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Wang J, Huo X, Zhou H, Liu H, Li X, Lu N, Sun X. Identification of Autophagy-Related Candidate Genes in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Exploration of Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04011-z. [PMID: 38329682 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify autophagy-related candidate genes for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elucidate their potential molecular mechanisms. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and phenotype-associated significant module genes were obtained using the "limma" package and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on hippocampal tissue datasets from AD patients and control samples. The intersection between the list of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), DEGs, and module genes was further investigated to obtain AD-autophagy-related differential expression genes (ATDEGs). Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was utilized to identify hub genes, and a second intersection was performed with important module genes from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to obtain co-hub genes. Finally, a diagnostic model was constructed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine the candidate genes with high diagnostic efficacy in the external validation set. Moreover, immune infiltration analysis was performed on AD patient brain tissues and explore the correlation between candidate genes and immune cells. We further analyzed the expression level of candidate genes in the SH-SY5Y cells with Aβ25-35 (25 µM). Among the 17 identified AD-ATDEGs, ATP6V1E1 stood out with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.869, 0.817, and 0.714 in the external validation set, underscoring its high diagnostic efficacy in both hippocampal and peripheral blood contexts for AD patients. Meanwhile, ATP6V1E1 expression was positively correlated with effector memory CD4 + T cells, while negatively correlated with natural killer T cells and activated CD4 + T cells. Results from quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence assays indicated a reduction in ATP6V1E1 expression, aligning with our database analysis findings. In summary, ATP6V1E1 as a candidate gene provides a new perspective for the early identification and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Guangxiu Medical Imaging Diagnosis Center, Changsha, China.
| | - Xinhua Huo
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiqin Zhou
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huasheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Central South University, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lin X, Feng T, Cui E, Li Y, Qin Z, Zhao X. A rat model established by simulating genetic-environmental interactions recapitulates human Alzheimer's disease pathology. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148663. [PMID: 37918702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typically sporadic in nature, and its pathology is usually influenced by extensive factors. The study established a rat model based on the genetic-environmental interaction. METHODS A rat model was established by transduction of an adeno-associated virus combined with acrolein treatment. Rats were assigned to the normal control (NC), acrolein group, AAV (-) group, AAV-APP group, and AAV-APP/acrolein group. The success of model construction was verified in multiple ways, including by assessing cognitive function, examining microstructural changes in the brain in vivo, and performing immunohistochemistry. The contribution of genetic (APP mutation) and environmental (acrolein) factors to AD-like phenotypes in the model was explored by factorial analysis. RESULTS 1) The AAV-APP/acrolein group showed a decline in cognitive function, as indicated by a reduced gray matter volume in key cognition-related brain areas, lower FA values in the hippocampus and internal olfactory cortex, and Aβ deposition in the cortex and hippocampus. 2) The AAV-APP group also showed a decline in cognitive function, although the group exhibited atypical brain atrophy in the gray matter and insignificant Aβ deposition. 3) The acrolein group did not show any significant changes in Aβ levels, gray matter volume, or cognitive function. 4) The genetic factor (APP mutation) explained 39.74% of the AD-like phenotypes in the model factors, and the environmental factor (acrolein exposure) explained 33.3%. CONCLUSIONS The genetic-environmental interaction rat model exhibited a phenotype that resembled the features of human AD and will be useful for research on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Lin
- Department of Imaging, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Tianyuyi Feng
- Department of Imaging, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Erheng Cui
- Department of Imaging, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Imaging, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Zhang Qin
- Department of Imaging, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Department of Imaging, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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Franceschi AM, Petrover DR, Giliberto L, Clouston SAP, Gordon ML. Semiquantitative Approach to Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography Interpretation in Clinical Practice. World J Nucl Med 2023; 22:15-21. [PMID: 36923983 PMCID: PMC10010866 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) plays a vital role in the in vivo detection of β-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. Increasingly, trainees and infrequent readers are relying on semiquantitative analyses to support clinical diagnostic efforts. Our objective was to determine if the visual assessment of amyloid PET may be facilitated by relying on semiquantitative analysis. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of [ 18 F]-florbetaben PET/computed tomographies (CTs) from 2016 to 2018. Visual interpretation to determine Aβ+ status was conducted by two readers blinded to each other's interpretation. Scans were then post-processed utilizing the MIMneuro software, which generated regional-based semiquantitative Z-scores indicating cortical Aβ-burden. Results Of 167 [ 18 F]-florbetaben PET/CTs, 92/167 (reader-1) and 101/167 (reader-2) were positive for amyloid deposition (agreement = 92.2%, κ = 0.84). Additional nine scans were identified as possible Aβ-positive based solely on semiquantitative analyses. Largest semiquantitative differences were identified in the left frontal lobe (Z = 7.74 in Aβ + ; 0.50 in Aβ - ). All unilateral regions showed large statistically significant differences in Aβ-burden ( P ≤ 2.08E-28). Semiquantitative scores were highly sensitive to Aβ+ status and accurate in their ability to identify amyloid positivity, defined as a positive scan by both readers (AUC ≥ 0.90 [0.79-1.00]). Spread analyses suggested that amyloid deposition was most severe in the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The largest differences between Aβ +/Aβ- were in the left frontal lobe. Analyses using region-specific cutoffs indicated that the presence of amyloid in the temporal and anterior cingulate cortex, while exhibiting relatively low Z-scores, was most common. Conclusion Visual assessment and semiquantitative analysis provide highly congruent results, thereby enhancing reader confidence and improving scan interpretation. This is particularly relevant, given recent advances in amyloid-targeting disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Franceschi
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R Petrover
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, New York, United States
| | - Luca Giliberto
- Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, United States.,Litwin-Zucker Research Center, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, United States
| | - Sean A P Clouston
- Department of Family, Population and Preventative Medicine and Program in Public Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Marc L Gordon
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, United States
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Roytman M, Chiang GC, Gordon ML, Franceschi AM. Multimodality Imaging in Primary Progressive Aphasia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:1230-1243. [PMID: 36007947 PMCID: PMC9451618 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia is a clinically and neuropathologically heterogeneous group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by language-predominant impairment and commonly associated with atrophy of the dominant language hemisphere. While this clinical entity has been recognized dating back to the 19th century, important advances have been made in defining our current understanding of primary progressive aphasia, with 3 recognized subtypes to date: logopenic variant, semantic variant, and nonfluent/agrammatic variant. Given the ongoing progress in our understanding of the neurobiology and genomics of these rare neurodegenerative conditions, accurate imaging diagnoses are of the utmost importance and carry implications for future therapeutic triaging. This review covers the diverse spectrum of primary progressive aphasia and its multimodal imaging features, including structural, functional, and molecular neuroimaging findings; it also highlights currently recognized diagnostic criteria, clinical presentations, histopathologic biomarkers, and treatment options of these 3 primary progressive aphasia subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roytman
- From the Neuroradiology Division (M.R., G.C.C.), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - G C Chiang
- From the Neuroradiology Division (M.R., G.C.C.), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - M L Gordon
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (M.L.G.), Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, The Litwin-Zucker Research Center, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - A M Franceschi
