1
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Hunter C, Larimer B. Chemokine receptor PET imaging: Bridging molecular insights with clinical applications. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 134-135:108912. [PMID: 38691942 PMCID: PMC11180593 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are important components of cellular signaling and play a critical role in directing leukocytes during inflammatory reactions. Their importance extends to numerous pathological processes, including tumor differentiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and associations with multiple inflammatory disorders. The necessity to monitor the in vivo interactions of cellular chemokine receptors has been driven the recent development of novel positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. This imaging modality provides non-invasive localization and quantitation of these receptors that cannot be provided through blood or tissue-based assays. Herein, we provide a review of PET imaging of the chemokine receptors that have been imaged to date, namely CXCR3, CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, and CMKLR1. The quantification of these receptors can aid in understanding various diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The development of specific radiotracers targeting these receptors will be discussed, including promising results for disease diagnosis and management. However, challenges persist in fully translating these imaging advancements into practical therapeutic applications. Given the success of CXCR4 PET imaging to date, future research should focus on clinical translation of these approaches to understand their role in the management of a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanelle Hunter
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Cancer Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Benjamin Larimer
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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2
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Alcaide P, Kallikourdis M, Emig R, Prabhu SD. Myocardial Inflammation in Heart Failure With Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Res 2024; 134:1752-1766. [PMID: 38843295 PMCID: PMC11160997 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by a progressive decline in cardiac function and represents one of the largest health burdens worldwide. Clinically, 2 major types of HF are distinguished based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF): HF with reduced EF and HF with preserved EF. While both types share several risk factors and features of adverse cardiac remodeling, unique hallmarks beyond ejection fraction that distinguish these etiologies also exist. These differences may explain the fact that approved therapies for HF with reduced EF are largely ineffective in patients suffering from HF with preserved EF. Improving our understanding of the distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms is crucial for the development of better treatment strategies. This article reviews the knowledge of the immunologic mechanisms underlying HF with reduced and preserved EF and discusses how the different immune profiles elicited may identify attractive therapeutic targets for these conditions. We review the literature on the reported mechanisms of adverse cardiac remodeling in HF with reduced and preserved EF, as well as the immune mechanisms involved. We discuss how the knowledge gained from preclinical models of the complex syndrome of HF as well as from clinical data obtained from patients may translate to a better understanding of HF and result in specific treatments for these conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (Milan), Italy and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Ramona Emig
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA
| | - Sumanth D. Prabhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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3
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Chen W, Toda E, Takeuchi K, Sawa Y, Wakamatsu K, Kuwahara N, Ishikawa A, Igarashi Y, Terasaki M, Kunugi S, Terasaki Y, Yamada K, Terashima Y, Shimizu A. Disulfiram treatment suppresses antibody-producing reactions by inhibiting macrophage activation and B cell pyrimidine metabolism. Commun Biol 2024; 7:488. [PMID: 38649462 PMCID: PMC11035657 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses, involving B cells, CD4 + T cells, and macrophages, are implicated in autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection. We have previously shown that inhibiting FROUNT with disulfiram (DSF) suppresses macrophage activation and migration, effectively treating inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of DSF in antibody-producing reactions. Using a heart transplantation mouse model with antibody-mediated rejection, we administered anti-CD8 antibody to exclude cellular rejection. DSF directly inhibited B cell responses in vitro and significantly reduced plasma donor-specific antibodies and graft antibody deposition in vivo, resulting in prolonged survival of the heart graft. DSF also mediated various effects, including decreased macrophage infiltration and increased Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in the grafts. Additionally, DSF inhibited pyrimidine metabolism-related gene expression induced by B-cell stimulation. These findings demonstrate that DSF modulates antibody production in the immune response complexity by regulating B-cell and macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Chen
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Toda
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Laboratory for Morphological and Biomolecular Imaging, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yurika Sawa
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Wakamatsu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Kuwahara
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arimi Ishikawa
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Igarashi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kunugi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuya Terashima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Yi H, Qin L, Ye X, Song J, Ji J, Ye T, Li J, Li L. Progression of radio-labeled molecular imaging probes targeting chemokine receptors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 195:104266. [PMID: 38232861 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are significantly expressed in the surface of most inflammatory cells and tumor cells. Guided by chemokines, inflammatory cells which express the relevant chemokine receptors migrate to inflammatory lesions and participate in the evolution of inflammation diseases. Similarly, driven by chemokines, immune cells infiltrate into tumor lesions not only induces alterations in the tumor microenvironment, disrupting the efficacy of tumor therapies, but also has the potential to selectively target tumoral cells and diminish tumor progression. Chemokine receptors, which are significantly expressed on the surface of tumor cell membranes, are regulated by chemokines and initiate tumor-associated signaling pathways within tumor cells, playing a complex role in tumor progression. Based on the antagonists targeting chemokine receptors, radionuclide-labeled molecular imaging probes have been developed for the emerging application of molecular imaging in diseases such as tumors and inflammation. The value and limitations of molecular probes in disease imaging are worth reviewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Lilin Qin
- Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Xuemei Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jinling Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jianfeng Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongfang Street 150, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Linfa Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
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5
