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Caglayan M, Ozden S. Potential impacts of bisphenols on prostate cells: An overview of cytotoxicity, proliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ER-stress response activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114416. [PMID: 38134982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol F (BPF) and Bisphenol S (BPS) on PNT1A and PC-3 cells, focusing on their effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and related pathways. PNT1A and PC-3 were treated with BPA, BPF and BPS at concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 μM for 48 h cytotoxicity, BrdU cell proliferation, ROS generation, apoptosis detection, gene expression analysis and Western blot analysis were performed. BPA induced proliferation and late apoptosis in PNT1A cells, whereas it induced both late apoptosis and early apoptosis in PC-3 cells. BPF and BPS induced late apoptosis in PC-3 cells. Increased ROS levels were observed in PNT1A cells exposed to 1-10 μM BPA. BPA, BPF and BPS increased the expression levels of ER stress-related genes in PNT1A cells. Furthermore, exposure to BPA increased the expression of ER stress-related CHOP/DDIT3 protein in PNT1A cells. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with BPA, BPF and BPS exposure and emphasize the importance of investigating the underlying mechanisms by which these chemicals may affect human health. Further research is required to comprehensively understand the role of ER stress pathways in cellular responses to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Caglayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ozden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Çifçi Özkan E, Dumanlı Gök G. Evaluation of bisphenol release of different clear aligner materials using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method. Angle Orthod 2023; 93:721-726. [PMID: 37539687 PMCID: PMC10633800 DOI: 10.2319/010923-17.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the bisphenol release of different brands of clear aligner materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six different clear aligner materials were used in this study: Duran (Scheu-Dental GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany), Zendura Flx (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA), Zendura A (Bay Materials), Essix (Raintree Essix Inc., Metairie, LA, USA), Taglus Premium (Laxmi Dental Export Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India), and Smart Track (Align Technology, San Jose, CA, USA). The samples were kept in saline solution for 8 weeks in airtight test tubes at 37°C. The ratio between the weights of the samples and the volumes of the dilutions was prepared as 0.1 g/mL as suggested by International Standards Organization parameters. To evaluate the bisphenol release of materials, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis was performed. Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). RESULTS Bisphenol A (BPA) values in Smart Track were found to be significantly higher than the Zendura A and Zendura Flx groups (P = .02, P = .03, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference among the samples in terms of Bisphenol F (BPF) values (P = .108). In terms of Bisphenol S (BPS) values, a statistically significant difference was found (P = .002) indicating that Smart Track released significantly more BPS than Zendura A (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Under the test conditions, the amounts of leached BPA, BPF, and BPS were less than the reference dose for daily intake. However, the cumulative effect of these appliances should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Çifçi Özkan
- Corresponding author: Dr Esra Çifçi Özkan, Department of Orthodontics, Biruni University Faculty of Dentistry, Kazlıçeşme, Cinoğlu Çk. No:2, 34020 Zeytinburnu/İstanbul, Turkey (e-mail: )
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3
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Wang H, Gao R, Liang W, Wei S, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Lan L, Chen J, Zeng F. Large-scale biomonitoring of bisphenol analogues and their metabolites in human urine from Guangzhou, China: Implications for health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139601. [PMID: 37480947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have gained significant attention regarding their associated health risks. However, there is a lack of comprehensive biomonitoring data on BPs and their metabolites in human urine. To address this, we conducted a study evaluate the exposure to BPs in the general population of Guangzhou, China. A total of 1440 urine samples were collected from volunteers and analyzed for the presence of BPs and their metabolites after being pooled into 36 groups based on age and gender. The findings revealed the common detection of ten free-form BPs, as well as the urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS, in the pooled urine samples. BPA was the predominant free-form compound, constituting 50% of the total BPs. The primary urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS are BPA-G and BPS-G, respectively, indicating glucuronidation as their primary metabolic pathway. The composition of urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS varied by age and sex, while the concentration of total BPs in urine was not significantly associated with age and sex. Enzymatic hydrolysis yielded a mean amplification of individual BPs concentrations in urine samples ranging from 1.8 times (BPA) to 4.6 times (BPS). Based on the outcomes, it was estimated that conjugated forms accounted for 96.9%, 96.2%, 94.7%, 94.1%, 92.6%, 89.1%, 87.3%, 87.2%, 87.1% and 85.8% of BPP, BPAF, BPZ, BPE, BPAP, BPF, BPA, BPC, BPS and BPF, respectively, in the pooled urine samples. Preliminary risk assessments indicated that the estimated daily intake of BPA was much higher than the latest proposed tolerable daily intake. Due to the unavailability of health-based guideline values for alternative BPs, some of them exhibit daily intakes comparable to BPA, implying that greater attention should be paid to health risks associated with exposure to BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqian Liang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyin Wei
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Longxia Lan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Borghese MM, Huang R, MacPherson S, Gaudreau E, Gagné S, Ashley-Martin J, Fisher M, Booij L, Bouchard MF, Arbuckle TE. A descriptive analysis of first trimester urinary concentrations of 14 bisphenol analogues in the MIREC Canadian pregnancy cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 253:114225. [PMID: 37542835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern over the health effects of BPA, particularly for the developing fetus, has led to an increasing use of bisphenol analogues in industrial and consumer products, which may be as hormonally active as BPA. Biomonitoring data for many bisphenol analogues, especially in pregnant populations, are limited. METHODS We measured concentrations of 14 bisphenol analogues in 1st trimester urine samples (n = 1851) from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Canadian pregnancy cohort (2008-2011). We examined patterns of exposure according to sociodemographic and sampling characteristics as well as occupation and frequency of consumption of canned fish within the previous 3 months. RESULTS BPA was detected in 89% of participants with a specific gravity standardized geometric mean concentration of 0.990 μg/L. Biphenol 4,4' (BP 4,4'), 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether (DHDPE), and bisphenol E (BPE) were detected in >97% of participants. Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) were detected in >60% of participants. Specific gravity standardized geometric mean concentrations of these 5 compounds ranged from 0.024 to 0.564 μg/L. Nine bisphenol analogues were detected in <9% of participants. Concentrations of BP 4,4', DHDPE, and BPE were higher in younger women and those with higher pre-pregnancy BMI, lower household income, lower education, and among smokers. We found a similar pattern of differences in BPF for age, education, and smoking status while BPS similarly differed across categories of pre-pregnancy BMI. Participants who were unemployed or working in the service industry had higher molar sum of 7 bisphenol analogues than those working in healthcare, education, or an office setting. Canned fish consumption was not related to bisphenol analogue concentrations. CONCLUSION BP 4,4', DHDPE, BPE, BPF, and BPS were highly detected in 1st trimester urine samples in this large pan-Canadian pregnancy cohort. This suggests widespread exposure to these analogues around 2008-2011 and warrants further investigation into associations with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Borghese
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - R Huang
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - S MacPherson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - E Gaudreau
- Centre du Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Quebec, Canada.
