1
|
Renzaglia K, Duran E, Sagwan-Barkdoll L, Henry J. Callose in leptoid cell walls of the moss Polytrichum and the evolution of callose synthase across bryophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1357324. [PMID: 38384754 PMCID: PMC10879339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1357324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Leptoids, the food-conducting cells of polytrichaceous mosses, share key structural features with sieve elements in tracheophytes, including an elongated shape with oblique end walls containing modified plasmodesmata or pores. In tracheophytes, callose is instrumental in developing the pores in sieve elements that enable efficient photoassimilate transport. Aside from a few studies using aniline blue fluorescence that yielded confusing results, little is known about callose in moss leptoids. Methods Callose location and abundance during the development of leptoid cell walls was investigated in the moss Polytrichum commune using aniline blue fluorescence and quantitative immunogold labeling (label density) in the transmission electron microscope. To evaluate changes during abiotic stress, callose abundance in leptoids of hydrated plants was compared to plants dried for 14 days under field conditions. A bioinformatic study to assess the evolution of callose within and across bryophytes was conducted using callose synthase (CalS) genes from 46 bryophytes (24 mosses, 15 liverworts, and 7 hornworts) and one representative each of five tracheophyte groups. Results Callose abundance increases around plasmodesmata from meristematic cells to end walls in mature leptoids. Controlled drying resulted in a significant increase in label density around plasmodesmata and pores over counts in hydrated plants. Phylogenetic analysis of the CalS protein family recovered main clades (A, B, and C). Different from tracheophytes, where the greatest diversity of homologs is found in clade A, the majority of gene duplication in bryophytes is in clade B. Discussion This work identifies callose as a crucial cell wall polymer around plasmodesmata from their inception to functioning in leptoids, and during water stress similar to sieve elements of tracheophytes. Among bryophytes, mosses exhibit the greatest number of multiple duplication events, while only two duplications are revealed in hornwort and none in liverworts. The absence in bryophytes of the CalS 7 gene that is essential for sieve pore development in angiosperms, reveals that a different gene is responsible for synthesizing the callose associated with leptoids in mosses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Renzaglia
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Plant Biology, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Emily Duran
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Plant Biology, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Laxmi Sagwan-Barkdoll
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Plant Biology, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Jason Henry
- Southeast Missouri University, Department of Biology, Cape Girardeau, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Yuan K, Ren M, Xie Z, Qi K, Gong X, Wang Q, Zhang S, Tao S. PbPDCB16-mediated callose deposition affects the plasmodesmata blockage and reduces lignification in pear fruit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111876. [PMID: 37748584 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Stone cell, a type of lignified cell, is a unique trait in pear and one of the key factors affects pear fruit quality and economic value. The transmissibility of cell lignification process has been proven to exist, however the effects of callose on the permeability of plasmodesmata (PD) and how to influence cell lignification processes are still unknown. In this study, the genome-wide analysis of PD callose binding proteins (PDCB) gene family in pear genome was performed, and 25 PbPDCB genes were identified and divided into four branches. Similar intron/exon structural patterns were observed in the same branch, strongly supporting their close evolutionary relationship. The expression of PbPDCB16 was negatively correlated with lignin accumulation through qRT-PCR analysis. With transient expression in pear fruit and stable expression in pear calli, the increased callose content accompanied by decreased lignin content was further observed. Besides, compared with wild type Arabidopsis, the transgenic plants grew slowly, and cell walls in the stem were thinner, while fewer PDs were observed on the cell walls, and the interspore filaments were also blocked in transgenic Arabidopsis through the transmission electron microscope (TEM). In summary, overexpression of PbPDCB16 could promote accumulation of callose at PD to affect the PD-mediated intercellular connectivity, and inhibit the intercellular communication. This study will provide new insight in reducing the lignin content through callose deposition, and also provide the theoretical basis for further exploration of lignin metabolism and cell wall lignification to form stone cells in pear fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaili Yuan
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mei Ren
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Gong
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Shutian Tao
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu R, Liu Y, Cai Z, Li J, Wu C, Wang G, Lin C, Peng Y, Deng Z, Tang W, Wu W, Duan Y. Glucan Synthase-like 2 is Required for Seed Initiation and Filling as Well as Pollen Fertility in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 37804355 PMCID: PMC10560172 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Glucan synthase-like (GSL) genes are indispensable for some important highly-specialized developmental and cellular processes involving callose synthesis and deposition in plants. At present, the best-characterized reproductive functions of GSL genes are those for pollen formation and ovary expansion, but their role in seed initiation remains unknown. RESULTS We identified a rice seed mutant, watery seed 1-1 (ws1-1), which contained a mutation in the OsGSL2 gene. The mutant produced seeds lacking embryo and endosperm but filled with transparent and sucrose-rich liquid. In a ws1-1 spikelet, the ovule development was normal, but the microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development were compromised, resulting in the reduction of fertile pollen. After fertilization, while the seed coat normally developed, the embryo failed to differentiate normally. In addition, the divided endosperm-free nuclei did not migrate to