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Aloj L, Mansi R, De Luca S, Accardo A, Tesauro D, Morelli G. Radiolabeled peptides and their expanding role in clinical imaging and targeted cancer therapy. J Pept Sci 2024:e3607. [PMID: 38710638 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
There is an expanding body of evidence showing that synthetic peptides in combination with radioactive isotopes can be utilized for medical purposes. This area is of particular interest in oncology where applications in diagnosis and therapy are at different stages of development. We review the contributions in this area by the group originally founded by Carlo Pedone in Naples many years ago. We highlight the work of this group in the context of other developments in this area, focusing on three biologically relevant receptor systems: somatostatin, gastrin-releasing peptide, and cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptors. We focus on key milestones, state of the art, and challenges in this area of research as well as the current and future outlook for expanding clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloj
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefania De Luca
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides "Carlo Pedone", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides "Carlo Pedone", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides "Carlo Pedone", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Obeid K, Kanellopoulos P, Abouzayed A, Mattsson A, Tolmachev V, Nock BA, Maina T, Orlova A. GRPR-Antagonists Carrying DOTAGA-Chelator via Positively Charged Linkers: Perspectives for Prostate Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:513. [PMID: 38675174 PMCID: PMC11054746 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-antagonists have served as motifs in the development of theranostic radioligands for prostate cancer. Our efforts have been focused on the development of radiolabeled RM26 (H-DPhe6-Gln7-Trp8-Ala9-Val10-Gly11-His12-Sta13-Leu14-NH2) analogs, such as [111In]In-DOTAGA-PEG2-RM26. We recently showed that its Gly11/Sar11-substituted version, [111In]In-AU-RM26-M1, resisted degradation by neprilysin (NEP) while in circulation and achieved higher tumor uptake in mice. We herein introduce the following three new AU-RM26-M1 mimics labeled with In-111, with basic residues in the linker: (i) AU-RM26-M2 (PEG2-Pip), (ii) AU-RM26-M3 (PEG2-Arg), and (iii) AU-RM26-M4 (Arg-Arg-Pip). These analogs were compared in PC-3 cells and animal models vs. AU-RM26-M1 (reference). The new analogs showed high affinity and specificity for the GRPR, exhibiting an uptake and distribution pattern in PC-3 cells typical for a radiolabeled GRPR-antagonist. They showed high stability in peripheral mice blood, except for [111In]In-AU-RM26-M3. AU-RM26-M4 achieved the highest tumor uptake and promising background clearance, followed by [111In]In-RM26-M2, showing lower background levels. These findings were confirmed for [111In]In-AU-RM26-M2 and [111In]In-AU-RM26-M4 by micro-SPECT/CT at 4 and 24 h post-injection. Hence, the type of positively charged residues in the linker of AU-RM26-M1 mimics strongly influenced biological behavior. The analogs with Pip next to DPhe6 demonstrated the best overall characteristics and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Obeid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.); (P.K.); (A.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.); (P.K.); (A.A.); (A.M.)
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (B.A.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Ayman Abouzayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.); (P.K.); (A.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Adam Mattsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.); (P.K.); (A.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (B.A.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (B.A.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Anna Orlova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.O.); (P.K.); (A.A.); (A.M.)
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
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Nelson BJB, Wilson J, Andersson JD, Wuest F. Theranostic Imaging Surrogates for Targeted Alpha Therapy: Progress in Production, Purification, and Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1622. [PMID: 38004486 PMCID: PMC10674391 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article highlights recent developments of SPECT and PET diagnostic imaging surrogates for targeted alpha particle therapy (TAT) radiopharmaceuticals. It outlines the rationale for using imaging surrogates to improve diagnostic-scan accuracy and facilitate research, and the properties an imaging-surrogate candidate should possess. It evaluates the strengths and limitations of each potential imaging surrogate. Thirteen surrogates for TAT are explored: 133La, 132La, 134Ce/134La, and 226Ac for 225Ac TAT; 203Pb for 212Pb TAT; 131Ba for 223Ra and 224Ra TAT; 123I, 124I, 131I and 209At for 211At TAT; 134Ce/134La for 227Th TAT; and 155Tb and 152Tb for 149Tb TAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce J. B. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (B.J.B.N.); (J.W.); (J.D.A.)
| | - John Wilson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (B.J.B.N.); (J.W.); (J.D.A.)
| | - Jan D. Andersson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (B.J.B.N.); (J.W.); (J.D.A.)
- Edmonton Radiopharmaceutical Center, Alberta Health Services, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (B.J.B.N.); (J.W.); (J.D.A.)
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Saini S, Bartels JL, Appiah JPK, Rider JH, Baumhover N, Schultz MK, Lapi SE. Optimized Methods for the Production of High-Purity 203Pb Using Electroplated Thallium Targets. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:1791-1797. [PMID: 37652545 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.265976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
203Pb is a surrogate imaging match for 212Pb. This elementally matched pair is emerging as a suitable pair for imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy in cancer care. Because of the half-life (51.9 h) and low-energy γ-rays emitted, 203Pb is suitable for the development of diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this work was to optimize the production and separation of high-specific-activity 203Pb using electroplated thallium targets. We further investigated the radiochemistry optimization using a suitable chelator, tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A), and targeting vector, VMT-α-NET (lead-specific chelator conjugated to tyr3-octreotide via a polyethylene glycol linker). Methods: Targets were prepared by electroplating of natural or enriched (205Tl) thallium metal. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to determine the structure and elemental composition of electroplated targets. Targets were irradiated with 24-MeV protons with varying current and beam time to investigate target durability. 203Pb was purified from the thallium target material using an extraction resin (lead resin) column followed by a second column using a weak cation-exchange resin to elute the lead isotope as [203Pb]PbCl2 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry studies were used to further characterize the separation for trace metal contaminants. Radiolabeling efficiency was also investigated for DO3A chelator and VMT-α-NET (a peptide-based targeting conjugate). Results: Electroplated targets were prepared at a high plating density of 76-114 mg/cm2 using a plating time of 5 h. A reproducible separation method was established with a final elution in HCl (400 μL, 1 M) suitable for radiolabeling. Greater than 90% recovery yields were achieved, with an average specific activity of 37.7 ± 5.4 GBq/μmol (1.1 ± 0.1 Ci/μmol). Conclusion: An efficient electroplating method was developed to prepare thallium targets suitable for cyclotron irradiation. A simple and fast separation method was developed for routine 203Pb production with high recovery yields and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Saini
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Jennifer L Bartels
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Jean-Pierre K Appiah
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Jason H Rider
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | | | | | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
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Weber WA, Barthel H, Bengel FM, Eiber MM, Herrmann K, Schäfers M. Reply to: Not All Gatekeepers Are Theranostics. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:1662-1663. [PMID: 37385669 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
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Handula M, Beekman S, Konijnenberg M, Stuurman D, de Ridder C, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Denkova A, de Blois E, Seimbille Y. First preclinical evaluation of [ 225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11 and comparison with [ 177Lu]Lu-DOTA-JR11, alpha versus beta radionuclide therapy of NETs. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:13. [PMID: 37389800 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE mediated peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is sometimes leading to treatment resistance and disease recurrence. An interesting alternative could be the somatostatin antagonist, [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-JR11, that demonstrated better biodistribution profile and higher tumor uptake than [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE. Furthermore, treatment with alpha emitters showed improvement of the therapeutic index of PRRT due to the high LET offered by the alpha particles compared to beta emitters. Therefore, [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11 can be a potential candidate to improve the treatment of NETs (Graphical abstract). DOTA-JR11 was radiolabeled with [225Ac]Ac(NO3)3 and [177Lu]LuCl3. Stability studies were performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and mouse serum. In vitro competitive binding assay has been carried out in U2OS-SSTR2 + cells for natLa-DOTA-JR11, natLu-DOTA-JR11 and DOTA-JR11. Ex vivo biodistribution studies were performed in mice inoculated with H69 cells at 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after injection of [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11. A blocking group was included to verify uptake specificity. Dosimetry of selected organs was determined for [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11 and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-JR11. RESULTS [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11 has been successfully prepared and obtained in high radiochemical yield (RCY; 95%) and radiochemical purity (RCP; 94%). [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11 showed reasonably good stability in PBS (77% intact radiopeptide at 24 h after incubation) and in mouse serum (~ 81% intact radiopeptide 24 h after incubation). [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-JR11 demonstrated excellent stability in both media (> 93%) up to 24 h post incubation. Competitive binding assay revealed that complexation of DOTA-JR11 with natLa and natLu did not affect its binding affinity to SSTR2. Similar biodistribution profiles were observed for both radiopeptides, however, higher uptake was noticed in the kidneys, liver and bone for [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11 than [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-JR11. CONCLUSION [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11 showed a higher absorbed dose in the kidneys compared to [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-JR11, which may limit further studies with this radiopeptide. However, several strategies can be explored to reduce nephrotoxicity and offer opportunities for future clinical investigations with [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-JR11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Handula
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Savanne Beekman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Konijnenberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Antonia Denkova
- Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Blois
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada.
