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Staufenberg AR, Frankenberger HK, Förster-Ruhrmann U, Spahn FC, Klimek L, Fruth K, Stihl C, Matthias C, Gröger M, Hagemann J. [Biologic therapy in patients with severe NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease and previous aspirin desensitization : Results of a multicentric study]. HNO 2024; 72:473-483. [PMID: 38466409 PMCID: PMC11192825 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-024-01433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a type‑2 inflammatory disease of the upper airways, with severe impairment of quality of life. Persons affected by NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) usually present with highly dynamic recurrence of polyps and disease despite prior treatment with sinus surgeries, oral corticosteroids, and aspirin desensitization (ATAD). Biologic therapy has fundamentally changed the choice of therapeutic concept; however, limited data exist on subgroups such as NERD patients. The aim of the current article is to report on a multicenter retrospective study on add-on therapy with dupilumab, omalizumab, and mepolizumab in patients with NERD. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of patients (NERD+, status after ATAD) in three reference centers in Germany (Munich, Mainz, Berlin). Subjective and objective parameters were collected at 4, 8, and 12 months after biologic therapy initiation in accordance with current EPOS/EUFOREA (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps/European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases) guidelines. Biologic agents were chosen depending on availability and patient characteristics. RESULTS Treatment was commenced in 122 patients meeting the criteria for CRSwNP and NERD. The endoscopic polyp score, SNOT-22 questionnaire score, visual analogue scoring of total symptoms/severity of disease, and sense of smell (psychophysical testing with Sniffin'Sticks/Brief Smell Identification Test, B‑SIT; Sensonics, Inc., Haddon Heights, NJ, USA) improved significantly after 4 and 12 months of add-on therapy (p < 0.0001). All three biologic agents significantly improved one or more disease parameter. Adverse events were not life threatening but led to change of biologic agent in 4 cases. Patients rated biologic therapy significantly better than ATAD, with improved long-term disease control. CONCLUSION Add-on biologic therapy is effective, safe, and widely accepted among CRSwNP + NERD patients. Future studies might allow for personalized algorithms with sequential surgery, ATAD, and/or biologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Rebekka Staufenberg
- Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Hanna K Frankenberger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Campus Großhadern, München, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Förster-Ruhrmann
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Franziska C Spahn
- Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie, An den Quellen 10, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
| | - Kai Fruth
- HNO Zentrum Mainz, Emmeransstr. 9, 55161, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Clemens Stihl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Campus Großhadern, München, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Matthias
- Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Moritz Gröger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Campus Großhadern, München, Deutschland
| | - Jan Hagemann
- Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Wan L, Li J, Wang C, Zhang L. Comparison of clinical traits for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis during allergen exposure. Allergy Asthma Proc 2024; 45:173-179. [PMID: 38755782 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2024.45.240009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is traditionally subdivided into seasonal AR (SAR) and perennial AR (PAR) according to the type of allergen and the occurrence of symptoms during the year. There are currently no reports on the comparison of trait profiles for SAR and PAR during the allergen exposure. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of SAR and PAR during respective allergen exposure periods to provide valuable information for the development of treatment strategies. Methods: This study was performed between August 1, 2021, and January 31, 2022, in the Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital. We continuously included diagnosed SAR and PAR outpatients who volunteered to participate in the survey. A questionnaire with regard to medical history, severity of symptoms, and diagnosis and treatment status was collected. Results: A total of 296 patients with SAR and 448 with PAR were finally recruited. Patients with SAR had more severe rhinorrhea compared with patients with PAR (p < 0.001), whereas there was no statistically significant difference in the severity of itching, sneezing, and congestion between the two entities (p ≥ 0.05). Both the gritty and watery eyes of patients with SAR were noticeably more severe than those of patients with PAR (PTotal Ocular Symptom Score [PTOSS] < 0.001). AR symptom severity is mainly associated with the comorbid allergic conjunctivitis (odds ratio 1.94 [95% confidence interval, 1.21-3.09]). SAR patients and PAR patients show no statistically significant differences in terms of their frequency of visits, annual expenditure, and choice of medication treatment for AR (p > 0.05). The overall control under standard medication of both patients with PAR and those with SAR is not ideal, especially in SAR. Conclusion: The current cross-sectional study demonstrated that the patients with SAR exhibited more severe overall clinical symptoms than those with PAR, especially nasal rhinorrhea and gritty and watery eyes. Both of the two disease entities have poor control under standardized medication treatment, especially in SAR. Further multicenter longitudinal studies that involve larger and more diverse populations should be conducted to provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Wang
- From the Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- From the Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianqi Wan
