Sinharay S, Shah S, Schreiber-Stainthorp W, Maric D, Muthusamy S, Lee DE, Lee CA, Basuli F, Reid WC, Wakim P, Matsuda K, Hirsch V, Nath A, Di Mascio M. Neuroinflammatory Changes in Relation to Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Load in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis. mBio 2019; 10:e00970-19. [PMID: 31138753 PMCID: PMC6538790 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00970-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact cause of neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV-positive patients despite successful control of the infection in the periphery is not completely understood. One suggested mechanism is a vicious cycle of microglial activation and release of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines that eventually leads to neuronal loss and dysfunction. However, the exact role of microglial activation in the earliest stages of the infection with high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral loads (VL) is unclear. In this study, we imaged the translocator protein (TSPO), a mitochondrial membrane receptor known to be upregulated in activated microglia and macrophages, in rhesus macaques before and multiple times after inoculation with a neurotropic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain (SIVsm804E), using 18F-DPA714 positron emission tomography (PET). The whole-brain standardized uptake values of TSPO at equilibrium reflecting total binding (SUVT) and binding potentials (BPND) were calculated and correlated with CSF and serum markers of disease, and a corresponding postmortem immunostaining analysis was also performed. SUVT was found to be inversely correlated with both CSF VL and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) levels. In SIV-infected macaques with very high CSF VL at necropsy (>106 copies/ml), we found decreased TSPO binding by PET, and this was supported by immunostaining which showed glial and neuronal apoptosis rather than microglial activation. On the other hand, with only moderately elevated CSF VL (∼104 copies/ml), we found increased TSPO binding as well as focal and diffuse microglial activation on immunostaining. Our results in the SIV-infected macaque model provide insights into the relationship between HIV neuropathology and CSF VL at various stages of the disease.IMPORTANCE Neurological and cognitive problems are a common complication of HIV infection and are prevalent even in treated individuals. Although the molecular processes underlying brain involvement with HIV are not completely understood, inflammation is suspected to play a significant role. Our work presents an in vivo assessment of neuroinflammation in an animal model of HIV, the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque. Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we identified changes in brain inflammation after inoculation with SIV over time. Interestingly, we found decreased binding of the PET ligand in the presence of very high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral loads. These findings were supported by immunostaining which showed marked glial loss instead of inflammation. This study provides insight into glial and neuronal changes associated with very high CSF viral load and could reflect similar changes occurring in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanhita Sinharay
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Swati Shah
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Schreiber-Stainthorp
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Siva Muthusamy
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dianne E Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheri A Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Falguni Basuli
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - William C Reid
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Wakim
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenta Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele Di Mascio
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Luo LF, Weng JF, Cen M, Dong XQ, Yu WH, Du Q, Yang DB, Zheng YK, Hu W, Yu L, Luo SD. Prognostic significance of serum translocator protein in patients with traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 488:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chaney A, Williams SR, Boutin H. In vivo molecular imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 149:438-451. [PMID: 30339715 PMCID: PMC6563454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Increased glial cell activation is consistently reported in both rodent models of AD and in AD patients. Moreover, recent genome wide association studies have revealed multiple genes associated with inflammation and immunity are significantly associated with an increased risk of AD development (e.g. TREM2). Non‐invasive in vivo detection and tracking of neuroinflammation is necessary to enhance our understanding of the contribution of neuroinflammation to the initiation and progression of AD. Importantly, accurate methods of quantifying neuroinflammation may aid early diagnosis and serve as an output for therapeutic monitoring and disease management. This review details current in vivo imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation being explored and summarizes both pre‐clinical and clinical results from molecular imaging studies investigating the role of neuroinflammation in AD, with a focus on positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Chaney
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve R Williams