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Lepareur N, Ramée B, Mougin-Degraef M, Bourgeois M. Clinical Advances and Perspectives in Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1733. [PMID: 37376181 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy has become increasingly prominent as a nuclear medicine subspecialty. For many decades, treatment with radionuclides has been mainly restricted to the use of iodine-131 in thyroid disorders. Currently, radiopharmaceuticals, consisting of a radionuclide coupled to a vector that binds to a desired biological target with high specificity, are being developed. The objective is to be as selective as possible at the tumor level, while limiting the dose received at the healthy tissue level. In recent years, a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of cancer, as well as the appearance of innovative targeting agents (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) and the availability of new radioisotopes, have enabled considerable advances in the field of vectorized internal radiotherapy with a better therapeutic efficacy, radiation safety and personalized treatments. For instance, targeting the tumor microenvironment, instead of the cancer cells, now appears particularly attractive. Several radiopharmaceuticals for therapeutic targeting have shown clinical value in several types of tumors and have been or will soon be approved and authorized for clinical use. Following their clinical and commercial success, research in that domain is particularly growing, with the clinical pipeline appearing as a promising target. This review aims to provide an overview of current research on targeting radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, 35000 Rennes, France
- Inserm, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)-UMR 1317, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Barthélémy Ramée
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Marie Mougin-Degraef
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
- Inserm, CNRS, CRCI2NA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Intégrée Nantes-Angers)-UMR 1307, Université de Nantes, ERL 6001, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Mickaël Bourgeois
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Nantes University Hospital, 44000 Nantes, France
- Inserm, CNRS, CRCI2NA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Intégrée Nantes-Angers)-UMR 1307, Université de Nantes, ERL 6001, 44000 Nantes, France
- Groupement d'Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, 44817 Saint Herblain, France
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Wang Y, Yuan H, Tang S, Liu Y, Cai P, Liu N, Chen Y, Zhou Z. The effects of novel macrocyclic chelates on the targeting properties of the 68Ga-labeled Gastrin releasing peptide receptor antagonist RM2. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:56. [PMID: 37285007 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) is a molecular target for the visualization of prostate cancer. Bombesin (BN) analogs are short peptides with a high affinity for GRPr. RM2 is a bombesin-based antagonist. It has been demonstrated that RM2 have superior in vivo biodistribution and targeting properties than high-affinity receptor agonists. This study developed new RM2-like antagonists by introducing the novel bifunctional chelators AAZTA5 and DATA5m to RM2. RESULTS The effects of different macrocyclic chelating groups on drug targeting properties and the possibility of preparing 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals in a kit-based protocol were investigated using 68Ga-labeled entities. Both new RM2 variants were labelled with 68Ga3+ resulting in high yields, stability, and low molarity of the ligand. DATA5m-RM2 and AAZTA5-RM2 incorporated 68Ga3+ nearly quantitatively at room temperature within 3-5 min, and the labelling yield for 68Ga-DOTA-RM2 was approximately 10% under the same conditions. 68Ga-AAZTA5-RM2 showed stronger hydrophilicity according to partition coefficient. Although the maximal cellular uptake values of the three compounds were similar, 68Ga-AAZTA5-RM2 and 68Ga-DATA5m-RM2 peaked more rapidly. Biodistribution studies showed high and specific tumor uptake, with a maximum of 9.12 ± 0.81 percentage injected activity per gram of tissue (%ID/g) for 68Ga-DATA5m-RM2 and 7.82 ± 0.61%ID/g for 68Ga-AAZTA5-RM2 at 30 min after injection. CONCLUSIONS The conditions for complexation of DATA5m-RM2 and AAZTA5-RM2 with gallium-68 are milder, faster and require less amount of precursors than DOTA-RM2. Chelators had an evident influence on the pharmacokinetics and targeting properties of 68Ga-X-RM2 derivatives. Positively charged 68Ga-DATA5m-RM2 provided a high tumor uptake, high image contrast and good capability of targeting GRPr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinwen Wang
- The Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- The Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Sufan Tang
- The Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Cai
- The Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- The Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- The Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Nock BA, Kanellopoulos P, Joosten L, Mansi R, Maina T. Peptide Radioligands in Cancer Theranostics: Agonists and Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050674. [PMID: 37242457 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in the diagnosis and therapy-"theranostics"-of tumors expressing the somatostatin subtype 2 receptor (SST2R) has paved the way for the development of a broader panel of peptide radioligands targeting different human tumors. This approach relies on the overexpression of other receptor-targets in different cancer types. In recent years, a shift in paradigm from internalizing agonists to antagonists has occurred. Thus, SST2R-antagonist radioligands were first shown to accumulate more efficiently in tumor lesions and clear faster from the background in animal models and patients. The switch to receptor antagonists was soon adopted in the field of radiolabeled bombesin (BBN). Unlike the stable cyclic octapeptides used in the case of somatostatin, BBN-like peptides are linear, fast to biodegradable and elicit adverse effects in the body. Thus, the advent of BBN-like antagonists provided an elegant way to obtain effective and safe radiotheranostics. Likewise, the pursuit of gastrin and exendin antagonist-based radioligands is advancing with exciting new outcomes on the horizon. In the present review, we discuss these developments with a focus on clinical results, commenting on challenges and opportunities for personalized treatment of cancer patients by means of state-of-the-art antagonist-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold A Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
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[111In]In/[177Lu]Lu-AAZTA5-LM4 SST2R-Antagonists in Cancer Theranostics: From Preclinical Testing to First Patient Results. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030776. [PMID: 36986637 PMCID: PMC10053881 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to expand the application of the SST2R-antagonist LM4 (DPhe-c[DCys-4Pal-DAph(Cbm)-Lys-Thr-Cys]-DTyr-NH2) beyond [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 PET/CT (DATA5m, (6-pentanoic acid)-6-(amino)methy-1,4-diazepinetriacetate), we now introduce AAZTA5-LM4 (AAZTA5, 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)-6-[bis(carboxymethyl)]amino-6-[pentanoic-acid]perhydro-1,4-diazepine), allowing for the convenient coordination of trivalent radiometals of clinical interest, such as In-111 (for SPECT/CT) or Lu-177 (for radionuclide therapy). After labeling, the preclinical profiles of [111In]In-AAZTA5-LM4 and [177Lu]Lu-AAZTA5-LM4 were compared in HEK293-SST2R cells and double HEK293-SST2R/wtHEK293 tumor-bearing mice using [111In]In-DOTA-LM3 and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-LM3 as references. The biodistribution of [177Lu]Lu-AAZTA5-LM4 was additionally studied for the first time in a NET patient. Both [111In]In-AAZTA5-LM4 and [177Lu]Lu-AAZTA5-LM4 displayed high and selective targeting of the HEK293-SST2R tumors in mice and fast background clearance via the kidneys and the urinary system. This pattern was reproduced for [177Lu]Lu-AAZTA5-LM4 in the patient according to SPECT/CT results in a monitoring time span of 4–72 h pi. In view of the above, we may conclude that [177Lu]Lu-AAZTA5-LM4 shows promise as a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical candidate for SST2R-expressing human NETs, based on previous [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m-LM4 PET/CT, but further studies are needed to fully assess its clinical value. Furthermore, [111In]In-AAZTA5-LM4 SPECT/CT may represent a legitimate alternative diagnostic option in cases where PET/CT is not available.
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Wu J, Qiao H. Medical Imaging Technology and Imaging Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1199:15-38. [PMID: 37460725 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9902-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Medical imaging is a technology that studies the interaction between human body and irradiations of X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic field, etc. and represents anatomical structures of human organs/tissues with the implication of irradiation attenuation in the form of grayscales. With these medical images, detailed information on health status and disease diagnosis may be judged by clinical physicians to determine an appropriate therapy approach. This chapter will give a systematic introduction on the modalities, classifications, basic principles, and biomedical applications of traditional medical imaging along with the types, construction, and major features of the corresponding contrast agents or imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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Shi M, Jakobsson V, Greifenstein L, Khong PL, Chen X, Baum RP, Zhang J. Alpha-peptide receptor radionuclide therapy using actinium-225 labeled somatostatin receptor agonists and antagonists. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1034315. [PMID: 36569154 PMCID: PMC9767967 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has over the last two decades emerged as a very promising approach to treat neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) with rapidly expanding clinical applications. By chelating a radiometal to a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) ligand, radiation can be delivered to cancer cells with high precision. Unlike conventional external beam radiotherapy, PRRT utilizes primarily β or α radiation derived from nuclear decay, which causes damage to cancer cells in the immediate proximity by irreversible direct or indirect ionization of the cells' DNA, which induces apoptosis. In addition, to avoid damage to surrounding normal cells, PRRT privileges the use of radionuclides that have little penetrating and more energetic (and thus more ionizing) radiations. To date, the most frequently radioisotopes are β- emitters, particularly Yttrium-90 (90Y) and Lutetium-177 (177Lu), labeled SSTR agonists. Current development of SSTR-targeting is triggering the shift from using SSTR agonists to antagonists for PRRT. Furthermore, targeted α-particle therapy (TAT), has attracted special attention for the treatment of tumors and offers an improved therapeutic option for patients resistant to conventional treatments or even beta-irradiation treatment. Due to its short range and high linear energy transfer (LET), α-particles significantly damage the targeted cancer cells while causing minimal cytotoxicity toward surrounding normal tissue. Actinium-225 (225Ac) has been developed into potent targeting drug constructs including somatostatin-receptor-based radiopharmaceuticals and is in early clinical use against multiple neuroendocrine tumor types. In this article, we give a review of preclinical and clinical applications of 225Ac-PRRT in NETs, discuss the strengths and challenges of 225Ac complexes being used in PRRT; and envision the prospect of 225Ac-PRRT as a future alternative in the treatment of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivianne Jakobsson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Academy for Precision Oncology, International Centers for Precision Oncology (ICPO), Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Lukas Greifenstein
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Pek-Lan Khong
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard P. Baum
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Jingjing Zhang,
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Radiometal-theranostics: the first 20 years*. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review describes the basic principles of radiometal-theranostics and its dawn based on the development of the positron-emitting 86Y and 86Y-labeled radiopharmaceuticals to quantify biodistribution and dosimetry of 90Y-labeled analogue therapeutics. The nuclear and inorganic development of 86Y (including nuclear and cross section data, irradiation, radiochemical separation and recovery) led to preclinical and clinical evaluation of 86Y-labeled citrate and EDTMP complexes and yielded organ radiation doses in terms of mGy/MBq 90Y. The approach was extended to [86/90Y]Y-DOTA-TOC, yielding again yielded organ radiation doses in terms of mGy/MBq 90Y. The review further discusses the consequences of this early development in terms of further radiometals that were used (68Ga, 177Lu etc.), more chelators that were developed, new biological targets that were addressed (SSTR, PSMA, FAP, etc.) and subsequent generations of radiometal-theranostics that resulted out of that.