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Zhang X, Qiu L, Sultan DH, Luehmann HP, Yu Y, Zhang X, Heo GS, Li A, Lahad D, Rho S, Tu Z, Liu Y. Development of a CCR2 targeted 18F-labeled radiotracer for atherosclerosis imaging with PET. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 130-131:108893. [PMID: 38422918 PMCID: PMC10964492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CC motif chemokine ligand 2 and its corresponding cognate receptor 2 (CCL2/CCR2) signaling has been implicated in regulating monocyte recruitment and macrophage polarization during inflammatory responses that plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of a novel 18F radiolabeled small molecule radiotracer for CCR2-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in atherosclerosis. The binding affinity of this radiotracer to CCR2 was evaluated via in vitro binding assay using CCR2+ membrane and cells. Ex vivo biodistribution was carried out in wild type mice to assess radiotracer pharmacokinetics. CCR2 targeted PET imaging of plaques was performed in two murine atherosclerotic models. The sensitive detection of atherosclerotic lesions highlighted the potential of this radiotracer for CCR2 targeted PET and warranted further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lin Qiu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debbie H Sultan
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah P Luehmann
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Divangana Lahad
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shinji Rho
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Engel M, Shiel EA, Chelko SP. Basic and translational mechanisms in inflammatory arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2024; 397:131602. [PMID: 37979796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a familial, nonischemic heart disease typically inherited via an autosomal dominant pattern (Nava et al., [1]; Wlodarska et al., [2]). Often affecting the young and athletes, early diagnosis of ACM can be complicated as incomplete penetrance with variable expressivity are common characteristics (Wlodarska et al., [2]; Corrado et al., [3]). That said, of the five desmosomal genes implicated in ACM, pathogenic variants in desmocollin-2 (DSC2) and desmoglein-2 (DSG2) have been discovered in both an autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant pattern (Wong et al., [4]; Qadri et al., [5]; Chen et al., [6]). Originally known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), due to its RV prevalence and manifesting in the young, the disease was first described in 1736 by Giovanni Maria Lancisi in his book "De Motu Cordis et Aneurysmatibus" (Lancisi [7]). However, the first comprehensive clinical description and recognition of this dreadful disease was by Guy Fontaine and Frank Marcus in 1982 (Marcus et al., [8]). These two esteemed pathologists evaluated twenty-two (n = 22/24) young adult patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) and RV dysplasia (Marcus et al., [8]). Initially, ARVD was thought to be the result of partial or complete congenital absence of ventricular myocardium during embryonic development (Nava et al., [9]). However, further research into the clinical and pathological manifestations revealed acquired progressive fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium (McKenna et al., [10]); and, in 1995, ARVD was classified as a primary cardiomyopathy by the World Health Organization (Richardson et al., [11]). Thus, now classifying ACM as a cardiomyopathy (i.e., ARVC) rather than a dysplasia (i.e., ARVD). Even more recently, ARVC has shifted from its recognition as a primarily RV disease (i.e., ARVC) to include left-dominant (i.e., ALVC) and biventricular subtypes (i.e., ACM) as well (Saguner et al., [12]), prompting the use of the more general term arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). This review aims to discuss pathogenesis, clinical and pathological phenotypes, basic and translational research on the role of inflammation, and clinical trials aimed to prevent disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Engel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Emily A Shiel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Stephen P Chelko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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7
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Strunk M, Heo GS, Hess A, Luehmann H, Ross TL, Gropler RJ, Bengel FM, Liu Y, Thackeray JT. Toward Quantitative Multisite Preclinical Imaging Studies in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Evaluation of the Immune-Fibrosis Axis. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:287-293. [PMID: 38176717 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune-fibrosis axis plays a critical role in cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. Imaging approaches to monitor temporal inflammation and fibroblast activation in mice have seen wide application in recent years. However, the repeatability of quantitative measurements remains challenging, particularly across multiple imaging centers. We aimed to determine reproducibility of quantitative inflammation and fibroblast activation images acquired at 2 facilities after myocardial infarction in mice. Methods: Mice underwent coronary artery ligation and sequential imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i to assess chemokine receptor type 2 expression at 3 d after myocardial infarction and 68Ga-FAPI-46 to assess fibroblast activation protein expression at 7 d after myocardial infarction. Images were acquired at 1 center using either a local or a consensus protocol developed with the second center; the protocols differed in the duration of isoflurane anesthesia and the injected tracer dose. A second group of animals were scanned at the second site using the consensus protocol. Image analyses performed by each site and just by 1 site were also compared. Results: The uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i in the infarct territory tended to be higher when the consensus protocol was used (P = 0.03). No difference was observed between protocol acquisitions for 68Ga-FAPI-46. Compared with the local protocol, the consensus protocol decreased variability between individual animals. When a matched consensus protocol was used, the 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i infarct territory percentage injected dose per gram of tissue was higher on images acquired at site B than on those acquired at site A (P = 0.006). When normalized to body weight as SUV, this difference was mitigated. Both the percentage injected dose per gram of tissue and the SUV were comparable between sites for 68Ga-FAPI-46. Image analyses at the sites differed significantly, but this difference was mitigated when all images were analyzed at site A. Conclusion: The application of a standardized acquisition protocol may lower variability within datasets and facilitate comparison of molecular radiotracer distribution between preclinical imaging centers. Like clinical studies, multicenter preclinical studies should use centralized core-based image analysis to maximize reproducibility across sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Strunk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Annika Hess
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tobias L Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Frank M Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - James T Thackeray
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
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8
