Nurturing social responsibility through community service-learning: Lessons learned from a pilot project

Community-based education programmes in the context of dental education: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Community education programmes are vital tools for teaching skills, such as understanding the larger cultural, economic and social determinants of health and how these factors impact people's health. It is currently unclear whether community education programmes in the field of dentistry deliver adequate value. This review aims to scope, collate and analyse globally published evidence concerning community education programmes in dentistry from inception, to gain an understanding of the intentions for these programmes and establish whether outcomes have shifted over time from the original intentions.

METHODS

Arksey and O'Malley's framework for scoping reviews was employed to guide the reviewers. A systematic search of electronic databases and the reference lists in key papers was conducted.

RESULTS

A systematic search concerning community education in dentistry identified a total of 140 papers for full-text evaluations. After further exclusions, 115 articles were selected for data charting. There was a lack of clarity in the literature concerning programmes' definitions and strategies for achieving intentions. Origins, intentions and motivations of the programmes were identified. The literature largely focused on assessing students' clinical treatment skills, contradicting the programme's original idea and intentions. Only a few studies incorporated patient and community perspectives, and the majority of assessments were self-reported, primarily by students.

CONCLUSIONS

There is broad interest in integrating community education into dental curricula to teach complex concepts, dental public health principles and to ensure professional skills development. We identified issues in the literature around programme definitions, strategies, measurement approaches and programme success requiring additional research.

Pathways, journeys and experiences: Integrating curricular activities related to social accountability within an undergraduate medical curriculum

BACKGROUND

Health professions education curricula are undergoing reform towards social accountability (SA), defined as an academic institution's obligation to orient its education, service and research to respond to societal needs. However, little is known about how or which educational experiences transform learners and the processes behind such action. For example, those responsible for the development and implementation of undergraduate medical education (UGME) programs can benefit from a deeper understanding of educational approaches that foster the development of competencies related to SA. The purpose of this paper was to learn from the perspectives of the various partners involved in a program's delivery about what curricular aspects related to SA are expressed in a UGME program.

METHODS

We undertook a qualitative descriptive study at a francophone Canadian university. Through purposive convenience and snowball sampling, we conducted 16 focus groups (virtual) with the following partners: (a) third- and fourth-year medical students, (b) medical teachers, (c) program administrators (e.g., program leadership), (d) community members (e.g., community organisations) and (e) patient partners. We used inductive thematic analysis to interpret the data.

RESULTS

The participants' perspectives organised around four key themes including (a) the definition of a future socially accountable physician, (b) socially accountable educational activities and experiences, (c) characteristics of a socially accountable MD program and (d) suggestions for curriculum improvement and implementation.

CONCLUSIONS

We extend scholarship about curricular activities related to SA from the perspectives of those involved in teaching and learning. We highlight the relevance of experiential learning, engagement with community members and patient partners and collaborative approaches to curriculum development. Our study provides a snapshot of what are the sequential pathways in fostering SA among medical students and therefore addresses a gap between knowledge and practice regarding what contributes to the implementation of educational approaches related to SA. We emphasise the need for educational innovation and research to develop and align assessment methods with teaching and learning related to SA.

Entrepreneurial education and its role in fostering sustainable communities

Establishing sustainable communities requires bridging the gap between academic knowledge and societal requirements; this is where entrepreneurial education comes in. The first phase involved a comprehensive review of the literature and extensive consultation with experts to identify and shortlist the components of entrepreneurship education that support sustainable communities. The second phase involved Total Interpretative Structural Modelling to explore or ascertain how the elements interacted between sustainable communities and entrepreneurial education. The factors are ranked and categorized using the Matrice d'impacts croises multiplication appliquee an un classement (MICMAC) approach. The MICMAC analysis classifies partnerships and incubators as critical drivers, identifying Student Entrepreneurship Clubs and Sustainability Research Centers as dependent elements. The study emphasizes alumni networks and curriculum designs as key motivators. The results highlight the critical role that well-designed entrepreneurial education plays in developing socially conscious entrepreneurs, strengthening communities, and generating long-term job prospects. The study provides a valuable road map for stakeholders dedicated to long-term community development agendas by informing the creation of strategic initiatives, curriculum updates, and policies incorporating entrepreneurial education.

