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Ganjali F, Asri N, Rostami-Nejad M, Hashemi M, Ainy E, Masotti A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H. Expression analysis of IL-2, TBX21 and SOCS1 in peripheral blood cells of celiac disease patients reveals the diagnostic potential of IL-2. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4841-4849. [PMID: 37039998 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy and a cytokine network is involved in its pathogenesis. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has a key role in the adaptive immune pathogenesis of CD and has been reported to be one of the earliest cytokines to be elicited after gluten exposure by CD patients. This study aimed at investigating the expression level of IL-2 and functionally related genes SOCS1 and TBX21 in active and treated CD patients compared to controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Peripheral blood (PB) samples were collected from 40 active CD (ACD), 100 treated CD, and 100 healthy subjects. RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized and mRNA expression levels of the desired genes were investigated by Real-time PCR. The gene-gene interaction network was also constructed by GeneMANIA. Our results showed a higher PB mRNA expression of IL-2 in ACD patients compared to controls (p = 0.001) and treated CD patients (p˂0.0001). The mRNA expression level of TBX21 was also significantly up-regulated in ACD patients compared to controls (P = 0.03). SOCS1 mRNA level did not differ between active and treated CD patients and controls (p˃0.05) but showed a significant correlation with the patient's aphthous stomatitis symptom (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). ROC curve analysis suggested that the use of IL-2 levels can reach a high specificity and sensitivity in discriminating active CD patients. CONCLUSIONS The PB level of IL-2 has the potential to be introduced as a diagnostic biomarker for CD. Larger cohort studies, including pediatric patients, are needed to achieve more insights in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ganjali
- Department of Cellular and molecular biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Asri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Science Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ainy
- Department of Vice Chancellor Research Affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Research Laboratories, V.le San Paolo 15, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Asri N, Fallah S, Rostami-Nejad M, Fallah Z, Khanlari-Kochaksaraei M, Jafari-Marandi S, Forouzesh F, Shahrokh S, Jahani-Sherafat S, Zali MR. The role of mir-197-3p in regulating the tight junction permeability of celiac disease patients under gluten free diet. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2007-2014. [PMID: 36536183 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is a hereditary immune-mediated disorder, which is along with the enormous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the reduced level of tight junction proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, Occludin, miR-122-5p and miR-197-3p genes in duodenal biopsies of treated CD patients in comparison to the controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsy specimens were taken from the duodenum of 50 treated CD patients (36 (72%) females and 14 (28%) males with mean age of 37.06 ± 7.02 years) and 50 healthy controls (17 (34%) females and 33 (66%) males with mean age of 34.12 ± 4.9). Total RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, Occludin, miR-122-5p and miR-197-3p were quantified by relative qPCR using B2M and U6 as internal control genes. All data were evaluated using SPSS (V.21) and GraphPad Prism (V.5). Our results showed that there was no significant difference between patients and controls for intestinal mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, Occludin, and miR-122-5p (p > 0.05) and the expression of miR-197-3p was significantly increased in CD patients relative to control subjects (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION This study suggests that adherence to GFD may have a positive effect on the tight junction (TJ) permeability and in this process, miR-197-3p plays an important role. Increased expression of miR-197-3p with a final protective effect on Occludin expression can be further studied as a complement therapeutic target for Celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Asri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Fallah
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717411, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Fallah
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khanlari-Kochaksaraei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayeh Jafari-Marandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Flora Forouzesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717411, Tehran, Iran
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Minokawa Y, Sawada Y, Nakamura M. Lifestyle Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031038. [PMID: 35162962 PMCID: PMC8835065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata is a representative inflammatory skin disease that is associated with various environmental stimuli. While psychological stress is believed to be a major pathogenetic trigger in alopecia areata, infants and newborns also suffer from the disease, suggesting the possible presence of other environmental factors. Daily lifestyle is well known to be involved in various inflammatory diseases and influences the severity of inflammatory skin diseases. However, only a limited number of studies have summarized these influences on alopecia areata. In this review article, we summarize lifestyle factor-related influences on the pathogenesis of alopecia areata and focus on environmental factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, obesity, fatty acids, and gluten consumption.