| | - S Gagné
- Centre du Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Quebec, Canada.
| | - J Ashley-Martin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - M Fisher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - L Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health of the University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - M F Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health of the University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - T E Arbuckle
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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5
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Besaratinia A. The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097951. [PMID: 37175656 PMCID: PMC10178030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, and food-packaging materials, and as a building block for countless goods of common use. BPA can be released into the environment and enter the human body at any stage during its production, or in the process of manufacture, use, or disposal of materials made from this chemical. While the general population is predominantly exposed to BPA through contaminated food and drinking water, non-dietary exposures through the respiratory system, integumentary system, and vertical transmission, as well as other routes of exposure, also exist. BPA is often classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical as it can act as a xenoestrogen. Exposure to BPA has been associated with developmental, reproductive, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, or immune effects, as well as oncogenic effects. BPA can disrupt the synthesis or clearance of hormones by binding and interfering with biological receptors. BPA can also interact with key transcription factors to modulate regulation of gene expression. Over the past 17 years, an epigenetic mechanism of action for BPA has emerged. This article summarizes the current state of research on the epigenetic effects of BPA by analyzing the findings from various studies in model systems and human populations. It evaluates the weight of evidence on the ability of BPA to alter the epigenome, while also discussing the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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6
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Deepika D, Sharma RP, Schuhmacher M, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Chatzi L, Vafeiadi M, Quentin J, Slama R, Grazuleviciene R, Andrušaitytė S, Waiblinger D, Wright J, Yang TC, Urquiza J, Vrijheid M, Casas M, Domingo JL, Kumar V. Unravelling sex-specific BPA toxicokinetics in children using a pediatric PBPK model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114074. [PMID: 35995217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely known endocrine disruptor (ED) found in many children's products such as toys, feeding utensils, and teething rings. Recent epidemiology association studies have shown postnatal BPA exposure resulted in developing various diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and neurodegeneration, etc., later in their lives. However, little is known about its sex-specific metabolism and consequently internal exposure. The aim of this study was to develop a sex-specific pediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) for BPA to compare their toxicokinetic differences. First, the published adult PBPK model was re-validated, and then this model was extended by interpolation to incorporate pediatric sex specific physiological and biochemical parameters. We used both the classical body weight and ontogeny-based scaling approach to interpolate the metabolic process. Then, the pharmacokinetic attributes of the models using the two-scaling approach mentioned above were compared with adult model. Further, a sex-specific PBPK model with an ontogeny scaling approach was preferred to evaluate the pharmacokinetic differences. Moreover, this model was used to reconstruct the BPA exposure from two cohorts (Helix and PBAT Cohort) from 7 EU countries. The half-life of BPA was found to be almost the same in boys and girls at the same exposure levels. Our model estimated BPA children's exposure to be about 1500 times higher than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recently set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) i.e., 0.04 ng/kg BW/day. The model demonstrated feasibility of extending the adult PBPK to sex-specific pediatric, thus investigate a gender-specific health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament D' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raju Prasad Sharma
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament D' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament D' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Joane Quentin
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology, IAB, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm, CNRS, CHU-Grenoble-Alpes, University Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Remy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology, IAB, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm, CNRS, CHU-Grenoble-Alpes, University Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sandra Andrušaitytė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Tiffany C Yang
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament D' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; IISPV, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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7
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Ferreira Azevedo L, Masiero MM, Cherkaoui S, Hornos Carneiro MF, Barbosa F, Zamboni N. The alternative analog plasticizer BPS displays similar phenotypic and metabolomic responses to BPA in HepG2 and INS-1E cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113266. [PMID: 35779701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols A (BPA) and S (BPS) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that affect energy metabolism, leading to impairment of glucose and lipid homeostasis. We aimed at identifying metabolic pathways regulated by both compounds in human liver cells and rat pancreatic β-cells that could impair energy homeostasis regulation. We assessed the effects on growth, proliferation, and viability of hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) and insulinoma (INS-1E) cells exposed to either BPA or BPS in a full range concentration between 0.001 and 100 μM. Both the dose and duration of exposure caused a differential response on growth and viability of both cells. Effects were more pronounced on HepG2, as these cells exhibited non-linear dose-responses following exposure to xenobiotics. For INS-1E, effect was observed only at the highest concentration. In addition, we profiled their intracellular state by untargeted metabolomics at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. This analysis revealed time- and dose-dependently molecular changes for HepG2 and INS-1E that were similar between BPA and BPS. Both increased levels of inflammatory mediators, such as metabolites pertaining to linolenic and linoleic acid metabolic pathway. In summary, this study shows that BPS also disrupts molecular functions in cells that regulate energy homeostasis, displaying similar but less pronounced responses than BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ferreira Azevedo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Mauro Miguel Masiero
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland; PhD Program in Systems Biology, Life Science Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - S Cherkaoui
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland; PhD Program in Systems Biology, Life Science Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zürich and Children's Research Center, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France.
| | - M F Hornos Carneiro
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile.