- From the Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China, and
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- From the Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- From the Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Cho KA, Kwon J, Kim HJ, Woo SY. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes differentially regulate gene expression of mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 696:149517. [PMID: 38219487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the immunomodulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is primarily attributed to the paracrine pathway. As a key paracrine effector, MSC-derived exosomes are small vesicles that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying bioactive substances. We previously found that exosomes derived from tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) were able to effectively attenuate inflammatory responses in mast cells. Here we investigated how T-MSC exosomes impact mast cells in steady state, and how exposure of T-MSCs to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ligands changes this impact. Transcriptomic analysis of HMC-1 cells, a human mast cell line, using DNA microarrays showed that T-MSC exosomes broadly regulate genes involved in the normal physiology of mast cells. TLR3 or TLR4 primed T-MSC exosomes impacted fewer genes involved in specific functions in mast cells. This distinguishable regulation also was apparent in the analysis of related gene interactions. Our results suggest that MSC exosomes maintain immune homeostasis in normal physiology and impact the inflammatory state by modulating mast cell transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Youn Woo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
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Li P, Wang N, Kai L, Si J, Wang Z. Chronic intranasal corticosteroid treatment induces degeneration of olfactory sensory neurons in normal and allergic rhinitis mice. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1889-1905. [PMID: 36800514 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal eosinophilic inflammation is the therapeutic target for olfactory dysfunction in allergic rhinitis (AR). Intranasal corticosteroids are commonly considered to offer targetable benefit given their immunosuppressive property. However, experimental evidence suggests that continuous corticosteroid exposure may directly cause olfactory damage by disrupting the turnover of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). This potentially deleterious effect of corticosteroids calls into question their long-term topical use for treating olfactory loss related to AR. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of chronic intranasal corticosteroid treatment on olfactory function and OSN population in mice under normal and pathological conditions. METHODS BALB/c mice were intranasally treated with fluticasone propionate (FP, 0.3 mg/kg) for up to 8 weeks. Additional mice were used to establish an ovalbumin-induced mouse model of AR, followed by nasal challenge with ovalbumin for 8 weeks in the presence or absence of intranasal FP treatment. The authors examined olfactory function, OSN existence, neuronal turnover, and nasal inflammation using behavioral test, histological analyses, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Intranasal treatment with FP for 8 weeks (FP-wk8) reduced odor sensitivity in normal mice. This reduction was concomitant with loss of OSNs and the axons projecting to the olfactory bulb, primarily resulting from increased neuronal apoptosis. In FP-wk8 AR mice, intranasal FP treatment attenuated olfactory impairment and eosinophilic inflammation but failed to reconstitute OSN population and axonal projections. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chronic intranasal corticosteroid treatment contributes to OSN degeneration that may reduce the therapeutic effectiveness for AR-related olfactory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Kai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyuan Si
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Albrecht T, Sailer MM, Capitani F, van Schaik C, Löwenheim H, Becker S. Real-world evidence for the effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in patients with CRSwNP after 1 year of therapy. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100780. [PMID: 37234094 PMCID: PMC10206757 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives For nearly 3 years, the monoclonal antibody dupilumab has been approved in Germany for the treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Although efficacy has been demonstrated in large double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, few reports of real-world data on this therapy have been published to date. Methods Patients with an indication for treatment with dupilumab for CRSwNP were included in the study and followed up every 3 months for a period of 1 year. At the baseline visit, demographic data, medical history, comorbidities, nasal polyp score, disease-related quality of life (SNOT-22), nasal congestion, and sense of smell (VAS and Sniffiń Sticks test) were recorded. In addition, total blood eosinophil counts and serum total IgE were measured. During follow-up, all of the described parameters and possible adverse events were recorded. Results Eighty-one patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 68 patients were still receiving dupilumab after 1 year of follow-up. Eight patients discontinued therapy, with only 1 patient discontinuing due to severe side effects. The Polyp score decreased substantially during follow-up, and parameters for disease-related quality of life and sense of smell increased significantly. Total IgE levels decreased significantly, and eosinophils leveled off at baseline after an initial increase after three months of therapy. No clinical data could be identified to a priori predict a treatment response. Conclusions Dupilumab shows effectiveness and safety in the treatment of CRSwNP under real-world conditions. More research on systemic biomarkers and clinical parameters to predict treatment response is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Albrecht