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Sacchetti L, Nardelli C. Gut microbiome investigation in celiac disease: from methods to its pathogenetic role. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:340-349. [PMID: 31494628 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our body is inhabited by a variety of microbes (microbiota), mainly bacteria, that outnumber our own cells. Until recently, most of what we knew about the human microbiota was based on culture methods, whereas a large part of the microbiota is uncultivable, and consequently previous information was limited. The advent of culture-independent methods and, particularly, of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodology, marked a turning point in studies of the microbiota in terms of its composition and of the genes encoded by these microbes (microbiome). The microbiome is influenced predominantly by environmental factors that cause a large inter-individual variability (~20%) being its heritability only 1.9%. The gut microbiome plays a relevant role in human physiology, and its alteration ("dysbiosis") has been linked to a variety of inflammatory gut diseases, including celiac disease (CD). CD is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder that is triggered by both genetic (mainly HLA-DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes) and environmental factors (gluten), but, in recent years, a large body of experimental evidence suggested that the gut microbiome is an additional contributing factor to the pathogenesis of CD. In this review, we summarize the literature that has investigated the gut microbiome associated with CD, the methods and biological samples usually employed in CD microbiome investigations and the putative pathogenetic role of specific microbial alterations in CD. In conclusion, both gluten-microbe and host-microbe interactions drive the gluten-mediated immune response. However, it remains to be established whether the CD-associated dysbiosis is the consequence of the disease, a simple concomitant association or a concurring causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sacchetti
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate SCarl, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate SCarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Nardelli
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate SCarl, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate SCarl, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Dotsenko V, Oittinen M, Taavela J, Popp A, Peräaho M, Staff S, Sarin J, Leon F, Isola J, Mäki M, Viiri K. Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis of Intestinal Mucosa in Celiac Disease Patients on a Gluten-Free Diet and Postgluten Challenge. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:13-32. [PMID: 32745639 PMCID: PMC7593586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gluten challenge studies are instrumental in understanding the pathophysiology of celiac disease. Our aims in this study were to reveal early gluten-induced transcriptomic changes in duodenal biopsies and to find tools for clinics. METHODS Duodenal biopsies were collected from 15 celiac disease patients on a strict long-term gluten-free diet (GFD) prior to and post a gluten challenge (PGC) and from 6 healthy control individuals (DC). Biopsy RNA was subjected to genome-wide 3' RNA-Seq. Sequencing data was used to determine the differences between the three groups and was compared to sequencing data from the public repositories. The biopsies underwent morphometric analyses. RESULTS In DC vs. GFD group comparisons, 167 differentially expressed genes were identified with 117 genes downregulated and 50 genes upregulated. In PGC vs. GFD group comparisons, 417 differentially expressed genes were identified with 195 genes downregulated and 222 genes upregulated. Celiac disease patients on a GFD were not "healthy". In particular, genes encoding proteins for transporting small molecules were expressed less. In addition to the activation of immune response genes, a gluten challenge induced hyperactive intestinal wnt-signaling and consequent immature crypt gene expression resulting in less differentiated epithelium. Biopsy gene expression in response to a gluten challenge correlated with the extent of the histological damage. Regression models using only four gene transcripts described 97.2% of the mucosal morphology and 98.0% of the inflammatory changes observed. CONCLUSIONS Our gluten challenge trial design provided an opportunity to study the transition from health to disease. The results show that even on a strict GFD, despite being deemed healthy, patients reveal patterns of ongoing disease. Here, a transcriptomic regression model estimating the extent of gluten-induced duodenal mucosal injury is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Dotsenko
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Oittinen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Taavela
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland,Department of Internal Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alina Popp
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland,Pediatric Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Markku Peräaho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Synnöve Staff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Tays Cancer Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jani Sarin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Jilab Inc, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Jorma Isola
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Jilab Inc, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Mäki
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Keijo Viiri, PhD, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere, FIN-33520, Finland; fax: +35833641369.