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Sun J, Huangfu Z, Yang J, Wang G, Hu K, Gao M, Zhong Z. Imaging-guided targeted radionuclide tumor therapy: From concept to clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114538. [PMID: 36162696 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the first introduction of sodium iodide I-131 for use with thyroid patients almost 80 years ago, more than 50 radiopharmaceuticals have reached the markets for a wide range of diseases, especially cancers. The nuclear medicine paradigm also shifts from solely molecular imaging or radionuclide therapy to imaging-guided radionuclide therapy, which is deemed a vital component of precision cancer therapy and an emerging medical modality for personalized medicine. The imaging-guided radionuclide therapy highlights the systematic integration of targeted nuclear diagnostics and radionuclide therapeutics. Regarding this, nuclear imaging serves to "visualize" the lesions and guide the therapeutic strategy, followed by administration of a precise patient specific dose of radiotherapeutics for treatment according to the absorbed dose to different organs and tumors calculated by dosimetry tools, and finally repeated imaging to predict the prognosis. This strategy leads to significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved patient outcomes, and manageable adverse events. In this review, we provide an overview of imaging-guided targeted radionuclide therapy for different tumors such as advanced prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumors, with a focus on development of new radioligands and their preclinical and clinical results, and further discuss about challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyuan Huangfu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Kálmán-Szabó I, Szabó JP, Arató V, Dénes N, Opposits G, Jószai I, Kertész I, Képes Z, Fekete A, Szikra D, Hajdu I, Trencsényi G. PET Probes for Preclinical Imaging of GRPR-Positive Prostate Cancer: Comparative Preclinical Study of [ 68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA and [ 44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710061. [PMID: 36077458 PMCID: PMC9456106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) are overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Since bombesin analogue aminobenzoic-acid (AMBA) binds to GRPR with high affinity, scandium-44 conjugated AMBA is a promising radiotracer in the PET diagnostics of GRPR positive tumors. Herein, the GRPR specificity of the newly synthetized [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA was investigated in vitro and in vivo applying PCa PC-3 xenograft. After the in-vitro assessment of receptor binding, PC-3 tumor-bearing mice were injected with [44Sc]Sc/[68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA (in blocking studies with bombesin) and in-vivo PET examinations were performed to determine the radiotracer uptake in standardized uptake values (SUV). 44Sc/68Ga-labelled NODAGA-AMBA was produced with high molar activity (approx. 20 GBq/µmoL) and excellent radiochemical purity. The in-vitro accumulation of [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA in PC-3 cells was approximately 25-fold higher than that of the control HaCaT cells. Relatively higher uptake was found in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in the same tumor with the 44Sc-labelled probe compared to [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-AMBA. The GRPR specificity of [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA was confirmed by significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased %ID and SUV values in PC-3 tumors after bombesin pretreatment. The outstanding binding properties of the novel [44Sc]Sc-NODAGA-AMBA to GRPR outlines its potential to be a valuable radiotracer in the imaging of GRPR-positive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Kálmán-Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit P. Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Arató
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Noémi Dénes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Opposits
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Jószai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Kertész
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Fekete
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dezső Szikra
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Hajdu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Chelation of Theranostic Copper Radioisotopes with S-Rich Macrocycles: From Radiolabelling of Copper-64 to In Vivo Investigation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134158. [PMID: 35807404 PMCID: PMC9268100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper radioisotopes are generally employed for cancer imaging and therapy when firmly coordinated via a chelating agent coupled to a tumor-seeking vector. However, the biologically triggered Cu2+-Cu+ redox switching may constrain the in vivo integrity of the resulting complex, leading to demetallation processes. This unsought pathway is expected to be hindered by chelators bearing N, O, and S donors which appropriately complements the borderline-hard and soft nature of Cu2+ and Cu+. In this work, the labelling performances of a series of S-rich polyazamacrocyclic chelators with [64Cu]Cu2+ and the stability of the [64Cu]Cu-complexes thereof were evaluated. Among the chelators considered, the best results were obtained with 1,7-bis [2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-4,10,diacetic acid-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A2S). DO2A2S was labelled at high molar activities in mild reaction conditions, and its [64Cu]Cu2+ complex showed excellent integrity in human serum over 24 h. Biodistribution studies in BALB/c nude mice performed with [64Cu][Cu(DO2A2S)] revealed a behavior similar to other [64Cu]Cu-labelled cyclen derivatives characterized by high liver and kidney uptake, which could either be ascribed to transchelation phenomena or metabolic processing of the intact complex.
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Brossard C, Vlach M, Jacquet L, Vène E, Dorcet V, Loyer P, Cammas-Marion S, Lepareur N. Hepatotropic Peptides Grafted onto Maleimide-Decorated Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and In Vitro Uptake by Human HepaRG Hepatoma Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2447. [PMID: 35746020 PMCID: PMC9229302 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the strong tropism of George Baker (GB) Virus A (GBVA10-9) and Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CPB) derived synthetic peptides towards hepatoma cells. In a first approach, these peptides were covalently bound to poly(benzyl malate) (PMLABe73) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-PMLABe73 (PEG62-b-PMLABe73) (co)polymers, and corresponding peptide-decorated nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation. We showed that peptide enhanced NPs internalization by hepatoma cells. In the present work, we set up a second strategy to functionalize NPs prepared from PMLABe73 derivates. First, maleimide-functionalized PMLABe73 (Mal-PMLABe73) and PEG62-b-PMLABe73 (Mal-PEG62-b-PMLABe73) were synthesized and corresponding NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation. Then, peptides (GBVA10-9, CPB and their scramble controls GBVA10-9scr and CPBscr) with a thiol group were engrafted onto the NPs' maleimide groups using the Michael addition to obtain peptide functionalized NPs by post-formulation procedure. These peptide-modified NPs varied in diameter and dispersity depending on the considered peptides and/or (co)polymers but kept their spherical shape. The peptide-functionalized NPs were more efficiently internalized by HepaRG hepatoma cells than native and maleimide-NPs with various levels relying on the peptide's nature and the presence of PEG. We also observed important differences in internalization of NPs functionalized by the maleimide-thiol-peptide reaction compared to that of NPs prepared from peptide-functionalized PMLABe73 derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Brossard
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR 6226, ScanMAT, UMS2001, 35000 Rennes, France; (C.B.); (L.J.); (V.D.)
| | - Manuel Vlach
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.V.); (E.V.)
- Institut Agro, INRAE, PEGASE, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Lucas Jacquet
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR 6226, ScanMAT, UMS2001, 35000 Rennes, France; (C.B.); (L.J.); (V.D.)
| | - Elise Vène
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.V.); (E.V.)
- Pôle Pharmacie, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacie, CHU Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR 6226, ScanMAT, UMS2001, 35000 Rennes, France; (C.B.); (L.J.); (V.D.)
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Sandrine Cammas-Marion
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR 6226, ScanMAT, UMS2001, 35000 Rennes, France; (C.B.); (L.J.); (V.D.)
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Nicolas Lepareur
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.V.); (E.V.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, 35000 Rennes, France
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Vahidfar N, Farzanehfar S, Abbasi M, Mirzaei S, Delpassand ES, Abbaspour F, Salehi Y, Biersack HJ, Ahmadzadehfar H. Diagnostic Value of Radiolabelled Somatostatin Analogues for Neuroendocrine Tumour Diagnosis: The Benefits and Drawbacks of [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-TOC. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081914. [PMID: 35454822 PMCID: PMC9027354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the most incredible advances in nuclear medicine is early detection of neuroendocrine tumors, which leads to appropriate and expedient treatment pathways. Advances made with somatostatin analogue derivatives radiolabeled with Gallium-68 clarified the paths of diagnosis and treatment properly. Despite the significant improvements, widespread efforts are in progress to attain the most specific radiopharmaceutical for this purpose. In this literature review, we will provide a short overview on the role of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors focusing on [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-TOC as a new radiopharmaceutical with promising clinical results. Abstract Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arise from secondary epithelial cell lines in the gastrointestinal or respiratory system organs. The rate of development of these tumours varies from an indolent to an aggressive course, typically being initially asymptomatic. The identification of these tumours is difficult, particularly because the primary tumour is often small and undetectable by conventional anatomical imaging. Consequently, diagnosis of NETs is complicated and has been a significant challenge until recently. In the last 30 years, the advent of novel nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures has led to a substantial increase in NET detection. Great varieties of exclusive single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals for detecting NETs are being applied successfully in clinical settings, including [111In]In-pentetreotide, [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-TOC/TATE, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE, and [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-TOC/TATE. Among these tracers for functional imaging, PET radiopharmaceuticals are clearly and substantially superior to planar or SPECT imaging radiopharmaceuticals. The main advantages include higher resolution, better sensitivity and increased lesion-to-background uptake. An advantage of diagnosis with a radiopharmaceutical is the capacity of theranostics to provide concomitant diagnosis and treatment with particulate radionuclides, such as beta and alpha emitters including Lutetium-177 (177Lu) and Actinium-225 (225Ac). Due to these unique challenges involved with diagnosing NETs, various PET tracers have been developed. This review compares the clinical characteristics of radiolabelled somatostatin analogues for NET diagnosis, focusing on the most recently FDA-approved [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-TATE as a state-of-the art NET-PET/CT radiopharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Vahidfar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733133, Iran; (N.V.); (S.F.); (M.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Saeed Farzanehfar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733133, Iran; (N.V.); (S.F.); (M.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mehrshad Abbasi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733133, Iran; (N.V.); (S.F.); (M.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Siroos Mirzaei
- Clinic Ottakring, Institute of Nuclear Medicine with PET-Center, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ebrahim S. Delpassand
- RadioMedix, Inc., Houston, TX 77041, USA;
- Excel Diagnostics and Nuclear Oncology Center, Houston, TX 77042, USA
| | - Farzad Abbaspour
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
| | - Yalda Salehi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733133, Iran; (N.V.); (S.F.); (M.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hans Jürgen Biersack
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Betaklinik Bonn, 53227 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Westfalen, 44309 Dortmund, Germany
- Correspondence:
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68Ga-TP1580 as a novel molecular probe for HER2-positive tumor imaging using MicroPET. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Fani M, Mansi R, Nicolas GP, Wild D. Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogs-A Continuously Evolving Class of Radiopharmaceuticals. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051172. [PMID: 35267479 PMCID: PMC8909681 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (SSTs) are recognized as favorable molecular targets in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), with subtype 2 (SST2) being the predominantly and most frequently expressed. PET/CT imaging with 68Ga-labeled SST agonists, e.g., 68Ga-DOTA-TOC (SomaKit TOC®) or 68Ga-DOTA-TATE (NETSPOT®), plays an important role in staging and restaging these tumors and can identify patients who qualify and would potentially benefit from peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with the therapeutic counterparts 177Lu-DOTA-TOC or 177Lu-DOTA-TATE (Lutathera®). This is an important feature of SST targeting, as it allows a personalized treatment approach (theranostic approach). Today, new developments hold promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy. Among them, the use of SST2 antagonists, such as JR11 and LM3, has shown certain advantages in improving image sensitivity and tumor radiation dose, and there is evidence that they may find application in other oncological indications beyond NETs and NENs. In addition, PRRT performed with more cytotoxic α-emitters, such as 225Ac, or β- and Auger electrons, such as 161Tb, presents higher efficacy. It remains to be seen if any of these new developments will overpower the established radiolabeled SST analogs and PRRT with β--emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Guillaume P. Nicolas
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (G.P.N.); (D.W.)
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damian Wild
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (G.P.N.); (D.W.)