the periphery of the embryo sac but aggregated so that their proliferation and cellularization were arrested. Moreover, the degeneration of nucellus cells was delayed in ws1-1. OsGSL2 is highly expressed in reproductive organs and developing seeds. Disrupting OsGSL2 reduced callose deposition on the outer walls of the microspores and impaired the formation of the annular callose sheath in developing caryopsis, leading to pollen defect and seed abortion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that OsGSL2 is essential for rice fertility and is required for embryo differentiation and endosperm-free nucleus positioning, indicating a distinct role of OsGSL2, a callose synthase gene, in seed initiation, which provides new insight into the regulation of seed development in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhengzheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chenchen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yulin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanlin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weiqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weiren Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yuanlin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding By Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sangi S, Olimpio GV, Coelho FS, Alexandrino CR, Da Cunha M, Grativol C. Flagellin and mannitol modulate callose biosynthesis and deposition in soybean seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13877. [PMID: 36811487 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Callose is a polymer deposited on the cell wall and is necessary for plant growth and development. Callose is synthesized by genes from the glucan synthase-like family (GSL) and dynamically responds to various types of stress. Callose can inhibit pathogenic infection, in the case of biotic stresses, and maintain cell turgor and stiffen the plant cell wall in abiotic stresses. Here, we report the identification of 23 GSL genes (GmGSL) in the soybean genome. We performed phylogenetic analyses, gene structure prediction, duplication patterns, and expression profiles on several RNA-Seq libraries. Our analyses show that WGD/Segmental duplication contributed to expanding this gene family in soybean. Next, we analyzed the callose responses in soybean under abiotic and biotic stresses. The data show that callose is induced by both osmotic stress and flagellin 22 (flg22) and is related to the activity of β-1,3-glucanases. By using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the expression of GSL genes during the treatment of soybean roots with mannitol and flg22. The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress. Our results provide an important understanding of the role of callose deposition and regulation of GSL genes in response to osmotic stress and flg22 infection in soybean seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sangi
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Geovanna Vitória Olimpio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Coelho
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Camilla R Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Clícia Grativol
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Somashekar H, Mimura M, Tsuda K, Nonomura KI. Rice GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE5 promotes anther callose deposition to maintain meiosis initiation and progression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:400-413. [PMID: 36271865 PMCID: PMC9806566 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Callose is a plant cell wall polysaccharide whose deposition is spatiotemporally regulated in various developmental processes and environmental stress responses. The appearance of callose in premeiotic anthers is a prominent histological hallmark for the onset of meiosis in flowering plants; however, the biological role of callose in meiosis remains unknown. Here, we show that rice (Oryza sativa) GLUCAN SYNTHASE LIKE5 (OsGSL5), a callose synthase, localizes on the plasma membrane of pollen mother cells (PMCs) and is responsible for biogenesis of callose in anther locules through premeiotic and meiotic stages. In Osgsl5 mutant anthers mostly lacking callose deposition, aberrant PMCs accompanied by aggregated, unpaired, or multivalent chromosomes were frequently observed and, furthermore, a considerable number of mutant PMCs had untimely progress into meiosis compared to that of wild-type PMCs. Immunostaining of meiosis-specific protein HOMOLOGOUS PAIRING ABERRATION IN RICE MEIOSIS2 in premeiotic PMCs revealed precocious meiosis entry in Osgsl5 anthers. These findings provide insights into the function of callose in controlling the timing of male meiosis initiation and progression, in addition to roles in microsporogenesis, in flowering plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Somashekar
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Manaki Mimura
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tsuda
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soto W. Emerging Research Topics in the Vibrionaceae and the Squid- Vibrio Symbiosis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101946. [PMID: 36296224 PMCID: PMC9607633 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vibrionaceae encompasses a cosmopolitan group that is mostly aquatic and possesses tremendous metabolic and genetic diversity. Given the importance of this taxon, it deserves continued and deeper research in a multitude of areas. This review outlines emerging topics of interest within the Vibrionaceae. Moreover, previously understudied research areas are highlighted that merit further exploration, including affiliations with marine plants (seagrasses), microbial predators, intracellular niches, and resistance to heavy metal toxicity. Agarases, phototrophy, phage shock protein response, and microbial experimental evolution are also fields discussed. The squid-Vibrio symbiosis is a stellar model system, which can be a useful guiding light on deeper expeditions and voyages traversing these "seas of interest". Where appropriate, the squid-Vibrio mutualism is mentioned in how it has or could facilitate the illumination of these various subjects. Additional research is warranted on the topics specified herein, since they have critical relevance for biomedical science, pharmaceuticals, and health care. There are also practical applications in agriculture, zymology, food science, and culinary use. The tractability of microbial experimental evolution is explained. Examples are given of how microbial selection studies can be used to examine the roles of chance, contingency, and determinism (natural selection) in shaping Earth's natural history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Soto