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Rostami-Nejad M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Zadeh-Esmaeel MM, RezaeiTavirani S, Akbari Z, Esmaeili S, Okhovatian F. Assessment of Cytokine-Mediated Signaling Pathway Dysregulation in Arm Skin After CO2 Laser Therapy. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:257-263. [PMID: 31875116 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Laser therapy is known as an efficient approach in dermatology surgery. CO2 laser therapy is a gold standard treatment in skin surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the interferons change after CO2 laser surgery Methods: Significant differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) of arm skin after 7 days of treatment by the CO2 laser relative to the controls are downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and are included in the protein-protein interaction network via a STRING database (an application of Cytoscape software). The central DEGs were identified and enriched via gene ontology by using Clue GO software. Results: A network including 78 DEGs and 100 neighbors was constructed and STAT1, MX1, ISG15, OAS1, IFIT1, IRF8, OASL, OAS2, and RSAD2 as hubs and STAT1, PTPRC, MX1, IRF8, ISG15, IL6, RORC, SAMSN1, and IFIT1 as bottlenecks were introduced. The cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, interferon gamma signaling, hepatitis C, interferon alpha/beta signaling, and the type I interferon signaling pathway were identified as 5 clusters of biological terms which are related to the central nodes. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway is the major pathway that is dysregulated after laser application in the treated skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sina RezaeiTavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Akbari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Esmaeili
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Okhovatian
- Physiotherapy Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Romero-Garmendia I, Garcia-Etxebarria K, Hernandez-Vargas H, Santin I, Jauregi-Miguel A, Plaza-Izurieta L, Cros MP, Legarda M, Irastorza I, Herceg Z, Fernandez-Jimenez N, Bilbao JR. Transcription Factor Binding Site Enrichment Analysis in Co-Expression Modules in Celiac Disease. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E245. [PMID: 29748492 PMCID: PMC5977185 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to construct celiac co-expression patterns at a whole genome level and to identify transcription factors (TFs) that could drive the gliadin-related changes in coordination of gene expression observed in celiac disease (CD). Differential co-expression modules were identified in the acute and chronic responses to gliadin using expression data from a previous microarray study in duodenal biopsies. Transcription factor binding site (TFBS) and Gene Ontology (GO) annotation enrichment analyses were performed in differentially co-expressed genes (DCGs) and selection of candidate regulators was performed. Expression of candidates was measured in clinical samples and the activation of the TFs was further characterized in C2BBe1 cells upon gliadin challenge. Enrichment analyses of the DCGs identified 10 TFs and five were selected for further investigation. Expression changes related to active CD were detected in four TFs, as well as in several of their in silico predicted targets. The activation of TFs was further characterized in C2BBe1 cells upon gliadin challenge, and an increase in nuclear translocation of CAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein 1 (CREB1) and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) in response to gliadin was observed. Using transcriptome-wide co-expression analyses we are able to propose novel genes involved in CD pathogenesis that respond upon gliadin stimulation, also in non-celiac models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Romero-Garmendia
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Izortze Santin
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amaia Jauregi-Miguel
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Leticia Plaza-Izurieta
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Marie-Pierre Cros
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Maria Legarda
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country-(UPV/EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Iñaki Irastorza
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country-(UPV/EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Nora Fernandez-Jimenez
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Cukrowska B, Sowińska A, Bierła JB, Czarnowska E, Rybak A, Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk U. Intestinal epithelium, intraepithelial lymphocytes and the gut microbiota - Key players in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7505-7518. [PMID: 29204051 PMCID: PMC5698244 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i42.