Influence of social responsibility and pandemic awareness of nursing students on COVID-19 preventive behaviours: a cross-sectional online survey in South Korea

OBJECTIVES

Factors influencing COVID-19 preventive behaviour require exploration to strengthen the response competencies of prehealthcare professionals and reduce the pandemic's impact. This study aimed to identify the level of COVID-19 preventive behaviour among Korean nursing students and to determine the influence of social responsibility and pandemic awareness to present educational strategies for reducing disaster impact.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

As a cross-sectional descriptive survey study using an online questionnaire, the participants were convenience sampled from one online community for nursing students and three nursing colleges located in Seoul, South Korea. The data from 590 participants were analysed by t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation and linear multiple regression using SPSS.

RESULTS

The factors influencing COVID-19 preventive behaviour were identified to be social responsibility (linear regression coefficient 0.354, 95% CI 0.243 to 0.464), pandemic awareness (linear regression coefficient 0.131, 95% CI 0.025 to 0.237), impact of COVID-19 on daily life (linear regression coefficient 0.085, 95% CI 0.019 to 0.152) and living in Daegu/Gyeong-buk area (linear regression coefficient 0.134, 95% CI 0.024 to 0.244).

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings that social responsibility and pandemic awareness are key predictors of COVID-19 preventive behaviour, customised educational programmes and additional studies are recommended for raising social responsibility and pandemic awareness among prehealthcare professionals as a part of disaster response.

Community service‐based preventive dental education for elementary school‐aged children

OBJECTIVES

The effectiveness of one-to-one preventive dental education provided by dental undergraduate students for improving elementary school-aged children's oral self-care skills, diet-related knowledge, and diet behavior was tested.

METHODS

The sample consisted of 106 children between the ages of 5 and 12 years who attended the same school. Oral self-care skills were assessed by undergraduate dental students using a tooth-brushing assessment form, and diet knowledge and behaviors by means of a questionnaire. The effectiveness of education (two one-to-one sessions) was evaluated by measuring the post-educational changes in the children's oral self-care skills, diet knowledge, and behavior.

RESULTS

There were significant improvements in the means (sd) of tooth-brushing skill scores (range: 0-18) from 6.2 (4.0) at the baseline to 8.4 (4.1) at the first and to 10.3 (3.0) at the second follow-up. Total tooth-brushing time (in seconds) significantly increased from 76.0 (59.1) at the baseline to 110.7 (74.3) at the first follow-up then decreased to 102.6 (73.1) at the second follow-up. The means (sd) of diet knowledge scores (range: 0-30) improved significantly from 18.5 (5.6) at the baseline to 23.0 (7.3) at the first and to 24.5 (4.0) at the second follow-ups. The means (sd) of weekly sugar intake scores (range: 0-18) significantly decreased from 4.9 (2.1) at the baseline to 3.1 (2.0) at the first follow-up and remained unchanged until the second follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

One-to-one dental education improved children's oral self-care skills, diet-related knowledge, and diet behavior. The post-educational improvements were maintained for 6 months in older children but not in the younger children.

The experiences of community organizations partnering with a medical school to improve students' understanding of the social determinants of health: A qualitative study

PURPOSE

There has been increasing interest among national organizations for medical schools to provide students experiential training in the social determinants of health (SDH) through community partnerships. Despite this interest, there is limited data about how these experiential activities can be designed most effectively, and community organizations' views of partnering with medical schools on these curricula is unknown. The authors' objective was to determine community organizations' and clinical clerkship directors' perceptions of the benefits and challenges of utilizing academic-community partnerships to improve medical students' understanding of the SDH.

METHODS

The authors conducted a qualitative study consisting of open-ended, semi-structured interviews (between 2018 and 2021). All community organizations and clinical clerkship directors who partnered with a health equity curriculum were eligible to participate. Semi-structured interviews elicited participants' perceptions of the academic-community partnership; experience with the curriculum and the students; and recommendations for improving the curriculum. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. The authors used a directed content analysis approach to code the interviews inductively and identified emerging themes through an iterative process.

RESULTS

Of the fifteen participants interviewed, ten were from community organizations and five from clinical clerkships. Three primary themes emerged: (1) community organizations felt educating students about the SDH aligned with the organization's mission and they benefited from consistent access to volunteers; (2) students benefited through greater exposure to the SDH; (3) participants suggested standardizing students' experiences, ensuring the students and organizations are clear about the goals and expectations, and working with organizations that have experience with or the capacity for a large volume of volunteers as ways to improve the experiential activity.