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Zhang X, Detering L, Heo GS, Sultan D, Luehmann H, Li L, Somani V, Lesser J, Tao J, Kang LI, Li A, Lahad D, Rho S, Ruzinova MB, DeNardo DG, Dehdashti F, Lim KH, Liu Y. Chemokine Receptor 2 Targeted PET/CT Imaging Distant Metastases in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:285-293. [PMID: 38230294 PMCID: PMC10789124 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive and treatment-refractory malignancies. The lack of an effective screening tool results in the majority of patients being diagnosed at late stages, which underscores the urgent need to develop more sensitive and specific imaging modalities, particularly in detecting occult metastases, to aid clinical decision-making. The tumor microenvironment of PDAC is heavily infiltrated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that express C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2). These CCR2-expressing MDSCs accumulate at a very early stage of metastasis and greatly outnumber PDAC cells, making CCR2 a promising target for detecting early, small metastatic lesions that have scant PDAC cells. Herein, we evaluated a CCR2 targeting PET tracer (68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i) for PET imaging on PDAC metastasis in two mouse models. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i was performed in a hemisplenic injection metastasis model (KI) and a genetically engineered orthotopic PDAC model (KPC), which were compared with 18F-FDG PET concurrently. Autoradiography, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and CCR2 immunohistochemical staining were performed to characterize the metastatic lesions. PET/CT images visualized the PDAC metastases in the liver/lung of KI mice and in the liver of KPC mice. Quantitative uptake analysis revealed increased metastasis uptake during disease progression in both models. In comparison, 18F-FDG PET failed to detect any metastases during the time course studies. H&E staining showed metastases in the liver and lung of KI mice, within which immunostaining clearly demonstrated the overexpression of CCR2 as well as CCR2+ cell infiltration into the normal liver. H&E staining, CCR2 staining, and autoradiography also confirmed the expression of CCR2 and the uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i in the metastatic foci in KPC mice. Using our novel CCR2 targeted radiotracer 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i and PET/CT, we demonstrated the sensitive and specific detection of CCR2 in the early PDAC metastases in two mouse models, indicating its potential in future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lisa Detering
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Deborah Sultan
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lin Li
- Division
of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington
University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Vikas Somani
- Division
of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington
University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Josie Lesser
- Department
of Anthropology, Washington University in
St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Joan Tao
- Department
of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Liang-I. Kang
- Department
of Pathology and Immunology, Washington
University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Alexandria Li
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Divangana Lahad
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Shinji Rho
- Department
of Medicine, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Marianna B. Ruzinova
- Department
of Pathology and Immunology, Washington
University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - David G. DeNardo
- Division
of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington
University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department
of Pathology and Immunology, Washington
University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Farrokh Dehdashti
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kian-Huat Lim
- Division
of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington
University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department
of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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9
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Ma P, Liu J, Qin J, Lai L, Heo GS, Luehmann H, Sultan D, Bredemeyer A, Bajapa G, Feng G, Jimenez J, He R, Parks A, Amrute J, Villanueva A, Liu Y, Lin CY, Mack M, Amancherla K, Moslehi J, Lavine KJ. Expansion of Pathogenic Cardiac Macrophages in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Myocarditis. Circulation 2024; 149:48-66. [PMID: 37746718 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.062551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibodies targeting PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1)/PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) or CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), have revolutionized cancer management but are associated with devastating immune-related adverse events including myocarditis. The main risk factor for ICI myocarditis is the use of combination PD-1 and CTLA4 inhibition. ICI myocarditis is often fulminant and is pathologically characterized by myocardial infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Although much has been learned about the role of T-cells in ICI myocarditis, little is understood about the identity, transcriptional diversity, and functions of infiltrating macrophages. METHODS We used an established murine ICI myocarditis model (Ctla4+/-Pdcd1-/- mice) to explore the cardiac immune landscape using single-cell RNA-sequencing, immunostaining, flow cytometry, in situ RNA hybridization, molecular imaging, and antibody neutralization studies. RESULTS We observed marked increases in CCR2 (C-C chemokine receptor type 2)+ monocyte-derived macrophages and CD8+ T-cells in this model. The macrophage compartment was heterogeneous and displayed marked enrichment in an inflammatory CCR2+ subpopulation highly expressing Cxcl9 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9), Cxcl10 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 10), Gbp2b (interferon-induced guanylate-binding protein 2b), and Fcgr4 (Fc receptor, IgG, low affinity IV) that originated from CCR2+ monocytes. It is important that a similar macrophage population expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, and CD16α (human homologue of mouse FcgR4) was expanded in patients with ICI myocarditis. In silico prediction of cell-cell communication suggested interactions between T-cells and Cxcl9+Cxcl10+ macrophages via IFN-γ (interferon gamma) and CXCR3 (CXC chemokine receptor 3) signaling pathways. Depleting CD8+ T-cells or macrophages and blockade of IFN-γ signaling blunted the expansion of Cxcl9+Cxcl10+ macrophages in the heart and attenuated myocarditis, suggesting that this interaction was necessary for disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that ICI myocarditis is associated with the expansion of a specific population of IFN-γ-induced inflammatory macrophages and suggest the possibility that IFN-γ blockade may be considered as a treatment option for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ma
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Jing Liu
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Juan Qin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (J.Q., J.M.)
| | - Lulu Lai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology (L.L., A.V., C.-Y.L., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (G.S.H., H.L., D.S., Y.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology (L.L., A.V., C.-Y.L., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Deborah Sultan
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (G.S.H., H.L., D.S., Y.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Andrea Bredemeyer
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Geetika Bajapa
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Guoshuai Feng
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Jesus Jimenez
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Ruijun He
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Antanisha Parks
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Junedh Amrute
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Ana Villanueva
- Department of Pathology and Immunology (L.L., A.V., C.-Y.L., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (G.S.H., H.L., D.S., Y.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Chieh-Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology (L.L., A.V., C.-Y.L., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Nephrology, Universitatsklinikum Regensburg Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin II, Regensburg, Germany (M.M.)
| | - Kaushik Amancherla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (K.A.)
| | - Javid Moslehi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (J.Q., J.M.)