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Before activating the immune system, gluten peptides are transferred by the epithelial barrier to the mucosal lamina propria, where they are deamidated by intestinal tissue transglutaminase 2. As a result, they strongly bind to human leucocyte antigens (HLAs), especially HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, expressed on antigen-presenting cells. This induces an inflammatory response, which results in small bowel enteropathy. Although gluten is the main external trigger activating both innate and adaptive (specific) immunity, its presence in the intestinal lumen does not fully explain CD pathogenesis. It has been hypothesized that an early disruption of the gut barrier in genetically susceptible individuals, which would result in an increased intestinal permeability, could precede the onset of gluten-induced immune events. The intestinal barrier is a complex functional structure, whose functioning is dependent on intestinal microbiota homeostasis, epithelial layer integrity, and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue with its intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The aim of this paper was to review the current literature and summarize the role of the gut microbiota, epithelial cells and their intercellular junctions, and IELs in CD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Cukrowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sowińska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Joanna Beata Bierła
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Czarnowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Anna Rybak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
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Younger age at diagnosis predisposes to mucosal recovery in celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187526. [PMID: 29095937 PMCID: PMC5695627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Persistent intestinal damage is associated with higher complication rates in celiac disease. We aimed to assess the potential modifiers of mucosal recovery. Materials and methods We screened databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Trials, and Web of Science) for papers on celiac disease. Papers discussing (1) celiac patients (2) follow-up biopsy and (3) mucosal recovery after commencement of a gluten-free diet were included. The primary outcome was to produce a comprehensive analysis of complete mucosal recovery (i.e., Marsh 0 on follow-up). We compared children’s recovery ratios to those of adults. Patients following a strict gluten-free dietary regimen were included in a subgroup. Summary point estimates, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and 95% predictive intervals (PIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity was tested with I2-statistic. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42016053482. Results The overall complete mucosal recovery ratio, calculated from 37 observational studies, was 0.36 (CI: 0.28–0.44, PI: -0.12–0.84; I2: 98.4%, p<0.01). Children showed higher complete mucosal recovery ratio than adults (p<0.01): 0.65 (CI: 0.44–0.85, PI: -0.10–1.39; I2: 96.5%, p<0.01) as opposed to 0.24 (CI: 0.15–0.33, PI: -0.19–1.08; I2: 96.3%, p<0.01). In the strict dietary adherence subgroup, complete mucosal recovery ratio was 0.47 (CI: 0.24–0.70, PI: -0.47–1.41; I2: 98.8%, p<0.001). On meta-regression, diagnostic villous atrophy (Marsh 3) ratio (-8.97, p<0.01) and male ratio (+6.04, p<0.01) proved to be a significant determinant of complete mucosal recovery, unlike duration of gluten-free diet (+0.01, p = 0.62). The correlation between complete mucosal recovery ratio and age on diagnosis is of borderline significance (-0.03, p = 0.05). Conclusions There is considerable heterogeneity across studies concerning complete mucosal recovery ratios achieved by a gluten-free diet in celiac disease. Several celiac patients fail to achieve complete mucosal recovery even if a strict dietary regimen is followed. Younger age on diagnosis, less severe initial histologic damage and male gender predispose for achieving mucosal recovery.
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10
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Zundler S, Neurath MF. Pathogenic T cell subsets in allergic and chronic inflammatory bowel disorders. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:263-276. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
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11
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Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the paper is to show the various neurological and psychiatric symptoms in coeliac disease (CD). CD is a T cell-mediated, tissue-specific autoimmune disease which affects genetically susceptible individuals after dietary exposure to proline- and glutamine-rich proteins contained in certain cereal grains. Genetics, environmental factors and different immune systems, together with the presence of auto-antigens, are taken into account when identifying the pathogenesis of CD. CD pathogenesis is related to immune dysregulation, which involves the gastrointestinal system, and the extra-intestinal systems such as the nervous system, whose neurological symptoms are evidenced in CD patients. A gluten-free diet (GFD) could avoid cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, neuropathies, migraine and mild cognitive impairment. Furthermore, untreated CD patients have more symptoms and psychiatric co-morbidities than those treated with a GFD. Common psychiatric symptoms in untreated CD adult patients include depression, apathy, anxiety, and irritability and schizophrenia is also common in untreated CD. Several studies show improvement in psychiatric symptoms after the start of a GFD. The present review discusses the state of the art regarding neurological and psychiatric complications in CD and highlights the evidence supporting a role for GFD in reducing neurological and psychiatric complications.