CONCLUSION

This study found that community organizations were very willing to partner with a medical school to provide students experiential learning about the SDH, and this partnership was beneficial for both the students and the organizations.

Two sides of the same coin: Quality improvement and program evaluation in health professions education

Health professions education is in constant pursuit of new ways of teaching and assessment in order to improve the training of healthcare professionals. Educators are often challenged with designing, implementing, and evaluating programs in the context of their professional practice, particularly those in response to dynamic and emerging social needs. This article explores the synergies and intersections of two approaches-quality improvement and program evaluation-and the potential utility of their combinations within our field to design, evaluate, and most importantly, improve educational programming. We argue that the inclusion of established quality improvement frameworks within program evaluation provides a proven mechanism for driving change, can optimize programming within the multi-contextual education systems, and, ultimately, that these two approaches are complementary to one another. These combinations hold great promise for optimizing programming in alignment with social missions, where it has been difficult for institutions worldwide to generate and capture evidence of social accountability.

The mouth and oral health in the field of dementia

An ageing population, an estimated 47 million people currently living with dementia, and predictions of a threefold increase in people living with a diagnosis by 2050 have led the WHO to declare dementia a public health priority. Emerging research also suggests that dementia is linked to poor oral health and that oral health declines alongside cognitive decline. Drawing on Bourdieu's concepts of field and capital, this paper presents an analysis of interview data from participants with dementia, carers and carer/diagnosed dyads participating in a qualitative study of the mouth and oral health. We argue that Bourdieu's conceptual toolkit provides a way of contextualising experiences of oral health within dementia and un-picking the multi-layered impact of structure, institutions, biology, resource mobilisation and self in the context of a progressive disease which ultimately challenges knowledge of the self and the ability to interact with the world around us.

How do students offer value to organisations through work integrated learning? A qualitative study using Social Exchange Theory

Learning through work is a common feature of preparing health professionals for practice. Current understandings of work-integrated learning or a 'work-based placement', focus on students being consumers of experiences rather than providing a reciprocal benefit to the organisation in which they are placed. More nuanced understanding of the ways that students can offer value to organisations may provide new opportunities and increased capacity for workplace learning. This study drew on Social Exchange Theory to explore the perceived value and benefits of work-integrated learning experiences to the organisations in which students are placed. The focus was on population health placements undertaken by dietetics students at a large Australian university. An interpretive approach was employed with interviews with placement educators and document analysis of student-generated products from their placement. Seventeen of 20 eligible placement educators were interviewed, with interview data coded using thematic framework analysis. These data were supported with document analysis of student scientific posters completed as part of assessment to develop themes which were interpreted with social exchange theory. Three themes were identified: (1) students add to the organisation's capacity, (2) benefits outweigh time cost of planning and supervising and (3) explicitly valuing students for their contributions may build trust and further potentiate bi-directional benefits. Results suggest that student placements can add value to organisations. This reciprocity of benefits should be communicated to all stakeholders involved in the university-community collaboration, including students. Social exchange theory sensitised researchers to nuanced findings that may support the translation of these study findings to other student work-integrated learning settings.

Association of a Health Equity Curriculum With Medical Students' Knowledge of Social Determinants of Health and Confidence in Working With Underserved Populations

IMPORTANCE

National organizations recommend that medical schools train students in the social determinants of health.

OBJECTIVE

To develop and evaluate a longitudinal health equity curriculum that was integrated into third-year clinical clerkships and provided experiential learning in partnership with community organizations.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This longitudinal cohort study was conducted from June 2017 to October 2020 to evaluate the association of the curriculum with medical students' self-reported knowledge of social determinants of health and confidence working with underserved populations. Students from 1 large medical school in the southeastern US were included. Students in the class of 2019 and class of 2020 were surveyed at baseline (before the start of their third year), end of the third year, and graduation. The class of 2018 (No curriculum) was surveyed at graduation to serve as a control. Data analysis was conducted from June to September 2020.

EXPOSURES

The curriculum began with a health equity simulation followed by a series of modules. The class of 2019 participated in the simulation and piloted the initial 3 modules (pilot), and the class of 2020 participated in the simulation and the full 9 modules (full).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

A linear mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the change in the self-reported knowledge and confidence scores over time (potential scores ranged from 0 to 32, with higher scores indicating higher self-reported knowledge and confidence working with underserved populations). In secondary analyses, a Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to compare graduation scores between the no, pilot, and full curriculum classes.