- ENETS Center of Excellence for Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Tumors, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Mou L, Martini P, Pupillo G, Cieszykowska I, Cutler CS, Mikołajczak R. 67Cu Production Capabilities: A Mini Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051501. [PMID: 35268600 PMCID: PMC8912090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Is the 67Cu production worldwide feasible for expanding preclinical and clinical studies? How can we face the ingrowing demands of this emerging and promising theranostic radionuclide for personalized therapies? This review looks at the different production routes, including the accelerator- and reactor-based ones, providing a comprehensive overview of the actual 67Cu supply, with brief insight into its use in non-clinical and clinical studies. In addition to the most often explored nuclear reactions, this work focuses on the 67Cu separation and purification techniques, as well as the target material recovery procedures that are mandatory for the economic sustainability of the production cycle. The quality aspects, such as radiochemical, chemical, and radionuclidic purity, with particular attention to the coproduction of the counterpart 64Cu, are also taken into account, with detailed comparisons among the different production routes. Future possibilities related to new infrastructures are included in this work, as well as new developments on the radiopharmaceuticals aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Mou
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; or
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Izabela Cieszykowska
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
| | - Cathy S. Cutler
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Collider Accelerator Department, Upton, NY 11973, USA;
| | - Renata Mikołajczak
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Lepareur N. Cold Kit Labeling: The Future of 68Ga Radiopharmaceuticals? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:812050. [PMID: 35223907 PMCID: PMC8869247 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.812050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, gallium-68 (68Ga) has gained a formidable interest for PET molecular imaging of various conditions, from cancer to infection, through cardiac pathologies or neuropathies. It has gained routine use, with successful radiopharmaceuticals such as somatostatin analogs ([68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC and [68Ga]GaDOTATATE) for neuroendocrine tumors, and PSMA ligands for prostate cancer. It represents a major clinical impact, particularly in the context of theranostics, coupled with their 177Lu-labeled counterparts. Beside those, a bunch of new 68Ga-labeled molecules are in the preclinical and clinical pipelines, with some of them showing great promise for patient care. Increasing clinical demand and regulatory issues have led to the development of automated procedures for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. However, the widespread use of these radiopharmaceuticals may rely on simple and efficient radiolabeling methods, undemanding in terms of equipment and infrastructure. To make them technically and economically accessible to the medical community and its patients, it appears mandatory to develop a procedure similar to the well-established kit-based 99mTc chemistry. Already available commercial kits for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals have demonstrated the feasibility of using such an approach, thus paving the way for more kit-based 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals to be developed. This article discusses the development of 68Ga cold kit radiopharmacy, including technical issues, and regulatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Inrae, Inserm, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer), UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France
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23
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Ariztia J, Solmont K, Moïse NP, Specklin S, Heck MP, Lamandé-Langle S, Kuhnast B. PET/Fluorescence Imaging: An Overview of the Chemical Strategies to Build Dual Imaging Tools. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:24-52. [PMID: 34994545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a biomedical research discipline that has quickly emerged to afford the observation, characterization, monitoring, and quantification of biomarkers and biological processes in living organism. It covers a large array of imaging techniques, each of which provides anatomical, functional, or metabolic information. Multimodality, as the combination of two or more of these techniques, has proven to be one of the best options to boost their individual properties, hence offering unprecedented tools for human health. In this review, we will focus on the combination of positron emission tomography and fluorescence imaging from the specific perspective of the chemical synthesis of dual imaging agents. Based on a detailed analysis of the literature, this review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of the chemical strategies implemented to build adequate imaging tools considering radiohalogens and radiometals as positron emitters, fluorescent dyes mostly emitting in the NIR window and all types of targeting vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Ariztia
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Kathleen Solmont
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
| | | | - Simon Specklin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Marie Pierre Heck
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | | | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
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24
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Maina T, Nock BA. Peptide radiopharmaceuticals for targeted diagnosis & therapy of human tumors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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25
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Zhu W, Jia R, Yang Q, Cheng Y, Zhao H, Bai C, Xu J, Yao S, Huo L. A prospective randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors: compared with 68Ga-DOTATATE. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1613-1622. [PMID: 34874478 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of 68 Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68 Ga-DOTA-LM3 and compare them with 68 Ga-DOTATATE in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS Patients were prospectively recruited and equally randomized into two arms: Arm A, patients would undergo a whole-body 68 Ga-NODAGA-LM3 PET/CT scan on the 1st day and 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scan on the 2nd day; Arm B, patients would undergo a whole-body 68 Ga-DOTA-LM3 PET/CT scan on the 1st day and 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scan on the 2nd day. Biodistribution in normal organs, lesion detection ability, and tumor uptake were compared between antagonist and agonist in each arm. RESULTS A total of 40 patients with well-differentiated NETs, 20 in each arm, were recruited in the study. 68 Ga-NODAGA-LM3 showed a similar pattern as 68 Ga-DOTATATE, while 68 Ga-DOTA-LM3 demonstrated significantly lower uptake in almost all normal organs compared to 68 Ga-DOTATATE. Both 68 Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68 Ga-DOTA-LM3 showed superiority in lesion detection compared to 68 Ga-DOTATATE on lesion-based and patient-based comparison. 68 Ga-NODAGA-LM3 showed a significantly higher tumor uptake (median SUVmax 29.1 versus 21.6, P < 0.05) and tumor-to-background ratio (median tumor-to-liver ratio 5.0 versus 2.9, P < 0.05) compared to 68 Ga-DOTATATE. 68 Ga-DOTA-LM3 showed comparable uptake (median SUVmax 16.1 versus 17.8, P = 0.714) and higher tumor-to-background ratio (median tumor-to-liver ratio 5.2 versus 2.1, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Both 68 Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68 Ga-DOTA-LM3 are promising SSTR2 antagonists for neuroendocrine tumors. They demonstrated superiority in diagnostic efficacy compared to agonist 68 Ga-DOTATATE. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04318561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, No. 8, East Avenue, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuejuan Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, No. 8, East Avenue, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Li Huo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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26
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Distinct In Vitro Binding Profile of the Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 Antagonist [ 177Lu]Lu-OPS201 Compared to the Agonist [ 177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121265. [PMID: 34959665 PMCID: PMC8706879 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neuroendocrine tumours with the radiolabelled somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SST2) peptide agonist [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE is effective and well-established. Recent studies suggest improved therapeutic efficacy using the SST2 peptide antagonist [177Lu]Lu-OPS201. However, little is known about the cellular mechanisms that lead to the observed differences. In the present in vitro study, we compared kinetic binding, saturation binding, competition binding, cellular uptake and release of [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 versus [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE using HEK cells stably transfected with the human SST2. While [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE exhibited comparable affinity (KD, 0.15 ± 0.003 and 0.08 ± 0.02 nM, respectively), [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 recognized four times more binding sites than [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE. Competition assays demonstrated that a high concentration of the agonist displaced only 30% of [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 bound to HEK-SST2 cell membranes; an indication that the antagonist binds to additional sites that are not recognized by the agonist. [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 showed faster association and slower dissociation than [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE. Whereas most of [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 remained at the cell surface, [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE was almost completely internalised inside the cell. The present data identified distinct differences between [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE regarding the recognition of receptor binding sites (higher for [177Lu]Lu-OPS201) and their kinetics (faster association and slower dissociation of [177Lu]Lu-OPS201) that explain, to a great extent, the improved therapeutic efficacy of [177Lu]Lu-OPS201 compared to [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE.
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27
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Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors: From Signaling to Clinical Applications in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121810. [PMID: 34944626 PMCID: PMC8699000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous neoplasms which arise from neuroendocrine cells that are distributed widely throughout the body. Although heterogenous, many of them share their ability to overexpress somatostatin receptors (SSTR) on their cell surface. Due to this, SSTR and somatostatin have been a large subject of interest in the discovery of potential biomarkers and treatment options for the disease. The aim of this review is to describe the molecular characteristics of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors and its application in diagnosis and therapy on patients with NENs as well as the use in the near future of somatostatin antagonists.
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28
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Borgna F, Haller S, Rodriguez JMM, Ginj M, Grundler PV, Zeevaart JR, Köster U, Schibli R, van der Meulen NP, Müller C. Combination of terbium-161 with somatostatin receptor antagonists-a potential paradigm shift for the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1113-1126. [PMID: 34625828 PMCID: PMC8921065 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The β¯-emitting terbium-161 also emits conversion and Auger electrons, which are believed to be effective in killing single cancer cells. Terbium-161 was applied with somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonists that localize in the cytoplasm (DOTATOC) and cellular nucleus (DOTATOC-NLS) or with a SSTR antagonist that localizes at the cell membrane (DOTA-LM3). The aim was to identify the most favorable peptide/terbium-161 combination for the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). METHODS The capability of the 161Tb- and 177Lu-labeled somatostatin (SST) analogues to reduce viability and survival of SSTR-positive AR42J tumor cells was investigated in vitro. The radiopeptides' tissue distribution profiles were assessed in tumor-bearing mice. The efficacy of terbium-161 compared to lutetium-177 was investigated in therapy studies in mice using DOTATOC or DOTA-LM3, respectively. RESULTS In vitro, [161Tb]Tb-DOTA-LM3 was 102-fold more potent than [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-LM3; however, 161Tb-labeled DOTATOC and DOTATOC-NLS were only 4- to fivefold more effective inhibiting tumor cell viability than their 177Lu-labeled counterparts. This result was confirmed in vivo and demonstrated that [161Tb]Tb-DOTA-LM3 was significantly more effective in delaying tumor growth than [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-LM3, thereby, prolonging survival of the mice. A therapeutic advantage of terbium-161 over lutetium-177 was also manifest when applied with DOTATOC. Since the nuclear localizing sequence (NLS) compromised the in vivo tissue distribution of DOTATOC-NLS, it was not used for therapy. CONCLUSION The use of membrane-localizing DOTA-LM3 was beneficial and profited from the short-ranged electrons emitted by terbium-161. Based on these preclinical data, [161Tb]Tb-DOTA-LM3 may outperform the clinically employed [177Lu]Lu-DOTATOC for the treatment of patients with NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borgna
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Haller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Josep M Monné Rodriguez