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Meta-Analysis on Associations of RGS1 and IL12A Polymorphisms with Celiac Disease Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:457. [PMID: 27043536 PMCID: PMC4848913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD) has been related to polymorphisms in the regulator of G-protein signaling 1 (RGS1) and interleukin-12 A (IL12A) genes, but the existing findings are inconsistent. Our aim is to investigate the associations of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2816316 in RGS1 and rs17810546 in IL12A) with CD risk using meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and Web of Science on RGS1 rs2816316 and IL12A rs17810546 with CD risk. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each SNP were estimated. All statistical analyses were performed on Stata 12.0. A total of seven studies were retrieved and analyzed. The available data indicated the minor allele C of rs2816316 was negatively associated with CD (C vs. A: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.74-0.80), and a positive association was found for the minor allele G of rs17810546 (G vs. A: OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.31-1.43). The co-dominant model of genotype effect confirmed the significant associations between RGS1 rs2816316/IL12A rs17810546 and CD. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Our meta-analysis supports the associations of RGS1 and IL12A with CD and strongly calls for further studies to better understand the roles of RGS1 and IL12A in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Increased arterial stiffness and its relationship with inflammation, insulin, and insulin resistance in celiac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27:1193-9. [PMID: 26181110 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong, chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory small bowel disorder, precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. Recent studies have shed new light on the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness. The aim of this study was to evaluate arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity (PWV) in adult CD patients without cardiovascular risk factors in comparison with a control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 58 patients with CD without cardiovascular risk factors and age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All patients completed a standard questionnaire form, and various laboratory parameters were assessed. Vascular measurements, including PWV, were carried out using a Mobil-O-Graph 24-h pulse wave analysis monitor, an automatic oscillometric device. RESULTS Although cardiovascular risk factors, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride, were significantly lower (P<0.05) in celiac patients than in controls, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, homocysteine, and 24 h, day, and night PWV values were higher in patients with CD than in controls (P<0.05). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that PWV was correlated positively with age and the duration of CD. CONCLUSION This study found increased arterial stiffness, homocysteine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in patients with CD and provides evidence for the potential contribution of these parameters and inflammation toward arterial stiffening, independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Björck S, Lindehammer SR, Fex M, Agardh D. Serum cytokine pattern in young children with screening detected coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:230-5. [PMID: 25212572 PMCID: PMC4298400 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation localized to the small bowel, but less is known about systemic signs of inflammation. The aim was to measure cytokines of the T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cell patterns in children with screening-detected coeliac disease before and after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Serum samples selected before and after the start of a gluten-free diet from 26 3-year-old children diagnosed with biopsy-proven coeliac disease and from 52 matched controls were assayed in an multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the 10 cytokines: interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Among Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-12p70 were elevated significantly in children with coeliac disease compared to controls (P < 0·001 and P = 0·001, respectively). Similar findings were demonstrated for the Th2 cytokines IL-5 (P < 0·001), IL-10 (P = 0·001) and IL-13 (P = 0·002). No difference in cytokine levels between the two groups was found for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-8. After gluten-free diet, levels of IL-5, IL-12 and IL-10 decreased significantly (P < 0·001, P = 0·002 and P = 0·007) and IFN-γ levels were reduced (P = 0·059). Young children with coeliac disease detected by screening demonstrate elevated levels of serum cytokines at time of diagnosis. A prolonged systemic inflammation may, in turn, contribute to long-term complications known to be associated with untreated coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Björck
- Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Unit of Diabetes and Celiac Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Nikoukar L, Nabavizadeh F, Mohamadi S, Moslehi A, Hassanzadeh G, Nahrevanian H, Agah S. Protective effect of ghrelin in a rat model of celiac disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:438-47. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.101.2014.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rybak A, Cukrowska B, Socha J, Socha P. Long term follow up of celiac disease-is atherosclerosis a problem? Nutrients 2014; 6:2718-29. [PMID: 25050927 PMCID: PMC4113766 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong condition and it often involves impaired nutrition, wide spectrum of symptoms and it requires constant dietetic treatment. The impact of the gluten-free diet on patients’ nutritional status and on the other biochemical parameters is being widely investigated. In this article we looked into particular risk factors that might lead to increased prevalence of atherosclerosis in CD patients, including nutritional status, gluten-free diet, lipids profile and concomitant disease—type 1 diabetes mellitus. Here, we present the current data and research on these risk factors of atherosclerosis with respect to celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rybak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, 04-730, Poland.
| | - Bożena Cukrowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, 04-730, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Socha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, 04-730, Poland.