RESULTS

A total of 314 students (160 women [51.0%], 205 [65.3%] non-Hispanic White participants) completed at least 1 survey, including 125 students in the pilot, 121 in the full, and 68 in the no curriculum classes. One hundred forty-one students (44.9%) were interested in primary care. Total self-reported knowledge and confidence scores increased between baseline and end of clerkship (15.4 vs 23.7, P = .001) and baseline and graduation (15.4 vs 23.7, P = .001) for the pilot and full curriculum classes. Total scores at graduation were higher for the pilot curriculum (median, 24.0; interquartile range [IQR], 21.0-27.0; P = .001) and full curriculum classes (median, 23.0; IQR, 20.0-26.0; P = .01) compared with the no curriculum class (median, 20.5; IQR, 16.25-24.0).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

In this cohort study of medical students, a dedicated health equity curriculum was associated with a significant improvement in students' self-reported knowledge of social determinants of health and confidence working with underserved populations.

Everyday experiences of people living with dementia and their carers relating to oral health and dental care

Little is known about how community-dwelling people with dementia, as well as their carers, look after their oral health and use dental care. This exploratory study aimed to explore the beliefs, experiences and practices about oral health of people living with dementia and their carers. We used an ethnographic qualitative approach conducting face-to-face interviews at home with people living with dementia and/or carers. Interview data and field notes were analysed thematically using framework methods. We approached volunteers registered with the online UK. Join Dementia Research network from whom a total of 17 participants were recruited in 2018. Five interviews were conducted with carers alone, two with a person living with dementia alone, and five with a carer and person with dementia jointly. Three main themes emerged: oral health is not prioritised; access to dental care is shaped by increasing disability; and the importance of continuity of care. While people living with dementia and their carers may view oral health important once prompted, many reported difficulties in undertaking or assisting with daily self-care and accessing dental services, particularly as dementia progresses. We draw out implications for the organisation and delivery of public and private dental services.

How are the social determinants of health being taught in dental education?

INTRODUCTION

The social determinants of health that influence how wellness and illness are experienced within society must be a core component of dental curricula where aspiring dental professionals are taught about the aetiology and social history of dental diseases. Through this scoping review, we examine the current approaches that have been employed to incorporate the social determinants of health within dental curricula.

METHODS

Using a scoping review methodology, we searched the databases Scopus, PubMed, and Embase using keywords relevant to the social determinants of health and dental education.

RESULTS

Following screening and sorting, 36 articles were included within this review. The majority of the articles described research that evaluated outcomes of educational interventions with relevance to the social determinants of health. The remainder of the included studies discussed attitudes and readiness relative to the social determinants of health and how this core competency could be taught effectively.

CONCLUSION

The included literature revealed that the social determinants of health frequently are not the focus of educational activities in dental curricula, with students frequently having little active guidance on how they might make sense of their educational experiences in this domain. The socioeconomic, cultural, political, geographic, and structural barriers that contribute to patients being impacted by the social determinants of health should be explicitly addressed and discussed with students as a foundation element of the dental curriculum.

Teaching the affective domain in community-based medical education: A scoping review

Background: The affective domain is one of the essential areas in the assessment of the learning outcomes of medical students, apart from the cognitive and psychomotor domains. Community-based medical education (CBME) is a common instructional program for medical students in learning about these domains. However, preceptors and researchers pay less attention to the affective domain as compared to the other two learning domains.Aim: To describe the state of the literature on teaching the affective domain through CBME and to develop an initial model for instructional purposes.Methods: A scoping review of the literature was conducted. Out of the 971 references initially retrieved, 22 published references were selected. Relevant data from these references were extracted and analyzed through thematic analysis.Results and Conclusion: The various affective outcomes of CBME in the literature are commonly taught through role modelling and mentoring, providing opportunity to apply knowledge, and immersing in local organizations and communities. However, these teaching strategies will be optimized through a structured and rigorous process of reflection. Reflection is central to the learning experience of medical students, especially that affective outcomes are commonly less apparent. The findings of this review resulted to a proposed initial model in teaching the affective domain in CBME.