| | - F Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - N Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Tian M, Xia P, Gou X, Yan L, Yu H, Zhang X. CRISPR screen identified that UGT1A9 was required for bisphenols-induced mitochondria dyshomeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112427. [PMID: 34861229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bisphenols chemicals could cause various adverse health effects, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which have been associated with cellular mitochondria stress. However, the biological mechanism underlying the mitochondria stress-mediated cell death by bisphenols was poorly understood. Here, CRISPR screens were performed to identify the critical genes which were involved in cell death caused by exposure to four bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPE and BPS). Results of CRISPR screens showed that UGT1A9 was the primary genetic factor facilitating cell death induced by all of the four bisphenols. Systematic toxicological tests demonstrated that UGT1A9 was required for BPA-induced mitochondria dyshomeostasis in vitro and in vivo, and UGT1A9-mediated mitochondria dyshomeostasis was an important cause of facilitating cell death. Liver injury caused by exposure to BPA in wild-type mice was accompanied with suppression of mitophagy and increased expression of C-Caspase 3, but UGT1A9 knockout attenuated these adverse effects induced by BPA. Finally, molecular epidemiology analysis suggested that the five genetic variants of UGT1A9 could be potential genetic risk factors of NAFLD when people were exposed to BPA. The biological mechanism uncovered here provided mechanistic evidence for identification of susceptible populations of liver injury associated with exposure to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Beausoleil C, Le Magueresse-Battistoni B, Viguié C, Babajko S, Canivenc-Lavier MC, Chevalier N, Emond C, Habert R, Picard-Hagen N, Mhaouty-Kodja S. Regulatory and academic studies to derive reference values for human health: The case of bisphenol S. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112233. [PMID: 34688643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The close structural analogy of bisphenol (BP) S with BPA, a recognized endocrine-disrupting chemical and a substance of very high concern in the European Union, highlights the need to assess the extent of similarities between the two compounds and carefully scrutinize BPS potential toxicity for human health. This analysis aimed to investigate human health toxicity data regarding BPS, to find a point of departure for the derivation of human guidance values. A systematic and transparent methodology was applied to determine whether European or international reference values have been established for BPS. In the absence of such values, the scientific literature on human health effects was evaluated by focusing on human epidemiological and animal experimental studies. The results were analyzed by target organ/system: male and female reproduction, mammary gland, neurobehavior, and metabolism/obesity. Academic experimental studies were analyzed and compared to regulatory data including subchronic studies and an extended one-generation and reproduction study. In contrast to the regulatory studies, which were performed at dose levels in the mg/kg bw/day range, the academic dataset on specific target organs or systems showed adverse effects for BPS at much lower doses (0.5-10 μg/kg bw/day). A large disparity between the lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) derived from regulatory and academic studies was observed for BPS, as for BPA. Toxicokinetic data on BPS from animal and human studies were also analyzed and showed a 100-fold higher oral bioavailability compared to BPA in a pig model. The similarities and differences between the two bisphenols, in particular the higher bioavailability of BPS in its active (non-conjugated) form and its potential impact on human health, are discussed. Based on the available experimental data, and for a better human protection, we propose to derive human reference values for exposure to BPS from the N(L)OAELs determined in academic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Viguié
- Toxalim, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (EIP), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nice, INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Claude Emond
- University of Montreal, School of Public Health, DSEST, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - René Habert
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, University Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U 967 - CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicole Picard-Hagen
- Toxalim, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (EIP), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
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10
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Rebai I, Fernandes JO, Azzouz M, Benmohammed K, Bader G, Benmbarek K, Cunha SC. Urinary bisphenol levels in plastic industry workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111666. [PMID: 34265347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known endocrine disruptor compound that is widely applied as a monomer base in polycarbonate plastics and as a binding agent in several epoxy resins. Plastic industry workers have usually heavier and prolonged exposures to BPA. Hence, the present work aims to assess the levels of BPA and their analogs (S, F, B, AF, Z, E, and AP) in 170 urine samples from a cross-sectional study of workers from a plastic industry located in north Constantine (Algeria). This work was complemented with a questionnaire about sexual functions and evaluation of sexual hormone levels. The results showed a stable presence of BPA (average of 3.24 μg/L), accounting for more than 90% of the total BPs. Of the remaining BP analogs, only trace amounts of BPB were detected in three samples (average of 2.73 μg/L). Significant associations with BPA urinary levels were noted with age (p = 0.006), occupational level of exposure (p = 0.023), and years of experience (p = 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iméne Rebai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Salah Boubnider University 3, Constantine, Algeria; Laboratory of Preventive Medicine for Chronic Diseases, Salah Boubnider University 3, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hidrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mohamed Azzouz
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Youcef Benkhedda University I, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Karima Benmohammed
- Laboratory of Preventive Medicine for Chronic Diseases, Salah Boubnider University 3, Constantine, Algeria; Endocrinology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Salah Boubnider University 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ghania Bader
- Occupational Medicine Department, Local Health Establishment of Hamma Bouziane, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Karima Benmbarek
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Salah Boubnider University 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hidrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Sonker AK, Bhateria M, Karsauliya K, Singh SP. Investigating the glucuronidation and sulfation pathways contribution and disposition kinetics of Bisphenol S and its metabolites using LC-MS/MS-based nonenzymatic hydrolysis method. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129624. [PMID: 33515962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite showing serious health consequences and widespread exposure, the toxicokinetic information required to evaluate the health risks of BPS is insufficient. Thus, we aim to describe the comprehensive toxicokinetics of BPS and its glucuronide (BPS-G) and sulfate (BPS-S) metabolites in rats. Simultaneous quantification of BPS and its metabolites (authentic standards) was accomplished using UPLC-MS/MS method. BPS displayed rapid absorption, extensive metabolism and fast elimination after oral administration. Following intravenous administration, BPS exhibited CL (8.8 L/h/kg) higher than the rat hepatic blood flow rate suggesting the likelihood of extrahepatic clearance. The CL value differed from those reported previously (sheep and piglets) and the probable reason could be attributed to dose- and/or interspecies differences. BPS was extensively metabolized and excreted primarily through urine as BPS-G (∼56%). BPS and BPS-S exhibited a high protein binding capacity in comparison to BPS-G. In in vitro metabolic stability study, BPS was predominantly metabolized through glucuronidation. The predicted in vivo hepatic clearance of BPS suggested it to be a high and intermediate clearance chemical in rats and humans, respectively. The significant interspecies difference observed in the clearance of BPS between rats and humans indicated that toxicokinetics of BPS should be considered for health risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Sonker
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Kajal Karsauliya
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory & Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.