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Villa A, Klein B, Janssen B, Pedragosa J, Pepe G, Zinnhardt B, Vugts DJ, Gelosa P, Sironi L, Beaino W, Damont A, Dollé F, Jego B, Winkeler A, Ory D, Solin O, Vercouillie J, Funke U, Laner-Plamberger S, Blomster LV, Christophersen P, Vegeto E, Aigner L, Jacobs A, Planas AM, Maggi A, Windhorst AD. Identification of new molecular targets for PET imaging of the microglial anti-inflammatory activation state. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5400-5418. [PMID: 30555554 PMCID: PMC6276082 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases affecting the central nervous system. In order to assess the efficacy of therapies aimed to reduce the tissue damaging activities of microglia and/or to promote the protective potential of these cells, suitable pre-clinical and clinical tools for the in vivo analysis of microglia activities and dynamics are required. The aim of this work was to identify new translational markers of the anti-inflammatory / protective state of microglia for the development of novel PET tracers. Methods: New translational markers of the anti-inflammatory/protective activation state of microglia were selected by bioinformatic approaches and were in vitro and ex vivo validated by qPCR and immunohistochemistry in rodent and human samples. Once a viable marker was identified, a novel PET tracer was developed. This tracer was subsequently confirmed by autoradiography experiments in murine and human brain tissues. Results: Here we provide evidence that P2RY12 expression increases in murine and human microglia following exposure to anti-inflammatory stimuli, and that its expression is modulated in the reparative phase of experimental and clinical stroke. We then synthesized a novel carbon-11 labeled tracer targeting P2RY12, showing increased binding in brain sections of mice treated with IL4, and low binding to brain sections of a murine stroke model and of a stroke patient. Conclusion: This study provides new translational targets for PET tracers for the anti-inflammatory/protective activation state of microglia and shows the potential of a rationale-based approach. It therefore paves the way for the development of novel non-invasive methodologies aimed to monitor the success of therapeutic approaches in various neurological diseases.
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Kwon YD, Kang S, Park H, Cheong IK, Chang KA, Lee SY, Jung JH, Lee BC, Lim ST, Kim HK. Novel potential pyrazolopyrimidine based translocator protein ligands for the evaluation of neuroinflammation with PET. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 159:292-306. [PMID: 30296688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO) is an interesting biological target because TSPO overexpression is associated with microglial activation caused by neuronal damage or neuroinflammation, and these activated microglia are involved in several central nervous system diseases. Herein, novel fluorinated ligands (14a-c and 16a-c) based on a 2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl acetamide scaffold were synthesized, and in vitro characterization of each of the novel ligands was performed to elucidate structure activity relationships. All of the newly synthesized ligands displayed nano-molar affinity for TSPO. Particularly, an in vitro affinity study suggests that 2-(5,7-diethyl-2-(4-(3-fluoro-2-methylpropoxy)phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)-N,N-diethylacetamide (14a), which exhibited high nano-molar affinity for TSPO and proper lipophilicity, was suitable for in vivo brain studies. Thus, radiosynthesis from tosylate precursor 13a using fluorine-18 was performed, and [18F]14a was obtained in a 31% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected). Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies were performed in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation rat model using [18F]14a to identify the location of inflammation in the brain with a high target-to-background signal ratio. In addition, we validated that the locations of inflammatory lesions found by PET imaging were consistent with the locations observed by histological examination of dissected brains using antibodies. These results suggest that [18F]14a is a novel promising PET imaging agent for diagnosing neuroinflammation, and it may also prove to be applicable for diagnosing other diseases, including cancers associated with altered TSPO expression, using PET techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Do Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea; Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Koo Cheong
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea; Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea; Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea; Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Tae Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea.
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Detection of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dissemination of Recurrent Glioblastoma Using TSPO-PET With 18F-GE-180. Clin Nucl Med 2018; 43:518-519. [PMID: 29742608 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PET targeting the translocator protein (TSPO) represents an interesting approach for glioma visualization, as TSPO is highly expressed in tumor cells. We present a 32-year-old man with recurrent glioblastoma after multimodal treatment. PET with the novel TSPO ligand F-GE-180 was performed after reirradiation. Here, the previously reirradiated tumor showed a remaining circular TSPO expression. Moreover, cerebrospinal fluid dissemination was detected by a high focal uptake at the right lateral and at the fourth ventricle, whereas only a faint contrast enhancement was present in MRI. This case demonstrated the diagnostic potential of TSPO-PET for glioma imaging by visualizing even minimal disease burden.