- Neuroradiology Division (A.M.F.), Department of Radiology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York
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Xia D, Lianoglou S, Sandmann T, Calvert M, Suh JH, Thomsen E, Dugas J, Pizzo ME, DeVos SL, Earr TK, Lin CC, Davis S, Ha C, Leung AWS, Nguyen H, Chau R, Yulyaningsih E, Lopez I, Solanoy H, Masoud ST, Liang CC, Lin K, Astarita G, Khoury N, Zuchero JY, Thorne RG, Shen K, Miller S, Palop JJ, Garceau D, Sasner M, Whitesell JD, Harris JA, Hummel S, Gnörich J, Wind K, Kunze L, Zatcepin A, Brendel M, Willem M, Haass C, Barnett D, Zimmer TS, Orr AG, Scearce-Levie K, Lewcock JW, Di Paolo G, Sanchez PE. Novel App knock-in mouse model shows key features of amyloid pathology and reveals profound metabolic dysregulation of microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:41. [PMID: 35690868 PMCID: PMC9188195 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic mutations underlying familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) were identified decades ago, but the field is still in search of transformative therapies for patients. While mouse models based on overexpression of mutated transgenes have yielded key insights in mechanisms of disease, those models are subject to artifacts, including random genetic integration of the transgene, ectopic expression and non-physiological protein levels. The genetic engineering of novel mouse models using knock-in approaches addresses some of those limitations. With mounting evidence of the role played by microglia in AD, high-dimensional approaches to phenotype microglia in those models are critical to refine our understanding of the immune response in the brain. METHODS We engineered a novel App knock-in mouse model (AppSAA) using homologous recombination to introduce three disease-causing coding mutations (Swedish, Arctic and Austrian) to the mouse App gene. Amyloid-β pathology, neurodegeneration, glial responses, brain metabolism and behavioral phenotypes were characterized in heterozygous and homozygous AppSAA mice at different ages in brain and/ or biofluids. Wild type littermate mice were used as experimental controls. We used in situ imaging technologies to define the whole-brain distribution of amyloid plaques and compare it to other AD mouse models and human brain pathology. To further explore the microglial response to AD relevant pathology, we isolated microglia with fibrillar Aβ content from the brain and performed transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses and in vivo brain imaging to measure energy metabolism and microglial response. Finally, we also characterized the mice in various behavioral assays. RESULTS Leveraging multi-omics approaches, we discovered profound alteration of diverse lipids and metabolites as well as an exacerbated disease-associated transcriptomic response in microglia with high intracellular Aβ content. The AppSAA knock-in mouse model recapitulates key pathological features of AD such as a progressive accumulation of parenchymal amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits, altered astroglial and microglial responses and elevation of CSF markers of neurodegeneration. Those observations were associated with increased TSPO and FDG-PET brain signals and a hyperactivity phenotype as the animals aged. DISCUSSION Our findings demonstrate that fibrillar Aβ in microglia is associated with lipid dyshomeostasis consistent with lysosomal dysfunction and foam cell phenotypes as well as profound immuno-metabolic perturbations, opening new avenues to further investigate metabolic pathways at play in microglia responding to AD-relevant pathogenesis. The in-depth characterization of pathological hallmarks of AD in this novel and open-access mouse model should serve as a resource for the scientific community to investigate disease-relevant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xia
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Steve Lianoglou
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Thomas Sandmann
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Meredith Calvert
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Jung H. Suh
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Elliot Thomsen
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Jason Dugas
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Michelle E. Pizzo
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Sarah L. DeVos
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Timothy K. Earr
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Chia-Ching Lin
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Sonnet Davis
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Connie Ha
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Amy Wing-Sze Leung
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Roni Chau
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Isabel Lopez
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Shababa T. Masoud
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Chun-chi Liang
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Karin Lin
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Nathalie Khoury
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Joy Yu Zuchero
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Robert G. Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 9-177 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kevin Shen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Stephanie Miller
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Jorge J. Palop
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Selina Hummel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Gnörich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wind
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Kunze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Artem Zatcepin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität, München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Barnett
- Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Till S. Zimmer
- Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Anna G. Orr
- Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Kimberly Scearce-Levie
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Joseph W. Lewcock
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
| | - Pascal E. Sanchez
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California, 94080 USA
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Lee JI, Lim JS, Hong JH, Kim S, Lee SW, Ji HD, Won KS, Song BI, Kim HW. Selective neurodegeneration of the hippocampus caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: F-18 FDG PET study in rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262224. [PMID: 35143502 PMCID: PMC8830734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is known to induce Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, but its mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the cerebral regions that are affected by CCH, and to evaluate the development of AD pathology in a rat model of CCH. Methods A rat model of CCH was established by bilaterally ligating the common carotid arteries in adult male rats (CCH group). The identical operations were performed on sham rats without arteries ligation (control group). Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was evaluated at 1 and 3 months after bilateral CCA ligation using positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. The expression levels of amyloid β40 (Aβ40), amyloid β42 (Aβ42), and hyperphosphorylated tau were evaluated using western blots at 3 months after the ligation. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Y-maze test at 3 months after the ligation. Results At 1 month after the ligation, cerebral glucose metabolism in the entorhinal, frontal association, motor, and somatosensory cortices were significantly decreased in the CCH group compared with those in the control group. At 3 months after the ligation, cerebral glucose metabolism was normalized in all regions except for the anterodorsal hippocampus, which was significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. The expression of Aβ42 and the Aβ42/40 ratio were significantly higher in the CCH group than those in the control group. The phosphorylated-tau levels of the hippocampus in the CCH group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Cognitive function was more impaired in the CCH group than that in the control group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CCH causes selective neurodegeneration of the anterodorsal hippocampus, which may be a trigger point for the development of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-In Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Hong
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Dong Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sook Won
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Il Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine & Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Panegyres PK. The Clinical Spectrum of Young Onset Dementia Points to Its Stochastic Origins. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:663-679. [PMID: 34632303 PMCID: PMC8461730 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a major global health problem and the search for improved therapies is ongoing. The study of young onset dementia (YOD)-with onset prior to 65 years-represents a challenge owing to the variety of clinical presentations, pathology, and gene mutations. The advantage of the investigation of YOD is the lack of comorbidities that complicate the clinical picture in older adults. Here we explore the origins of YOD. OBJECTIVE To define the clinical diversity of YOD in terms of its demography, range of presentations, neurological examination findings, comorbidities, medical history, cognitive findings, imaging abnormalities both structural and functional, electroencephagraphic (EEG) data, neuropathology, and genetics. METHODS A prospective 20-year study of 240 community-based patients referred to specialty neurology clinics established to elucidate the nature of YOD. RESULTS Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 139) and behavioral variant frontotemporal (bvFTD; n = 58) were the most common causes with a mean age of onset of 56.5 years for AD (±1 SD 5.45) and 57.1 years for bvFTD (±1 SD 5.66). Neuropathology showed a variety of diagnoses from multiple sclerosis, Lewy body disease, FTD-MND, TDP-43 proteinopathy, adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal steroids and pigmented glia, corticobasal degeneration, unexplained small vessel disease, and autoimmune T-cell encephalitis. Non-amnestic forms of AD and alternative forms of FTD were discovered. Mutations were only found in 11 subjects (11/240 = 4.6%). APOE genotyping was not divergent between the two populations. CONCLUSION There are multiple kinds of YOD, and most are sporadic. These observations point to their stochastic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Panegyres