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12
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Wagner VA, Clark KC, Carrillo-Sáenz L, Holl KA, Velez-Bermudez M, Simonsen D, Grobe JL, Wang K, Thurman A, Solberg Woods LC, Lehmler HJ, Kwitek AE. Bisphenol F Exposure in Adolescent Heterogeneous Stock Rats Affects Growth and Adiposity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 181:246-261. [PMID: 33755180 PMCID: PMC8163043 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF) is increasingly substituting bisphenol A in manufacturing polycarbonates and consumer products. The cardiometabolic effects of BPF in either humans or model organisms are not clear, and no studies to date have investigated the role of genetic background on susceptibility to BPF-induced cardiometabolic traits. The primary goal of this project was to determine if BPF exposure influences growth and adiposity in male N:NIH heterogeneous stock (HS) rats, a genetically heterogeneous population. Littermate pairs of male HS rats were randomly exposed to either vehicle (0.1% ethanol) or 1.125 µg/ml BPF in 0.1% ethanol for 5 weeks in drinking water starting at 3 weeks-of-age. Water consumption and body weight was measured weekly, body composition was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance, urine and feces were collected in metabolic cages, and blood and tissues were collected at the end of the study. BPF-exposed rats showed significantly increased body growth and abdominal adiposity, risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Urine output was increased in BPF-exposed rats, driving a trend in increased creatinine clearance. We also report the first relationship between a bisphenol metabolizing enzyme and a bisphenol-induced phenotype. Preliminary heritability estimates of significant phenotypes suggest that BPF exposure may alter trait variation. These findings support BPF exposure as a cardiometabolic disease risk factor and indicate that the HS rat will be a useful model for dissecting gene by BPF interactions on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Karen C Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Leslie Carrillo-Sáenz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Katie A Holl
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Miriam Velez-Bermudez
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Andrew Thurman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
- Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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13
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Tkalec Ž, Kosjek T, Snoj Tratnik J, Stajnko A, Runkel AA, Sykiotou M, Mazej D, Horvat M. Exposure of Slovenian children and adolescents to bisphenols, parabens and triclosan: Urinary levels, exposure patterns, determinants of exposure and susceptibility. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106172. [PMID: 33113465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals such as bisphenols, parabens and triclosan are endocrine disrupting chemicals. They are used in a wide variety of consumer products, making human exposure to those chemicals widespread. In the present study, levels of three bisphenols (bisphenol A, F and S), 7 parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl-, benzyl paraben) and triclosan were measured in first morning void from 246 Slovenian children and adolescents, aged 6-9 and 11-15 years and living in a rural region of Slovenia. Median levels of specific-gravity corrected levels for bisphenol A, bisphenol F, methyl paraben and ethyl paraben were 1.9, 0.085, 5.4 and 2.5 µg/L for children and 1.6, 0.11, 7.2 and 6.0 µg/L for adolescents, respectively. Median levels for all other endocrine disrupting chemicals were < LOQ. The levels are comparable with the levels reported in studies across the world. Exposure was age, sex, and location specific. Higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben were found in the samples of adolescents, while higher levels of methyl paraben were found in samples from girls. Furthermore, individuals living in one of the sampling locations, Goričko, were exposed to higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben than those in the remaining two sampling locations. Information about participants' dietary habits, use of food packaging and personal care products was obtained through questionnaires, and used to investigate associations between urinary levels of the biomarkers and potential exposure sources. High fat foods were associated with bisphenol A exposure, and cosmetics items such as lipstick and perfume with methyl paraben exposure. Significant correlation between methyl- and propyl paraben was observed in children's samples, suggesting similar exposure sources, while other compounds were not largely correlated, indicating independent sources. Furthermore, association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in UGT2B15 gene and urinary levels of methyl and ethyl paraben was observed, showing the role of UGT2B15 isoform in methyl and ethyl paraben metabolism as well as indicating the SNP rs1902023 as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to adverse effects caused by the exposure. The present study reports exposure of children and adolescents in Slovenia to a wide range of different endocrine disrupting chemicals for the first time, connecting it to exposure patterns and exposure sources. The study is to the authors' knowledge the first that investigates direct connection between levels of urinary endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers and genetic polymorphism in UGT2B15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Stajnko
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Agneta Annika Runkel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marianthi Sykiotou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, University Campus GR - 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Gys C, Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Bastiaensen M, Caballero-Casero N, Kishi R, Covaci A. Biomonitoring and temporal trends of bisphenols exposure in Japanese school children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110172. [PMID: 32919958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widely used chemical bisphenol A (BPA), applied in various consumer products, has been under scrutiny in the past 20 years due to its widespread detection in humans and potential detrimental effects on human health. Following the implementation of restrictions and phase-out initiatives, BPA has been replaced by other structurally similar bisphenols, which have not yet received the same level of research attention. In this study, we aimed to 1) investigated the internal exposure to seven bisphenols in morning void urine samples (n = 396) from 7-year-old children from Hokkaido, Japan and 2) assess possible time trends in the concentrations of bisphenols between 2012 and 2017. Information on demographic, indoor environment and dietary characteristics of participants were acquired through a self-administered questionnaire. All bisphenols were detected in the study population, with BPA, BPF and BPS showing detection frequencies >50%. Concentrations of bisphenols measured in the Japanese children in our study were generally lower compared to studies worldwide. We found that BPA concentrations decreased significantly over the study time period (average 6.5% per year), whereas BPS rose with 2.8% per year. Levels of BPA and BPF were higher in autumn compared to winter. Higher urinary BPF levels were significantly associated with higher concentrations of the oxidative stress biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). BPA and BPF levels were higher in children from families with lower household income. Bisphenol concentrations were significantly influenced by some other personal (e.g. household income), food intake (e.g. vegetables and cow milk) and indoor housing characteristics (e.g. flooring). This is the first study to report longitudinal time trends of bisphenols in Japan. The presented findings imply that further research on bisphenols is warranted in the future to monitor whether these time trends continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Gys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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15
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Yang Q, Bai Y, Qin GQ, Jia RY, Zhu W, Zhang D, Fang ZZ. Inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114521. [PMID: 32283403 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known as one of the ubiquitous environmental pollutants caused by unavoidable combustion of by-products. Despite decades of research on adverse health effects towards humans, the effects of PAHs and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs) on UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate inhibitory effects with structure-dependence of 14 PAHs and OH-PAHs towards the activity of 7 isoforms of UGTs using in vitro recombinant UGTs-catalyzed glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) as the probe reaction. PAHs and OH-PAHs showed inhibitory effects towards different UGT isoforms with different extents. For inhibition kinetics determination, 1-HONAP, 4-HOPHE, 9-HOPHE, and 1-HOPYR were utilized as the representative compounds, and UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 were chosen as the three representative UGT isoforms. The inhibitory effects of 4-HOPHE, 9-HOPHE and 1-HOPYR on three above UGT isoforms were the same: UGT1A9>UGT1A6>UGT2B; for 1-HONAP, that is UGT1A6>UGT1A9>UGT2B. Molecular docking methods were utilized to find the activity cavity of UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 binding with 1-HONAP and 1-HOPYR. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts were mainly contributors to their interactions. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) showed that high in vivo inhibition possibility exists for the inhibition of OH-PAHs on UGTs. All the results provide a novel viewpoint for an explanation of the toxicity of PAHs and OH-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Guo-Qiang Qin
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Ruo-Yong Jia
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Dafang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin 300070, PR China.