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (P.M., J.L., A.B., G.B., G.F., J.J., R.H., A.P., J.A., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology (L.L., A.V., C.-Y.L., K.J.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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10
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Pedersen LN, Valenzuela Ripoll C, Ozcan M, Guo Z, Lotfinaghsh A, Zhang S, Ng S, Weinheimer C, Nigro J, Kovacs A, Diab A, Klaas A, Grogan F, Cho Y, Ataran A, Luehmann H, Heck A, Kolb K, Strong L, Navara R, Walls GM, Hugo G, Samson P, Cooper D, Reynoso FJ, Schwarz JK, Moore K, Lavine K, Rentschler SL, Liu Y, Woodard PK, Robinson C, Cuculich PS, Bergom C, Javaheri A. Cardiac radiation improves ventricular function in mice and humans with cardiomyopathy. MED 2023; 4:928-943.e5. [PMID: 38029754 PMCID: PMC10994563 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive to radiation therapy (RT) than quiescent cells. In the failing myocardium, macrophages and fibroblasts mediate collateral tissue injury, leading to progressive myocardial remodeling, fibrosis, and pump failure. Because these cells divide more rapidly than cardiomyocytes, we hypothesized that macrophages and fibroblasts would be more susceptible to lower doses of radiation and that cardiac radiation could therefore attenuate myocardial remodeling. METHODS In three independent murine heart failure models, including models of metabolic stress, ischemia, and pressure overload, mice underwent 5 Gy cardiac radiation or sham treatment followed by echocardiography. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and non-invasive PET imaging were employed to evaluate cardiac macrophages and fibroblasts. Serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) from patients with cardiomyopathy treated with 25 Gy cardiac RT for ventricular tachycardia (VT) was evaluated to determine changes in cardiac function. FINDINGS In murine heart failure models, cardiac radiation significantly increased LV ejection fraction and reduced end-diastolic volume vs. sham. Radiation resulted in reduced mRNA abundance of B-type natriuretic peptide and fibrotic genes, and histological assessment of the LV showed reduced fibrosis. PET and flow cytometry demonstrated reductions in pro-inflammatory macrophages, and immunofluorescence demonstrated reduced proliferation of macrophages and fibroblasts with RT. In patients who were treated with RT for VT, cMRI demonstrated decreases in LV end-diastolic volume and improvements in LV ejection fraction early after treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 5 Gy cardiac radiation attenuates cardiac remodeling in mice and humans with heart failure. FUNDING NIH, ASTRO, AHA, Longer Life Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Pedersen
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Mualla Ozcan
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhen Guo
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aynaz Lotfinaghsh
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sherwin Ng
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla Weinheimer
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica Nigro
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amanda Klaas
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Felicia Grogan
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yoonje Cho
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anahita Ataran
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abigail Heck
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kollin Kolb
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lori Strong
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachita Navara
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gerard M Walls
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT97AE, Northern Ireland
| | - Geoff Hugo
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pamela Samson
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Cooper
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Francisco J Reynoso
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie K Schwarz
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kaitlin Moore
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kory Lavine
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stacey L Rentschler
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pamela K Woodard
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clifford Robinson
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Phillip S Cuculich
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; John J. Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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11
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Thackeray JT, Lavine KJ, Liu Y. Imaging Inflammation Past, Present, and Future: Focus on Cardioimmunology. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:39S-48S. [PMID: 37918845 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.264865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the immune system as a critical mediator of cardiovascular disease progression and a viable therapeutic target. Increased inflammatory cell activity is seen in the full spectrum of disorders from early-stage atherosclerosis through myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and chronic heart failure. Although therapeutic strategies to modulate inflammation have shown promise in preclinical animal models, efficacy in patients has been modest owing in part to the variable severity of inflammation across individuals. The diverse leukocyte subpopulations involved in different aspects of heart disease pose a challenge to effective therapy, wherein adverse and beneficial aspects of inflammation require appropriate balance. Noninvasive molecular imaging enables tissue-level interrogation of inflammatory cells in the heart and vasculature to provide mechanistic and temporal insights into disease progression. Although clinical imaging has relied on 18F-FDG as a nonselective and crude marker of inflammatory cell activity, new imaging probes targeting cell surface markers of different leukocyte subpopulations present the opportunity to visualize and quantify distinct phases of cardiac and vessel wall inflammation. Similarly, therapies are evolving to more effectively isolate adverse from beneficial cell populations. This parallel development of immunocardiology and molecular imaging provides the opportunity to refine treatments using imaging guidance, building toward mechanism-based precision medicine. Here, we discuss progress in molecular imaging of immune cells in cardiology from use of 18F-FDG in the past to the present expansion of the radiotracer arsenal and then to a future theranostic paradigm of tracer-therapy compound pairs with shared targets. We then highlight the critical experiments required to advance the field from preclinical concept to clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Thackeray
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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12
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van Heeswijk RB, Bauer WR, Bönner F, Janjic JM, Mulder WJM, Schreiber LM, Schwitter J, Flögel U. Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging With Fluorine-19 MRI: The Road to the Clinic. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:e014742. [PMID: 37725674 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.123.014742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging is a unique quantitative molecular imaging modality that makes use of an injectable fluorine-containing tracer that generates the only visible 19F signal in the body. This hot spot imaging technique has recently been used to characterize a wide array of cardiovascular diseases and seen a broad range of technical improvements. Concurrently, its potential to be translated to the clinical setting is being explored. This review provides an overview of this emerging field and demonstrates its diagnostic potential, which shows promise for clinical translation. We will describe 19F magnetic resonance imaging hardware, pulse sequences, and tracers, followed by an overview of cardiovascular applications. Finally, the challenges on the road to clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud B van Heeswijk
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland (R.B.v.H.)
| | - Wolfgang R Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Germany (W.R.B.)
| | - Florian Bönner
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (F.B.)
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA (J.M.J.)
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Laura M Schreiber
- Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), Wuerzburg University Hospitals, Germany (L.M.S.)
| | - Juerg Schwitter
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Department (J.S.), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland
- CMR Center (J.S.), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland (J.S.)