- Integrated Science Center Rm 3035, Department of Biology, College of William & Mary, 540 Landrum Dr., Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chitosan and chitosan-derived nanoparticles modulate enhanced immune response in tomato against bacterial wilt disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:223-237. [PMID: 35970370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the priming efficacy of chitosan and chitosan-derived nanoparticles (CNPs) against bacterial wilt of tomato. In the current study, seed-treated CNPs plus pathogen-inoculated tomato seedlings recorded significant protection of 62 % against pathogen-induced wilt disease and subsequently better growth. The induced resistance was witnessed by a prominent increase in lignin, callose and H2O2 deposition, followed by superoxide radical accumulation in leaves. Additionally, chitosan and CNPs-treated tomato plants recorded a remarkable increase in the upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT) and β-1, 3 glucanase (GLU) in comparison with untreated plants. The chitosan and CNPs-induced antioxidant enzymes were positively correlated with the stimulation of corresponding gene expression in CNPs treated plants related to pathogen-inoculated ones. The results of this study describe that how the application of chitosan and CNPs elicit defense responses at the cellular, biochemical and gene expression in tomato plants against bacterial wilt disease, thereby improve growth and yield.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin T, Wu H, Deng Z, Cai T, Li J, Liu Z, Waterhouse PM, White RG, Liang D. Control of root-to-shoot long-distance flow by a key ROS-regulating factor in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2476-2491. [PMID: 35689480 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inter-tissue communication is instrumental to coordinating the whole-body level behaviour for complex multicellular organisms. However, little is known about the regulation of inter-tissue information exchange. Here we carried out genetic screens for root-to-shoot mobile silencing in Arabidopsis plants with a compromised small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement rate and identified radical-induced cell death 1 (RCD1) as a critical regulator of root-shoot communication. RCD1 belongs to a family of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteins, which are highly conserved across land plants. We found that RCD1 coordinates symplastic and apoplastic movement by modulating the sterol level of lipid rafts. The higher superoxide production in rcd1-knockout plants resulted in lower plasmodesmata (PD) frequency and altered PD structure in the symplasm of the hypocotyl cortex. Furthermore, the mutants showed increased lateral area of tracheary pits, which reduced axial movement. Our study highlights a novel mechanism through which root-to-shoot long-distance signalling can be modulated both symplastically and apoplastically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianling Jin
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huiyan Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhuying Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junkai Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhangyong Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetlandy, Ministry of Education/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Wetland Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Peter M Waterhouse
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rosemary G White
- Department of Plant Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetlandy, Ministry of Education/Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Wetland Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao P, Tang C, Wu X, Qian M, Lv S, Gao H, Qiao X, Chen G, Wang P, Zhang S, Wu J. PbrCalS5, a callose synthase protein, is involved in pollen tube growth in Pyrus bretschneideri. PLANTA 2022; 256:22. [PMID: 35767158 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Identification of CalS genes in seven Rosaceae species and functional characterization of PbrCalS5 in pear pollen tube growth by regulating callose deposition. Callose exists widely in angiosperms and has significant functions in a range of developmental processes. Callose is synthesized by callose synthase (CalS). However, the members of the callose synthase gene family and their evolutionary profiles, along with their biological functions, in species of the Rosaceae remain unknown. In this study, a total of 69 members of the CalS gene family in seven Rosaceae species (Fragaria vesca, Malus × domestica, Prunus avium, Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus mume, Prunus persica and Rubus occidentalis) were identified and divided into six clades. Different types of gene duplication events contributed to the expansions of the CalS gene family in the seven species, with purifying selection playing a key role in the evolution of the CalS genes. Tissue-specific expression patterns analysis revealed that PbrCalS5 was highly expressed in the pear pollen tube and was selected for further functional analysis. Subcellular localization indicated that PbrCalS5 was localized in the plasma membrane and cell wall. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) assays resulted in the inhibition of PbrCalS5 expression, leading to the decreased callose deposition in the pollen tube wall and subsequent inhibition of pear pollen tube growth. These results provide the theoretical basis for exploring the functional roles of CalS genes in pear pollen tube growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shouzheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongru Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mustafa AS, Ssenku JE, Ssemanda P, Ntambi S, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Tugume AK. Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantification of Callose. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:54. [PMID: 35893580 PMCID: PMC9326611 DOI: 10.3390/mps5040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing methods of callose quantification include epifluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry of aniline blue-stained callose particles, immuno-fluorescence microscopy and indirect assessment of both callose synthase and β-(1,3)-glucanase enzyme activities. Some of these methods are laborious, time consuming, not callose-specific, biased and require high technical skills. Here, we describe a method of callose quantification based on Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (S-ELISA). Tissue culture-derived banana plantlets were inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) bacteria as a biotic stress factor inducing callose production. Banana leaf, pseudostem and corm tissue samples were collected at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) for callose quantification. Callose levels were significantly different in banana tissues of Xcm-inoculated and control groups except in the pseudostems of both banana genotypes. The method described here could be applied for the quantification of callose in different plant species with satisfactory level of specificity to callose, and reproducibility. Additionally, the use of 96-well plate makes this method suitable for high throughput callose quantification studies with minimal sampling and analysis biases. We provide step-by-step detailed descriptions of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar S. Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Jamilu E. Ssenku
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Paul Ssemanda
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Saidi Ntambi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Arthur K. Tugume
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sehar S, Adil MF, Zeeshan M, Holford P, Cao F, Wu F, Wang Y. Mechanistic Insights into Potassium-Conferred Drought Stress Tolerance in Cultivated and Tibetan Wild Barley: Differential Osmoregulation, Nutrient Retention, Secondary Metabolism and Antioxidative Defense Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313100. [PMID: 34884904 PMCID: PMC8658718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Keeping the significance of potassium (K) nutrition in focus, this study explores the genotypic responses of two wild Tibetan barley genotypes (drought tolerant XZ5 and drought sensitive XZ54) and one drought tolerant barley cv. Tadmor, under the exposure of polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress. The results revealed that drought and K deprivation attenuated overall plant growth in all the tested genotypes; however, XZ5 was least affected due to its ability to retain K in its tissues which could be attributed to the smallest reductions of photosynthetic parameters, relative chlorophyll contents and the lowest Na+/K+ ratios in all treatments. Our results also indicate that higher H+/K+-ATPase activity (enhancement of 1.6 and 1.3-fold for shoot; 1.4 and 2.5-fold for root), higher shoot K+ (2 and 2.3-fold) and Ca2+ content (1.5 and 1.7-fold), better maintenance of turgor pressure by osmolyte accumulation and enhanced antioxidative performance to scavenge ROS, ultimately suppress lipid peroxidation (in shoots: 4% and 35%; in roots 4% and 20% less) and bestow higher tolerance to XZ5 against drought stress in comparison with Tadmor and XZ54, respectively. Conclusively, this study adds further evidence to support the concept that Tibetan wild barley genotypes that utilize K efficiently could serve as a valuable genetic resource for the provision of genes for improved K metabolism in addition to those for combating drought stress, thereby enabling the development of elite barley lines better tolerant of abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafaque Sehar
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.S.); (M.F.A.); (M.Z.); (F.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Muhammad Faheem Adil
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.S.); (M.F.A.); (M.Z.); (F.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.S.); (M.F.A.); (M.Z.); (F.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Paul Holford
- Hawkesbury Campus, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Fangbin Cao
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.S.); (M.F.A.); (M.Z.); (F.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Feibo Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.S.); (M.F.A.); (M.Z.); (F.C.); (F.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.S.); (M.F.A.); (M.Z.); (F.C.); (F.W.)
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cell Wall Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
13
|
Wang H, Cao S, Li T, Zhang L, Yao J, Xia X, Zhang R. Classification and expression analysis of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) callose synthase ( CalS) family genes and localization of CsCalS4, a protein involved in pollen development. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2038670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Research, Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, China
| | - Shoujun Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Research, Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Research, Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Research, Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, China
| | - Jiangang Yao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Research, Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, China
| | - Xiubo Xia
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Research, Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, China
| | - Ruiqing Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Research, Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tomczynska I, Stumpe M, Doan TG, Mauch F. A Phytophthora effector protein promotes symplastic cell-to-cell trafficking by physical interaction with plasmodesmata-localised callose synthases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1467-1478. [PMID: 32396661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen effectors act as disease promoting factors that target specific host proteins with roles in plant immunity. Here, we investigated the function of the RxLR3 effector of the plant-pathogen Phytophthora brassicae. Arabidopsis plants expressing a FLAG-RxLR3 fusion protein were used for co-immunoprecipitation followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify host targets of RxLR3. Fluorescently labelled fusion proteins were used for analysis of subcellular localisation and function of RxLR3. Three closely related members of the callose synthase family, CalS1, CalS2 and CalS3, were identified as targets of RxLR3. RxLR3 co-localised with the plasmodesmal marker protein PDLP5 (PLASMODESMATA-LOCALISED PROTEIN 5) and with plasmodesmata-associated deposits of the β-1,3-glucan polymer callose. In line with a function as an inhibitor of plasmodesmal callose synthases (CalS) enzymes, callose depositions were reduced and cell-to-cell trafficking was promoted in the presence of RxLR3. Plasmodesmal callose deposition in response to infection was compared with wild-type suppressed in RxLR3-expressing Arabidopsis lines. Our results implied a virulence function of the RxLR3 effector as a positive regulator of plasmodesmata transport and provided evidence for competition between P. brassicae and Arabidopsis for control of cell-to-cell trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iga Tomczynska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tu Giang Doan