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Ginj
- The Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Pascal V Grundler
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Pelindaba, Brits, 0240, South Africa
| | - Ulli Köster
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Tosato M, Dalla Tiezza M, May NV, Isse AA, Nardella S, Orian L, Verona M, Vaccarin C, Alker A, Mäcke H, Pastore P, Di Marco V. Copper Coordination Chemistry of Sulfur Pendant Cyclen Derivatives: An Attempt to Hinder the Reductive-Induced Demetalation in 64/67Cu Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11530-11547. [PMID: 34279088 PMCID: PMC8389837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Cu2+ complexes formed by a series of cyclen derivatives bearing sulfur pendant arms, 1,4,7,10-tetrakis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO4S), 1,4,7-tris[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO3S), 1,4,7-tris[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-10-acetamido-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO3SAm), and 1,7-bis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-4,10-diacetic acid-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A2S), were studied in aqueous solution at 25 °C from thermodynamic and structural points of view to evaluate their potential as chelators for copper radioisotopes. UV-vis spectrophotometric out-of-cell titrations under strongly acidic conditions, direct in-cell UV-vis titrations, potentiometric measurements at pH >4, and spectrophotometric Ag+-Cu2+ competition experiments were performed to evaluate the stoichiometry and stability constants of the Cu2+ complexes. A highly stable 1:1 metal-to-ligand complex (CuL) was found in solution at all pH values for all chelators, and for DO2A2S, protonated species were also detected under acidic conditions. The structures of the Cu2+ complexes in aqueous solution were investigated by UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and the results were supported by relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Isomers were detected that differed from their coordination modes. Crystals of [Cu(DO4S)(NO3)]·NO3 and [Cu(DO2A2S)] suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments highlighted the remarkable stability of the copper complexes with reference to dissociation upon reduction from Cu2+ to Cu+ on the CV time scale. The Cu+ complexes were generated in situ by electrolysis and examined by NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations gave further structural insights. These results demonstrate that the investigated sulfur-containing chelators are promising candidates for application in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals. In this connection, the high stability of both Cu2+ and Cu+ complexes can represent a key parameter for avoiding in vivo demetalation after bioinduced reduction to Cu+, often observed for other well-known chelators that can stabilize only Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tosato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nóra V May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sonia Nardella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Verona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Vaccarin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - André Alker
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Mäcke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Marco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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30
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La-Venia A, Dzijak R, Rampmaier R, Vrabel M. An Optimized Protocol for the Synthesis of Peptides Containing trans-Cyclooctene and Bicyclononyne Dienophiles as Useful Multifunctional Bioorthogonal Probes. Chemistry 2021; 27:13632-13641. [PMID: 34241924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great advances in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), the incorporation of certain functional groups into peptide sequences is restricted by the compatibility of the building blocks with conditions used during SPPS. In particular, the introduction of highly reactive groups used in modern bioorthogonal reactions into peptides remains elusive. Here, we present an optimized synthetic protocol enabling installation of two strained dienophiles, trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and bicyclononyne (BCN), into different peptide sequences. The two groups enable fast and modular post-synthetic functionalization of peptides, as we demonstrate in preparation of peptide-peptide and peptide-drug conjugates. Due to the excellent biocompatibility, the click-functionalization of the peptides can be performed directly in live cells. We further show that the introduction of both clickable groups into peptides enables construction of smart, multifunctional probes that can streamline complex chemical biology experiments such as visualization and pull-down of metabolically labeled glycoconjugates. The presented strategy will find utility in construction of peptides for diverse applications, where high reactivity, efficiency and biocompatibility of the modification step is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina La-Venia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague, Czech Republic.,Current address: Instituto de Química Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rastislav Dzijak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Rampmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Vrabel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague, Czech Republic
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Renard E, Moreau M, Bellaye PS, Guillemin M, Collin B, Prignon A, Denat F, Goncalves V. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Neurotensin Receptor-Positive Tumors with 68Ga-Labeled Antagonists: The Chelate Makes the Difference Again. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8564-8578. [PMID: 34107209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1) is involved in the development and progression of numerous cancers, which makes it an interesting target for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. A small molecule NTS1 antagonist, named [177Lu]Lu-IPN01087, is currently evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials for the targeted therapy of neurotensin receptor-positive cancers. In this study, we synthesized seven compounds based on the structure of NTS1 antagonists, bearing different chelating agents, and radiolabeled them with gallium-68 for PET imaging. These compounds were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing a HT-29 xenograft. The compound [68Ga]Ga-bisNODAGA-16 showed a promising biodistribution profile with mainly signal in tumor (4.917 ± 0.776%ID/g, 2 h post-injection). Its rapid clearance from healthy tissues led to high tumor-to-organ ratios, resulting in highly contrasted PET images. These results were confirmed on subcutaneous xenografts of AsPC-1 tumor cells, a model of NTS1-positive human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Renard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Mathieu Moreau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | | | - Mélanie Guillemin
- Georges-François LECLERC Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Georges-François LECLERC Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Aurélie Prignon
- UMS28 Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Positonique (LIMP), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75020, France
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Victor Goncalves
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
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Queiroz MM, Lopes CDH, Salgues ACR, Barbosa FDG, Abe ES, Silveira TP, Machado MCC, Capareli FC. 18F-FDG PETCT and 68Ga-DOTA PETCT mismatch with in vivo histopathological characterization of low-grade neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor. Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2021; 5:9. [PMID: 34181108 PMCID: PMC8218101 DOI: 10.1186/s41824-021-00103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) is a subgroup of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) that has unique biology and natural history. The histological classification has a major role in the management of this pathology, but in recent years Gallium 68 dotatate (68Ga-DOTA) scanning is at the center of a discussion about how these imaging technologies can modify clinical management of neuroendocrine tumors and how their results are correlated to Ki67 index. METHOD We hereby describe a case of a patient that investigated an unspecific stable pancreatic nodule suspected of high-grade NET after evaluation with 68Ga-DOTATOC positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PETCT) and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PETCT. RESULTS The images corroborate the hypothesis of high-grade NET based on the standard uptake value (SUV) described in both image exams (16.4 in 18FDG PETCT and 9.2 in 68Ga-DOTATOC PETCT). After surgery, the histopathological analyses revealed a localized grade 2 well-differentiated NET, Ki-67 of 4.7, glucose transport proteins 1 (GLUT1) negative by immunohistochemistry, evidencing a rare case of mismatch between the functional image and the in vivo characterization of the neoplasm. CONCLUSION Functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with different modalities of PETCT is a well-described strategy for evaluating PNET and can dictate conducts in some cases. However, histopathological analysis is crucial to confirm the grade and prognosis related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Moro Queiroz
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio-Libanês (HSL), Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 91, São Paulo, 01308-050, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Felipe de Galiza Barbosa
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Sírio-Libanês (HSL), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Shigueaki Abe
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio-Libanês (HSL), Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 91, São Paulo, 01308-050, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Cunha Capareli
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio-Libanês (HSL), Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 91, São Paulo, 01308-050, Brazil
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Simultaneous Visualization of 161Tb- and 177Lu-Labeled Somatostatin Analogues Using Dual-Isotope SPECT Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040536. [PMID: 33921467 PMCID: PMC8070648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The decay of terbium-161 results in the emission of β¯-particles as well as conversion and Auger electrons, which makes terbium-161 interesting for therapeutic purposes. The aim of this study was to use dual-isotope SPECT imaging in order to demonstrate visually that terbium-161 and lutetium-177 are interchangeable without compromising the pharmacokinetic profile of the radiopharmaceutical. The 161Tb- and 177Lu-labeled somatostatin (SST) analogues DOTATOC (agonist) and DOTA-LM3 (antagonist) were tested in vitro to demonstrate equal properties regarding distribution coefficients and cell uptake into SST receptor-positive AR42J tumor cells. The radiopeptides were further investigated in AR42J tumor-bearing nude mice using the method of dual-isotope (terbium-161/lutetium-177) SPECT/CT imaging to enable the visualization of their distribution profiles in the same animal. Equal pharmacokinetic profiles were demonstrated for either of the two peptides, irrespective of whether it was labeled with terbium-161 or lutetium-177. Moreover, the visualization of the sub-organ distribution confirmed similar behavior of 161Tb- and 177Lu-labeled SST analogues. The data were verified in quantitative biodistribution studies using either type of peptide labeled with terbium-161 or lutetium-177. While the radionuclide did not have an impact on the organ distribution, this study confirmed previous data of a considerably higher tumor uptake of radiolabeled DOTA-LM3 as compared to the radiolabeled DOTATOC.
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SPECT Imaging of SST2-Expressing Tumors with 99mTc-Based Somatostatin Receptor Antagonists: The Role of Tetraamine, HYNIC, and Spacers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040300. [PMID: 33800582 PMCID: PMC8065591 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-TOC is the most widely used 99mTc-labeled somatostatin receptor (SST) agonist for the SPECT imaging of SST-expressing tumors, such as neuroendocrine tumors. Recently, radiolabeled SST antagonists have shown improved diagnostic efficacy over agonists. 99mTc-labeled SST antagonists are lacking in clinical practice. Surprisingly, when [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC was conjugated to the SST2 antagonist SS01, SST2 imaging was not feasible. This was not the case when [99mTc]Tc-N4 was conjugated to SS01. Here, we assessed the introduction of different spacers (X: β-Ala, Ahx, Aun and PEG4) among HYNIC and SS01 with the aim of restoring the affinity of HYNIC conjugates. In addition, we used the alternative antagonist JR11 for determining the suitability of HYNIC with 99mTc-labeled SST2 antagonists. We performed a head-to-head comparison of the N4 conjugates of SS01 and JR11. [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-TOC was used as a reference, and HEK-SST2 cells were used for in vitro and in vivo evaluation. EDDA was used as a co-ligand for all [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC conjugates. The introduction of Ahx restored, to a great extent, the SST2-mediated cellular uptake of the [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-X conjugates (X: spacer), albeit lower than the corresponding [99mTc]Tc-N4-conjugates. SPECT/CT images showed that all 99mTc-labeled conjugates accumulated in the tumor and kidneys with [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-PEG4-SS01, [99mTc]Tc-N4-SS01 and [99mTc]Tc-N4-JR11 having notably higher kidney uptake. Biodistribution studies showed similar or better tumor-to-non-tumor ratios for the [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-Ahx conjugates, compared to the [99mTc]Tc-N4 counterparts. The [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-Ahx conjugates of SS01 and JR11 were comparable to [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-TOC as imaging agents. HYNIC is a suitable chelator for the development of 99mTc-labeled SST2 antagonists when a spacer of appropriate length, such as Ahx, is used.