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, 04-730, Poland.
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Lahdenperä AI, Fälth-Magnusson K, Högberg L, Ludvigsson J, Vaarala O. Expression pattern of T-helper 17 cell signaling pathway and mucosal inflammation in celiac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:145-56. [PMID: 24325470 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.863966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the mucosal activation of a broad range of genes associated with the T-helper 17 cell (Th17) signaling pathway in children at different stages of celiac disease (CD), including children with increased risk for CD and children with untreated and gluten-free diet (GFD)-treated CD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Small intestinal biopsies were taken from children with untreated and GFD-treated CD, transglutaminase antibody (TGA)-positive children with potential CD, and reference children. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays were used to study the gene expression pattern of Th17-related genes, and quantitative PCR was used to study the interleukin (IL)-17A expression. RESULTS The mucosal expression of CD8A was elevated at all stages of CD. Children with untreated CD had diminished levels of IL-17RE, IL-23R, RORc, STAT6, CCL22, NFATC2, IL-18, CD4, CD247, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 but had elevated levels of MMP3, IL-17, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and CD8A, compared to references. The majority of the aforementioned genes, being differentially expressed in untreated CD, displayed similar expression in GFD-treated children and references. Children with untreated and GFD-treated CD had elevated expression of IFN-γ but had reduced expression of CD247. Interestingly, children with potential CD displayed reduced FOXP3, IL-21, and IL-17A levels. CONCLUSION Mucosal upregulation of Th17 immunity occurs at the late stage of disease and is downregulated with dietary treatment, thus indicating that IL-17 immunity is not a fundamental feature of CD as Th1 immunity, which is not fully downregulated by GFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne I Lahdenperä
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
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Di Simone N, De Spirito M, Di Nicuolo F, Tersigni C, Castellani R, Silano M, Maulucci G, Papi M, Marana R, Scambia G, Gasbarrini A. Potential New Mechanisms of Placental Damage in Celiac Disease: Anti-Transglutaminase Antibodies Impair Human Endometrial Angiogenesis1. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:88. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Cheng J, Kalliomäki M, Heilig HGHJ, Palva A, Lähteenoja H, de Vos WM, Salojärvi J, Satokari R. Duodenal microbiota composition and mucosal homeostasis in pediatric celiac disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:113. [PMID: 23844808 PMCID: PMC3716955 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine which is triggered by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed (HLA-DQ2/DQ8 positive) individuals. Only a fraction of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 positive individuals develop CD indicating that other factors have a role in the disorder. Several studies have addressed intestinal microbiota aberrancies in pediatric CD, but the results are inconsistent. Previously, we demonstrated that pediatric CD patients have lower duodenal expression of TLR2 and higher expression of TLR9 as compared to healthy controls (HC) indicating that microbiota may have a role in CD. METHODS We used bacterial phylogenetic microarray to comprehensively profile the microbiota in duodenal biopsies of CD (n = 10) and HC (n = 9) children. The expression of selected mucosa-associated genes was assessed by qRT-PCR in CD and HC children and in treated CD adults (T-CD, n = 6) on gluten free diet. RESULTS The overall composition, diversity and the estimated microbe associated molecular pattern (MAMP) content of microbiota were comparable between CD and HC, but a sub-population profile comprising eight genus-like bacterial groups was found to differ significantly between HC and CD. In HC, increased TLR2 expression was positively correlated with the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1. In CD and T-CD, the expression of IL-10, IFN-g and CXCR6 were higher as compared to HC. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that microbiota and altered expression of mucosal receptors have a role in CD. In CD subjects, the increased expression of IL-10 and IFN-g may have partly resulted from the increased TLR9 expression and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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Faresjö M. Enzyme linked immuno-spot; a useful tool in the search for elusive immune markers in common pediatric immunological diseases. Cells 2012; 1:141-52. [PMID: 24710420 PMCID: PMC3901087 DOI: 10.3390/cells1020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to provide better therapy we strive to increase our knowledge of how the immune system behaves and communicates in common pediatric immunological diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, allergic and celiac diseases. However, when dealing with pediatric diseases, where study subjects are almost exclusively children, blood volumes available for immunological studies are limited and as such must be carefully handled and used to their full extent. Single immune markers can easily be detected by a traditional Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), whereas multiple markers can be detected by a fluorochrome (Luminex) or electrochemiluminescence (MSD) technique. These techniques however are sometimes not sensitive enough to detect low levels of secreted immune markers in limited sample sizes. To detect immune markers at the single-cell level, an Enzyme Linked Immuno-spot (ELISPOT) can be used to pin-point elusive immune markers in common pediatric immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Faresjö
- The Biomedical Platform, Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University and County Hospital, Ryhov, Jönköping S-551 11, Sweden.