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging (U.F.), Heinrich Heine University, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (U.F.), Heinrich Heine University, Germany
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13
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Maier A, Toner YC, Munitz J, Sullivan NA, Sakurai K, Meerwaldt AE, Brechbühl EE, Prévot G, van Elsas Y, Maas RJ, Ranzenigo A, Soultanidis G, Rashidian M, Pérez-Medina C, Heo GS, Gropler RJ, Liu Y, Reiner T, Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Strijkers GJ, Teunissen AJ, Calcagno C, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJ, van Leent MM. Multiparametric Immunoimaging Maps Inflammatory Signatures in Murine Myocardial Infarction Models. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:801-816. [PMID: 37547068 PMCID: PMC10401290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, research on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has uncovered inflammation to be a key driver of the pathophysiological process. A pressing need therefore exists to quantitatively and longitudinally probe inflammation, in preclinical models and in cardiovascular disease patients, ideally using non-invasive methods and at multiple levels. Here, we developed and employed in vivo multiparametric imaging approaches to investigate the immune response following myocardial infarction. The myocardial infarction models encompassed either transient or permanent left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion in C57BL/6 and Apoe-/-mice. We performed nanotracer-based fluorine magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using a CD11b-specific nanobody and a C-C motif chemokine receptor 2-binding probe. We found that immune cell influx in the infarct was more pronounced in the permanent occlusion model. Further, using 18F-fluorothymidine and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, we detected increased hematopoietic activity after myocardial infarction, with no difference between the models. Finally, we observed persistent systemic inflammation and exacerbated atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- mice, regardless of which infarction model was used. Taken together, we showed the strengths and capabilities of multiparametric imaging in detecting inflammatory activity in cardiovascular disease, which augments the development of clinical readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Maier
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center of Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yohana C. Toner
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jazz Munitz
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel A.T. Sullivan
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ken Sakurai
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anu E. Meerwaldt
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht/Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eliane E.S. Brechbühl
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geoffrey Prévot
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuri van Elsas
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne J.F. Maas
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Ranzenigo
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Georgios Soultanidis
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert J. Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Filip K. Swirski
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham J.P. Teunissen
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Willem J.M. Mulder
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mandy M.T. van Leent
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular, and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Xia W, Singh N, Goel S, Shi S. Molecular Imaging of Innate Immunity and Immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114865. [PMID: 37182699 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a key role as the first line of defense in various human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. In contrast to tissue biopsies and blood biopsies, in vivo imaging of the innate immune system can provide whole body measurements of immune cell location and function and changes in response to disease progression and therapy. Rationally developed molecular imaging strategies can be used in evaluating the status and spatio-temporal distributions of the innate immune cells in near real-time, mapping the biodistribution of novel innate immunotherapies, monitoring their efficacy and potential toxicities, and eventually for stratifying patients that are likely to benefit from these immunotherapies. In this review, we will highlight the current state-of-the-art in noninvasive imaging techniques for preclinical imaging of the innate immune system particularly focusing on cell trafficking, biodistribution, as well as pharmacokinetics and dynamics of promising immunotherapies in cancer and other diseases; discuss the unmet needs and current challenges in integrating imaging modalities and immunology and suggest potential solutions to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Xia
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Neetu Singh
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Shreya Goel
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Sixiang Shi
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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15
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Migliari S, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Ruffini L. Scale down and optimized automated production of [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i PET tracer targeting CCR2 expression. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:3. [PMID: 36729317 PMCID: PMC9895323 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently it has been identified a short peptide that showed allosteric antagonism against C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expressed on inflammatory monocyte and macrophages. A 7-D-amino acid peptidic CCR2 inhibitor called extracellular loop 1 inverso (ECL1i), d(LGTFLKC) has been identified and labeled to obtain a new probe for positron emission tomography in pulmonary fibrosis, heart injury, abdominal aortic aneurysm inflammation, atherosclerosis, head and neck cancer. Our goal was to develop, optimize and validate an automated synthesis method for [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i to make it available for a broader community. The synthesis of [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i was done using the Scintomics GRP® module with the already estabilished synthesis template for [68Ga]68Ga-DOTATOC/[68Ga]68Ga-PSMA. The radiopharmaceutical production was optimized scaling down the amount of DOTA-ECL1i (from 50 to 10 μg), evaluating synthesis efficiency and relevant quality control parameters in accordance with the European Pharmacopeia. RESULTS Best results were yielded with 20 μg DOTA-ECL1i and then the process validation was carried out by producing three different batches on three different days obtaining an optimal radiochemical yield (66.69%) as well as radiochemical purity (100%) and molar activity (45.41 GBq/µmol). CONCLUSIONS [68Ga]68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i was successfully synthesized and it is, thus, available for multi-dose application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Migliari
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maura Scarlattei
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Baldari
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Livia Ruffini
- grid.411482.aNuclear Medicine Division, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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16
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Heo GS, Diekmann J, Thackeray JT, Liu Y. Nuclear Methods for Immune Cell Imaging: Bridging Molecular Imaging and Individualized Medicine. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:e014067. [PMID: 36649445 PMCID: PMC9858352 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.122.014067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key mechanistic contributor to the progression of cardiovascular disease, from atherosclerosis through ischemic injury and overt heart failure. Recent evidence has identified specific roles of immune cell subpopulations in cardiac pathogenesis that diverges between individual patients. Nuclear imaging approaches facilitate noninvasive and serial quantification of inflammation severity, offering the opportunity to predict eventual outcome, stratify patient risk, and guide novel targeted molecular therapies against specific leukocyte subpopulations. Here, we will discuss the established and emerging nuclear imaging methods to label and track exogenous and endogenous immune cells, with a particular focus on clinical situations in which targeted molecular inflammation imaging would be advantageous. The expanding options for imaging inflammation provide the foundation to bridge between molecular imaging and individual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Seong Heo
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (G.S.H., Y. L.)
| | - Johanna Diekmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.D., J.T.T.)
| | - James T Thackeray
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.D., J.T.T.)