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16
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Liang J, Liu S, Liu T, Yang C, Wu Y, Jennifer Tan HJ, Wei B, Ma X, Feng B, Jiang Q, Huang D, Qiu X. Association of prenatal exposure to bisphenols and birth size in Zhuang ethnic newborns. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126422. [PMID: 32199162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues can affect fetal growth and development. However, epidemiologic findings were inconsistent and there was a lack of study for BPA analogues. We aimed to examine the associations between prenatal exposure to BPA, bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and birth size. 2023 mother-infant pairs were included in this study. The associations between serum bisphenol levels and birth size were analyzed by multivariate linear regression models. After adjusting for covariates, one log10-unit increase in serum BPA was correlated with a 32.10 g (95% CI: -61.10, -3.10) decrease in birth weight for all infants, and the inverse association was only observed in males when stratified analysis by gender. Additionally, higher BPF concentrations were associated with decreasing birth weight (P for trend = 0.031), ponderal index (P for trend = 0.021), and birth weight Z-scores (P for trend = 0.039) in all infants, and the inverse associations were also only observed in males when stratified analysis by gender. Similarly, higher TBBPA levels were also correlated with decreased birth weight (P for trend = 0.023). However, after gender stratification, higher TBBPA concentrations were associated with a decrease in birth weight (P for trend = 0.007), birth length (P for trend = 0.026), and birth weight Z-scores (P for trend = 0.039) in males. Our data suggested an inverse association of prenatal exposure to BPA, BPF, and TBBPA and birth size, which may be more pronounced in male infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Huaihua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Chunxiu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Juan Jennifer Tan
- School of Life Sciences & Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Rd, 599489, Singapore
| | - Bincai Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Baoying Feng
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qunjiao Jiang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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17
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Quirós-Alcalá L, Hansel NN, McCormack M, Calafat AM, Ye X, Peng RD, Matsui EC. Exposure to bisphenols and asthma morbidity among low-income urban children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:577-586.e7. [PMID: 32736870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked with pediatric asthma development and allergic airway inflammation in animal models. Whether exposure to BPA or its structural analogs bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) is associated with asthma morbidity remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We examined associations between bisphenols and morbidity due to pediatric asthma. METHODS We quantified concentrations of BPA, BPS, and BPF in 660 urine samples from 148 predominantly low-income, African American children (aged 5-17 years) with established asthma. We used biobanked biospecimens and data on symptoms, health care utilization, and pulmonary function and inflammation that were collected every 3 months over the course of a year. We used generalized estimating equations to examine associations between concentrations or detection of urinary bisphenols and morbidity outcomes and assessed heterogeneity of associations by sex. RESULTS We observed consistent positive associations between BPA exposure and measures of asthma morbidity. For example, we observed increased odds of general symptom days (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.40 [95% C = 1.02-1.92]), maximal symptom days (aOR = 1.36 [95% CI = 1.00-1.83]), and emergency department visits (aOR = 2.12 [95% CI =1.28-3.51]) per 10-fold increase in BPA concentration. We also observed evidence of sexually dimorphic effects; BPA concentrations were associated with increased odds of symptom days and health care utilization only among boys. Findings regarding BPS and BPF did not consistently point to associations with asthma symptoms or health care utilization. CONCLUSION We found evidence to suggest that BPA exposure in a predominantly low-income, minority pediatric cohort is associated with asthma morbidity and that associations may differ by sex. Our findings support additional studies, given the high pediatric asthma burden and widespread exposure to BPA in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md; Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Roger D Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Elizabeth C Matsui
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md; Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Tex
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18
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Luo Y, Nie Y, Tang L, Xu CC, Xu L. The correlation between UDP-glucuronosyltransferase polymorphisms and environmental endocrine disruptors levels in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19444. [PMID: 32176075 PMCID: PMC7220089 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been an interest in whether environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) may contribute to the endocrine disorders in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The clearance of EEDs from the human body is regulated by the glucuronidation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). This study aimed to analyze the relationship of UGT1A1, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15 polymorphisms with the metabolism of EEDs in patients with PCOS. METHODS A total of 357 Chinese women (119 PCOS cases and 238 controls) were genotyped for polymorphisms of UGT1A1, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15. The plasma concentrations of EEDs were measured by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The association between UGT polymorphisms and the serum level of EEDs in patients with PCOS was analyzed. RESULTS The UGT2B7 single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of PCOS. The homozygous polymorphism (TT) of UGT2B7 showed higher bisphenol A and PAEs concentrations in serum. However, a single nucleotide polymorphism on UGT2B15 expression was associated with a decreased risk of PCOS. Subjects homozygous for the T allele of UGT2B15 had a significant effect on phthalates in the blood. In addition, our results also showed that the homozygous polymorphism (TT) of UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 was associated with the capacity of the excretion of androgen in patients with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS Our study reported the novel associations between the UGT polymorphisms and EEDs concentrations in patients with PCOS, supporting the relevance of genetic differences in EEDs metabolism, which might be considered as an etiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ying Nie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Charles C. Xu
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Liangzhi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
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Pelch KE, Li Y, Perera L, Thayer KA, Korach KS. Characterization of Estrogenic and Androgenic Activities for Bisphenol A-like Chemicals (BPs): In Vitro Estrogen and Androgen Receptors Transcriptional Activation, Gene Regulation, and Binding Profiles. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:23-37. [PMID: 31388671 PMCID: PMC6813750 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical widely used in plastics, food packaging, and many other products. It is well known that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) might be harmful to human health due to interference with normal hormone actions. Recent studies report widespread usage and exposure to many BPA-like chemicals (BPs) that are structurally or functionally similar to BPA. However, the biological actions and toxicity of those BPs are still relatively unknown. To address this data gap, we used in vitro cell models to evaluate the ability of twenty-two BPs to induce or inhibit estrogenic and androgenic activity. BPA, Bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol C (BPC), tetramethyl bisphenol A (TMBPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol E (BPE), 4,4-bisphenol F (4,4-BPF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol B (BPB), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), and benzylparaben (PHBB) induced estrogen receptor (ER)α and/or ERβ-mediated activity. With the exception of BPS, TCBPA, and PHBB, these same BPs were also androgen receptor (AR) antagonists. Only three BPs were found to be ER antagonists. Bisphenol P (BPP) selectively inhibited ERβ-mediated activity and 4-(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol (BPS-MPE) and 2,4-bisphenol S (2,4-BPS) selectively inhibited ERα-mediated activity. None of the BPs induced AR mediated activity. In addition, we identify that the BPs can bind to ER or AR with varying degrees by a molecular modeling analysis. Taken together, these findings help us to understand the molecular mechanism of BPs and further consideration of their usage in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin Li
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory
| | - Lalith Perera