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Pty Ltd, West Perth, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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8
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Validation technique and improvements introduced in a new dedicated brain positron emission tomograph (CareMiBrain). Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021. [PMID: 34059483 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of developing a PET dedicated to the brain (CareMiBrain) has evolved from its initial approach to diagnosis and monitoring of dementias, to the more ambitious of creating a revolutionary clinical pathway for the knowledge and personalized treatment of multiple neurological diseases. The main innovative feature of CareMiBrain is the use of detectors with continuous crystals, which allow a high resolution determination of the depth of annihilation photons interaction within the thickness of the scintillation crystal. The technical validation phase of the equipment consisted of a pilot, prospective and observational study whose objective was to obtain the first images (40 patients), analyze them and make adjustments in the acquisition, reconstruction and correction parameters, comparing the image quality of the CareMiBrain equipment with that of the whole-body PET-CT. Thanks to the team meetings and the joint analysis of the images, it was possible to detect its weak points and some of its causes. The calibration, acquisition and processing processes, as well as the reconstruction, were optimized, the number of iterations was set to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio, the random correction was optimized and a post-processing algorithm was included in the reconstruction algorithm. The main technical improvements implemented in this phase of technical validation carried out through collaboration of the Services of Nuclear Medicine and Neurology of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos with the Spanish company Oncovision will be exposed in a project financed with funds from the European Union (Horizon 2020 innovation program, 713323).
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Cabrera-Martín MN, González-Pavón G, Sanchís Hernández M, Morera-Ballester C, Matías-Guiu JA, Carreras Delgado JL. Validation technique and improvements introduced in a new dedicated brain positron emission tomograph (CareMiBrain). Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021; 40:239-248. [PMID: 34218886 DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of developing a PET dedicated to the brain (CareMiBrain) has evolved from its initial approach to diagnosis and monitoring of dementias, to the more ambitious of creating a revolutionary clinical pathway for the knowledge and personalized treatment of multiple neurological diseases. The main innovative feature of CareMiBrain is the use of detectors with continuous crystals, which allow a high resolution determination of the depth of annihilation photons interaction within the thickness of the scintillation crystal. The technical validation phase of the equipment consisted of a pilot, prospective and observational study whose objective was to obtain the first images (40 patients), analyze them and make adjustments in the acquisition, reconstruction and correction parameters, comparing the image quality of the CareMiBrain equipment with that of the whole-body PET/CT. Thanks to the team meetings and the joint analysis of the images, it was possible to detect its weak points and some of its causes. The calibration, acquisition and processing processes, as well as the reconstruction, were optimized, the number of iterations was set to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio, the random correction was optimized and a post-processing algorithm was included in the reconstruction algorithm. The main technical improvements implemented in this phase of technical validation carried out through collaboration of the Services of Nuclear Medicine and Neurology of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos with the Spanish company Oncovision will be exposed in a project financed with funds from the European Union (Horizon 2020 innovation program, 713323).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Nieves Cabrera-Martín
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Jordi A Matías-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Carreras Delgado
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Kim HW, Hong J, Jeon JC. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Front Neurol 2020; 11:927. [PMID: 32982937 PMCID: PMC7477392 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Despite this, clear pathophysiology for AD has not been confirmed, and effective treatments are still not available. As AD results in a complex disease process for cognitive decline, various theories have been suggested as the cause of AD. Recently, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, as well as contributing to vascular dementia. Cerebral SVD refers to a varied group of diseases that affect cerebral small arteries and microvessels. These can be seen as white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds, and lacunes on magnetic resonance imaging. Data from epidemiological and clinical-pathological studies have found evidence of the relationship between cerebral SVD and AD. This review aims to discuss the complex relationship between cerebral SVD and AD. Recent reports that evaluate the association between these diseases will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeongho Hong
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Cheon Jeon
- Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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11
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Brain 18F-FDG PET analysis via interval-valued reconstruction: proof of concept for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. Ann Nucl Med 2020; 34:565-574. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Bridges RL, Cho CS, Beck MR, Gessner BD, Tower SS. F-18 FDG PET brain imaging in symptomatic arthroprosthetic cobaltism. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:1961-1970. [PMID: 31863138 PMCID: PMC7299907 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging studies of cobalt toxicity from cobalt-chromium alloy arthroprosthetics have focused on the local intra-articular and peri-articular presentation from failing joint replacements. Most studies investigating neurological findings have been small case series focused on the clinical findings of memory loss, diminished executive function, tremor, hearing and vision loss, depression, and emotional lability. This study utilizes software-based quantitative analysis of brain metabolism to assess the degree of hypometabolism and areas of susceptibility, determine if a pattern of involvement exists, and measure reversibility of findings after prosthetic revision to cobalt-free appliances. METHODS Over 48 months, 247 consecutive patients presenting to an orthopedic clinic with an arthroprosthetic joint containing any cobalt-chromium part were screened with whole blood and urine cobalt levels. A clinically validated inventory of 10 symptoms was obtained. Symptomatic patients with a blood cobalt level above 0.4 mcg/L or urine cobalt greater than 1 mcg/L underwent F-18 FDG PET brain imaging. Analysis was performed with FDA-approved quantitative brain analysis software with the pons as the reference region. Control group was the normal brain atlas within the software. RESULTS Of the 247 consecutively screened patients, 123 had blood and urine cobalt levels above the threshold. The 69 scanned patients had statistically significant regional hypometabolism and higher symptoms inventory. Fifty-seven patients were retained in the study. Distribution of hypometabolism was in descending order: temporal, frontal, Broca's areas, anterior cingulate, parietal, posterior cingulate, visual, sensorimotor, thalamic, and lastly caudate. Metal-on-metal (MoM) and metal-on-plastic (MoP) joint replacements produced similar patterns of hypometabolism. Of 15 patients with necessary revision surgery, 8 demonstrated improved metabolism when later re-scanned. CONCLUSION All scanned patients had regions of significant hypometabolism. Neurological toxicity from elevated systemic cobalt levels following arthroprosthetic joint replacement has a pattern of regional susceptibility similar to heavy metals and solvents, differing from classical dementias and may occur at blood and urine cobalt levels as low as 0.4 mcg/L and 1 mcg/L, respectively. Presently accepted thresholds for cobalt exposure and monitoring may need revision. Quantitative F-18 FDG PET brain imaging may aid in the decision process for treatment options and timing of possible medical versus surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Bridges
- Aegis Imaging Consultants, LLC, P.O. Box 751, 170 Cervin Circle, Girdwood, AK, 99587, USA.