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin M. Sailer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
- Otorhinolaryngology Medical Center, Dres. Sailer, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Flavia Capitani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolina van Schaik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Löwenheim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
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Zarachi A, Lianou AD, Pezoulas V, Komnos I, Milionis O, Fotiadis D, Milionis H, Kastanioudakis IG, Liontos A. Visual Analogue Scale for the Evaluation of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction of COVID-19 Patients in Northwestern Greece. Cureus 2023; 15:e36413. [PMID: 37090302 PMCID: PMC10115151 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The visual analogue scale (VAS) has been used as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of the severity of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (OGD) caused by SARS-CoV2 infection. The main objective of the present study was the evaluation of OGD with VAS in COVID-19-positive patients in Northwestern Greece and its possible association with the patients' self-reported symptoms of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Methods The presence of olfactory and gustatory symptoms and their severity were assessed by questionnaire along with the use of specific odorants and tastant ingredients, in three time periods: prior to COVID-19, during COVID-19 (initial diagnosis) and post-COVID-19 disease (at four weeks from disease onset). Three hundred COVID-19-positive patients (home-quarantined and hospitalized) tested with RT-PCR test in the University Hospital of Ioannina Greece were included in this study. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS Statistics 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) Results Out of a total of 300 patients, 146 and 190 patients had mild hyposmia and hypogeusia respectively, followed by patients with severe hyposmia or hypogeusia (118 and 88 respectively), at the time of COVID-19 onset (initial diagnosis). An increase in the number of patients with recovery of symptoms was observed during the follow-up period, during which only eight patients had non-resolving severe symptoms (six patients with hyposmia and two with hypogeusia). On further analysis, a statistically significant association was found between the severity of symptoms (assessed by VAS score) and the self-reported symptoms of sensory dysfunction by the patients. There was a significant association between the groups of patients with mild hyposmia and patients that reported no loss of smell; between the patients with moderate hyposmia and the patients who reported "loss of smell"; and between the patients with severe hyposmia and the group of patients who reported a loss of smell, at the COVID-19 onset period. Similarly, patients with mild hyposmia were associated with those that reported a loss of smell at the same time. The severity of hyposmia was also associated with the reported symptom of "loss of taste" at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis. Similar findings were observed regarding the severity of hypogeusia and the reported symptom of "loss of taste" among the groups of patients. Finally, the severity of hypogeusia was associated with smell loss at the time of initial diagnosis of the infection. Conclusion Similar to the literature data, our findings indicate that hyposmia and hypogeusia are common symptoms of COVID-19 disease with varying severity. In our study, most of the patients exerted a complete recovery of these OGD symptoms. In addition, we found an association between olfactory dysfunction and self-reported sensory of taste as well as gustatory dysfunction and sensory of smell. Finally, we found that the VAS score was a reliable diagnostic tool in the estimation of OGD in this cohort of patients. However, our results need to be confirmed by larger-scale trials.
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7
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Antwi S, Oduro-Mensah D, Obiri DD, Osafo N, Antwi AO, Ansah HO, Ocloo A, Okine LKNA. Hydro-ethanol extract of Holarrhena floribunda stem bark exhibits anti-anaphylactic and anti-oedematogenic effects in murine models of acute inflammation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:80. [PMID: 35305615 PMCID: PMC8934059 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) T.Durand & Schinz stem bark has anecdotal use in Ghanaian folk medicine for the management of inflammatory conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the bark extract using models of acute inflammation in male Sprague Dawley rats, C57BL/6 mice and ICR mice. Methods A 70% hydro-ethanol extract of the stem bark (HFE) was evaluated at doses of 5–500 mg/kg bw. Local anaphylaxis was modelled by the pinnal cutaneous anaphylactic test. Systemic anaphylaxis or sepsis were modeled by compound 48/80 or lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Clonidine-induced catalepsy was used to investigate the effect on histamine signaling. Anti-oedematogenic effect was assessed by induction with carrageenan. Effects on mediators of biphasic acute inflammation were studied using histamine and serotonin (early phase) or prostaglandin E2 (late phase). Results HFE demonstrated anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oedematogenic activity comparable to standard doses of aspirin and diclofenac (inhibitors of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2), chlorpheniramine (histamine H1-receptor antagonist), dexamethasone (glucocorticoid receptor agonist), granisetron (serotonin receptor antagonist) and sodium cromoglycate (inhibitor of mast cell degranulation). All observed HFE bioactivities increased with dose. Conclusions The data provide evidence that the extract of H. floribunda stem bark has anti-anaphylactic and anti-oedematogenic effects; by interfering with signalling or metabolism of histamine, serotonin and prostaglandin E2 which mediate the progression of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic activities of HFE may be relevant in the context of the management of COVID-19.