- Genome Integrity and Structure Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Gayrard V, Lacroix MZ, Grandin FC, Collet SH, Mila H, Viguié C, Gély CA, Rabozzi B, Bouchard M, Léandri R, Toutain PL, Picard-Hagen N. Oral Systemic Bioavailability of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S in Pigs. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:77005. [PMID: 31313948 PMCID: PMC6792350 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given its hormonal activity, bisphenol S (BPS) as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) could actually increase the risk of endocrine disruption if its toxicokinetic (TK) properties, namely its oral availability and systemic persistency, were higher than those of BPA. OBJECTIVES The TK behavior of BPA and BPS was investigated by administering the two compounds by intravenous and oral routes in piglet, a known valid model for investigating oral TK. METHODS Experiments were conducted in piglets to evaluate the kinetics of BPA, BPS, and their glucuronoconjugated metabolites in plasma and urine after intravenous administration of BPA, BPS, and BPS glucuronide (BPSG) and gavage administration of BPA and BPS. A population semiphysiologically based TK model describing the disposition of BPA and BPS and their glucuronides was built from these data to estimate the key TK parameters that drive the internal exposure to active compounds. RESULTS The data indicated that almost all the BPS oral dose was absorbed and transported into the liver where only 41% of BPS was glucuronidated, leading to a systemic bioavailability of 57.4%. In contrast, only 77% of the oral dose of BPA was absorbed and underwent an extensive first-pass glucuronidation either in the gut (44%) or in the liver (53%), thus accounting for the low systemic bioavailability of BPA (0.50%). Due to the higher systemic availability of BPS, in comparison with BPA, and its lower plasma clearance (3.5 times lower), the oral BPS systemic exposure was on average about 250 times higher than for BPA for an equal oral molar dose of the two compounds. CONCLUSION Given the similar digestive tracts of pigs and humans, our results suggest that replacing BPA with BPS will likely lead to increased internal exposure to an endocrine-active compound that would be of concern for human health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4599.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gayrard
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Z Lacroix
- Therapeutic Innovations and Resistance (INTHERES), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Flore C Grandin
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Séverine H Collet
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Hanna Mila
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Viguié
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence A Gély
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Blandine Rabozzi
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Roger Léandri
- EA 3694 Human Fertility Research Group, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Therapeutic Innovations and Resistance (INTHERES), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Picard-Hagen
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), INP (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse)-ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse), EIP (Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan), UPS (Université Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France
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A scoping review of the health and toxicological activity of bisphenol A (BPA) structural analogues and functional alternatives. Toxicology 2019; 424:152235. [PMID: 31201879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies report widespread usage or exposure to a variety of chemicals with structural or functional similarity to bisphenol A (BPA), referred to as BPA analogues or derivatives. These have been detected in foodstuffs, house dust, environmental samples, human urine or blood, and consumer products. Compared to BPA, relatively little is known about potential toxicity of these compounds. This scoping review aimed to summarize the human, animal, and mechanistic toxicity data for 24 BPA analogues of emerging interest to research and regulatory communities. PubMed was searched from March 1, 2015 to January 5, 2019 and combined with the results obtained from literature searches conducted through March 23, 2015, in The National Toxicology Program's Research Report 4 (NTP RR-04), "Biological Activity of Bisphenol A (BPA) Structural Analogues and Functional Alternatives". Study details are presented in interactive displays using Tableau Public. In total, 5748 records were screened for inclusion. One hundred sixty seven studies were included from NTP RR-04 and 175 studies were included from the updated literature search through January 2019. In total, there are 22, 117, and 221 human epidemiological, experimental animal, or in vitro studies included. The most frequently studied BPA analogues are bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (4,4-BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF). Notable changes in the literature since 2015 include the growing body of human epidemiological studies and in vivo studies conducted in zebrafish. Numerous new endpoints were also evaluated across all three evidence streams including diabetes, obesity, and oxidative stress. However, few studies have addressed endpoints such as neurodevelopmental outcomes or impacts on the developing mammary or prostate glands, which are known to be susceptible to disruption by BPA. Further, there remains a critical need for better exposure information in order to prioritize experimental studies. Moving forward, researchers should also ensure that full dose responses are performed for all main effects in order to support hazard and risk characterization efforts. The evidence gathered here suggests that hazard and risk characterizations should expand beyond BPA in order to consider BPA structural and functional analogues.
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22
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Ullah A, Pirzada M, Afsar T, Razak S, Almajwal A, Jahan S. Effect of bisphenol F, an analog of bisphenol A, on the reproductive functions of male rats. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:41. [PMID: 31182008 PMCID: PMC6558835 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer primarily used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Bisphenol F (BPF) is apparently the main BPA replacement that is used increasingly. BPF has been detected in canned food, thermal paper receipts, and soft drinks. In the present experiment, we did both in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the effect of low and high-dose BPF exposures on testosterone concentration, oxidative stress, and antioxidants activity in reproductive tissues of male rats. METHODS Adult (80-90 days old) male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 36) obtained from the rodent colony of Animal Sciences Department of Quaid-i-Azam University. The direct effects of BPF on the antioxidant enzymes and testosterone secretion were measured in vitro and in vivo studies. In an in vivo experiment, adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 42) were exposed to different concentrations of bisphenol F (1, 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/d) for 28 days. Various biochemical parameters were analyzed including the level of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Moreover, sperm motility, daily sperm production (DSP), comet assay, and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS In vitro study showed that BPF exposure significantly (p < 0.05) induced oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., ROS and LPO, while it did not change antioxidant enzyme and testicular testosterone concentration. Whereas, an in vivo study revealed that BPF induced dose-dependent effect and high-dose (100 mg/kg) exposure of BPF significantly reduced tissue protein (p < 0.05) content, CAT (p < 0.001), SOD (p < 0.05), and POD (p < 0.05) levels while significantly (p < 0.05) augmented ROS and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, BPF reduces testosterone, LH, and FSH secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Significant (p < 0.001) reduction in plasma and intra-testicular testosterone, LH, and FSH was noticed at 100 mg/kg BFP dose. High-dose exposure reduces spermatogenesis. CONCLUSION BPF showed an antagonistic effect on male reproductive hormones and induce alterations in testicular morphology. Increased oxidative stress and decreased testicular antioxidant status might be the underlying mechanism of BFP-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Madeeha Pirzada
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) of estrogenic and anti-androgenic potencies of BPA and BADGE analogues. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1941-1953. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Skledar DG, Carino A, Trontelj J, Troberg J, Distrutti E, Marchianò S, Tomašič T, Zega A, Finel M, Fiorucci S, Mašič LP. Endocrine activities and adipogenic effects of bisphenol AF and its main metabolite. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:870-880. [PMID: 30408883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a fluorinated analog of bisphenol A (BPA), and it is a more potent estrogen receptor (ER) agonist. BPAF is mainly metabolized to BPAF-glucuronide (BPAF-G), which has been reported to lack ER agonist activity and is believed to be biologically inactive. The main goal of the current study was to examine the influence of the metabolism of BPAF via glucuronidation on its ER activity and adipogenesis. Also, as metabolites can have different biological activities, the effects of BPAF-G on other nuclear receptors were evaluated. First, in-vitro BPAF glucuronidation was investigated using recombinant human enzymes. Specific reporter-gene assays were used to determine BPAF and BPAF-G effects on estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, and thyroid receptor pathways, and on PXR, FXR, and PPARγ pathways. Their effects on lipid accumulation and differentiation were determined in murine 3T3L1 preadipocytes using Nile Red, with mRNA expression analysis of the adipogenic markers adiponectin, Fabp4, Cebpα, and PPARγ. BPAF showed strong agonistic activity for hERα and moderate antagonistic activities for androgen and thyroid receptors, and for PXR. BPAF-G was antagonistic for PXR and PPARγ. BPAF (0.1 μM) and BPAF-G (1.0 μM) induced lipid accumulation and increased expression of key adipogenic markers in murine preadipocytes. BPAF-G is therefore not an inactive metabolite of BPAF. Further toxicological and epidemiological investigations of BPAF effects on human health are warranted, to provide better understanding of the metabolic end-elimination of BPAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Gramec Skledar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Johanna Troberg