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Baum RP, Zhang J, Schuchardt C, Mueller D, Maecke H. First-in-human study of novel SSTR antagonist 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: dosimetry, safety and efficacy. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1571-1581. [PMID: 33674401 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.258889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the safety, dosimetry, and efficacy of the 177Lu-labeled somatostatin receptor (SSTR) antagonist DOTA-p-Cl-Phe-cyclo (D-Cys-Tyr-D-4-amino-Phe(carbamoyl)-Lys-Thr-Cys)D-Tyr-NH2 (177Lu-DOTA-LM3) in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Methods: Fifty-one patients (age 27-76, mean 51.6±13.9 years) with metastatic NENs underwent peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 between August 2017 and December 2019. The median administered activity per cycle was 6.1±0.88 GBq (range 2.8-7.4 GBq). 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 PET/CT was used for patient selection and follow-up after 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 PRRT. Morphologic and molecular responses were evaluated in accordance with RECIST 1.1 and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria. Treatment-related adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0. Dosimetry was performed in 11 patients and compared with the SSTR agonist 177Lu-DOTATOC in 247 patients undergoing PRRT on the same dosimetry protocol. Results: Higher uptake and a longer effective half-life of 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 was found for whole-body as well as kidneys, spleen, and metastases, resulting in higher mean absorbed organ and tumor doses as compared to the agonist 177Lu-DOTA-TOC. All patients tolerated therapy without any serious acute adverse effects. Mild nausea without vomiting was observed in 5 (9.8%) patients; no other symptoms were reported. The most severe delayed adverse event was CTC-3 thrombocytopenia in 3 (5.9%) patients. Neither CTC-4 thrombocytopenia nor CTC-3-4 anemia or leukopenia was observed after treatment. No significant decline in renal function was observed, nor was hepatotoxicity. According to RECIST 1.1, disease control could be reached in 40 patients (disease control rate, 85.1%) of 47 patients monitored after 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 PRRT, with a partial response in 17 (36.2%) and stable disease in 23 (48.9%), whereas 7 (14.9%) patients had progressive disease, and by EORTC criteria, complete remission in 2 (4.3%), partial remission in 21 (44.7%), stable disease in 18 (38.3%), and progressive disease in 6 (12.8%) patients. Conclusion: "Antagonist PRRT" with 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 could be administered without severe adverse effects and was well tolerated by the majority of patients, with thrombocytopenia occurring only in a few patients. No other severe adverse effects were observed, particularly no nephrotoxicity. The SSTR antagonist 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 appears to be very promising for PRRT, provides favorable biodistribution and higher tumor radiation doses than SSTR agonists, and was very effective in treating advanced metastatic NENs, especially in patients with low or no SSTR agonist binding, even achieving complete remission in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Baum
- THERANOSTICS Center for Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- THERANOSTICS Center for Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Zentralklinik Bad Berka Bad, Germany
| | - Christiane Schuchardt
- THERANOSTICS Center for Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Dirk Mueller
- THERANOSTICS Center for Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, ENETS Center of Excellence, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Helmut Maecke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center, University Hospital of Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging increasingly is used in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) for diagnosis, staging, monitoring, prognostication, and choosing treatment. Somatostatin PET analog tracers have added to the specificity by obtaining higher affinity to somatostatin receptors with 68Ga-labeled or 64Cu-labeled DOTA peptides compared with single-photon emission CT imaging isotopes. PET uptake correlates to tumor grade and is an essential part of theranostics with peptide receptor radionuclide treatment. This article focuses on the literature on head-to-head studies and meta-analyses of different combinations of peptide agonists and a few antagonists. Overall, the published data support the diagnostic capability of PET/CT imaging in NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bardram Johnbeck
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Center of Excellence, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jann Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Center of Excellence, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bergmann R, Chollet C, Els-Heindl S, Ullrich M, Berndt N, Pietzsch J, Máthé D, Bachmann M, Beck-Sickinger AG. Development of a ghrelin receptor inverse agonist for positron emission tomography. Oncotarget 2021; 12:450-474. [PMID: 33747360 PMCID: PMC7939532 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of Ghrelin receptors in vivo provides unique potential to gain deeper understanding on Ghrelin and its receptors in health and disease, in particular, in cancer. Ghrelin, an octanoylated 28-mer peptide hormone activates the constitutively active growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) with nanomolar activity. We developed novel compounds, derived from the potent inverse agonist K-(D-1-Nal)-FwLL-NH2 but structurally varied by lysine conjugation with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), palmitic acid and/or diethylene glycol (PEG2) to allow radiolabeling and improve pharmacokinetics, respectively. All compounds were tested for receptor binding, potency and efficacy in vitro, for biodistribution and -kinetics in rats and in preclinical prostate cancer models on mice. Radiolabeling with Cu-64 and Ga-68 was successfully achieved. The Cu-64- or Ga-68-NODAGA-NH-K-K-(D-1-NaI)-F-w-L-L-NH2 radiotracer were specifically accumulated by the GHS-R1a in xenotransplanted human prostate tumor models (PC-3, DU-145) in mice. The tumors were clearly delineated by PET. The radiotracer uptake was also partially blocked by K-(D-1-Nal)-FwLL-NH2 in stomach and thyroid. The presence of the GHS-R1a was also confirmed by immunohistology. In the arterial rat blood plasma, only the original compounds were found. The Cu-64 or Ga-68-NODAGA-NH-K-K-(D-1-NaI)-F-w-L-L-NH2 radiolabeled inverse agonists turned out to be potent and safe. Due to their easy synthesis, high affinity, medium potency, metabolic stability, and the suitable pharmacokinetic profiles, they are excellent tools for imaging and quantitation of GHS-R1a expression in normal and cancer tissues by PET. These compounds can be used as novel biomarkers of the Ghrelin system in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Constance Chollet
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center, Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Synthesis, preclinical evaluation, and a pilot clinical imaging study of [ 18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 for neuroendocrine neoplasms compared with [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3129-3140. [PMID: 33630145 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A [18F]AlF-labeled somatostatin receptor (SSTR) antagonist was developed for imaging of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), evaluated and compared with [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE. METHOD [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 was synthesized manually and qualified with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The cellular uptake, internalization, and saturation binding were performed with HEK293-SSTR2 cells. Biodistribution and micro-PET imaging were carried out with HEK293-SSTR2 tumor-bearing mice. [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 PET/MR imaging and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT were performed with ten patients of NEN at 50~60 min post-injection (p.i.). Normal organ biodistribution and tumor detectability were evaluated. RESULT [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11(24~36 GBq/μmol) was prepared within 30 min and 51.35 ± 3.30% (n > 10)of radiochemical yield. The radiochemical purity was 98.74 ± 1.24% (n > 10). Two stereoisomers were found and confirmed by LC-MS. The cellular uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE were 4.50 ± 0.31 and 4.50 ± 0.13 %AD/105 cells at 30 min, and the internalization at 37 °C of [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 (5.47 ± 0.32% at 60 min) was significantly lower than [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE (66.89 ± 1.62% at 60 min). The affinity of [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 (Kd = 11.59 ± 1.31 nM) was slightly lower than [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE (Kd = 7.36 ± 1.02 nM); [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 showed high uptake in tumor (9.02 ± 0.92 %ID/g at 60 min p.i.) which can be blocked by 50 μg of NOTA-JR11 (3.40 ± 1.64 %ID/g at 60 min p.i.); the result was coincident with micro-PET imaging. Imaging study of NEN patients showed that more lesions were found only by [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 (n = 67 vs. 1 only by [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE), and the uptakes of [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 in majority normal organs were significantly lower than [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE. The target to nontarget of maximum of standard uptake value (SUVmax) of [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 in liver lesions were significantly higher than those of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE. CONCLUSION Qualitied [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 is prepared conveniently with reasonable yield, and it can bind SSTR2 specifically with high affinity. Excellent imaging capability of [18F]AlF-NOTA-JR11 for NENs is superior to [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE, especially in digestive system. It has a great potential for imaging of NENs.
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Zhu W, Cheng Y, Jia R, Zhao H, Bai C, Xu J, Yao S, Huo L. A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety, Biodistribution, and Dosimetry of 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 in Patients with Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1398-1405. [PMID: 33579804 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.253096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 (where LM3 is p-Cl-Phe-cyclo(d-Cys-Tyr-d-4-amino-Phe(carbamoyl)-Lys-Thr-Cys)d-Tyr-NH2) and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 are somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2)-specific antagonists used for PET/CT imaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, biodistribution, and dosimetry of 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: Patients were equally randomized into 2 arms, with arm A receiving 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and arm B receiving 68Ga-DOTA-LM3. Serial PET scans were acquired at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 (200 MBq ± 11 MBq/40 μg of total peptide mass) or 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 (172 MBq ± 21 MBq/40 μg of total peptide mass) injection. The biodistribution in normal organs, tumor uptake, and safety were assessed. Radiation dosimetry was calculated using OLINDA/EXM (version 1.0). Results: Sixteen patients, 8 in each arm, were recruited in the study. Both tracers were well tolerated in most patients. Two patients in arm B had nausea (grade 2), and one of them had vomiting (grade 1). The PET images of the other 14 patients were further analyzed. Significantly lower organ uptake was observed in the pituitary, parotids, liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenal, stomach, small intestine, and kidneys with 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 than with 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3. In total, 38 lesions were analyzed, including 18 with 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 20 with 68Ga-DOTA-LM3. Both tracers showed good tumor uptake and retention. With 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3, the tracer accumulation in tumor lesions increased by 138%, from an average SUVmax of 31.3 ± 19.7 at 5 min to 74.6 ± 56.3 at 2 h. With 68Ga-DOTA-LM3, the tumor uptake rapidly reached a high level at 5 min after injection, with an average SUVmax of 36.6 ± 23.6, and continued to increase to 45.3 ± 29.3 until 30 min after injection. The urinary bladder wall was the organ receiving the highest absorbed dose in both arms. The mean effective dose was 0.026 ± 0.003 mSv/MBq for 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 0.025 ± 0.002 mSv/MBq for 68Ga-DOTA-LM3. Conclusion: Both 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 show favorable biodistribution, high tumor uptake, and good tumor retention, resulting in high image contrast. The dosimetric data are comparable to those for other 68Ga-labeled SSTR2 antagonists. Further studies are required to look into the potential antagonistic effects of 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejuan Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; and
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Li Huo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China;