| | - Christina S Cho
- Aegis Imaging Consultants, LLC, P.O. Box 751, 170 Cervin Circle, Girdwood, AK, 99587, USA
- Tower Joint Replacement Clinic, Inc., Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Marc R Beck
- Aegis Imaging Consultants, LLC, P.O. Box 751, 170 Cervin Circle, Girdwood, AK, 99587, USA
- Turnagain Radiology Associates, LLC, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Bradford D Gessner
- Aegis Imaging Consultants, LLC, P.O. Box 751, 170 Cervin Circle, Girdwood, AK, 99587, USA
- EpiVac Consulting Services, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Stephen S Tower
- Aegis Imaging Consultants, LLC, P.O. Box 751, 170 Cervin Circle, Girdwood, AK, 99587, USA
- Tower Joint Replacement Clinic, Inc., Anchorage, AK, USA
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13
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Schipke CG, Günter O, Weinert C, Scotton P, Sigle JP, Kallarackal J, Kabelitz D, Finzen A, Feuerhelm-Heidl A. Definition and quantification of six immune- and neuroregulatory serum proteins in healthy and demented elderly. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2019; 9:193-203. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Blood-based biomarkers related to immune- and neuroregulatory processes may be indicative of dementia but lack standardization and proof-of-principle studies. Materials & methods: The blood serum collection protocol as well as the analytic procedure to quantify the markers BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-β 1, MCP-1 and IL-18 in blood serum were standardized and their concentrations were compared between groups of 81 Alzheimer’s disease patients and 79 healthy controls. Results: Applying standardized methods, results for the quantification of the six markers in blood serum are stable and their concentrations significantly differ for all analytes except VEGF between patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls. Conclusion: Analyzing a panel of six markers in blood serum under standardized conditions may serve as a diagnostic tool in primary dementia care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G Schipke
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, & Berlin Institute of Health, Experimental & Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Predemtec AG, St. Gallerstrasse 99, 9200 Gossau SG, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Günter
- Department of Geriatry, MSZ Uckermark GmbH, Kreiskrankenhaus Prenzlau, Stettiner Straße 121, 17291 Prenzlau, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scotton
- Predemtec AG, St. Gallerstrasse 99, 9200 Gossau SG, Switzerland
| | - Jörg-Peter Sigle
- Blood Transfusion Center SRK Aarau-Solothurn, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Haus 40, Südallee 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Michaelisstraße 5 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Asmus Finzen
- Predemtec AG, St. Gallerstrasse 99, 9200 Gossau SG, Switzerland
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14
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Sasaki T, Tamaki J, Nishizawa K, Kojima T, Tanaka R, Moriya R, Sasaki H, Maruyama H. Evaluation of cell viability and metabolic activity of a 3D cultured human epidermal model using a dynamic autoradiographic technique with a PET radiopharmaceutical. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10685. [PMID: 31337856 PMCID: PMC6650402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality control of tissues and organs for transplant is important to confirm their safety and effectiveness for regenerative medicine. However, quality evaluation is only carried out using a limited range of inspection criteria, because many of the available evaluation tests are invasive. In order to explore the potential of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG)-bioradiography as a non-invasive test for estimation of the safety, soundness, and effectiveness of tissues for transplantation, [18F]FDG uptake and cell viability or metabolism were investigated using a reconstructed human epidermal model (RHEM). We developed an imaging system, and suitable bioradiographic image acquisition conditions and its effectiveness were investigated. [18F]FDG uptake increased in agreement with DNA content as a marker of cell numbers and for histological assessment during cell proliferation and keratinization. [18F]FDG uptake was significantly decreased in good agreement with the viability of tissues used with various hazardous chemical treatments. [18F]FDG uptake by the tissues was decreased by hypothermia treatment and increased by hypoxia treatment while maintaining cell viability in the tissue. Therefore, [18F]FDG-bioradiography can be useful to estimate cell viability or metabolism in this RHEM. This method might be utilized as a non-invasive test for quality evaluation of tissues for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Sasaki
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan. .,Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Junya Tamaki
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nishizawa
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryoich Tanaka
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Moriya
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Haruyo Sasaki
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroko Maruyama
- Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied of Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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15
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Sah BR, Sommerauer M, Mu L, Gonzalez GP, Geistlich S, Treyer V, Schibli R, Buck A, Warnock G, Ametamey SM. Radiation dosimetry of [ 18F]-PSS232-a PET radioligand for imaging mGlu5 receptors in humans. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:56. [PMID: 31240594 PMCID: PMC6593000 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose (E)-3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)cyclohex-2-enone O-(3-(2-[18F]-fluoroethoxy)propyl) oxime ([18F]-PSS232) is a new PET tracer for imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5), and has shown promising results in rodents and humans. The aim of this study was to estimate the radiation dosimetry and biodistribution in humans, to assess dose-limiting organs, and to demonstrate safety and tolerability of [18F]-PSS232 in healthy volunteers. Methods PET/CT scans of six healthy male volunteers (mean age 23.5 ± 1.7; 21–26 years) were obtained after intravenous administration of 243 ± 3 MBq of [18F]-PSS232. Serial whole-body (vertex to mid-thigh) PET scans were assessed at ten time points, up to 90 min after tracer injection. Calculation of tracer kinetics and cumulated organ activities were performed using PMOD 3.7 software. Dosimetry estimates were calculated using the OLINDA/EXM software. Results Injection of [18F]-PSS232 was safe and well tolerated. Organs with highest absorbed doses were the gallbladder wall (0.2295 mGy/MBq), liver (0.0547 mGy/MBq), and the small intestine (0.0643 mGy/MBq). Mean effective dose was 3.72 ± 0.12 mSv/volunteer (range 3.61–3.96 mSv; 0.0153 mSv/MBq). Conclusion [18F]-PSS232, a novel [18F]-labeled mGlu5 tracer, showed favorable dosimetry values. Additionally, the tracer was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert-Ram Sah
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sommerauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Pla Gonzalez
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Geistlich
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Treyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Warnock
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,PMOD Technologies LLC, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Association between white matter lesions and cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with cognitive impairment. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Association between white matter lesions and the cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with cognitive impairment. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2019; 38:160-166. [PMID: 31053556 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM White matter lesions (WMLs), detected as hyperintensities on T2-weighted MRI, represent small vessel disease in the brain and are considered a potential risk factor for memory and cognitive impairment. It has not been sufficiently evident that cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease is caused by WMLs as well as β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology. The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between WMLs and cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with cognitive impairment after adjustment of cerebral Aβ burden. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-three subjects with cognitive performance ranging from normal to dementia, who underwent brain MRI and 18F-florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, were included in this cross-sectional study. The Fazekas scale was used to quantify WMLs on brain T2-weighted MRI. The cerebral Aβ burden and cerebral glucose metabolism were quantitatively estimated using volume-of-interest analysis. Differences in the regional cerebral glucose metabolism were evaluated between low-WML (Fazekas scale<2) and high-WML (Fazekas scale≥2) groups. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and cerebral Aβ burden was performed to evaluate the relationship between the Fazekas scale score and cerebral glucose metabolism. RESULTS The regional cerebral glucose metabolism for the bilateral frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices, and limbic lobes in the high-WML group were significantly lower than those in the low-WML group. There were significant negative correlations between the Fazekas scale score and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal, bilateral temporal and left parietal cortices, and bilateral limbic lobes. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the Fazekas scale score was an independent determinant of the glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal and temporal cortices and limbic lobes. CONCLUSIONS WMLs are associated with decreased cerebral glucose metabolism. Our findings suggest that small vessel disease, as well as Aβ pathology, may contribute to cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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18