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Zeng J, Guareschi R, Damre M, Cao R, Kless A, Neumaier B, Bauer A, Giorgetti A, Carloni P, Rossetti G. Structural Prediction of the Dimeric Form of the Mammalian Translocator Membrane Protein TSPO: A Key Target for Brain Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2588. [PMID: 30200318 PMCID: PMC6165245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands targeting the human translocator membrane protein (TSPO) are broadly used for the investigations of neuroinflammatory conditions associated with neurological disorders. Structural information on the mammalian protein homodimers-the suggested functional state of the protein-is limited to a solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study and to a model based on the previously-deposited solution NMR structure of the monomeric mouse protein. Computational studies performed here suggest that the NMR-solved structure in the presence of detergents is not prone to dimer formation and is furthermore unstable in its native membrane environment. We, therefore, propose a new model of the functionally-relevant dimeric form of the mouse protein, based on a prokaryotic homologue. The model, fully consistent with solid-state NMR data, is very different from the previous predictions. Hence, it provides, for the first time, structural insights into this pharmaceutically-important target which are fully consistent with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS)-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Riccardo Guareschi
- Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS)-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Mangesh Damre
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Neurobiology, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Ruyin Cao
- Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS)-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Achim Kless
- Grünenthal Innovation, Translational Science & Intelligence, Grünenthal GmbH, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-5, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS)-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS)-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Physics, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS)-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
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de Lange C, Solberg R, Holtedahl JE, Tulipan A, Barlinn J, Trigg W, Wickstrøm T, Saugstad OD, Malinen E, Revheim ME. Dynamic TSPO-PET for assessing early effects of cerebral hypoxia and resuscitation in new born pigs. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 66:49-57. [PMID: 30257223 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation associated with microglial activation may be an early prognostic indicator of perinatal hypoxic ischemic injury, where translocator protein (TSPO) is a known inflammatory biomarker. This piglet study used dynamic TSPO-PET with [18F]GE180 to evaluate if microglial activation after global perinatal hypoxic injury could be detected. METHODS New born anesthetized pigs (n = 14) underwent hypoxia with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)0.08 until base excess -20 mmol/L and/or a mean arterial blood pressure decrease to 20 mm Hg, followed by resuscitation with FiO2 0.21 or 1.0. Three piglets served as controls and one had intracranial injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Whole body [18F]GE180 Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was performed repeatedly up to 32 h after hypoxia and resuscitation. Volumes of interest were traced in the basal ganglia, cerebellum and liver using MRI as anatomic correlation. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) were measured at baseline and four time-points, quantifying microglial activity over time. Statistical analysis used Mann Whitney- and Wilcoxon rank test with significance value set to p < 0.05. RESULTS At baseline (n = 5), mean SUVs ±1 standard deviation were 0.43 ± 0.10 and 1.71 ± 0.62 in brain and liver respectively without significant increase after hypoxia at the four time-points (n = 5-13/time point). Succeeding LPS injection, SUV increased 80% from baseline values. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral inflammatory response caused by severe asphyxia was not possible to detect with [18F]GE180 PET CT the first 32 h after hypoxia and only sparse hepatic uptake was revealed. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Early microglial activation as indicator of perinatal hypoxic ischemic injury was not detectable by TSPO-PET with [18F]GE180. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE TSPO-PET with [18F]GE180 might not be suitable for early detection of perinatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte de Lange
- Div. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rønnaug Solberg
- Dept. of Paediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Dept. of Pediatrics, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jon Erik Holtedahl
- Dept. of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Tulipan
- Div. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Barlinn
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Ola Didrik Saugstad
- Dept. of Paediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box1078, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Malinen
- Dept. of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Dept. of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1048, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Elisabeth Revheim