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (G.S.H., Y. L.)
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17
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Wienecke LM, Leid JM, Leuschner F, Lavine KJ. Imaging Targets to Visualize the Cardiac Immune Landscape in Heart Failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:e014071. [PMID: 36649453 PMCID: PMC9858350 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.122.014071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure involves a complex interplay between diverse populations of immune cells that dynamically shift across the natural history of disease. Within this context, the character of the immune response is a key determinant of clinical outcomes. Recent technological advances in single-cell transcriptomic, spatial, and proteomic technologies have fueled an explosion of new and clinically relevant insights into distinct immune cell populations that reside within the diseased heart including potential targets for molecular imaging and therapy. In this review, we will discuss the immune cell types and their respective functions with respect to myocardial infarction remodeling, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. In addition, we give a brief overview regarding myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis as inflammatory heart failure etiologies. We will highlight markers and cell populations as targets for molecular imaging to visualize inflammation and tissue healing and discuss clinical implications including the development and implementation of precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Wienecke
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamison M. Leid
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kory J. Lavine
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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18
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Stendahl JC, Kwan JM, Pucar D, Sadeghi MM. Radiotracers to Address Unmet Clinical Needs in Cardiovascular Imaging, Part 2: Inflammation, Fibrosis, Thrombosis, Calcification, and Amyloidosis Imaging. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:986-994. [PMID: 35772956 PMCID: PMC9258561 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular imaging is evolving in response to systemwide trends toward molecular characterization and personalized therapies. The development of new radiotracers for PET and SPECT imaging is central to addressing the numerous unmet diagnostic needs that relate to these changes. In this 2-part review, we discuss select radiotracers that may help address key unmet clinical diagnostic needs in cardiovascular medicine. Part 1 examined key technical considerations pertaining to cardiovascular radiotracer development and reviewed emerging radiotracers for perfusion and neuronal imaging. Part 2 covers radiotracers for imaging cardiovascular inflammation, thrombosis, fibrosis, calcification, and amyloidosis. These radiotracers have the potential to address several unmet needs related to the risk stratification of atheroma, detection of thrombi, and the diagnosis, characterization, and risk stratification of cardiomyopathies. In the first section, we discuss radiotracers targeting various aspects of inflammatory responses in pathologies such as myocardial infarction, myocarditis, sarcoidosis, atherosclerosis, and vasculitis. In a subsequent section, we discuss radiotracers for the detection of systemic and device-related thrombi, such as those targeting fibrin (e.g., 64Cu-labeled fibrin-binding probe 8). We also cover emerging radiotracers for the imaging of cardiovascular fibrosis, such as those targeting fibroblast activation protein (e.g., 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor). Lastly, we briefly review radiotracers for imaging of cardiovascular calcification (18F-NaF) and amyloidosis (e.g., 99mTc-pyrophosphate and 18F-florbetapir).
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Stendahl
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer M Kwan
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Darko Pucar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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19
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van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Nienhuis PH, Slart RHJA, Heeringa P, Brouwer E, Jiemy WF. Novel PET Imaging of Inflammatory Targets and Cells for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:902155. [PMID: 35733858 PMCID: PMC9207253 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.902155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are two interrelated inflammatory diseases affecting patients above 50 years of age. Patients with GCA suffer from granulomatous inflammation of medium- to large-sized arteries. This inflammation can lead to severe ischemic complications (e.g., irreversible vision loss and stroke) and aneurysm-related complications (such as aortic dissection). On the other hand, patients suffering from PMR present with proximal stiffness and pain due to inflammation of the shoulder and pelvic girdles. PMR is observed in 40-60% of patients with GCA, while up to 21% of patients suffering from PMR are also affected by GCA. Due to the risk of ischemic complications, GCA has to be promptly treated upon clinical suspicion. The treatment of both GCA and PMR still heavily relies on glucocorticoids (GCs), although novel targeted therapies are emerging. Imaging has a central position in the diagnosis of GCA and PMR. While [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) has proven to be a valuable tool for diagnosis of GCA and PMR, it possesses major drawbacks such as unspecific uptake in cells with high glucose metabolism, high background activity in several non-target organs and a decrease of diagnostic accuracy already after a short course of GC treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of GCA and, to some extent, PMR has advanced. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cellular heterogeneity in the immunopathology of GCA/PMR and discuss how recent advances in specific tissue infiltrating leukocyte and stromal cell profiles may be exploited as a source of novel targets for imaging. Finally, we discuss prospective novel PET radiotracers that may be useful for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring in GCA and PMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis S. M. van der Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Sandovici
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. Nienhuis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Riemer H. J. A. Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - William F. Jiemy
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Paradigm shifting studies have unveiled that the heart contains heterogeneous and dynamic immune and stromal cell populations that serve as critical determinants of health and disease. Advances in molecular imaging now make it possible to non-invasively visualize the cardiac landscape in humans and provide a means to guide precision therapies.