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Makris G, Bandari RP, Kuchuk M, Jurisson SS, Smith CJ, Hennkens HM. Development and Preclinical Evaluation of 99mTc- and 186Re-Labeled NOTA and NODAGA Bioconjugates Demonstrating Matched Pair Targeting of GRPR-Expressing Tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:52-61. [PMID: 32886303 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this work was to develop hydrophilic gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-targeting complexes of the general formula fac-[M(CO)3(L)]+ [M = natRe, 99mTc, 186Re; L: NOTA for 1, NODAGA for 2] conjugated to a powerful GRPR peptide antagonist (DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) via a 6-aminohexanoic acid linker. PROCEDURES Metallated-peptides were prepared employing the [M(OH2)3(CO)3]+ [M = Re, 99mTc, 186Re] precursors. Re-1/2 complexes were characterized with HR-MS. IC50 studies were performed for peptides 1/2 and their respective Re-1/2 complexes in a binding assay utilizing GRPR-expressing human PC-3 prostate cancer cells and [125I]I-Tyr4-BBN as the competing ligand. The 99mTc/186Re-complexes were identified by HPLC co-injection with their Re-analogues. All tracers were challenged in vitro at 37 °C against cysteine/histidine (phosphate-buffered saline 10 mM, pH 7.4) and rat serum. Biodistribution and micro-SPECT/CT imaging of [99mTc]Tc-1/2 and [186Re]Re-2 were performed in PC-3 tumor-bearing ICR SCID mice. RESULTS High in vitro receptor affinity (IC50 2-3 nM) was demonstrated for all compounds. The 99mTc/186Re-tracers were found to be hydrophilic (log D7.4 ≤ - 1.35) and highly stable. Biodistribution in PC-3 xenografted mice revealed good tumor uptake (%ID/g at 1 h: 4.3 ± 0.7 for [99mTc]Tc-1, 8.3 ± 0.9 for [99mTc]Tc-2 and 4.2 ± 0.8 for [186Re]Re-2) with moderate retention over 24 h. Rapid renal clearance was observed for [99mTc]Tc-2 and [186Re]Re-2 (> 84 % at 4 h), indicating favorable pharmacokinetics. Micro-SPECT/CT images for the 99mTc-tracers clearly visualized PC-3 tumors in agreement with the biodistribution data and with superior imaging properties found for [99mTc]Tc-2. CONCLUSIONS [99mTc]Tc-2 shows promise for further development as a GRPR-imaging agent. [186Re]Re-2 demonstrated very similar in vivo behavior to [99mTc]Tc-2, and further studies are therefore justified to explore the theranostic potential of our approach for targeting of GRPR-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Makris
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Rajendra P Bandari
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Marina Kuchuk
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Silvia S Jurisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Charles J Smith
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Heather M Hennkens
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Wang J, Makris G, Kuchuk M, Radford L, Gallazzi F, Lewis MR, Jurisson SS, Hennkens HM. Direct labeling of a somatostatin receptor antagonist via peptide cyclization with Re, 99mTc and 186Re metal centers: Radiochemistry and in vitro evaluation. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 94-95:46-52. [PMID: 33515899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the long-term goal of developing a diagnostic (99mTc) and therapeutic (186Re) agent pair for targeting somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-positive neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), we developed novel metal-cyclized peptides through direct labeling of the potent SSTR2 antagonist Ac-4-NO2-Phe-c(DCys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys)-DTyr-NH2 (1) with Re (in Re-1), 99mTc (in [99mTc]Tc-1) and 186Re (in [186Re]Re-1). METHODS Re-1 was characterized by LC-ESI-MS and HR-ESI-MS and was tested for receptor affinity in SSTR-expressing cells (AR42J). Radiolabeling of the peptide was achieved via ligand exchange from 99mTc-labeled glucoheptonate or [186Re]ReOCl3(PPh3)2, yielding [99mTc]Tc-1 or [186Re]Re-1, respectively. In vitro stability of [99mTc]Tc-1/[186Re]Re-1 in PBS (10 mM) at pH 7.4 and 37 °C was determined by HPLC analysis. Moreover, [99mTc]Tc-1 stability was tested in cysteine (1 mM) and rat serum under the same conditions. RESULTS Re-1 consisted of two isomers, confirmed by LC-ESI-MS, with good SSTR2 affinity (IC50 = 43 ± 6 nM). Optimization of the 99mTc labeling through varying reaction parameters such as pH, reaction time, and Sn2+ and ligand concentrations resulted in high radiochemical yield (RCY ≥92%). Similarly, [186Re]Re-1 was prepared in reasonable RCY (≥50%). Both 99mTc/186Re-tracers consisted of two product isomers as identified by HPLC co-injection with Re-1. While [99mTc]Tc-1 was sufficiently stable in vitro (≥71% intact through 4 h in PBS, cysteine and rat serum), [186Re]Re-1 exhibited more moderate in vitro stability (58% intact after 1 h in PBS). CONCLUSIONS Novel 99mTc/186Re-cyclized SSTR2 antagonist peptides were synthesized and characterized using the Re-cyclized analogue as a reference. Due to the nanomolar SSTR2 affinity of Re-1 and good in vitro stability of [99mTc]Tc-1, the latter shows early promise for development as a radiodiagnostic agent for SSTR-expressing NETs. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE The 99mTc-cyclized complex showed promising in vitro properties, and future in vivo studies will determine the potential for translating such a design into the human clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - George Makris
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marina Kuchuk
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lauren Radford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Fabio Gallazzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Molecular Interactions Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael R Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Silvia S Jurisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Heather M Hennkens
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Makris G, Shegani A, Kankanamalage PHA, Kuchuk M, Bandari RP, Smith CJ, Hennkens HM. Preclinical Evaluation of Novel 64Cu-Labeled Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Bioconjugates for PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1290-1297. [PMID: 33434428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the preclinical evaluation of new [64Cu]Cu-gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-targeting tracers, employing the potent peptide antagonist DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-VaI-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2 conjugated to NOTA (in 1) or NODAGA (in 2) chelators via a 6-aminohexanoic acid linker. The Cu-1/2 metalated peptides were synthesized by reacting 1/2 with CuCl2 and were characterized by LC-ESI-MS and HR-ESI-MS. Cu-1/2 exhibited high GRPR-binding affinities with IC50 values <3 nM, as measured in a competition assay using the GRPR-expressing human PC-3 prostate cancer cell line and [125I]I-Tyr4-BBN as the competing ligand. Tracers [64Cu]Cu-1/2 were prepared in quantitative radiochemical yield (by radio-HPLC), and their identities were confirmed by coelution with their Cu-1/2 standards via comparative HPLC studies. Lipophilicity was measured in 1-octanol/PBS (pH 7.4), and the negative log D7.4 values (≤-1) confirmed the anticipated hydrophilic character for [64Cu]Cu-1/2. Both tracers demonstrated excellent in vitro stability, with ≥98% remaining intact through 24 h at physiological conditions (PBS, pH 7.4, 37 °C). Biodistribution in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice demonstrated good tumor uptake (%ID/g at 4 h: 4.34 ± 0.71 for [64Cu]Cu-1, 3.92 ± 1.03 for [64Cu]Cu-2) and rapid renal clearance (≥87% ID at 4 h). Tumor uptake was receptor-mediated, as verified by parallel GRPR-blocking studies. Small-animal PET/CT imaging studies validated the biodistribution data. These preclinical data support that the [64Cu]Cu-1/2 tracers show promise for further development as diagnostic PET imaging agents of GRPR-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Makris
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Antonio Shegani
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marina Kuchuk
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Rajendra P Bandari
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Charles J Smith
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Heather M Hennkens
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Patel M, Tena I, Jha A, Taieb D, Pacak K. Somatostatin Receptors and Analogs in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Old Players in a New Precision Medicine World. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:625312. [PMID: 33854479 PMCID: PMC8039528 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.625312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors overexpress somatostatin receptors, which serve as important and unique therapeutic targets for well-differentiated advanced disease. This overexpression is a well-established finding in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors which has guided new medical therapies in the administration of somatostatin analogs, both "cold", particularly octreotide and lanreotide, and "hot" analogs, chelated to radiolabeled isotopes. The binding of these analogs to somatostatin receptors effectively suppresses excess hormone secretion and tumor cell proliferation, leading to stabilization, and in some cases, tumor shrinkage. Radioisotope-labeled somatostatin analogs are utilized for both tumor localization and peptide radionuclide therapy, with 68Ga-DOTATATE and 177Lu-DOTATATE respectively. Benign and malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas also overexpress somatostatin receptors, irrespective of embryological origin. The pattern of somatostatin receptor overexpression is more prominent in succinate dehydrogenase subunit B gene mutation, which is more aggressive than other subgroups of this disease. While the Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of 68Ga-DOTATATE as a radiopharmaceutical for somatostatin receptor imaging, the use of its radiotherapeutic counterpart still needs approval beyond gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Thus, patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, especially those with inoperable or metastatic diseases, depend on the clinical trials of somatostatin analogs. The review summarizes the advances in the utilization of somatostatin receptor for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the neuroendocrine tumor subset of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; we hope to provide a positive perspective in using these receptors as targets for treatment in this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Patel
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Isabel Tena
- Scientific Department, Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Section of Medical Oncology, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial of Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David Taieb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, La Timone University Hospital, CERIMED, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Karel Pacak,
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Fani M, Weingaertner V, Kolenc Peitl P, Mansi R, Gaonkar RH, Garnuszek P, Mikolajczak R, Novak D, Simoncic U, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Rangger C, Kaeopookum P, Decristoforo C. Selection of the First 99mTc-Labelled Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 Antagonist for Clinical Translation-Preclinical Assessment of Two Optimized Candidates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:19. [PMID: 33379299 PMCID: PMC7824897 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, radiolabelled antagonists targeting somatostatin receptors subtype 2 (SST2) in neuroendocrine neoplasms demonstrated certain superior properties over agonists. Within the ERA-PerMED project "TECANT" two 99mTc-Tetramine (N4)-derivatized SST2 antagonists (TECANT-1 and TECANT-2) were studied for the selection of the best candidate for clinical translation. Receptor-affinity, internalization and dissociation studies were performed in human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK293) cells transfected with the human SST2 (HEK-SST2). Log D, protein binding and stability in human serum were assessed. Biodistribution and SPECT/CT studies were carried out in nude mice bearing HEK-SST2 xenografts, together with dosimetric estimations from mouse-to-man. [99mTc]Tc-TECANT-1 showed higher hydrophilicity and lower protein binding than [99mTc]-TECANT-2, while stability was comparable. Both radiotracers revealed similar binding affinity, while [99mTc]Tc-TECANT-1 had higher cellular uptake (>50%, at 2 h/37 °C) and lower dissociation rate (<30%, at 2 h/37 °C). In vivo, [99mTc]Tc-TECANT-1 showed lower blood values, kidney and muscles uptake, whereas tumour uptake was comparable to [99mTc]Tc-TECANT-2. SPECT/CT imaging confirmed the biodistribution results, providing the best tumour-to-background image contrast for [99mTc]Tc-TECANT-1 at 4 h post-injection (p.i.). The estimated radiation dose amounted to approximately 6 µSv/MBq for both radiotracers. This preclinical study provided the basis of selection of [99mTc]Tc-TECANT-1 for clinical translation of the first 99mTc-based SST2 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Universitätsspital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.F.); (R.M.); (R.H.G.)
| | - Viktoria Weingaertner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.W.); (C.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.P.); (D.N.)
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Universitätsspital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.F.); (R.M.); (R.H.G.)
| | - Raghuvir H. Gaonkar
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Universitätsspital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (M.F.); (R.M.); (R.H.G.)
| | - Piotr Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (P.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Renata Mikolajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (P.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Doroteja Novak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.P.); (D.N.)
| | - Urban Simoncic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | | | - Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.W.); (C.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Piriya Kaeopookum
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.W.); (C.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.W.); (C.R.); (P.K.)