Transatlantic engagement: a novel dental educational exchange

Introduction Newcastle University School of Dental Sciences (NUSDS) and Indiana University School of Dentistry in the United States of America (IUSD) are like-minded institutions committed to civic engagement. Over the last 15 years, both universities have built civic engagement into the dental curricula, however each institution operates within significantly different healthcare systems.Aim Co-development of unique collaborative dental education; the first UK/US educational exchange programme engaged with the dental student community.Design A dental educational exchange was developed enabling NUSDS and IUSD students to learn alongside each other within dental and community settings in both countries. Students participate in a unique face-to-face collaborative and interdisciplinary education programme within respective dental schools and by a series of video conferences scheduled before on-site visits. They gain mutual awareness of delivery, access to care and possible barriers facing patients relating to the oral healthcare systems in England, the state of Indiana and the USA. Logistical considerations were significant, aided by scoping visits to the respective partner school and video conferencing. Planning encompassed timetable restrictions, scheduling student video conferences, students' clinical access/observerships, occupational health clearances, overall educational content, student/staff evaluation and potential areas for education research.Conclusions Currently in its fourth year, this is a unique example of a collaborative educational exchange between the UK and USA.

Addressing the health advocate role in medical education

The health advocate role is an essential and underappreciated component of the CanMEDs competency framework. It is tied to the concept of social accountability and its application to medical schools for preparing future physicians who will work to ensure an equitable healthcare system. Student involvement in health advocacy throughout medical school can inspire a long-term commitment to address health disparities. The Social Medicine Network (SMN) provides an online platform for medical trainees to seek opportunities to address health disparities, with the goal of bridging the gap between the social determinants of health and clinical medicine. This online platform provides a list of health advocacy related opportunities for addressing issues that impede health equity, whether through research, community engagement, or clinical care.First implemented at the University of British Columbia, the SMN has since expanded to other medical schools across Canada. At the University of Ottawa, the SMN is being used to augment didactic teachings of health advocacy and social accountability. This article reports on the development and application of the SMN as a resource for medical trainees seeking meaningful and actionable opportunities to enact their role as health advocates.

A scoping review on social justice education in current undergraduate dental curricula

BACKGROUND

A recent shift in educational components within healthcare has pushed dentistry toward a greater understanding of the role of social components on oral health. There has also been an increased awareness of inappropriate conduct among dental students.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A scoping review was conducted to determine if, how, and when social-justice-oriented education has been incorporated into dental curricula worldwide. A systematic and reiterative search of articles was performed on February 22, 2018, and combined quantitative and qualitative synthesis of data. An updated search was done on September 26, 2019.

PRIMARY RESULTS

Seventy-three studies were evaluated: 46 quantitative (63%), 24 qualitative (33%), 3 multimethods (4%). The majority used self-reported surveys and questionnaires (66%), while the remaining used interviews (9.5%), student reflections (16%) and focus groups (5.5%). Studies included dental students only (78%); dental students with dental hygiene students (5.5%) or faculty/staff (4.1%); dental students in year 1 (17%), year 2 (1.6%), year 3 (1.6%), year 4 (14.2%); first- and second-year students (3%); third- and fourth-year students (1.6%); all years of study (20%); and academic year not specified (41%). The study areas included "learning in dental school," "experiencing dental school," "focusing on cultural competency," and "addressing dental ethics and social responsibility."

PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS

Three major research gaps were identified: no discussion of a social contract between dentists and society, no explicit social justice-oriented topics within undergraduate dental curricula, and no standardized tool to measure these topics. Further research is necessary to understand how such topics can be included in dental curricula to form socially competent dentists.

Role of community health service programs in navigating the medical ethical slippery slope-a 10-year retrospective study among medical students from southern China

BACKGROUND

For promoting autonomous learning motivation, the learning effect of community-oriented service is beneficial, because through community participation and service, students can transfer their implicit cognition of ethics into explicit cognition, leading to the cultivation of a sympathetic partnership between the community and medical students. Despite the proven benefits of medical students' community health service (CHS) in Western countries, CHS programs designed for medical students are not well established in mainland China, and their effects on medical students' ethical cognition are largely unknown. This study evaluated the effects of CHS programs on the ethical cognition of medical students.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on third- and fourth-year medical students and graduates working at Shantou University Medical College by using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Through interviews, we applied a thematic approach to analyze the responses of the participating students. The questionnaire adopted in this study was revised based on a review of the literature on medical ethics in medical students and on the CHS environment in China. The reviewed questionnaires included an evaluation questionnaire on cultivating medical ethics in a CHS context, and questionnaires used to explore the cultivation and transformation of medical ethics in medical students during the preclinical period.