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21
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Ng TSC, Allen HH, Rashidian M, Miller MA. Probing immune infiltration dynamics in cancer by in vivo imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 67:102117. [PMID: 35219177 PMCID: PMC9118268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies typically aim to stimulate the accumulation and activity of cytotoxic T-cells or pro-inflammatory antigen-presenting cells, reduce immunosuppressive myeloid cells or regulatory T-cells, or elicit some combination of effects thereof. Notwithstanding the encouraging results, immunotherapies such as PD-1/PD-L1-targeted immune checkpoint blockade act heterogeneously across individual patients. It remains challenging to predict and monitor individual responses, especially across multiple sites of metastasis or sites of potential toxicity. To address this need, in vivo imaging of both adaptive and innate immune cell populations has emerged as a tool to quantify spatial leukocyte accumulation in tumors non-invasively. Here we review recent progress in the translational development of probes for in vivo leukocyte imaging, focusing on complementary perspectives provided by imaging of T-cells, phagocytic macrophages, and their responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S C Ng
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Harris H Allen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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22
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Balogh V, MacAskill MG, Hadoke PWF, Gray GA, Tavares AAS. Positron Emission Tomography Techniques to Measure Active Inflammation, Fibrosis and Angiogenesis: Potential for Non-invasive Imaging of Hypertensive Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:719031. [PMID: 34485416 PMCID: PMC8416043 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.719031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure, which is responsible for a high number of deaths worldwide, can develop due to chronic hypertension. Heart failure can involve and progress through several different pathways, including: fibrosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Early and specific detection of changes in the myocardium during the transition to heart failure can be made via the use of molecular imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET). Traditional cardiovascular PET techniques, such as myocardial perfusion imaging and sympathetic innervation imaging, have been established at the clinical level but are often lacking in pathway and target specificity that is important for assessment of heart failure. Therefore, there is a need to identify new PET imaging markers of inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis that could aid diagnosis, staging and treatment of hypertensive heart failure. This review will provide an overview of key mechanisms underlying hypertensive heart failure and will present the latest developments in PET probes for detection of cardiovascular inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Currently, selective PET probes for detection of angiogenesis remain elusive but promising PET probes for specific targeting of inflammation and fibrosis are rapidly progressing into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Balogh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G MacAskill
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian A Gray
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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23
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Gao T, Wu Y, Wang W, Deng C, Chen Y, Yi L, Song Y, Li W, Xu L, Xie Y, Fang L, Jin Q, Zhang L, Tang BZ, Xie M. Biomimetic Glucan Particles with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Noninvasive Monitoring of Transplant Immune Response. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11908-11928. [PMID: 34264052 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of post-transplant immune response is critical to prolong the survival of grafts. The current gold standard for assessing the immune response to graft is biopsy. However, such a method is invasive and prone to false negative results due to limited tissue size available and the heterogeneity of the rejection site. Herein, we report biomimetic glucan particles with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics (HBTTPEP/GPs) for real-time noninvasive monitoring of post-transplant immune response. We have found that the positively charged near-infrared AIEgens can effectively aggregate in the confined space of glucan particles (GPs), thereby turning on the fluorescence emission. HBTTPEP/GPs can track macrophages for 7 days without hampering the bioactivity. Oral administration of HBTTPEP/GPs can specially target macrophages by mimicking yeast, which then migrate to the transplant rejection site. The fluorescence emitted from HBTTPEP/GPs correlated well with the infiltration of macrophages and the degree of allograft rejection. Furthermore, a single oral HBTTPEP/GPs dose can dynamically evaluate the therapeutic response to immunosuppressive therapy. Consequently, the biomimetic AIE-active glucan particles can be developed as a promising probe for immune-monitoring in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Gao
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Luyang Yi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yishu Song
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenqu Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuji Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lingyun Fang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the use of positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging post-infarct myocardial inflammation and repair. RECENT FINDINGS Dysregulated immune responses after myocardial infarction are associated with adverse cardiac remodelling and an increased likelihood of ischaemic heart failure. PET imaging utilising novel tracers can be applied to visualise different components of the post-infarction inflammatory and repair processes. This approach could offer unique pathophysiological insights that could prove useful for the identification and risk-stratification of individuals who would ultimately benefit most from emerging immune-modulating therapies. PET imaging could also bridge the clinical translational gap as a surrogate measure of drug efficacy in early-stage clinical trials in patients with myocardial infarction. The use of hybrid PET/MR imaging, in particular, offers the additional advantage of simultaneous in vivo molecular imaging and detailed assessment of myocardial function, viability and tissue characterisation. Further research is needed to realise the true clinical translational value of PET imaging after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Ćorović
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meritxell Nus
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James H. F. Rudd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason M. Tarkin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Current therapeutic strategies to mitigate heart failure progression after myocardial infarction involve support of endogenous repair through molecular targets. The capacity for repair varies greatly between individuals. In this review, we will assess how cardiac PET/CT enables precise characterization of early pathogenetic processes which govern ventricle remodeling and progression to heart failure. Recent Findings Inflammation in the first days after myocardial infarction predicts subsequent functional decline and can influence therapy decisions. The expansion of anti-inflammatory approaches to improve outcomes after myocardial infarction may benefit from noninvasive characterization using imaging. Novel probes also allow visualization of fibroblast transdifferentiation and activation, as a precursor to ventricle remodeling. Summary The expanding arsenal of molecular imaging agents in parallel with new treatment options provides opportunity to harmonize diagnostic imaging with precision therapy.