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva-Sanzana C, Estevez JM, Blanco-Herrera F. Influence of cell wall polymers and their modifying enzymes during plant-aphid interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3854-3864. [PMID: 31828324 PMCID: PMC7316967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are a major issue for commercial crops. These pests drain phloem nutrients and transmit ~50% of the known insect-borne viral diseases. During aphid feeding, trophic structures called stylets advance toward the phloem intercellularly, disrupting cell wall polymers. It is thought that cell wall-modifying enzymes (CWMEs) present in aphid saliva facilitate stylet penetration through this intercellular polymer network. Additionally, different studies have demonstrated that host settling preference, feeding behavior, and colony performance of aphids are influenced by modulating the CWME expression levels in host plants. CWMEs have been described as critical defensive elements for plants, but also as a key virulence factor for plant pathogens. However, whether CWMEs are elements of the plant defense mechanisms or the aphid infestation process remains unclear. Therefore, in order to better consider the function of CWMEs and cell wall-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) during plant-aphid interactions, the present review integrates different hypotheses, perspectives, and experimental evidence in the field of plant-aphid interactions and discusses similarities to other well-characterized models such as the fungi-plant pathosystems from the host and the attacker perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Estevez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (IBio), Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES),Chile
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maluin FN, Hussein MZ. Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals as a Sustainable Alternative in Crop Protection. Molecules 2020; 25:E1611. [PMID: 32244664 PMCID: PMC7180820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the World's food demand in line with the increase of the global population has resulted in calls for more research on the production of sustainable food and sustainable agriculture. A natural biopolymer, chitosan, coupled with nanotechnology could offer a sustainable alternative to the use of conventional agrochemicals towards a safer agriculture industry. Here, we review the potential of chitosan-based agronanochemicals as a sustainable alternative in crop protection against pests, diseases as well as plant growth promoters. Such effort offers better alternatives: (1) the existing agricultural active ingredients can be encapsulated into chitosan nanocarriers for the formation of potent biocides against plant pathogens and pests; (2) the controlled release properties and high bioavailability of the nanoformulations help in minimizing the wastage and leaching of the agrochemicals' active ingredients; (3) the small size, in the nanometer regime, enhances the penetration on the plant cell wall and cuticle, which in turn increases the argochemical uptake; (4) the encapsulation of agrochemicals in chitosan nanocarriers shields the toxic effect of the free agrochemicals on the plant, cells and DNA, thus, minimizing the negative impacts of agrochemical active ingredients on human health and environmental wellness. In addition, this article also briefly reviews the mechanism of action of chitosan against pathogens and the elicitations of plant immunity and defense response activities of chitosan-treated plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gupta MK, Vadde R, Gouda G, Donde R, Kumar J, Behera L. Computational approach to understand molecular mechanism involved in BPH resistance in Bt- rice plant. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 88:209-220. [PMID: 30743158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In silico approach was utilised to identify differentially expressed key hub genes during BPH infestation on Bt rice plant, under laboratory conditions. Re-analysis of GSE74745 data with in-house R scripts and STRING database reveals that only 5 key hub genes, namely Os05g0176100, Os06g0683200, Os07g0208500, Os07g0252400 and Os07g0424400, belonging to cellulose synthase family, are differentially expressed and have confidence score ≥0.9 among themselves. Conserve domain analysis of all proteins encoded via these 5 key hub genes reveals that they have a common cellulose synthase domain, in which "Plant-Conserved Region" (PCR) is highly conserved. After binding with other domains of cellulose synthase proteins or other accessory proteins, like sucrose synthase, PCR serves as a metabolic channel to deliver UDP-Glucose, which is the main substrate for cellulose synthesis, into the active site of cellulose synthase and initiate cellulose synthesis. Simulation study of recently solved topological model of PCR [PDB ID: 5JNP] and molecular docking studies of PCR with UDP-glucose reveals that, during BPH infestation, in nearby phloem tissue where BPH suck sap, there is an increase interaction of UDP-glucose with PCR and other accessory proteins which in turn increases both the stability of PCR and the production of cellulose, finally causing callose deposition at that site and hence causing longer nymphal developmental period and lower fertility of BPH infested on Bt rice. In near future, these differentially identified 5 hub genes could be possible targets for controlling BPH infestation in rice plant under field conditions and increasing rice yield globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gayatri Gouda
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Ravindra Donde
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Lambodar Behera