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Christidi F, Karavasilis E, Riederer F, Zalonis I, Ferentinos P, Velonakis G, Xirou S, Rentzos M, Argiropoulos G, Zouvelou V, Zambelis T, Athanasakos A, Toulas P, Vadikolias K, Efstathopoulos E, Kollias S, Karandreas N, Kelekis N, Evdokimidis I. Gray matter and white matter changes in non-demented amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with or without cognitive impairment: A combined voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics whole-brain analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:547-563. [PMID: 28425061 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) implies that patients show structural changes within but also beyond the motor cortex and corticospinal tract and furthermore outside the frontal lobes, even if frank dementia is not detected. The aim of the present study was to investigate both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) changes in non-demented amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with or without cognitive impairment (ALS-motor and ALS-plus, respectively). Nineteen ALS-motor, 31 ALS-plus and 25 healthy controls (HC) underwent 3D-T1-weighted and 30-directional diffusion-weighted imaging on a 3 T MRI scanner. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial-statistics analysis were performed to examine GM volume (GMV) changes and WM differences in fractional anisotropy (FA), axial and radial diffusivity (AD, RD, respectively). Compared to HC, ALS-motor patients showed decreased GMV in frontal and cerebellar areas and increased GMV in right supplementary motor area, while ALS-plus patients showed diffuse GMV reduction in primary motor cortex bilaterally, frontotemporal areas, cerebellum and basal ganglia. ALS-motor patients had increased GMV in left precuneus compared to ALS-plus patients. We also found decreased FA and increased RD in the corticospinal tract bilaterally, the corpus callosum and extra-motor tracts in ALS-motor patients, and decreased FA and increased AD and RD in motor and several WM tracts in ALS-plus patients, compared to HC. Multimodal neuroimaging confirms motor and extra-motor GM and WM abnormalities in non-demented cognitively-impaired ALS patients (ALS-plus) and identifies early extra-motor brain pathology in ALS patients without cognitive impairment (ALS-motor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Christidi
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Efstratios Karavasilis
- Second Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Franz Riederer
- Neurological Center Rosenhuegel and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Epilepsy Research and Cognitive Neurology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ioannis Zalonis
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ferentinos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Velonakis
- Second Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Xirou
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis Rentzos
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Argiropoulos
- Second Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Zouvelou
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Zambelis
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Athanasakos
- Second Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Toulas
- Second Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Efstathios Efstathopoulos
- Second Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Kollias
- Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Karandreas
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kelekis
- Second Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Evdokimidis
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
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Sharma M, Dube T, Chibh S, Kour A, Mishra J, Panda JJ. Nanotheranostics, a future remedy of neurological disorders. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:113-128. [PMID: 30572726 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1562443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective therapy of various neurological disorders is hindered on account of the failure of various therapeutics crossing blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Nanotheranostics has emerged as a cutting-edge unconventional theranostic nanomedicine, capable of realizing accurate diagnosis together with effective and targeted delivery of therapeutics across BBB to the unhealthy regions of the brain for potential clinical success. AREAS COVERED We have tried to review the current status of nanotheranostic based approaches followed to manage neurological disorders. The focus has been majorly laid on to explore various theranostic nanoparticles and their application potential towards image-guided neurotherapies. Additionally, the usefulness of exceptional diagnostic, imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence imaging are being discussed by highlighting their promising opportunities in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of the neurological disorders. EXPERT OPINION Inimitable diagnostic and therapeutic potential of nanotheranostics have accomplished the aim of personalized therapies by governing the therapeutic efficacy of the system along with facilitating patient pre-selection grounded on non-invasive imaging, thereby predicting the responses of patients to nanomedicine treatments. While these accomplishments are encouraging, they are still the minority and demands for a continuous effort to improve sensitivity and precision in screening/diagnosis along with improving therapeutic efficacy in various neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- a Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali , India
| | - Taru Dube
- a Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali , India
| | - Sonika Chibh
- a Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali , India
| | - Avneet Kour
- a Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali , India
| | - Jibanananda Mishra
- b School of Bioengineering and Biosciences , Lovely Professional University , Phagwara , India
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20
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Lee DS, Cheong SH. Taurine Have Neuroprotective Activity against Oxidative Damage-Induced HT22 Cell Death through Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:159-171. [PMID: 28849452 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced oxidative neurotoxicity plays a part role in neuronal degeneration on the disorders of central nervous system (CNS). The expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mediated by Inducible nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) functions as an anti-oxidants that is able to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neuronal disorders. In the present study, taurine showed the inhibitory effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction and protective effects against neurotoxicity induced by glutamate- and H2O2 through induction of HO-1 expression in HT22 cells. Moreover, taurine promoted the Nrf2 nuclear translocation in HT22 cells. We also verified the oxidative stress-mediated cell death of HT22 cells was significantly repressed by taurine, using tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) as an HO activity inhibitor. In addition, we found that treatment of the cells with p38 inhibitor (SB203580) suppressed taurine-induced HO-1 expression and cytoprotection, but inhibitors of c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) (SP600125) or extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) (PD98059) did not. These results suggest that taurine improves the resistance against oxidative damages induced by glutamate in HT22 cells via the p38/Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression. Our results demonstrated the potential application of taurine as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea.