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Kikuta S, Kuboki A, Yamasoba T. Protective Effect of Insulin in Mouse Nasal Mucus Against Olfactory Epithelium Injury. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:803769. [PMID: 35002636 PMCID: PMC8733614 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.803769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is present in nasal mucus and plays an important role in the survival and activity of individual olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) via insulin receptor-mediated signaling. However, it is unclear whether insulin acts prophylactically against olfactotoxic drug-induced olfactory epithelium (OE) injury, and whether the degree of damage is affected by the concentration of insulin in the nasal mucus. The apoptosis-inducing drug methimazole was administered to the nasal mucus of diabetic and normal mice along with different concentrations of insulin. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to assess the relationship between damage to the OE and the mucus insulin concentration and the protective effect of insulin administration against eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP)-induced OE injury. Diabetic mice had lower concentrations of insulin in their nasal mucus than normal mice (diabetic vs. normal mice, p < 0.001). Methimazole administration reduced the number of OSNs in normal mice and had a more marked effect in diabetic mice. However, unilateral insulin administration prevented the methimazole-induced reduction in the number of OSNs on the ipsilateral side but not on the contralateral side (OSNs; Insulin vs. contralateral side, p < 0.001). Furthermore, intranasal ECP administration damaged the OE by inducing apoptosis (OSNs; ECP vs. contralateral side, p < 0.001), but this damage was largely prevented by insulin administration (OSNs; Insulin + ECP vs. contralateral side, p = 0.36), which maintained the number of mature OSNs. The severity of methimazole-induced damage to the OE is related to the insulin concentration in the nasal mucus (Correlation between the insulin concentration in nasal mucus and the numbers of OSNs, R2 = 0.91, p < 0.001), which may imply that nasal insulin protects OSNs and that insulin administration might lead to the development of new therapeutic agents for ECP-induced OE injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Kuboki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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10
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Rupa V, Sara K, Jeyaseelan L. Changes in olfaction & quality of life following standard medical therapy in patients with intermittent & persistent allergic rhinitis. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:373-379. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1517_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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11
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Cattaneo C, Mameli C, D'Auria E, Zuccotti G, Pagliarini E. The Influence of Common Noncommunicable Diseases on Chemosensory Perception and Clinical Implications in Children and Adolescents. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:234-247. [PMID: 34535793 PMCID: PMC8803496 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased incidence of noninfectious chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and allergies, has been noted in the last century, especially in the last 2 to 3 generations. Evidence suggested that the interrelation among these chronic conditions in pediatric age (e.g., children and adolescents aged 4-16 y) is complex and still unknown, reinforcing the interest of pediatricians in these diseases. Of interest is the need to better understand the link between these pathologies and sensory perception, since the chemical senses of taste and smell, together with chemesthesis, are reported to have a role in food choices and may provide a novel target for intervention in the treatment of these pathologies. This review aims to explore the current evidence on the link between these chronic conditions and chemosensory perception (i.e., taste and smell). In addition, the putative role that chemosensory perception may have on food choices and eating behavior of children and adolescents affected by these diseases are highlighted. Furthermore, the review addresses the unexplored issues that need to be investigated in this area. The literature data search suggested that no clear relation between taste and smell perception and the aforementioned diseases in young population yet exists. However, some possible trends have been highlighted in the adult population, in whom the duration of disease might have affected the relation. There is a need for further, high-quality, hypothesis-led research, with robust measures of taste and smell functions as the primary outcomes, to strengthen or deny this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ella Pagliarini
- Sensory and Consumer Science Lab (SCS_Lab), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Malone RW, Tisdall P, Fremont-Smith P, Liu Y, Huang XP, White KM, Miorin L, Moreno E, Alon A, Delaforge E, Hennecker CD, Wang G, Pottel J, Blair RV, Roy CJ, Smith N, Hall JM, Tomera KM, Shapiro G, Mittermaier A, Kruse AC, García-Sastre A, Roth BL, Glasspool-Malone J, Ricke DO. COVID-19: Famotidine, Histamine, Mast Cells, and Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633680. [PMID: 33833683 PMCID: PMC8021898 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is required for COVID-19, but many signs and symptoms of COVID-19 differ from common acute viral diseases. SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary but not sufficient for development of clinical COVID-19 disease. Currently, there are no approved pre- or post-exposure prophylactic COVID-19 medical countermeasures. Clinical data suggest that famotidine may mitigate COVID-19 disease, but both mechanism of action and rationale for dose selection remain obscure. We have investigated several plausible hypotheses for famotidine activity including antiviral and host-mediated mechanisms of action. We propose that the principal mechanism of action of famotidine for relieving COVID-19 symptoms involves on-target histamine receptor H2 activity, and that development of clinical COVID-19 involves dysfunctional mast cell activation and histamine release. Based on these findings and associated hypothesis, new COVID-19 multi-drug treatment strategies based on repurposing well-characterized drugs are being developed and clinically tested, and many of these drugs are available worldwide in inexpensive generic oral forms suitable for both outpatient and inpatient treatment of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Malone
- RW Malone MD LLC, Madison, VA, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Philip Tisdall
- Medical School Companion LLC, Marco Island, FL, United States
| | | | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Assaf Alon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elise Delaforge
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Guanyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United Sates.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United Sates.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Nora Smith
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Julie M Hall
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine - Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, United States
| | - Kevin M Tomera
- Department of Urology, Beloit Memorial Hospital, Beloit, WI, United States
| | | | | | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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13