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prislan P, Mrak P, Žnidaršič N, Štrus J, Humar M, Thaler N, Mrak T, Gričar J. Intra-annual dynamics of phloem formation and ultrastructural changes in sieve tubes in Fagus sylvatica. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:262-274. [PMID: 30239917 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased interest in the timing and dynamics of phloem formation, seasonal changes in the structure of phloem sieve elements remain largely unexplored. To understand better the dynamics of phloem formation and the functioning of sieve tubes in the youngest phloem in Fagus sylvatica L., we investigated repeatedly taken phloem samples during the growing season of 2017 by means of light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Phloem formation started with the expansion of the overwintered early phloem sieve tubes adjacent to the cambium and concurrent cambial cell production. The highest phloem growth rate was observed in general 1 week after the onset of cambial cell production, whereas the transition from early to late phloem occurred at the end of May. Cambial cell production ceased at the end of July. The final width of the phloem increment was 184 ± 10 μm, with an early phloem proportion of 59%. Collapse of older phloem tissue is a progressive process, which continuously occurred during the sampling period. Collapse of early phloem sieve tubes started shortly after the cessation of cambial cell production. Prior to the onset of radial growth, late phloem from the previous year represented 80% of the total non-collapsed part; during the growth period, this percentage decreased to 20%. Differences were observed in both sieve tube ultrastructure and sieve plate geometry between the youngest and older phloem. However, sieve plates were never completely occluded by callose, suggesting that processes affecting the functionality of sieve tubes may differ in the case of regular collapse or injury. The youngest parts of the phloem increment from the previous year (i.e., previous late phloem) continue functioning for some time in the current growing season, but the two-step development of overwintered phloem cells also ensures a sufficient translocation pathway for photosynthates to the actively growing tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Humar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Thaler
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Mrak
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahmadi B, Ahmadi M, Teixeira da Silva JA. Microspore embryogenesis in Brassica: calcium signaling, epigenetic modification, and programmed cell death. PLANTA 2018; 248:1339-1350. [PMID: 30171331 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress induction followed by excessive calcium influx causes multiple changes in microspores resulting in chromatin remodeling, epigenetic modifications, and removal of unwanted gametophytic components via autophagy, switching microspores towards ME. In Brassica, isolated microspores that are placed under specific external stresses can switch their default developmental pathway towards an embryogenic state. Microspore embryogenesis is a unique system that speeds up breeding programs and, in the context of developmental biology, provides an excellent tool for embryogenesis to be investigated in greater detail. The last few years have provided ample evidence that has allowed Brassica researchers to markedly increase their understanding of the molecular and sub-cellular changes underlying this process. We review recent advances in this field, focusing mainly on the perception to inductive stresses, signal transduction, molecular and structural alterations, and the involvement of programmed cell death at the onset of embryogenic induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Ahmadi
- Department of Maize and Forage Crops Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Medya Ahmadi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ferdowsi Mashhad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gabarayeva NI, Polevova SV, Grigorjeva VV, Blackmore S. Assembling the thickest plant cell wall: exine development in Echinops (Asteraceae, Cynareae). PLANTA 2018; 248:323-346. [PMID: 29725817 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The exceptionally complex exine of Echinops, representing a significant investment of energy, develops from an elaborate glycocalyx which establishes, by self-assembly, a multi-layered system of micelles upon which sporopollenin polymerizes. We report on pollen development in two species of Echinops (Asteraceae, Cynareae) studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy with an emphasis on the organisation and development of the massive sporoderm (maximum thickness 18 μm). The major events of exine deposition during the tetrad stage follow the now familiar sequence of self-assembling micellar mesophases and the subsequent incorporation of sporopollenin, observed here as: (1) spherical units with light cores; (2) columns of spherical units with dark cores; (3) large branched macromolecules arranged in a dendritic, three-dimensional network of long alveoli; and (4) alveoli with electron-transparent cores and dense walls. Later, (5) the primexine exhibits an elongated-alveolate pattern in which the alveoli have electron-dense cores and lighter exteriors. When (6) the thick inner columellae make contact with the outer primexine, sporopollenin accumulation in the cores of the primexine alveolae establishes continuity between the inner and outer columellae. In the free microspore stage, (7) the foot layer and first lamellae of the endexine appear (8). The endexine lamellae then increase in number and massive accumulation of sporopollenin occurs on all exine elements, making individual elements such as tectal spines, more pronounced. These and earlier findings, as well as experimental simulations of exine development, show that pollen wall morphogenesis involves a subtle interplay of gene-driven biological processes and physico-chemical factors offering abundant opportunities for the generation of complex, taxon-specific patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina I Gabarayeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