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Zega
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Gys C, Kovačič A, Huber C, Lai FY, Heath E, Covaci A. Suspect and untargeted screening of bisphenol S metabolites produced by in vitro human liver metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Karrer C, Roiss T, von Goetz N, Gramec Skledar D, Peterlin Mašič L, Hungerbühler K. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of the Bisphenols BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF with New Experimental Metabolic Parameters: Comparing the Pharmacokinetic Behavior of BPA with Its Substitutes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:077002. [PMID: 29995627 PMCID: PMC6108829 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) has been facing stricter regulations in recent years. BPA analogs, such as the bisphenols S, F, and AF (BPS, BPF, and BPAF) are increasingly used as replacement chemicals, although they were found to exert estrogenic effects similar to those of BPA. Research has shown that only the parent compounds have affinity to the estrogen receptors, suggesting that the pharmacokinetic behavior of bisphenols (BPs) can influence their potency. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviors of BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF for different age groups after environmentally relevant external exposures by taking into account substance-specific metabolism kinetics and partitioning behavior. This comparison allowed us to investigate the consequences of replacing BPA with other BPs. METHODS We readjusted a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for peroral exposure to BPA and extended it to include dermal exposure. We experimentally assessed hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation kinetics of BPS, BPF, and BPAF to parametrize the model for these BPs and calibrated the BPS model with a biomonitoring study. We used the PBPK models to compare resulting internal exposures and focused on females of childbearing age in a two-dimensional Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. RESULTS Within environmentally relevant concentration ranges, BPAF and BPS were glucuronized at highest and lowest rates, respectively, in the intestine and the liver. The predominant routes of BPS and BPAF exposure were peroral and dermal exposure, respectively. The calibration of the BPS model with measured concentrations showed that enterohepatic recirculation may be important. Assuming equal external exposures, BPS exposure led to the highest internal concentrations of unconjugated BPs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the replacement of BPA with structural analogs may not lower the risk for endocrine disruption. Exposure to both BPS and BPAF might be more critical than BPA exposure, if their respective estrogenic potencies are taken into account. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Karrer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Roiss
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Lehmler HJ, Liu B, Gadogbe M, Bao W. Exposure to Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S in U.S. Adults and Children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6523-6532. [PMID: 29978145 PMCID: PMC6028148 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are replacing bisphenol A (BPA) in the manufacturing of products containing polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Data on current human exposure levels of these substitutes are needed to aid in the assessment of their human health risks. This study analyzed urinary bisphenol levels in adults (N = 1808) and children (N = 868) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014 and investigated demographic and lifestyle factors associated with urinary levels of bisphenols. BPA, BPS, and BPF were detected in 95.7, 89.4, and 66.5% of randomly selected urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2013-2014, respectively. Median levels of BPA in U.S. adult were higher (1.24 μg/L) than BPF and BPS levels (0.35 and 0.37 μg/L, respectively). For children, median BPA levels were also higher (1.25 μg/L) than BPF and BPS levels (0.32 and 0.29 μg/L, respectively). The limits of detection for BPA, BPF, and BPS were 0.2, 0.2, and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. Urinary levels showed associations with gender, race/ethnicity, family income, physical activity, smoking, and/or alcohol intake that depended on the specific bisphenol. The results of this study indicate that exposure of the general U.S. population to BPA substitutes is almost ubiquitous. Because exposures differ across the U.S. population, further studies of environmental, consumer, and lifestyle factors affecting BPF and BPS exposures are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- College
of Public Health, Department of Occupational & Environmental
Health, and College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Buyun Liu
- College
of Public Health, Department of Occupational & Environmental
Health, and College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Manuel Gadogbe
- College
of Public Health, Department of Occupational & Environmental
Health, and College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Wei Bao
- College
of Public Health, Department of Occupational & Environmental
Health, and College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 319-384-1546. Fax: 319-384-4155 (W.B.)
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Oh J, Choi JW, Ahn YA, Kim S. Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol S in humans after single oral administration. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:127-133. [PMID: 29272776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) has been introduced as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), and widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and thermal papers. Despite its adverse health outcomes and widespread exposure, pharmacokinetic data of BPS are not available for either animals or humans. The objective of the study is to describe pharmacokinetic characteristics of BPS in human body after a single oral administration with a compartmental pharmacokinetic model. Seven healthy young adults were orally exposed to 8.75μg/bw of d4-BPS, and serum and urine samples were collected for 48h. The concentrations of total and unconjugated d4-BPS in samples were measured using HPLC-MS/MS. Based on the time-concentration profiles in serum and urine, non-compartmental analysis was performed, and two-compartment model was constructed and validated. As a result of non-compartmental analysis, total d4-BPS was rapidly absorbed within 1h (0.7±0.3h) after oral administration, and excreted in urine with terminal half-life of <7h (6.8±0.7h). Fractional urinary excretion (Fue) of total d4-BPS for 48h was 92±17% (67-104%) for men and 70±36% (59-77%) for women. The two-compartment model well described pharmacokinetic properties of BPS, and its parameter estimates were consistent with those from non-compartmental analysis. This study provides information on absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of BPS in human body, and the pharmacokinetic model can be utilized for estimating exposure dose of BPS, contributing to more realistic exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Weon Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Young-Ah Ahn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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29
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Zhang Z, Lin L, Gai Y, Hong Y, Li L, Weng L. Subchronic bisphenol S exposure affects liver function in mice involving oxidative damage. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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NTP Research Report on Biological Activity of Bisphenol A (BPA) Structural Analogues and Functional Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.22427/ntp-rr-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Profiling of bisphenol S towards nuclear receptors activities in human reporter cell lines. Toxicol Lett 2017; 281:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gramec Skledar D, Peterlin Mašič L. Bisphenol A and its analogs: Do their metabolites have endocrine activity? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:182-199. [PMID: 27771500 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural analogs of bisphenol A are commonly used as its alternatives in industrial and commercial applications. Nevertheless, the question arises whether the use of other bisphenols is justified as replacements for bisphenol A in mass production of plastic materials. To evaluate the influence of metabolic reactions on endocrine activities of bisphenols, we conducted a systematic review of the literature. Knowledge about the metabolic pathways and enzymes involved in metabolic biotransformations is essential for understanding and predicting mechanisms of toxicity. Bisphenols are metabolized predominantly by the glucuronidation reaction, which is considered their most important detoxification pathway, as based on current knowledge, glucuronides do not have activity on endocrine receptors. In contrast, several oxidative metabolites of bisphenols with enhanced endocrine activities are presented, and these findings indicate that oxidative metabolites of bisphenols can still have endocrine activities in humans.