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Elsürer Ç, Bozkurt B, Aksoy Md C, Bozkurt MK. Evaluation of Olfactory Function in Children With Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 35:535-540. [PMID: 33225727 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420975650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, severe allergic disease of the conjunctiva, which mostly affects young males in early to mid-childhood. There is a high incidence of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and eczema among patients with VKC. It is unknown if VKC patients have abnormal olfactory dysfunction, and if so, whether this is related to AR. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate olfactory function in children with VKC, with and without comorbid AR, in comparison to healthy children without VKC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-nine VKC patients and 32 healthy children were included in the study. After eye and ear, nose and throat (ENT) examination, acoustic rhinometry and modified Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) tests were performed and the test results were compared between VKC and control groups and between VKC children with or without AR. A p value <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. RESULTS The VKC group included 25 males (64.1%) with a mean age of 11.13 ± 3.22 years, while the control group included 26 males (81.3%) with a mean age of 12.50 ± 2.13 years (p > 0.05 for both age and gender). Fourteen VKC patients (35.9%) had either positive prick test or elevated serum specific IgE levels against house dust mites and pollens. Mean odor thresholds did not differ between the two groups (p = 0.084), while mean odor identification and CCCRC score were statistically significantly lower in VKC group (6.00 ± 1.02 and 6.81 ± 0.75, respectively) compared to control group (7.06 ± 0.77 and 7.5 ± 0.41, respectively) (p < 0.05, both). Thirteen VKC patients had co-associated AR (33.3%). In VKC patients with AR, mean odor threshold and identification scores were even lower (5.31 ± 0.95 and 6.23 ± 0.78, respectively) (p < 0.05, both). CONCLUSION Olfactory function was found to be mildly impaired in children with VKC, especially when co-associated with AR. Therefore, loss of smell should be asked as an extraocular symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağdaş Elsürer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Banu Bozkurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ceren Aksoy Md
- Department of Otolaryngology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mete K Bozkurt
- Department of Otolaryngology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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14
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Thomas DC, Baddireddy SM, Kohli D. Anosmia: A review in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 and orofacial pain. J Am Dent Assoc 2020; 151:696-702. [PMID: 32854871 PMCID: PMC7328601 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Malone RW, Tisdall P, Fremont-Smith P, Liu Y, Huang XP, White KM, Miorin L, Del Olmo EM, Alon A, Delaforge E, Hennecker CD, Wang G, Pottel J, Smith N, Hall JM, Shapiro G, Mittermaier A, Kruse AC, García-Sastre A, Roth BL, Glasspool-Malone J, Ricke DO. COVID-19: Famotidine, Histamine, Mast Cells, and Mechanisms. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-30934. [PMID: 32702719 PMCID: PMC7336703 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-30934/v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is required for COVID-19, but many signs and symptoms of COVID-19 differ from common acute viral diseases. Currently, there are no pre- or post-exposure prophylactic COVID-19 medical countermeasures. Clinical data suggest that famotidine may mitigate COVID-19 disease, but both mechanism of action and rationale for dose selection remain obscure. We explore several plausible avenues of activity including antiviral and host-mediated actions. We propose that the principal famotidine mechanism of action for COVID-19 involves on-target histamine receptor H2 activity, and that development of clinical COVID-19 involves dysfunctional mast cell activation and histamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kris M. White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Elena Moreno Del Olmo
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Assaf Alon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elise Delaforge
- McGill University, Department of Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Guanyu Wang
- McGill University, Department of Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Julie M. Hall
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine – Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
| | | | | | - Andrew C. Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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16
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Jung AY, Kim YH. Reversal of Olfactory Disturbance in Allergic Rhinitis Related to OMP Suppression by Intranasal Budesonide Treatment. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:110-124. [PMID: 31743968 PMCID: PMC6875474 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the severity of olfactory disturbance (OD) in the murine model of allergic rhinitis (AR) and local allergic rhinitis (LAR) in mice. We also investigated the therapeutic effect of an intranasal steroid on OD. METHODS Forty BALB/c mice were divided into 5 groups (n = 8 for each). The control group was sensitized intraperitoneally (i.p.) and challenged intranasally (i.n.) with saline. Mice in the AR group got i.p. and i.n. ovalbumin (OVA) administration for AR induction. The LAR group was challenged i.n. with 1% OVA for inducing local nasal allergic inflammation, without inducing the systemic allergy. The OD group got an i.p. methimazole administration (75 mg/kg) to induce total destruction of olfactory mucosa. Mice in the intranasal budesonide group received i.n. budesonide (12.8 μ per time, 30 minutes after the i.n. OVA challenge) while using OVA to cause systemic allergies. We conducted a buried-food pellet test to functionally assess the degree of OD in each group by measuring the time taken until finding hidden food. We evaluated the damage to olfactory epithelium using histopathologic evaluation and compared the degree of olfactory marker protein (OMP) expression in olfactory epithelium using immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Mice of the AR (81.3 ± 19.8 seconds) and LAR groups (66.2 ± 12.7 seconds) spent significantly more time to detect the pellets than the control group (35.6 ± 12.2 seconds, P < 0.01). After treatment, the intranasal budesonide group exhibited significantly better results (35.8 ± 11.9 seconds) compared with the AR and LAR groups (P < 0.01). The AR and LAR groups showed considerable olfactory epithelial damage and suppression of OMP expression compared with the control group. In the intranasal budesonide group, the olfactory lesions and OMP expression had improved substantially. CONCLUSIONS OD may be caused by olfactory epithelial damage and suppression of OMP expression in nasal allergic inflammation and could be reversed using an intranasal steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Yeoun Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Hyo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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17
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Evaluation of the methoxy-X04 derivative BSC4090 for diagnosis of prodromal and early Alzheimer's disease from bioptic olfactory mucosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:973-984. [PMID: 30421149 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology precedes the onset of clinical symptoms by several decades. Thus, biomarkers are required to identify prodromal disease stages to allow for the early and effective treatment. The methoxy-X04-derivative BSC4090 is a fluorescent ligand which was designed to target neurofibrillary tangles in AD. BSC4090 staining was previously detected in post-mortem brains and olfactory mucosa derived from AD patients. We tested BSC4090 as a potential diagnostic marker of prodromal and early AD using olfactory mucosa biopsies from 12 individuals with AD, 13 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 10 cognitively normal (CN) controls. Receiver-operating curve analysis revealed areas under the curve of 0.78 for AD versus CN and of 0.86 for MCI due to AD versus MCI of other causes. BSC4090 labeling correlated significantly with cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau protein phosphorylated at T181. Using NMR spectroscopy, we find that BSC4090 binds to fibrillar and pre-fibrillar but not to monomeric tau. Thus, BSC4090 may be an interesting candidate to detect AD at the early disease stages.