| | | | - Valentina V Grigorjeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Indispensable Role of Proteases in Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020629. [PMID: 29473858 PMCID: PMC5855851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defense is achieved mainly through the induction of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), systemic acquired resistance (SAR), induced systemic resistance (ISR), and RNA silencing. Plant immunity is a highly complex phenomenon with its own unique features that have emerged as a result of the arms race between plants and pathogens. However, the regulation of these processes is the same for all living organisms, including plants, and is controlled by proteases. Different families of plant proteases are involved in every type of immunity: some of the proteases that are covered in this review participate in MTI, affecting stomatal closure and callose deposition. A large number of proteases act in the apoplast, contributing to ETI by managing extracellular defense. A vast majority of the endogenous proteases discussed in this review are associated with the programmed cell death (PCD) of the infected cells and exhibit caspase-like activities. The synthesis of signal molecules, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene, and their signaling pathways, are regulated by endogenous proteases that affect the induction of pathogenesis-related genes and SAR or ISR establishment. A number of proteases are associated with herbivore defense. In this review, we summarize the data concerning identified plant endogenous proteases, their effect on plant-pathogen interactions, their subcellular localization, and their functional properties, if available, and we attribute a role in the different types and stages of innate immunity for each of the proteases covered.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lampugnani ER, Khan GA, Somssich M, Persson S. Building a plant cell wall at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/2/jcs207373. [PMID: 29378834 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by a strong polysaccharide-rich cell wall that aids in determining the overall form, growth and development of the plant body. Indeed, the unique shapes of the 40-odd cell types in plants are determined by their walls, as removal of the cell wall results in spherical protoplasts that are amorphic. Hence, assembly and remodeling of the wall is essential in plant development. Most plant cell walls are composed of a framework of cellulose microfibrils that are cross-linked to each other by heteropolysaccharides. The cell walls are highly dynamic and adapt to the changing requirements of the plant during growth. However, despite the importance of plant cell walls for plant growth and for applications that we use in our daily life such as food, feed and fuel, comparatively little is known about how they are synthesized and modified. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we aim to illustrate the underpinning cell biology of the synthesis of wall carbohydrates, and their incorporation into the wall, in the model plant Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang L, Li P, Li F, Ali S, Sun X, Hou M. Silicon amendment to rice plants contributes to reduced feeding in a phloem-sucking insect through modulation of callose deposition. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:631-637. [PMID: 29321899 PMCID: PMC5756854 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) uptake by Poaceae plants has beneficial effects on herbivore defense. Increased plant physical barrier and altered herbivorous feeding behaviors are documented to reduce herbivorous arthropod feeding and contribute to enhanced plant defense. Here, we show that Si amendment to rice (Oryza sativa) plants contributes to reduced feeding in a phloem feeder, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH), through modulation of callose deposition. We associated the temporal dynamics of BPH feeding with callose deposition on sieve plates and further with callose synthase and hydrolase gene expression in plants amended with Si. Biological assays revealed that BPH feeding was lower in Si‐amended than in nonamended plants in the early stages post‐BPH infestation. Histological observation showed that BPH infestation triggered fast and strong callose deposition in Si‐amended plants compared with nonamended plants. Analysis using qRT‐PCR revealed that expression of the callose synthase gene OsGSL1 was up‐regulated more and that the callose hydrolase (β‐1,3‐glucanase) gene Gns5 was up‐regulated less in Si‐amended than in nonamended plants during the initial stages of BPH infestation. These dynamic expression levels of OsGSL1 and Gns5 in response to BPH infestation correspond to callose deposition patterns in Si‐amended versus nonamended plants. It is demonstrated here that BPH infestation triggers differential gene expression associated with callose synthesis and hydrolysis in Si‐amended and nonamended rice plants, which allows callose to be deposited more on sieve tubes and sieve tube occlusions to be maintained more thus contributing to reduced BPH feeding on Si‐amended plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin Ministry of Agriculture Guilin China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China Changsha China
| | - Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin Ministry of Agriculture Guilin China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China Changsha China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin Ministry of Agriculture Guilin China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China Changsha China
| | - Shahbaz Ali
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin Ministry of Agriculture Guilin China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China Changsha China
| | - Xiaoqin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin Ministry of Agriculture Guilin China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China Changsha China
| | - Maolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin Ministry of Agriculture Guilin China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China Changsha China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hoang NV, Furtado A, O’Keeffe AJ, Botha FC, Henry RJ. Association of gene expression with biomass content and composition in sugarcane. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183417. [PMID: 28817735 PMCID: PMC5560616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