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George E, Guenette JP, Lee TC. Introduction to Neuroimaging. Am J Med 2018; 131:346-356. [PMID: 29191488 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary care physicians are often tasked with evaluating neurologic symptoms, and imaging plays a critical role in neurologic diagnoses. Neuroradiology routinely employs advanced imaging modalities, and hence, determination of the appropriate imaging test and interpretation of findings in the clinical context can understandably be overwhelming. In this review article, we introduce resources that can guide physicians in the selection of neuroimaging tests and summarize guidelines on contrast agent administration. Key concepts on imaging techniques and terminology are reviewed, as is relevant for the primary care physician. We then present an overview of the typical imaging manifestations of brain pathologies, including stroke, traumatic injuries, infections, demyelinating and neurodegenerative processes, and neoplasms. Spine imaging is often considered for the evaluation of degenerative, infectious, or neoplastic etiologies, and the typical imaging findings in these scenarios are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth George
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
| | | | - Thomas C Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
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22
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Liu S, Wang Y, Xu K, Ping F, Li F, Wang R, Cheng X. Voxel-based comparison of brain glucose metabolism between patients with Cushing's disease and healthy subjects. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:354-358. [PMID: 29159047 PMCID: PMC5681338 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms are common in patients with Cushing's disease (CD) owing to elevated levels of glucocorticoids. Molecular neuroimaging methods may help to detect changes in the brain of patients with CD. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of brain metabolism and its association with serum cortisol level in CD. We compared brain metabolism, as measured using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), between 92 patients with CD and 118 normal subjects on a voxel-wise basis. Pearson correlation was performed to evaluate the association between cerebral FDG uptake and serum cortisol level in patients with CD. We demonstrated that certain brain regions in patients with CD showed significantly increased FDG uptake, including the basal ganglia, anteromedial temporal lobe, thalamus, precentral cortex, and cerebellum. The clusters that demonstrated significantly decreased uptake were mainly located in the medial and lateral frontal cortex, superior and inferior parietal lobule, medial occipital cortex, and insular cortex. The metabolic rate of the majority of these regions was found to be significantly correlated with the serum cortisol level. Our findings may help to explain the underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms in patients exposed to excessive glucocorticoids and evaluate the efficacy of treatments during follow-up. Hypercortisolism leads to metabolic changes in specific brain regions of CD patients. These brain regions involve in the regulation of cortisol and the symptoms of CD. The metabolism of 6 specific brain regions is correlated with cortisol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaibin Xu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Ping
- Departments of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Li
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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23
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Diagnostic role of 11C-Pittsburgh compound B retention patterns and glucose metabolism by fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment patients. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 37:1189-96. [PMID: 27341411 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyloid imaging clinically is usually reported as positive or negative, and the role of amyloid topography has not been studied before. To evaluate in a clinical setting the regional distribution patterns of C-Pittsburgh compound B (C-PIB) and the fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) uptake in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), we designed this study. METHODS We studied 81 consecutive MCI patients, 64 amnestic (A-MCI) and 17 nonamnestic (NA-MCI) by C-PIB and F-FDG PET/computed tomography, by visual analysis. PIB retention was classified according to the regional distribution into the following patterns: A (frontal, lateral temporal, basal ganglia and anterior cingulate) and B (global retention). F-FDG images were considered positive only if temporoparietal hypometabolism consistent with Alzheimer's disease was observed. RESULTS In 42 of the 64 A-MCI, C-PIB was positive. Twelve of the 42 positive A-MCI showed an A-pattern, all F-FDG negative, and 30 a B-pattern, 10 F-FDG positive and 20 F-FDG negative. Of the 17 NA-MCI, C-PIB was positive in three and F-FDG was positive in one. The different proportion of C-PIB positivity in A-MCI and NA-MCI was highly significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Two different C-PIB patterns were observed in MCI patients and for the A-pattern, glucose hypometabolism consistent with Alzheimer's disease is highly unlikely. These findings may contribute towards a better selection of patients for future potential treatments and also to optimize the use of F-FDG-PET/CT.
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Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Principles, New Applications, and Studies Under Anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2016; 54:109-28. [PMID: 26655512 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Metabolic imaging is a field of molecular imaging that focuses and targets changes in metabolic pathways for the evaluation of different clinical conditions. Targeting and quantifying metabolic changes noninvasively is a powerful approach to facilitate diagnosis and evaluate therapeutic response. This review addresses only techniques targeting metabolic pathways. Other molecular imaging strategies, such as affinity or receptor imaging or microenvironment-dependent methods are beyond the scope of this review. Here we describe the current state of the art in clinically translatable metabolic imaging modalities. Specifically, we focus on PET and MR spectroscopy, including conventional (1)H- and (13)C-MR spectroscopy at thermal equilibrium and hyperpolarized MRI. In this article, we first provide an overview of metabolic pathways that are altered in many pathologic conditions and the corresponding probes and techniques used to study those alterations. We then describe the application of metabolic imaging to several common diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiac ischemia, and infection or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Gialleonardo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY.