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18
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Gupta N, Harit A, Taneja HC, Kumar R, Tripathi AK. Olfaction and Its Correlates in Allergic Rhinitis: A Case Control Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 71:1782-1786. [DOI: 10.1007/s12070-017-1149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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19
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Aksoy C, Elsürer Ç, Artaç H, Bozkurt MK. Evaluation of olfactory function in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis and its correlation with acoustic rhinometry. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 113:188-191. [PMID: 30173982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is common in children and hyposmia is a major symptom affecting the quality of life. The aim of the present study is to assess olfactory dysfunction in pediatric patients with SAR and correlate the results with acoustic rhinometry measurements. METHODS Forty children, diagnosed as moderate and severe SAR based on clinical findings, ARIA (Allergic rhinitis and it's impact on asthma) classification and prick test results were enrolled in the study. Endoscopic nasal examination, acoustic rhinometry, total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) tests were performed 'in season' (May-August) and 'out season' (November-February). Three patients who did not show up in 'out season' examinations were excluded from the study. RESULTS The ages of the children ranged between 8 and 18 years with a hyposmia increased and odor identification decreased (p < 0.005, p = 0.003, respectively), whereas no differences were found between odor thresholds and the discrimination values (p > 0.05). Mean CCCRC value was obstruction score (r =-0.340, p = 0.04), subjective hyposmia (r = -0.44, p = 0.007) and TNSS (r = -0.494, p = 0.02). Although some of the acustic rhinometry parameters were lower during allergy season, there were no correlations between acoustic rhinometry parameters and CCCRS values. CONCLUSION Nearly half of the children with AR reported a mild to moderate hyposmia during pollen season and there was a decrease in odor identification, which can be easily shown using a CCCRC test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Aksoy
- Boyabat State Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Elsürer
- Selcuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Artaç
- Selcuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Turkey
| | - Mete Kaan Bozkurt
- Selcuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turkey.
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20
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Olfactory Dysfunction in CNS Neuroimmunological Disorders: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3714-3721. [PMID: 30191380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is deeply associated with quality of human life in the aging population. Olfactory dysfunction is an occasional presymptomatic sign of neuroimmunological multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Olfaction is initially processed by olfactory receptor cells that capture odor molecules, and the signals are transmitted to the glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs via olfactory nerves and processed in the primary olfactory cortex in the brain. Damage to either the olfactory receptor cells or the olfactory bulb and primary olfactory cortex may influence olfactory functioning. A close link between neuroimmunological disorders and olfactory dysfunction has been reported in patients and animal models. This review summarizes the literature data concerning olfactory dysfunction in autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and systemic lupus erythematosus; animal models thereof; and inflammation in the olfactory bulb.