RESULTS

A total of 361 (54.4%) undergraduate medical students and 302 (45.6%) graduates participated in this survey. Significant differences were observed in self-evaluation of the cognitive development of ethics between those who had participated in CHS programs 1-5 times and those who had participated > 6 times. The successful identification of accepting money from the patients under the table as unethical behavior significantly differed (p = .031) among the graduates but not (p = .567) among the undergraduate students. The participants expressed the positive impact of CHS programs on their self-development.

CONCLUSION

CHS programs can be widely applied in medical education in China. This educational strategy, which supports medical professionalism and incorporates humanitarian behavior as a complement to learning, should be encouraged and promoted nationally.

Exploring the impact of Aboriginal health placement experiences on the preparation of dietetic graduates for practice with Aboriginal communities

AIM

A health workforce with the ability to practice with Aboriginal communities is crucial to bridge the health gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. This study aimed to explore the impact of university Aboriginal health placements on preparing dietetic graduates for practice with Aboriginal communities.

METHODS

A mixed methods sequential explanatory design was used. A sample of 594 dietetic graduates was invited to complete a survey that identified Aboriginal health experiences and measured attitudes and self-confidence towards working in Aboriginal health using a five-point Likert scale. Participants were divided into placement versus no-placement groups and compared using chi-squared tests. Sixteen of 33 participants who had completed an Aboriginal health placement were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview to explore how placement influenced practice with Aboriginal communities. Interviews were analysed using content analysis.

RESULTS

A final sample of 120 participants showed that placement participants reported significantly higher self-confidence towards working in Aboriginal health compared with no-placement participants (No-placement = 35% agree, 36% neutral, 29% disagree; Placement = 74% agree, 11% neutral, 16% disagree; χ² (2, 88) = 9.4; P = 0.01). Fifteen participants were interviewed. Interview data indicated that situated learning experiences, breaking down stereotypes, empathy through learning from Aboriginal people, and Aboriginal health role-models were key components of Aboriginal health placements in preparing dietetic graduates for practice with Aboriginal communities.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that Aboriginal health placements may be an effective strategy for preparing dietetic graduates for practice with Aboriginal communities. The feasibility of placement or alternative curriculum content needs to be explored.

A Qualitative Study of the Experiences and Factors That Led Physicians to Be Lifelong Health Advocates

PURPOSE

Given the public's trust and the opportunities to observe and address social determinants of health, physicians are well suited to be health advocates, a key role in the CanMEDS physician competency framework. As some physicians find it difficult to fulfill this role, the authors explored the experiences and influences that led established physicians to be health advocates.

METHOD

The authors used a phenomenological approach to explore this topic. From March to August 2014, they interviewed 15 established physician health advocates, using a broad definition of health advocacy-that it extends beyond individual patient advocacy to address the root causes of systemic differences in health. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were coded and the data categorized into clusters of meaning, then into themes. Data analysis was conducted iteratively, with data collection continuing until no new information was gathered.

RESULTS

Participants described the factors that contributed to the development of their health advocate identity (i.e., exposure to social injustice, upbringing, schooling, specific formative experiences) and those that facilitated their engagement in health advocacy work (i.e., mentors, training, systemic and organizational supports). They also highlighted how they continue in their role as lifelong advocates (i.e., continuous learning and improvement, self-reflection and self-reflexivity, collaboration, intrinsic satisfaction in the work).

CONCLUSIONS

Many factors allow physician health advocates to establish and sustain a commitment to improve the health of their patients and the broader population. Medical schools could use these findings to guide curriculum development related to teaching this physician competency.

Engaging Australian Aboriginal narratives to challenge attitudes and create empathy in health care: a methodological perspective

BACKGROUND

Unconscious bias and negative attitudes towards minority groups have detrimental effects on the way health care is, or is not, provided to these groups. Recognition of racist attitudes and behaviours as well as understanding clients' experiences of health and health care are pivotal to developing better health care strategies to positively impact on the quality and safety of care provided to Indigenous people. Indigenous research demands inclusive research processes and the use of culturally appropriate methodologies. This paper presents a methodological account of collecting narratives which accurately and respectfully reflect Aboriginal Australians' experiences with health care in Western Australia. The purpose of these narratives is to provide health students and professionals with an opportunity to 'walk-in the shoes' of Aboriginal people where face-to-face interaction is not feasible.