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Philips EM, Jaddoe VWV, Trasande L. Effects of early exposure to phthalates and bisphenols on cardiometabolic outcomes in pregnancy and childhood. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:105-118. [PMID: 27596818 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are exposed to various chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenols. Increasing evidence suggests that early life exposures to phthalates and bisphenols may contribute to cardiometabolic risks. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize current knowledge of the effects of fetal and childhood exposure to phthalates and bisphenols on child growth and child cardiometabolic outcomes and the effects on maternal outcomes. In total, 54 studies were identified and included. The majority of studies found effects of phthalates and bisphenols on maternal, child growth, and cardiometabolic outcomes. Currently results suggest that early life exposure to phthalates and bisphenols may have a substantial influence on perinatal and postnatal cardiometabolic programming. In a large part of the investigated outcomes studies show contradictory results. However, the majority of the existing evidence is based on non-cohort studies with single samples neglecting time-variant effects and complicating conclusions regarding causal inference. More studies are needed investigating the mechanisms and its potential interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Philips
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; New York Wagner School of Public Service, New York City, NY, USA; New York Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York City, NY, USA; New York University Global Institute of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
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Gramec Skledar D, Trontelj J, Klopčič I, Dolenc MS, Schmidt J, Finel M, Mašič LP. Influence of different metabolic reactions on endocrine activities of bisphenol S. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Skledar DG, Schmidt J, Fic A, Klopčič I, Trontelj J, Dolenc MS, Finel M, Mašič LP. Influence of metabolism on endocrine activities of bisphenol S. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:152-9. [PMID: 27213244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS; bis[4-hydroxyphenyl]sulfone) is commonly used as a replacement for bisphenol A in numerous consumer products. The main goal of this study was to examine the influence of different metabolic reactions that BPS undergoes on the endocrine activity. We demonstrate that hydroxylation of the aromatic ring of BPS, catalyzed mainly by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, is its major in-vitro phase I biotransformation. Nevertheless, coupled oxidative-conjugative reactions analyses revealed that glucuronidation and formation of BPS glucuronide is the predominant BPS metabolic pathway. BPS reactive metabolites that can be tracked as glutathione conjugates were not detected in the present study. Two in-vitro systems were used to evaluate the endocrine activity of BPS and its two main metabolites, BPS glucuronide and hydroxylated BPS 4-(4-hydroxy-benzenesulfonyl)-benzene-1,2-diol (BPSM1). In addition, we have tested two structural analogs of BPS, bis[4-(2-hydroxyetoxy)phenyl]sulfone (BHEPS) and 4,4-sulfonylbis(2-methylphenol) (dBPS). The test systems were yeast cells, for evaluating estrogenic and androgenic activities, and the GH3.TRE-Luc reporter cell line for measuring thyroid hormone activity. BPS and BPSM1 were weak agonists of the estrogen receptor, EC50 values of 8.4 × 10(-5) M and 6.7 × 10(-4) M, respectively. Additionally, BPSM1 exhibited weak antagonistic activity toward the thyroid hormone receptor, with an IC50 of 4.3 × 10(-5) M. In contrast to BPSM1, BPS glucuronide was inactive in these assays, inhibiting neither the estrogen nor the thyroid hormone receptors. Hence, glucuronidation appears to be the most important pathway for both BPS metabolism and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Anja Fic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Klopčič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Boucher JG, Ahmed S, Atlas E. Bisphenol S Induces Adipogenesis in Primary Human Preadipocytes From Female Donors. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1397-407. [PMID: 27003841 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to bisphenol A has been associated with negative health outcomes in humans and its use is now regulated in a number of countries. Bisphenol S (BPS) is increasingly used as a replacement for bisphenol A; however, its effects on cellular metabolism and potential role as an endocrine disruptor have not been fully characterized. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of BPS on adipogenesis in primary human preadipocytes. The effect of BPS on the differentiation of human preadipocytes was determined after treatment with BPS at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 25 μM by quantifying lipid accumulation and mRNA and protein levels of key adipogenic markers. Treatment of preadipocytes with 25 μM BPS induced lipid accumulation and increased the mRNA and protein levels of several adipogenic markers including lipoprotein lipase and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). Cotreatment of cells with the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182,780 significantly inhibited BPS-induced lipid accumulation and affected aP2 but not lipoprotein lipase protein levels. Cotreatment of cells with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 had no effect on BPS-induced lipid accumulation or protein levels. Furthermore, reporter gene assays using a synthetic promoter containing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG)-response elements and a PPARG-responsive human aP2 promoter region showed that BPS was able to activate PPARG. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that BPS induces lipid accumulation and differentiation of primary human preadipocytes, and this effect may be mediated through a PPARG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Boucher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Shaimaa Ahmed
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
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Street CM, Zhu Z, Finel M, Court MH. Bisphenol-A glucuronidation in human liver and breast: identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and influence of genetic polymorphisms. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:1-10. [PMID: 26999266 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1156784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Bisphenol-A is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is primarily metabolized by glucuronidation and associated with various human diseases including breast cancer. Here we identified UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and genetic polymorphisms responsible for interindividual variability in bisphenol-A glucuronidation in human liver and breast. 2. Hepatic UGTs showing the highest bisphenol-A glucuronidation activity included UGT2B15 and UGT1A9. Relative activity factor normalization indicated that UGT2B15 contributes >80% of activity at bisphenol-A concentrations under 5 μM, while UGT1A9 contributes up to 50% of activity at higher concentrations. 3. Bisphenol-A glucuronidation by liver microsomes (46 donors) ranged from 0.25 to 4.3 nmoles/min/mg protein. Two-fold higher glucuronidation (p = 0.018) was observed in UGT1A9 *22/*22 livers compared with *1/*1 and *1/*22 livers. However, no associations were observed for UGT2B15*2 or UGT1A1*28 genotypes. 4. Bisphenol-A glucuronidation by breast microsomes (15 donors) ranged from <0.2 to 56 fmoles/min/mg protein. Breast mRNA expression of UGTs capable of glucuronidating bisphenol-A was highest for UGT1A1, followed by UGT2B4, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15. Bisphenol-A glucuronidation was over 10-fold lower in breast tissues with the UGT1A1*28 allele compared with tissues without this allele (p = 0.006). 5. UGT2B15 and UGT1A9 contribute to glucuronidation variability in liver, while UGT1A1 is important in breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Street
- a Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA and
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- a Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA and
| | - Moshe Finel
- b Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Michael H Court
- a Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA and
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