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21
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Magliulo G, De Vincentiis M, Iannella G, Ciofalo A, Pasquariello B, Manno A, Angeletti D, Polimeni A. Olfactory evaluation in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2018; 38:338-345. [PMID: 30197425 PMCID: PMC6146584 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sense of smell has a high impact on the quality of life. The aim of the present study was to investigate olfactory dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and correlate the severity of disease with olfactory dysfunction. The relationships between nasal obstruction, nasal mucociliary cleareance and olfactory tests were also evaluated. Sixty patients with a diagnosis of OSAS were enrolled and underwent olfactory function evaluation. In all patients olfactory performance was tested with the Sniffin' Sticks method. Mucociliary transport times and anterior rhinomanometry were performed to identify eventual nasal obstruction and deficits in nasal mucociliary clearance. Olfactory dysfunction was present in 22 (36.6%) patients of the study group: of these, hyposmia was present in 19 (86.4%) and anosmia in 3 (13.6%). The mean TDI score in the study group was 30. A strong correlation between the olfactory dysfunction and severity of sleep apnoea measured using the AHI was found. Patients with OSA would seem to have a high incidence of olfactory dysfunction. The degree of olfactory dysfunction appears to be related to the severity of disease. However, other co-factors such as nasal obstruction and reduced mucociliary clearance might also play a role in of the aetiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Magliulo
- Department of Organi di Senso, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - G. Iannella
- Department of Organi di Senso, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Ciofalo
- Department of Organi di Senso, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - B. Pasquariello
- Department of Organi di Senso, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Manno
- Department of Organi di Senso, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Angeletti
- Department of Organi di Senso, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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22
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Dalgic A, Dinc M, Ulusoy S, Dizdar D, Is A, Topak M. Comparison of the effects of nasal steroids and montelukast on olfactory functions in patients with allergic rhinitis. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2017; 134:213-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Focusing on Different Allergic Rhinitis Medications. Am J Ther 2017; 23:e1568-e1578. [PMID: 25867532 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the effectiveness of 4 allergic rhinitis (AR) drugs (loratadine, cetirizine, montelukast, and desloratadine) in reducing functional problems in patients, as indicated by rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire scores. After an exhaustive search of electronic databases containing published scientific literature, high-quality randomized controlled trials relevant to our study were selected based on a stringent predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 12.0 and comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA 2.0) software. The literature search broadly identified 386 studies, and after a multistep screening and elimination process, a total of 13 randomized controlled trials contributed to this network meta-analysis. These 13 high-quality studies contained a combined total of 6867 patients with AR on 4 different medications. The results of network meta-analysis revealed that, compared with placebo, all 4 mediations treated AR effectively [cetirizine: mean: -0.62, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) = -0.90 to -0.34, P < 0.001; loratadine: mean: -0.32, 95% CI = -0.55 to -0.097, P = 0.005; montelukast: mean: -0.28, 95% CI = -0.54 to -0.023, P = 0.033; desloratadine: mean: -0.39, 95% CI = -0.60 to -0.18, P < 0.001]. A comparison of surface under the cumulative ranking curve values of these 4 interventions clearly showed that cetirizine is the most optimal medication for AR treatment. In conclusion, this network meta-analysis provides the first evidence that cetirizine is the most efficacious treatment for AR compared with loratadine, montelukast, and desloratadine, significantly reducing the functional problems in patients with AR.
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Emre Dinc M, Dalgic A, Avincsal MO, Ulusoy S, Celik A, Develioglu ON. An assessment of olfactory function in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:71-77. [PMID: 27472044 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1211318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The results reported here indicate that there was a statistically significant difference in the olfactory functions of laryngopharyngeal reflux patients vs the healthy group. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the olfactory function of patients diagnosed with laryngopharyngeal reflux using an objective method, 24-h pH monitoring. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to investigate olfactory functions in laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) patients and compare the results with healthy controls. METHODS A total of 60 participants; 30 men and women with a diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux and 30 healthy controls, were included in the study. Patients in the laryngopharyngeal reflux group were evaluated by the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), Reflux Finding Scores (RFS), and finally 24-h pH monitoring to confirm the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. The Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test results of the laryngopharyngeal reflux and control groups were compared, and the relationship between the study findings and the olfactory parameters were evaluated. RESULTS The odor threshold, odor discrimination, odor identification, and TDI scores of the laryngopharyngeal reflux group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Also there was a statistically significant negative correlation detected between the olfactory test and some symptom and finding scores.
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Takeno S, Okabayashi Y, Kohno T, Yumii K, Hirakawa K. The role of nasal fractional exhaled nitric oxide as an objective parameter independent of nasal airflow resistance in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 44:435-441. [PMID: 27692400 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) show augmented activity of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, similar to those in bronchial asthma (BA). We hypothesized that measurements of nasal fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) could be used as an objective marker to detect the presence of AR. Our objective was to clarify the influence of nasal airflow resistance (NAR) on nasal FeNO levels through an exhalation maneuver in symptomatic AR patients. We also examined the diagnostic test validity of the mean nasal FeNO level for disease discrimination by means of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. METHODS Fifty-nine untreated perennial AR patients without BA and 60 healthy controls were enrolled in this retrospective cross-sectional study. The subjective symptoms were recorded and the disease severity was classified according to the Japanese guideline for AR. The oral and nasal FeNO measurements were carried out using a handheld electrochemical analyzer according to the ATS/ERS guidelines. NAR was measured using a rhinomanometer by the anterior method. RESULTS The patients in the moderate-to-most severe AR group showed significantly higher levels of oral FeNO compared to the controls. The AR patients in both the mild (n=25) and the moderate-to-most severe (n=34) groups showed significantly higher levels of nasal FeNO compared to the controls (44.1ppb, 54.5ppb, and 26.5ppb, respectively). There was no significant difference in total NAR between the AR patients and the controls. The results of our comparison of nasal FeNO and NAR values of the ipsilateral nasal cavity for each individual indicated no significant correlation between the two-paired parameters. The optimal cut-off point of the mean nasal FeNO level was calculated as 38.5ppb (with 71% sensitivity and 86% specificity) to discriminate the presence of AR. CONCLUSION Nasal FeNO measurements can be an objective parameter for the diagnosis and classification of perennial AR in Japanese individuals. Nasal FeNO and NAR appear to be two independent measures that can be used to objectively evaluate nasal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Takeno