METHODS

With the incorporation of Indigenous peoples' voices being an important link in cultural safety, the project was led by an Indigenous Reference group, who encouraged active participation of Aboriginal people in all areas of the project. Using a phenomenological approach and guided by the Indigenous Reference group, yarning data collection was implemented to collect stories focusing on Aboriginal people's experiences with health care services. An open-access, on-line website was established to host education resources developed from these "yarns".

RESULTS

Yarning provided a rich source of information on personal experiences and encouraged the story provider to recognise their facilitative role in the research process. While the methodology used in this project was lengthy and labour-intensive it afforded a respectful manner for story collection and highlighted several innate flaws when Western methods are applied to an Indigenous context.

CONCLUSION

Engagement of an Indigenous Reference Group was pivotal to designing an appropriate methodology that incorporated the voices of Aboriginal people in a multimedia resource of Aboriginal narratives. However further research is warranted to understand how the resources are being used and integrated into curricula, and their impact on students and health care outcomes.

A qualitative study of enablers and barriers influencing the incorporation of social accountability values into organisational culture: a perspective from two medical schools

BACKGROUND

Definitions of social accountability describe the obligation of medical schools to direct education, research and service activities towards addressing the priority health concerns of the population they serve. While such statements give some direction as to how the goal might be reached, it does not identify what factors might facilitate or hinder its achievement. This study set out to identify and explore enablers and barriers influencing the incorporation of social accountability values into medical schools.

METHODS

Semi structured interviews of fourteen senior staff in Bar Ilan and Leeds medical schools were undertaken following a literature review. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling in order to identify factors perceived to play a part in the workings of each institution.

RESULTS

Academic prestige was seen as a key barrier that was dependent on research priorities and student selection. The role of champions was considered to be vital to tackle staff perceptions and facilitate progress. Including practical community experience for students was felt to be a relevant way in which the curriculum could be designed through engagement with local partners.

CONCLUSIONS

Successful adoption of social accountability values requires addressing concerns around potential negative impacts on academic prestige and standards. Identifying and supporting credible social accountability champions to disseminate the values throughout research and education departments in medical and other faculties is also necessary, including mapping onto existing work streams and research agendas. Demonstrating the contribution the institution can make to local health improvement and regional development by a consideration of its economic footprint may also be valuable.

How do undergraduate medical students perceive social accountability?

AIM

The concept of social accountability within undergraduate training is embedded within the remit of medical schools. Little is known of how medical students perceive social accountability, recognize aspects of their training contributing to the development of this concept and cultivate the underpinning values.

METHODS

Students nearing graduation were recruited to participate in focus groups designed to explore their perceptions of social accountability, which curricular aspects had contributed to their understanding, and to investigate the implications of individual variations in training.

RESULTS

Students expressed limited appreciation of the concept of social accountability and acknowledged little explicit teaching around underpinning core concepts such as awareness of local health needs, advocacy and nurturing of altruism. However, participants recognized numerous aspects of the course and learning initiatives as impacting on their attitudes towards this concept implicitly.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights areas of their undergraduate training that students recognize as having the greatest impact on their development into socially accountable professionals. It poses some significant challenges for health care educators in addressing unintended consequences, including an outcome-driven educational approach, in reducing students' capacity or willingness to engage in curricular challenges often designed to embed this concept.

How can dental public health competencies be addressed at the undergraduate level?

OBJECTIVES

To discuss the extent to which an undergraduate dental module addresses dental public health competencies via its different learning pedagogies and to explore the relevance of students' written reflections on these dental public health competencies.

METHODS

This article uses a literature review to situate the extent to which dental public health competencies are addressed by the University of British Columbia undergraduate dental module entitled "Professionalism and Community Services" (PACS). It also uses students' written individual self-reflections (between 100 and 500 words) on community service learning activities to critically illustrate how dental public health competencies support their learning.

RESULTS

The PACS dental module is delivered to undergraduate students in all 4 years, more than 190 in total, and addresses six dental public health competencies, including oral health promotion, ethics, and evidence-based practice. The multifaceted pedagogical approach employed to discuss aspects of dentistry related to dental public health includes guest lectures, community activities, small group activities, self-reflection, and reports.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the falling number of dental public health professionals in North America, the discussed undergraduate pedagogy aims to sensitize future dentists to a career focused on dental public health. Through reflections, students pondered ideas related to dental public health; they also engaged in developing meaningful activities in various underserved communities. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence of this community-based curriculum upon students' practice choice.