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Wenz H, Al-Zghloul M, Hart E, Kurth S, Groden C, Förster A. Track-Density Imaging of the Human Brainstem for Anatomic Localization of Fiber Tracts and Nerve Nuclei in Vivo: Initial Experience with 3-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging. World Neurosurg 2016; 93:286-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Huang H, Nie S, Cao M, Marshall C, Gao J, Xiao N, Hu G, Xiao M. Characterization of AD-like phenotype in aged APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:303-322. [PMID: 27439903 PMCID: PMC5061676 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic APPSwe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice that overproduce amyloid beta (Aβ) are extensively used in the studies of pathogenesis and experimental therapeutics and new drug screening for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most of the current literature uses young or adult APP/PS1 mice. In order to provide a broader view of AD-like phenotype of this animal model, in this study, we systematically analyzed behavioral and pathological profiles of 24-month-old male APP/PS1 mice. Aged APP/PS1 mice had reference memory deficits as well as anxiety, hyperactivity, and social interaction impairment. Consistently, there was obvious deposition of amyloid plaques in the dorsal hippocampus with decreased expression of insulin-degrading enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme responsible for degradation of intracellular Aβ. Furthermore, decreases in hippocampal volume, neuronal number and synaptophysin expression, and astrocyte atrophy were also observed in aged APP/PS1 mice. This finding suggests that aged APP/PS1 mice can well replicate cognitive and noncognitive behavioral abnormalities, hippocampal atrophy, and neuronal and astrocyte degeneration in AD patients, to enable more objective and refined preclinical evaluation of therapeutic drugs and strategies for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Sipei Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Min Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, 41701, USA
| | - Junying Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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Patterns of 11 C-PIB cerebral retention in mild cognitive impairment patients. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen ZW, Liu A, Liu Q, Chen J, Li WM, Chao XJ, Yang Q, Liu PQ, Mao ZX, Pi RB. MEF2D Mediates the Neuroprotective Effect of Methylene Blue Against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Damage in HT22 Hippocampal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2209-2222. [PMID: 26941101 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) can ameliorate behavioral, neurochemical, and neuropathological impairments in animal models of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2D) is known to promote neuronal survival in several models, and several survival and death signals converge on MEF2D and regulate its activity. Here, we investigated the role of MEF2D in the neuroprotective effect of MB against glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 neuronal cells. Our results showed that MB, event at less than 100 nM, improved the viability of HT22 cells exposed to 2 mM glutamate. MB attenuated the mitochondrial impairment and quenches the reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by glutamate. Surprisingly, MB at 50-200 nM did not affect the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, an important endogenous anti-oxidative system. Further study showed that MB increased the transcription and translation of MEF2D. In addition, MB upregulated the expression of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 6 (ND6) in a MEF2D-dependent manner. Knockdown of MEF2D abolished both MB-medicated increase of ND6 and MB-induced neuroprotection against glutamate-induced toxicity. Moreover, we showed that MB promoted Akt function activity, suppressed GSK-3β activity, and increased MEF2D level in hippocampus of mice and HT22 cells. These findings for the first time demonstrate that MB protects HT22 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cell death partially via the regulation of MEF2D-associated survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Anmin Liu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qingyu Liu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jingkao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wen-Ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xiao-Juan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei-Qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zi-Xu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rong-Biao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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31
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Sadeghi MM. Molecular cardiovascular imaging is ready for prime time: almost there. J Nucl Cardiol 2016; 23:67-70. [PMID: 26542993 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-015-0237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran M Sadeghi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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32
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Banzo I, Jiménez-Bonilla JF, Martínez-Rodríguez I, Quirce R, de Arcocha-Torres M, Bravo-Ferrer Z, Lavado-Pérez C, Sánchez-Juan P, Rodríguez E, Jiménez-Alonso M, López-Defilló J, Carril JM. Patterns of 11C-PIB cerebral retention in mild cognitive impairment patients. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2015; 35:171-4. [PMID: 26656432 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the patterns of cerebral cortical distribution of (11)C-PIB in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 69 patients (37 male, age range 42-79 years) with MCI, sub-classified as 53 with amnestic-MCI (A-MCI), and 16 with non-amnestic-MCI (NA-MCI). Patients underwent (11)C-PIB PET/CT scan 60min after intravenous injection of the radiotracer. A visual analysis of the images was performed by 2 experienced physicians. (11)C-PIB-positive studies were considered when gray matter uptake was equal to or greater than white matter. According to the regions involved, (11)C-PIB-positive studies were classified into A-pattern (predominant retention in frontal, anterior cingulate, lateral temporal, and basal ganglia) and B-pattern (generalized retention). RESULTS Thirty-nine of the 69 (56%) patients with MCI showed (11)C-PIB retention. Of the 53 A-MCI patients, 36 (68%) showed (11)C-PIB retention. Eleven out of 36 (30%) positive scans in A-MCI patients showed A-pattern, and 25 out of 36 (70%) patients had a B-pattern. Positive (11)C-PIB was observed in 3 out of 16 (19%) patients with NA-MCI. Regional distribution in these 3 patients showed A-pattern in 1, and B-pattern in 2 patients. CONCLUSION Cortical retention of (11)C-PIB was more frequent in A-MCI than in NA-MCI patients, and also B-pattern than A-pattern in the (11)C-PIB positive group. The recognition of (11)C-PIB distribution patterns allows MCI patients to be classified, and the A-pattern may offer a therapeutic window for potential future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Banzo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
| | - J F Jiménez-Bonilla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - I Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - R Quirce
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - M de Arcocha-Torres
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Z Bravo-Ferrer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - C Lavado-Pérez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - P Sánchez-Juan
- Department of Neurology, IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - E Rodríguez
- Department of Neurology, IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - M Jiménez-Alonso
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - J López-Defilló
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Department of Neurology, IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - J M Carril
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging Group (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Matías-Guiu JA, Cabrera-Martín MN, Matías-Guiu J, Oreja-Guevara C, Riola-Parada C, Moreno-Ramos T, Arrazola J, Carreras JL. Amyloid PET imaging in multiple sclerosis: an (18)F-florbetaben study. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:243. [PMID: 26607782 PMCID: PMC4660647 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positron emission tomography (PET) images with amyloid tracers show normal uptake in healthy white matter, which suggests that amyloid tracers are potentially useful for studying such white matter diseases as multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Twelve patients diagnosed with MS (5 with RRMS, 5 with SPMS, and 2 with PPMS) and 3 healthy controls underwent studies with MRI and 18F-florbetaben-PET imaging. Images were preprocessed using Statistical Parametric Mapping software. We analysed 18F-florbetaben uptake in demyelinating plaques (appearing as hyperintense lesions in FLAIR sequences), in normal-appearing white matter, and in grey matter. Results Mean standardized uptake value relative to cerebellum was higher in normally appearing white matter (NAWM) (1.51 ± 0.12) than in damaged white matter (DWM) (1.24 ± 0.12; P = .002). Mean percentage of change between NAWM and DWM was −17.56 % ± 6.22 %. This percentage of change correlated negatively with EDSS scores (r = −0.61, p < .05) and with age (r = −0.83, p < 0.01). Progressive forms of MS showed a more pronounced reduction of the uptake in DWM in comparison to relapsing-remitting form. Conclusions Uptake of 18F-florbetaben in damaged white matter is lower than that occurring in normally-appearing white matter. These findings indicate that amyloid tracers may be useful in studies of MS, although further research is needed to evaluate the utility of amyloid-PET in monitoring MS progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0502-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi A Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - María Nieves Cabrera-Martín