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Calabrò D, Argalia G, Ambrosini V. Role of PET/CT and Therapy Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10121059. [PMID: 33297381 PMCID: PMC7762240 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) are heterogeneous neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation that show peculiar clinical and histomorphological features, with variable prognosis. In recent years, advances in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and heterogeneous clinical presentation, as well as the availability of different diagnostic procedures for panNEN diagnosis and novel therapeutic options for patient clinical management, has led to the recognition of the need for an active multidisciplinary discussion for optimal patient care. Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has become indispensable for the management of panNENs. Several PET radiopharmaceuticals can be used to characterize either panNEN receptor expression or metabolism. The aim of this review is to offer an overview of all the currently used radiopharmaceuticals and of the new upcoming tracers for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs), and their clinical impact on therapy management. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT (SSA-PET/CT) has high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy and is recommended for the staging and restaging of any non-insulinoma well-differentiated panNEN cases to carry out detection of unknown primary tumor sites or early relapse and for evaluation of in vivo somatostatin receptors expression (SRE) to select patient candidates for peptide receptor radiometabolic treatment (PRRT) with 90Y or 177Lu and/or cold analogs. SSA-PET/CT also has a strong impact on clinical management, leading to a change in treatment in approximately a third of the cases. Its role for treatment response assessment is still under debate due to the lack of standardized criteria, even though some semiquantitative parameters seem to be able to predict response. [18F]FDG PET/CT generally shows low sensitivity in small growing and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET; G1 and G2), while it is of utmost importance in the evaluation and management of high-grade NENs and also provides important prognostic information. When positive, [18F]FDG PET/CT impacts therapeutical management, indicating the need for a more aggressive treatment regime. Although FDG positivity does not exclude the patient from PRRT, several studies have demonstrated that it is certainly useful to predict response, even in this setting. The role of [18F]FDOPA for the study of panNET is limited by physiological uptake in the pancreas and is therefore not recommended. Moreover, it provides no information on SRE that has crucial clinical management relevance. Early acquisition of the abdomen and premedication with carbidopa may be useful to increase the accuracy, but further studies are needed to clarify its utility. GLP-1R agonists, such as exendin-4, are particularly useful for benign insulinoma detection, but their accuracy decreases in the case of malignant insulinomas. Being a whole-body imaging technique, exendin-PET/CT gives important preoperative information on tumor size and localization, which is fundamental for surgical planning as resection (enucleation of the lesion or partial pancreatic resection) is the only curative treatment. New upcoming tracers are under study, such as promising SSTR antagonists, which show a favorable biodistribution and higher tumor-to-background ratio that increases tumor detection, especially in the liver. [68Ga]pentixafor, an in vivo marker of CXCR4 expression associated with the behavior of more aggressive tumors, seems to only play a limited role in detecting well-differentiated NET since there is an inverse expression of SSTR2 and CXCR4 in G1 to G3 NETs with an elevation in CXCR4 and a decrease in SSTR2 expression with increasing grade. Other tracers, such as [68Ga]Ga-PSMA, [68Ga]Ga-DATA-TOC, [18F]SiTATE, and [18F]AlF-OC, are also under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Calabrò
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.A.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, DIMES University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Argalia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.A.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, DIMES University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Ambrosini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (V.A.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, DIMES University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Sinnes JP, Bauder-Wüst U, Schäfer M, Moon ES, Kopka K, Rösch F. 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu-labeled AAZTA 5-PSMA-617: synthesis, radiolabeling, stability and cell binding compared to DOTA-PSMA-617 analogues. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:28. [PMID: 33242189 PMCID: PMC7691401 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AAZTA chelator and in particular its bifunctional derivative AAZTA5 was recently investigated to demonstrate unique capabilities to complex diagnostic and therapeutic trivalent radiometals under mild conditions. This study presents a comparison of 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu-labeled AAZTA5-PSMA-617 with DOTA-PSMA-617 analogues. We evaluated the radiolabeling characteristics, in vitro stability of the radiolabeled compounds and evaluated their binding affinity and internalization behavior on LNCaP tumor cells in direct comparison to the radiolabeled DOTA-conjugated PSMA-617 analogs. RESULTS AAZTA5 was synthesized in a five-step synthesis and coupled to the PSMA-617 backbone on solid phase. Radiochemical evaluation of AAZTA5-PSMA-617 with 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu achieved quantitative radiolabeling of > 99% after less than 5 min at room temperature. Stabilities against human serum, PBS buffer and EDTA and DTPA solutions were analyzed. While there was a small degradation of the 68Ga complex over 2 h in human serum, PBS and EDTA/DTPA, the 44Sc and 177Lu complexes were stable at 2 h and remained stable over 8 h and 1 day. For all three compounds, i.e. [natGa]Ga-AAZTA5-PSMA-617, [natSc]Sc-AAZTA5-PSMA-617 and [natLu]Lu-AAZTA5-PSMA-617, in vitro studies on PSMA-positive LNCaP cells were performed in direct comparison to radiolabeled DOTA-PSMA-617 yielding the corresponding inhibition constants (Ki). Ki values were in the range of 8-31 nM values which correspond with those of [natGa]Ga-DOTA-PSMA-617, [natSc]Sc-DOTA-PSMA-617 and [natLu]Lu-DOTA-PSMA-617, i.e. 5-7 nM, respectively. Internalization studies demonstrated cellular membrane to internalization ratios for the radiolabeled 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu-AAZTA5-PSMA-617 tracers (13-20%IA/106 cells) in the same range as the ones of the three radiolabeled DOTA-PSMA-617 tracers (17-20%IA/106 cells) in the same assay. CONCLUSIONS The AAZTA5-PSMA-617 structure proved fast and quantitative radiolabeling with all three radiometal complexes at room temperature, excellent stability with 44Sc, very high stability with 177Lu and medium stability with 68Ga in human serum, PBS and EDTA/DTPA solutions. All three AAZTA5-PSMA-617 tracers showed binding affinities and internalization ratios in LNCaP cells comparable with that of radiolabeled DOTA-PSMA-617 analogues. Therefore, the exchange of the chelator DOTA with AAZTA5 within the PSMA-617 binding motif has no negative influence on in vitro LNCaP cell binding characteristics. In combination with the faster and milder radiolabeling features, AAZTA5-PSMA-617 thus demonstrates promising potential for in vivo application for theranostics of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Sinnes
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Department of Chemistry/ TRIGA, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bauder-Wüst
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Euy Sung Moon
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Department of Chemistry/ TRIGA, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,New address: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Department of Chemistry/ TRIGA, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Extensive Tumor Thrombosis of Portal Venous System Demonstrated on 68Ga-DOTATATE and 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 PET/CT in a Patient With Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor. Clin Nucl Med 2020; 45:902-904. [PMID: 32910048 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000003262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a case with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and extensive tumor thrombosis in portal venous system. The tumor was first identified on contrast-enhanced CT and later confirmed using Ga-DOTATATE and Ga-NODAGA-LM3 PET/CT. Both tracers demonstrated similar pattern with higher tumor affinity and tumor-to-background ratio using Ga-NODAGA-LM3.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Insulinomas are predominantly benign neuroendocrine tumors originating from beta cells within the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas. Because surgical resection represents the only curative therapy option, exact tumor localization and discrimination of insulinomas from focal or diffuse manifestations of congenital hyperinsulinism are crucial for optimal treatment strategies. We investigated the diagnostic value of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor PET/CT using Ga-DOTA-exendin 4 for detecting insulinomas and compared the diagnostic value of PET scans performed at 2 time points. METHODS In 10 patients with clinically and biochemically suspected insulinoma, PET/CT was performed at 1 hour (PET1) and 2 hours (PET2) after injection of Ga-DOTA-exendin 4. In this retrospective analysis, tracer uptake was visually assessed in both scans by 2 independent readers. SUVmax and tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) of focal lesions were assessed. Imaging results were compared with histopathologic findings, if patients underwent resection. RESULTS Increased focal Ga-DOTA-exendin 4 uptake was observed in 8 of 10 patients concordantly by both readers. Seven patients with focal uptake underwent surgery with tumor enucleation and histopathologic proof of insulinoma (7/8). Two of 10 patients without focal uptake were considered to suffer from diffuse form of congenital hyperinsulinism and consequently received medical treatment. A significant increase of tumoral SUVmax on PET2 (PET1: SUVmax 20.2 ± 8.2 g/mL; PET2: SUVmax 24.7 ± 7.9 g/mL; P = 0.0018) did not result in a significant improvement in TBR (PET1: TBR 4.9 ± 1.7; PET2: TBR 4.3 ± 1.2; P = 0.2892). CONCLUSIONS Focal uptake of Ga-DOTA-exendin 4 reliably indicated insulinomas as histopathologically confirmed in all patients undergoing consecutive surgery. The diagnostic value of PET2 was not found to be superior to PET1, indicating that a single 1-hour Ga-DOTA-exendin 4 PET/CT scan is a sufficient and convenient approach for patient care.
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Hübner R, von Kiedrowski V, Benkert V, Wängler B, Schirrmacher R, Krämer R, Wängler C. Hybrid Multimodal Imaging Synthons for Chemoselective and Efficient Biomolecule Modification with Chelator and Near-Infrared Fluorescent Cyanine Dye. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090250. [PMID: 32948032 PMCID: PMC7558102 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of hybrid multimodal imaging synthons (MIS), carrying in addition to a chelator for radiometal labeling also a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent cyanine dye was the aim of this work. The MIS should be introducible into biomolecules of choice via an efficient and chemoselective click chemistry reaction. After chemical optimization, a successful synthetic strategy towards such hybrid MIS was developed, based on solid phase-based synthesis techniques and applying different near-infrared fluorescent cyanine dyes. The developed hybrid agents were shown to be easily introducible into a model homobivalent peptidic gastrin-releasing peptide receptor- (GRPR)-specific carrier without forming any side products and the MIS as well as their bioconjugates were radiolabeled with the positron-emitter 68Ga3+. The hybrid multimodal agents were characterized with regard to their logDs, GRPR target affinities and photophysical characteristics. It could be shown that the properties of the bioconjugates were not per se affected by the introduction of the MIS but that the cyanine dye used and specifically the number of comprised negative charges per dye molecule can have a considerable influence on target receptor binding. Thus, the molecular toolbox described here enables the synthesis of tailored hybrid multimodal imaging synthons for biomolecule modification, meeting the specific need and envisioned application of the combined imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hübner
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Valeska von Kiedrowski
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (V.v.K.); (B.W.)
| | - Vanessa Benkert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 274, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (V.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (V.v.K.); (B.W.)
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
| | - Roland Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 274, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (V.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (C.W.)
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50
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Eychenne R, Bouvry C, Bourgeois M, Loyer P, Benoist E, Lepareur N. Overview of Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogs for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4012. [PMID: 32887456 PMCID: PMC7504749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1973, somatostatin (SST) is a cyclic hormone peptide with a short biological half-life. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are widely expressed in the whole body, with five subtypes described. The interaction between SST and its receptors leads to the internalization of the ligand-receptor complex and triggers different cellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, the expression of SSTRs is significantly enhanced in many solid tumors, especially gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). Thus, somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have been developed to improve the stability of the endogenous ligand and so extend its half-life. Radiolabeled analogs have been developed with several radioelements such as indium-111, technetium-99 m, and recently gallium-68, fluorine-18, and copper-64, to visualize the distribution of receptor overexpression in tumors. Internal metabolic radiotherapy is also used as a therapeutic strategy (e.g., using yttrium-90, lutetium-177, and actinium-225). With some radiopharmaceuticals now used in clinical practice, somatostatin analogs developed for imaging and therapy are an example of the concept of personalized medicine with a theranostic approach. Here, we review the development of these analogs, from the well-established and authorized ones to the most recently developed radiotracers, which have better pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrate increased efficacy and safety, as well as the search for new clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Eychenne
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Bouvry
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mickael Bourgeois
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Eric Benoist
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
| | - Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
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