Training socially responsive health care graduates: is service learning an effective educational approach?

BACKGROUND

Health care educators strive to train graduates who are socially responsive and can act as "change agents" for communities they serve. Service learning (SL) is increasingly being used to teach the social aspects of health care and develop students' social responsiveness. However, the effectiveness of SL as an educational intervention has not been established.

AIM

To assess the evidence for the effectiveness of SL.

METHOD

Seven electronic databases were searched up to 2012 and included all articles on SL for pre-professional health care students. Hand searching was also conducted.

RESULTS

A total of 1485 articles were identified, 53 fulfilled the search and quality appraisal criteria and were reviewed across six domains of potential SL effects: (i) personal and interpersonal development; (ii) understanding and applying knowledge; (iii) engagement, curiosity and reflective practice; (iv) critical thinking; (v) perspective transformation and (vi) citizenship.

CONCLUSION

While SL experiences appear highly valued by educators and students the effectiveness of SL remains unclear. SL is different from other forms of experiential learning because it explicitly aims to establish reciprocity between all partners and increase students' social responsiveness. Impact studies based on the interpretative paradigm, aligned with the principles of social accountability and including all stakeholder perspectives are necessary.

Students' experience of prison health education during medical school

BACKGROUND

Social responsibility and accountability can be important core values in medical education. At the University of British Columbia, undergraduate medical students engage in prison health community service-learning opportunities in regional correctional facilities.

METHODS

To describe the impact of prison health exposure on pre-clinical medical students, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with individuals who had participated in a prison health medical education program. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and interpretive descriptive methods were used to inductively derive thematic findings to describe students' experiences.

RESULTS

Major themes emerged as students reported how (1) exposure to incarcerated populations increases students' insight into issues that diverse marginalized sub-populations encounter; (2) positive interactions with the incarcerated individuals enhances relationship building; (3) collaboration reinforces teamwork skills and (4) community placements garner important learning opportunities within the medical school curriculum.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrated that pre-clinical exposure to incarcerated individuals and prison health education provided a unique setting for medical students to develop an increased sense of social responsibility and accountability.

What factors in rural and remote extended clinical placements may contribute to preparedness for practice from the perspective of students and clinicians?

BACKGROUND

Community-based rural education opportunities have expanded in Australia, attracting more medical students to placements in rural and remote settings.

AIM

To identify the factors in an integrated, community-engaged rural placement that may contribute to preparedness for practice (P4P) from the perspective of students and clinicians.

METHOD

Forty-two semi-structured interviews with medical students, supervisors and clinicians analysed thematically.

RESULTS

Opportunities for clinical learning, personal and professional development and cultural awareness were reported by students and clinicians as key factors that contribute to P4P. Potential barriers in rural and remote settings included geographical and academic isolation, perceived educational risk and differing degrees of program engagement.

CONCLUSIONS

A longitudinal clinical placement in a rural setting may enable development of enhanced competencies leading to P4P. A rural setting can provide a unique experience through hands-on learning, enhanced personal and professional development opportunities and observation of the cultural and contextual impact on health.

The physician as health advocate: translating the quest for social responsibility into medical education and practice

There is a growing demand for educating future physicians to be socially responsible. It is not clear, however, how social responsibility is understood and acted on in medical education and practice, particularly within the context of a growing desire to improve health care through an equitable and sustainable delivery system. The authors conduct a concept analysis, exploring the practical philosophical understanding of social responsibility and its implications for medical education and practice. The aim is to inform curricular development, professional practice, and further research on social responsibility. The particular ways in which social responsibility is interpreted can either enhance or establish limits on how it will appear across the continuum of medical education and practice. A physician's place in society is closely tied to a moral sense of responsibility related to the agreed-on professional characteristics of physicianhood in society, the capacity to carry out that role, and the circumstances under which such professionals are called to account for failing to act appropriately according to that role. The requirement for social responsibility is a moral commitment and duty developed over centuries within societies that advanced the notion of a "profession" and the attendant social contract with society. A curriculum focused on developing social responsibility in future physicians will require pedagogical approaches that are innovative, collaborative, participatory, and transformative.