- Div. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box1078, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Kalozoumi G, Kel-Margoulis O, Vafiadaki E, Greenberg D, Bernard H, Soreq H, Depaulis A, Sanoudou D. Glial responses during epileptogenesis in Mus musculus point to potential therapeutic targets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201742. [PMID: 30114263 PMCID: PMC6095496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mesio-Temporal Lobe Epilepsy syndrome is the most common form of intractable epilepsy. It is characterized by recurrence of focal seizures and is often associated with hippocampal sclerosis and drug resistance. We aimed to characterize the molecular changes occurring during the initial stages of epileptogenesis in search of new therapeutic targets for Mesio-Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. We used a mouse model obtained by intra-hippocampal microinjection of kainate and performed hippocampal whole genome expression analysis at 6h, 12h and 24h post-injection, followed by multilevel bioinformatics analysis. We report significant changes in immune and inflammatory responses, neuronal network reorganization processes and glial functions, predominantly initiated during status epilepticus at 12h and persistent after the end of status epilepticus at 24h post-kainate. Upstream regulator analysis highlighted Cyba, Cybb and Vim as central regulators of multiple overexpressed genes implicated in glial responses at 24h. In silico microRNA analysis indicated that miR-9, miR-19b, miR-129, and miR-223 may regulate the expression of glial-associated genes at 24h. Our data support the hypothesis that glial-mediated inflammatory response holds a key role during epileptogenesis, and that microglial cells may participate in the initial process of epileptogenesis through increased ROS production via the NOX complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kalozoumi
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Elizabeth Vafiadaki
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David Greenberg
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Antoine Depaulis
- INSERM, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Lanfranca MP, Lazarus J, Shao X, Nathan H, Di Magliano MP, Zou W, Piert M, Frankel TL. Tracking Macrophage Infiltration in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer with the Positron Emission Tomography Tracer [11C]PBR28. J Surg Res 2018; 232:570-577. [PMID: 30463776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains abundant immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages. High level of infiltration is associated with poor outcome and is thought to represent a major roadblock to lymphocyte-based immunotherapy. Efforts to block macrophage infiltration have been met with some success, but noninvasive means to track tumor-associated macrophagess in PDAC are lacking. Translocator protein (TSPO) is a mitochondrial membrane receptor which is upregulated in activated macrophages. We sought to identify if a radiotracer-labeled cognate ligand could track macrophages in PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A murine PDAC cell line was established from a transgenic mouse with pancreas-specific mutations in KRAS and p53. After confirming lack of endogenous TSPO expression, tumors were established in syngeneic mice. A radiolabeled TSPO-specific ligand ([11C] peripheral benzodiazepine receptor [PBR]28) was delivered intravenously, and tumor uptake was assessed by autoradiography, ex vivo, or micro-positron emission tomography imaging. RESULTS Resected tumors contained abundant macrophages as determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunoblotting revealed murine macrophages expressed TSPO with increasing concentration on activation and polarization. Autoradiography of resected tumors confirmed [11C]PBR28 uptake, and whole mount sections demonstrated the ability to localize tumors. To confirm the findings were macrophage specific, experiments were repeated in CD11b-deficient mice, and the radiotracer uptake was diminished. Micro-positron emission tomography imaging validated radiotracer uptake and tumor localization in a clinically applicable manner. CONCLUSIONS As new immunotherapeutics reshape the PDAC microenvironment, tools are needed to better measure and track immune cell subsets. We have demonstrated the potential to measure changes in macrophage infiltration in PDAC using [11C]PBR28.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Lazarus
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hari Nathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Morand Piert
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Chen Z, Jamadar SD, Li S, Sforazzini F, Baran J, Ferris N, Shah NJ, Egan GF. From simultaneous to synergistic MR-PET brain imaging: A review of hybrid MR-PET imaging methodologies. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:5126-5144. [PMID: 30076750 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is a recent major development in biomedical imaging. The full integration of the PET detector ring and electronics within the MR system has been a technologically challenging design to develop but provides capacity for simultaneous imaging and the potential for new diagnostic and research capability. This article reviews state-of-the-art MR-PET hardware and software, and discusses future developments focusing on neuroimaging methodologies for MR-PET scanning. We particularly focus on the methodologies that lead to an improved synergy between MRI and PET, including optimal data acquisition, PET attenuation and motion correction, and joint image reconstruction and processing methods based on the underlying complementary and mutual information. We further review the current and potential future applications of simultaneous MR-PET in both systems neuroscience and clinical neuroimaging research. We demonstrate a simultaneous data acquisition protocol to highlight new applications of MR-PET neuroimaging research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Chen