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Lahdenperä AI, Hölttä V, Ruohtula T, Salo HM, Orivuori L, Westerholm-Ormio M, Savilahti E, Fälth-Magnusson K, Högberg L, Ludvigsson J, Vaarala O. Up-regulation of small intestinal interleukin-17 immunity in untreated coeliac disease but not in potential coeliac disease or in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:226-34. [PMID: 22235998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-17 in small intestinal mucosa has been reported in coeliac disease (CD) and in peripheral blood in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We explored mucosal IL-17 immunity in different stages of CD, including transglutaminase antibody (TGA)-positive children with potential CD, children with untreated and gluten-free diet-treated CD and in children with T1D. Immunohistochemistry was used for identification of IL-17 and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)-positive cells and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for IL-17, FoxP3, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)c and interferon (IFN)-γ transcripts. IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 were studied in supernatants from biopsy cultures. Expression of the apoptotic markers BAX and bcl-2 was evaluated in IL-17-stimulated CaCo-2 cells. The mucosal expression of IL-17 and FoxP3 transcripts were elevated in individuals with untreated CD when compared with the TGA-negative reference children, children with potential CD or gluten-free diet-treated children with CD (P < 0·005 for all IL-17 comparisons and P < 0·01 for all FoxP3 comparisons). The numbers of IL-17-positive cells were higher in lamina propria in children with CD than in children with T1D (P < 0·05). In biopsy specimens from patients with untreated CD, enhanced spontaneous secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 was seen. Activation of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 in IL-17-treated CaCo-2 epithelial cells suggests that IL-17 might be involved in mucosal protection. Up-regulation of IL-17 could, however, serve as a biomarker for the development of villous atrophy and active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Lahdenperä
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Kumar S, Naqvi RA, Khanna N, Pathak P, Rao DN. Th3 immune responses in the progression of leprosy via molecular cross-talks of TGF-β, CTLA-4 and Cbl-b. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:133-42. [PMID: 21807564 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic human disease; primarily affecting skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, testis etc. Comprehensive-expressional-profiling of Th1-Th2-Th3 associated markers (84 genes) using qRT-PCR array, negated the previously prevailing notion, Th2 bias towards multibacillary stage of leprosy. High production TGF-β further supported the dearth of any immune response(s) in leprosy progression. Over expression of Cbl-b, could emerge as plausible reason for contributing T cell hyporesponsiveness, possibly by degradation of T cells signaling molecules. Anti-TGF-β treatments further confirm the TGF-β-dependent-Cbl-b overexpression in multibacillary patients. Diminished Cbl-b expression in CTLA-4 knockout studies using siRNA, provided other evidence towards T cell hyporesponsiveness. Further, high T cell proliferation and IL-2 production in PBMC cultures treated with anti-TGF-β and siRNA offers here a strategy to revert T cell hyporesponsiveness by downregulating Cbl-b expression in leprosy. Thus, this study negates Th2 bias and substantiates molecular cross-talk amongst TGF-β-CTLA-4-Cbl-b eventually leads to M. leprae persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi
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