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Okabayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yumii
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hirakawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Kutlug S, Gunbey E, Sogut A, Celiksoy MH, Kardas S, Yildirim U, Karli R, Murat N, Sancak R. Evaluation of olfactory function in children with allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 86:172-6. [PMID: 27260602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Allergic rhinitis (AR) occurs when the symptoms of rhinitis arise as a result of allergen-induced nasal mucosal inflammation. In the presence of rhinitis symptoms without infection or an allergic reaction in the nose, non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) is considered. Adults with these diseases have increased frequency of olfactory dysfunction. The aim of the present study is to assess olfactory function in children with AR and NAR. METHODS A total of 77 children (aged six to 18 years) with AR and NAR were included in the study. The control group consisted of 45 healthy children. Sniffin' Sticks test was applied to both groups. The association between odor scores and demographic, clinical, and laboratory results was investigated. RESULTS Forty two patients had allergic rhinitis. No significant difference was observed between patients with rhinitis and healthy controls with respect to odor scores. No association was observed between odor scores and the severity of rhinitis and the laboratory results of the patient groups. Odor identification and total odor scores of the patients with rhinitis lasting for longer than three years were significantly lower than those in the patient group with rhinitis lasting for one to three years. In the AR and control groups, the odor scores were found to increase with age. CONCLUSIONS When compared with healthy children, children with allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis were not found to have reduced olfactory function. The duration of rhinitis may be associated with the olfactory dysfunction in children with rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Kutlug
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Emre Gunbey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Sogut
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Halil Celiksoy
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Semsettin Kardas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ugur Yildirim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Rifat Karli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Naci Murat
- Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Recep Sancak
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Poletti SC, Hummel T, Stuck BA. Riechfunktion bei allergischer Rhinitis: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-016-1092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stuck BA, Hummel T. Olfaction in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1460-1470. [PMID: 26409662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a key symptom in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Despite the implications for quality of life, relatively few articles have tested olfactory function in their investigations. The current systematic review aimed to investigate the following 2 questions: (1) What does AR do to human olfaction? (2) How effective is the treatment of AR in restoring the sense of smell? A comprehensive literature search was performed, and human studies of any design were included. A total of 420 articles were identified, and 36 articles were considered relevant. Data indicate that the frequency of olfactory dysfunction increases with the duration of the disorder, and most studies report a frequency in the range of 20% to 40%. Although olfactory dysfunction does not appear to be very severe in patients with AR, its presence seems to increase with the severity of the disease. There is very limited evidence that antihistamines improve olfactory function. In addition, there is limited evidence that topical steroids improve the sense of smell, especially in patients with seasonal AR. This is also the case for specific immunotherapy. However, many questions remain unanswered because randomized controlled trials are infrequent and only a few studies rely on quantitative measurement of olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Among the main causes of olfactory disorders are chronic rhinosinusitis, head trauma, acute infections of the upper respiratory tract and neurodegenerative diseases. Olfactory disorders can impose major restrictions on our lives. Although there are numerous approaches for the therapy of olfactory disorders, double-blind comparison studies are needed to distinguish between the effects of these therapies and spontaneous remission of olfactory disorders. The most significant aspects of treatments seem to be anti-inflammatory measures and the regenerative capabilities of the olfactory neuroepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hähner
- Universitäts-HNO-Klinik, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
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Grade 4 tonsillar hypertrophy associated with decreased retronasal olfactory function: a pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271:2311-6. [PMID: 24609735 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-2978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tonsillar hypertrophy is common in children, but it can also be present in adults. Enlarged tonsils, a significant anatomical barrier, may affect the flow of odor molecules from the oral cavity to the nasal passages, which has not yet been studied. Thus, we aimed to investigate the mass effect of palatine tonsillar hypertrophy on retronasal olfaction. This study was carried out in 146 subjects, with a mean age of 22.1 ± 2.2 years, ranging 20-29 years. An oropharyngeal examination of the participants was completed, and tonsillar hypertrophy was graded according to the subjective tonsil size scale. The participants were divided into four groups according to their tonsil size grading; then, each subject's orthonasal olfactory and retronasal olfactory functions were assessed using "Sniffin' Sticks" and retronasal olfactory testing. There were no differences observed between the groups in terms of age, gender, cigarette smoking, or alcohol consumption. In addition, there was no difference between the groups in terms of "Sniffin' Sticks" subtests and TDI scores. It was determined that the retronasal olfactory scores of the participants with grade 4 tonsil size were significantly lower than the retronasal olfactory scores of the participants with grade 1 tonsil size. The current investigation demonstrates that grade 4 tonsillar hypertrophy has significant negative effects on the retronasal route of olfactory sensing, when compared with grade 1 tonsillar hypertrophy.
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Altundag A, Salihoglu M, Cayonu M, Tekeli H, Kayabasoglu G. The Effect of Anatomic Clearance Between Tongue and Soft Palate on Retronasal Olfactory Function. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-014-9162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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