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26
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Juengling FD, Maldonado A, Wuest F, Schindler TH. Identify. Quantify. Predict. Why Immunologists Should Widely Use Molecular Imaging for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Immunol 2021; 12:568959. [PMID: 34054793 PMCID: PMC8155634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.568959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging using PET/CT or PET/MRI has evolved from an experimental imaging modality at its inception in 1972 to an integral component of diagnostic procedures in oncology, and, to lesser extent, in cardiology and neurology, by successfully offering in-vivo imaging and quantitation of key pathophysiological targets or molecular signatures, such as glucose metabolism in cancerous disease. Apart from metabolism probes, novel radiolabeled peptide and antibody PET tracers, including radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have entered the clinical arena, providing the in-vivo capability to collect target-specific quantitative in-vivo data on cellular and molecular pathomechanisms on a whole-body scale, and eventually, extract imaging biomarkers possibly serving as prognostic indicators. The success of molecular imaging in mapping disease severity on a whole-body scale, and directing targeted therapies in oncology possibly could translate to the management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), by identifying, localizing, and quantifying involvement of different immune mediated responses to the infection with SARS-COV2 during the course of acute infection and possible, chronic courses with long-term effects on specific organs. The authors summarize current knowledge for medical imaging in COVID-19 in general with a focus on molecular imaging technology and provide a perspective for immunologists interested in molecular imaging research using validated and immediately available molecular probes, as well as possible future targets, highlighting key targets for tailored treatment approaches as brought up by key opinion leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freimut D. Juengling
- Medical Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Antonio Maldonado
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Quironsalud Madrid University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas H. Schindler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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27
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Heo GS, Lou L, Sultan D, Liu Y. The Latest Advances in Imaging Crosstalk Between the Immune System and Fibrosis in Cardiovascular Disease. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1341-1346. [PMID: 33863824 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.255539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and fibrosis are hallmarks of tissue repair process and organ failure progression in cardiovascular diseases. Paradigm-shifting research on diverse immune cell populations within the cardiovascular system have enabled discovery of new biomarkers fostering development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents at the molecular level to better manage cardiovascular diseases. To date, a variety of molecular imaging agents have been developed to visualize the biomarkers expressed on immune cells and fibroblasts within their crosstalk network, which drives the pathogenesis of fibrosis triggered by both innate and adaptive immunity. Herein, key biomarkers up-regulated in the immune-fibrosis axis are discussed. The promising molecular imaging agents to reveal this critical pathological process are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongjian Liu
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States
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28
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Imaging Inflammation with Positron Emission Tomography. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020212. [PMID: 33669804 PMCID: PMC7922638 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of inflammation on the outcome of many medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases has been widely acknowledged. However, in contrast to neurological, oncologic, and cardiovascular disorders, imaging plays a minor role in research and management of inflammation. Imaging can provide insights into individual and temporospatial biology and grade of inflammation which can be of diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic value. There is therefore an urgent need to evaluate and understand current approaches and potential applications for imaging of inflammation. This review discusses radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) that have been used to image inflammation in cardiovascular diseases and other inflammatory conditions with a special emphasis on radiotracers that have already been successfully applied in clinical settings.
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29
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Nahrendorf M, Hoyer FF, Meerwaldt AE, van Leent MMT, Senders ML, Calcagno C, Robson PM, Soultanidis G, Pérez-Medina C, Teunissen AJP, Toner YC, Ishikawa K, Fish K, Sakurai K, van Leeuwen EM, Klein ED, Sofias AM, Reiner T, Rohde D, Aguirre AD, Wojtkiewicz G, Schmidt S, Iwamoto Y, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Caravan P, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Mulder WJM. Imaging Cardiovascular and Lung Macrophages With the Positron Emission Tomography Sensor 64Cu-Macrin in Mice, Rabbits, and Pigs. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 13:e010586. [PMID: 33076700 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.120.010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages, innate immune cells that reside in all organs, defend the host against infection and injury. In the heart and vasculature, inflammatory macrophages also enhance tissue damage and propel cardiovascular diseases. METHODS We here use in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy to evaluate quantitative noninvasive assessment of cardiac, arterial, and pulmonary macrophages using the nanotracer 64Cu-Macrin-a 20-nm spherical dextran nanoparticle assembled from nontoxic polyglucose. RESULTS PET imaging using 64Cu-Macrin faithfully reported accumulation of macrophages in the heart and lung of mice with myocardial infarction, sepsis, or pneumonia. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy detected the near-infrared fluorescent version of the nanoparticle (VT680Macrin) primarily in tissue macrophages. In 5-day-old mice, 64Cu-Macrin PET imaging quantified physiologically more numerous cardiac macrophages. Upon intravenous administration of 64Cu-Macrin in rabbits and pigs, we detected heightened macrophage numbers in the infarcted myocardium, inflamed lung regions, and atherosclerotic plaques using a clinical PET/magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Toxicity studies in rats and human dosimetry estimates suggest that 64Cu-Macrin is safe for use in humans. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate 64Cu-Macrin could serve as a facile PET nanotracer to survey spatiotemporal macrophage dynamics during various physiological and pathological conditions. 64Cu-Macrin PET imaging could stage inflammatory cardiovascular disease activity, assist disease management, and serve as an imaging biomarker for emerging macrophage-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Cardiovascular Research Center (M.N., A.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany (M.N.)
| | - Friedrich Felix Hoyer
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Anu E Meerwaldt
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, the Netherlands (A.E.M., E.M.v.L.)
| | - Mandy M T van Leent
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., W.J.M.M.)
| | - Max L Senders
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., W.J.M.M.)
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Philip M Robson
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - George Soultanidis
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (C.P.-M.)
| | - Abraham J P Teunissen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yohana C Toner
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kiyotake Ishikawa
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center (K.I., K.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kenneth Fish
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center (K.I., K.F.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ken Sakurai
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Esther M van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, the Netherlands (A.E.M., E.M.v.L.)
| | - Emma D Klein
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alexandros Marios Sofias
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.M.S.)
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology and Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (T.R.).,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (T.R.)
| | - David Rohde
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Aaron D Aguirre
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Cardiovascular Research Center (M.N., A.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine (A.D.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Gregory Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Stephen Schmidt
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - David Izquierdo-Garcia
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (D.I.-G., P.C., R.W.)
| | - Peter Caravan
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (D.I.-G., P.C., R.W.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., A.D.A., G.W., S.S., Y.I., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.F.H., D.R., F.K.S., R.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (D.I.-G., P.C., R.W.).,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (A.E.M., M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., C.C., P.M.R., G.S., C.P.-M., A.J.P.T., Y.C.T., K.S., E.M.v.L., E.D.K., A.M.S., W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Oncological Sciences (W.J.M.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (M.M.T.v.L., M.L.S., W.J.M.M.).,Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
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