About 64% of the total aboveground biomass in sugarcane production is from the culm, of which ~90% is present in fiber and sugars. Understanding the transcriptome in the sugarcane culm, and the transcripts that are associated with the accumulation of the sugar and fiber components would facilitate the modification of biomass composition for enhanced biofuel and biomaterial production. The Sugarcane Iso-Seq Transcriptome (SUGIT) database was used as a reference for RNA-Seq analysis of variation in gene expression between young and mature tissues, and between 10 genotypes with varying fiber content. Global expression analysis suggests that each genotype displayed a unique expression pattern, possibly due to different chromosome combinations and maturation amongst these genotypes. Apart from direct sugar- and fiber-related transcripts, the differentially expressed (DE) transcripts in this study belonged to various supporting pathways that are not obviously involved in the accumulation of these major biomass components. The analysis revealed 1,649 DE transcripts between the young and mature tissues, while 555 DE transcripts were found between the low and high fiber genotypes. Of these, 151 and 23 transcripts respectively, were directly involved in sugar and fiber accumulation. Most of the transcripts identified were up-regulated in the young tissues (2 to 22-fold, FDR adjusted p-value <0.05), which could be explained by the more active metabolism in the young tissues compared to the mature tissues in the sugarcane culm. The results of analysis of the contrasting genotypes suggests that due to the large number of genes contributing to these traits, some of the critical DE transcripts could display less than 2-fold differences in expression and might not be easily identified. However, this transcript profiling analysis identified full-length candidate transcripts and pathways that were likely to determine the differences in sugar and fiber accumulation between tissue types and contrasting genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam V. Hoang
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angela J. O’Keeffe
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frederik C. Botha
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Sugar Research Australia, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rai KM, Thu SW, Balasubramanian VK, Cobos CJ, Disasa T, Mendu V. Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Cell Wall Related Genes in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a Food, Fodder, and Biofuel Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1287. [PMID: 27630645 PMCID: PMC5006623 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biomass based alternative fuels offer a solution to the world's ever-increasing energy demand. With the ability to produce high biomass in marginal lands with low inputs, sorghum has a great potential to meet second-generation biofuel needs. Despite the sorghum crop importance in biofuel and fodder industry, there is no comprehensive information available on the cell wall related genes and gene families (biosynthetic and modification). It is important to identify the cell wall related genes to understand the cell wall biosynthetic process as well as to facilitate biomass manipulation. Genome-wide analysis using gene family specific Hidden Markov Model of conserved domains identified 520 genes distributed among 20 gene families related to biosynthesis/modification of various cell wall polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. Chromosomal localization analysis of these genes revealed that about 65% of cell wall related genes were confined to four chromosomes (Chr. 1-4). Further, 56 tandem duplication events involving 169 genes were identified in these gene families which could be associated with expansion of genes within families in sorghum. Additionally, we also identified 137 Simple Sequence Repeats related to 112 genes and target sites for 10 miRNAs in some important families such as cellulose synthase, cellulose synthase-like, and laccases, etc. To gain further insight into potential functional roles, expression analysis of these gene families was performed using publically available data sets in various tissues and under abiotic stress conditions. Expression analysis showed tissue specificity as well as differential expression under abiotic stress conditions. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive information on cell wall related genes families in sorghum which offers a valuable resource to develop strategies for altering biomass composition by plant breeding and genetic engineering approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishan M. Rai
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sandi W. Thu
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vimal K. Balasubramanian
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J. Cobos
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Tesfaye Disasa
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
- National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural ResearchAddis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Venugopal Mendu
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muthamilarasan M, Khan Y, Jaishankar J, Shweta S, Lata C, Prasad M. Integrative analysis and expression profiling of secondary cell wall genes in C4 biofuel model Setaria italica reveals targets for lignocellulose bioengineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:965. [PMID: 26583030 PMCID: PMC4631826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several underutilized grasses have excellent potential for use as bioenergy feedstock due to their lignocellulosic biomass. Genomic tools have enabled identification of lignocellulose biosynthesis genes in several sequenced plants. However, the non-availability of whole genome sequence of bioenergy grasses hinders the study on bioenergy genomics and their genomics-assisted crop improvement. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.; Si) is a model crop for studying systems biology of bioenergy grasses. In the present study, a systematic approach has been used for identification of gene families involved in cellulose (CesA/Csl), callose (Gsl) and monolignol biosynthesis (PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3H, CCoAOMT, F5H, COMT, CCR, CAD) and construction of physical map of foxtail millet. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of identified proteins showed that monolignol biosynthesis proteins were highly diverse, whereas CesA/Csl and Gsl proteins were homologous to rice and Arabidopsis. Comparative mapping of foxtail millet lignocellulose biosynthesis genes with other C4 panicoid genomes revealed maximum homology with switchgrass, followed by sorghum and maize. Expression profiling of candidate lignocellulose genes in response to different abiotic stresses and hormone treatments showed their differential expression pattern, with significant higher expression of SiGsl12, SiPAL2, SiHCT1, SiF5H2, and SiCAD6 genes. Further, due to the evolutionary conservation of grass genomes, the insights gained from the present study could be extrapolated for identifying genes involved in lignocellulose biosynthesis in other biofuel species for further characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf Khan
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Shweta Shweta
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Charu Lata
- Division of Plant-Microbe Interactions, CSIR-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|