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharna D Jamadar
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenpeng Li
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jakub Baran
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Nicholas Ferris
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Imaging, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadim Jon Shah
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gary F Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Rubin LH, Sacktor N, Creighton J, Du Y, Endres CJ, Pomper MG, Coughlin JM. Microglial activation is inversely associated with cognition in individuals living with HIV on effective antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2018; 32:1661-1667. [PMID: 29746297 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite viral suppression, HIV-associated cognitive impairment persists and may be partially due to persistent immune signalling by cells of the myeloid-lineage. Here, we aimed to understand the contribution of activated microglia located in vulnerable brain regions (e.g. frontal, subcortical) of HIV-infected, virally suppressed (HIV+VS) individuals in relation to cognitive and motor function. DESIGN Twenty-one HIV+VS individuals underwent PET with [11C]DPA-713 to image the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a marker of microglial activation, and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. METHODS Multivariable linear regressions were used to examine the contribution of [11C]DPA-713 binding to cognitive performance. RESULTS Higher [11C]DPA-713 binding was associated with lower cognition among HIV+VS individuals. [11C]DPA-713 binding in middle frontal gyrus/frontal cortex, hippocampus/temporal cortex and occipital cortex was inversely associated with performance on a number of cognitive domains, including verbal memory, processing speed/attention/concentration, executive function, working memory and motor function. [C]DPA-713 binding in parietal cortex, cerebellum and thalamus was associated with only specific cognitive domains including visual construction and verbal memory. Binding was not associated with global cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The findings add to the growing body of evidence that immune-mediated brain injury may contribute to domain specific, HIV-associated, cognitive vulnerabilities despite viral suppression.
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Chaney A, Cropper HC, Johnson EM, Lechtenberg KJ, Peterson TC, Stevens MY, Buckwalter MS, James ML. 11C-DPA-713 Versus 18F-GE-180: A Preclinical Comparison of Translocator Protein 18 kDa PET Tracers to Visualize Acute and Chronic Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:122-128. [PMID: 29976695 PMCID: PMC6354224 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.209155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in neuronal injury after ischemic stroke. PET imaging of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) permits longitudinal, noninvasive visualization of neuroinflammation in both preclinical and clinical settings. Many TSPO tracers have been developed, however, it is unclear which tracer is the most sensitive and accurate for monitoring the in vivo spatiotemporal dynamics of neuroinflammation across applications. Hence, there is a need for head-to-head comparisons of promising TSPO PET tracers across different disease states. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to directly compare 2 promising second-generation TSPO tracers, 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180, for the first time at acute and chronic time points after ischemic stroke. Methods: After distal middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery, mice underwent consecutive PET/CT imaging with 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180 at 2, 6, and 28 d after stroke. T2-weighted MR images were acquired to enable delineation of ipsilateral (infarct) and contralateral brain regions of interest (ROIs). PET/CT images were analyzed by calculating percentage injected dose per gram in MR-guided ROIs. SUV ratios were determined using the contralateral thalamus (SUVTh) as a pseudoreference region. Ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were performed to verify in vivo findings. Results: Significantly increased tracer uptake was observed in the ipsilateral compared with contralateral ROI (SUVTh, 50-60 min summed data) at acute and chronic time points using 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180. Ex vivo autoradiography confirmed in vivo findings demonstrating increased TSPO tracer uptake in infarcted versus contralateral brain tissue. Importantly, a significant correlation was identified between microglial/macrophage activation (cluster of differentiation 68 immunostaining) and 11C-DPA-713- PET signal, which was not evident with 18F-GE-180. No significant correlations were observed between TSPO PET and activated astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining). Conclusion: 11C-DPA-713 and 18F-GE-180 PET enable detection of neuroinflammation at acute and chronic time points after cerebral ischemia in mice. 11C-DPA-713 PET reflects the extent of microglial activation in infarcted distal middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse brain tissue more accurately than 18F-GE-180 and appears to be slightly more sensitive. These results highlight the potential of 11C-DPA-713 for tracking microglial activation in vivo after stroke and warrant further investigation in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Chaney