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Cristina Riola-Parada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moreno-Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Juan Arrazola
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - José Luis Carreras
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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Liu S, Cai W, Liu S, Zhang F, Fulham M, Feng D, Pujol S, Kikinis R. Multimodal neuroimaging computing: a review of the applications in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Inform 2015; 2:167-180. [PMID: 27747507 PMCID: PMC4737664 DOI: 10.1007/s40708-015-0019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal neuroimaging is increasingly used in neuroscience research, as it overcomes the limitations of individual modalities. One of the most important applications of multimodal neuroimaging is the provision of vital diagnostic data for neuropsychiatric disorders. Multimodal neuroimaging computing enables the visualization and quantitative analysis of the alterations in brain structure and function, and has reshaped how neuroscience research is carried out. Research in this area is growing exponentially, and so it is an appropriate time to review the current and future development of this emerging area. Hence, in this paper, we review the recent advances in multimodal neuroimaging (MRI, PET) and electrophysiological (EEG, MEG) technologies, and their applications to the neuropsychiatric disorders. We also outline some future directions for multimodal neuroimaging where researchers will design more advanced methods and models for neuropsychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidong Liu
- School of IT, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Weidong Cai
- School of IT, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Siqi Liu
- School of IT, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fan Zhang
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Michael Fulham
- Department of PET and Nuclear Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and the Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dagan Feng
- School of IT, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sonia Pujol
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ron Kikinis
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Taswell C, Villemagne VL, Yates P, Shimada H, Leyton CE, Ballard KJ, Piguet O, Burrell JR, Hodges JR, Rowe CC. 18F-FDG PET Improves Diagnosis in Patients with Focal-Onset Dementias. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1547-53. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.161067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bisdas S, lá Fougere C, Ernemann U. Hybrid MR-PET in Neuroimaging. Clin Neuroradiol 2015; 25 Suppl 2:275-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00062-015-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Riepe MW, Walther B, Vonend C, Beer AJ. Drug-induced cerebral glucose metabolism resembling Alzheimer's Disease: a case study. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:157. [PMID: 26163145 PMCID: PMC4498558 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With aging of society the absolute number and the proportion of patients with cognitive deficits increase. Multiple disorders and diseases can foster cognitive impairment, e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD), depressive disorder, or polypharmacy. CASE PRESENTATION A 74 year old man presented to the Old Age Psychiatry Service with cognitive deficits while being treated for recurrent depressive episodes and essential tremor with Venlafaxine, Lithium, and Primidone. Neuropsychological testing revealed a medio-temporal pattern of deficits with pronounced impairment of episodic memory, particularly delayed recall. Likewise, cognitive flexibility, semantic fluency, and attention were impaired. Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose was performed and revealed a pattern of glucose utilization deficit resembling AD. On cessation of treatment with Lithium and Primidone, cognitive performance improved, particularly episodic memory performance and cognitive flexibility. Likewise, glucose metabolism normalized. Despite normalization of both, clinical symptoms and glucose utilization, the patient remained worried about possible underlying Alzheimer's disease pathology. To rule this out, an amyloid-PET was performed. No cortical amyloid was observed. CONCLUSION Pharmacological treatment of older subjects may mimic glucose metabolism and clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. In the present case both, imaging and clinical findings, reversed to normal on change of treatment. Amyloid PET is a helpful tool to additionally rule out underlying Alzheimer's disease in situations of clinical doubt even if clinical or other imaging findings are suggestive of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W. Riepe
- Division of Mental Health & Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, University of Ulm, Ludwig-Heilmeyer-Strasse 2, D-89312 Günzburg, Germany
| | - Britta Walther
- Division of Mental Health & Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, University of Ulm, Ludwig-Heilmeyer-Strasse 2, D-89312, Günzburg, Germany.
| | - Catharina Vonend
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Ambros J. Beer
- Division of Mental Health & Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, University of Ulm, Ludwig-Heilmeyer-Strasse 2, D-89312 Günzburg, Germany
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Jembrek MJ, Šimić G, Hof PR, Šegota S. Atomic force microscopy as an advanced tool in neuroscience. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:117-130. [PMID: 28123795 PMCID: PMC4936619 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights relevant issues about applications and improvements of atomic force microscopy (AFM) toward a better understanding of neurodegenerative changes at the molecular level with the hope of contributing to the development of effective therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative illnesses. The basic principles of AFM are briefly discussed in terms of evaluation of experimental data, including the newest PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM) and the evaluation of Young’s modulus as the crucial elasticity parameter. AFM topography, revealed in imaging mode, can be used to monitor changes in live neurons over time, representing a valuable tool for high-resolution detection and monitoring of neuronal morphology. The mechanical properties of living cells can be quantified by force spectroscopy as well as by new AFM. A variety of applications are described, and their relevance for specific research areas discussed. In addition, imaging as well as non-imaging modes can provide specific information, not only about the structural and mechanical properties of neuronal membranes, but also on the cytoplasm, cell nucleus, and particularly cytoskeletal components. Moreover, new AFM is able to provide detailed insight into physical structure and biochemical interactions in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 New York, USA
| | - Suzana Šegota
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 180, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Dementia-inducing conditions represent a leading cause of disability and are a major health concern in industrialized countries. The burden these conditions put on society is certain to rise in the context of an ever-increasing elderly population. As these conditions feature an insidious onset and overlapping clinical features, imaging is a powerful tool in refining the diagnosis and assessing the progression of dementing conditions. The radiologist needs to be aware of and be able to detect underlying pathologies which could be reversible. Furthermore, imaging is important not only in excluding other pathologies but also in improving diagnostic accuracy. This article presents the typical clinical presentations as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the degenerative and the non-degenerative causes of dementia. The focus is on the core knowledge for MRI diagnostics in dementing conditions and a brief presentation of the latest MRI techniques which may become a part of standard imaging protocols in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Bodea
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66421, Homburg, Deutschland
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