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Haley C Cropper
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Emily M Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Kendra J Lechtenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and
| | - Todd C Peterson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and
| | - Marc Y Stevens
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford California .,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford California; and
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Chaney AM, Johnson EM, Cropper HC, James ML. PET Imaging of Neuroinflammation Using [11C]DPA-713 in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985311 PMCID: PMC6101726 DOI: 10.3791/57243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is central to the pathological cascade following ischemic stroke. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods have the potential to provide critical insights into the temporal dynamics and role of certain neuroimmune interactions in stroke. Specifically, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a marker of activated microglia and peripheral myeloid-lineage cells, provides a means to detect and track neuroinflammation in vivo. Here, we present a method to accurately quantify neuroinflammation using [11C]N,N-Diethyl-2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]acetamide ([11C]DPA-713), a promising second generation TSPO-PET radiotracer, in distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) compared to sham-operated mice. MRI was performed 2 days post-dMCAO surgery to confirm stroke and define the infarct location and volume. PET/Computed Tomography (CT) imaging was carried out 6 days post-dMCAO to capture the peak increase in TSPO levels following stroke. Quantitation of PET images was conducted to assess the uptake of [11C]DPA-713 in the brain and spleen of dMCAO and sham mice to assess central and peripheral levels of inflammation. In vivo [11C]DPA-713 brain uptake was confirmed using ex vivo autoradiography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University;
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Zinnhardt B, Wiesmann M, Honold L, Barca C, Schäfers M, Kiliaan AJ, Jacobs AH. In vivo imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation in the development and assessment of stroke therapies - towards clinical translation. Theranostics 2018; 8:2603-2620. [PMID: 29774062 PMCID: PMC5956996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment after stroke opens a new avenue for the development of novel neurorestorative therapies in stroke. Understanding the spatio-temporal profile of (neuro-)inflammatory imaging biomarkers in detail thereby represents a crucial factor in the development and application of immunomodulatory therapies. The early integration of quantitative molecular imaging biomarkers in stroke drug development may provide key information about (i) early diagnosis and follow-up, (ii) spatio-temporal drug-target engagement (pharmacodynamic biomarker), (iii) differentiation of responders and non-responders in the patient cohort (inclusion/exclusion criteria; predictive biomarkers), and (iv) the mechanism of action. The use of targeted imaging biomarkers for may thus allow clinicians to decipher the profile of patient-specific inflammatory activity and the development of patient-tailored strategies for immunomodulatory and neuro-restorative therapies in stroke. Here, we highlight the recent developments in preclinical and clinical molecular imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation (endothelial markers, microglia, MMPs, cell labeling, future developments) in stroke and outline how imaging biomarkers can be used in overcoming current translational roadblocks and attrition in order to advance new immunomodulatory compounds within the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
- EU 7 th FP Programme “Imaging Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases (INMiND)”
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- PET Imaging in Drug Design and Development (PET3D)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Honold
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cristina Barca
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
- PET Imaging in Drug Design and Development (PET3D)
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
- EU 7 th FP Programme “Imaging Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases (INMiND)”
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- PET Imaging in Drug Design and Development (PET3D)
- Department of Geriatrics, Johanniter Hospital, Evangelische Kliniken, Bonn, Germany
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50
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Stephenson CP, Baguley IJ. Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder): A role for microglial-based plasticity mechanisms? Med Hypotheses 2018; 111:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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