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Miyakawa K, Albee R, Letzig LG, Lehner AF, Scott MA, Buchweitz JP, James LP, Ganey PE, Roth RA. A Cytochrome P450-Independent Mechanism of Acetaminophen-Induced Injury in Cultured Mouse Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:230-7. [PMID: 26065700 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatic parenchymal cells (HPCs) have become the most frequently used in vitro model to study mechanisms of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. It is universally accepted that APAP hepatocellular injury requires bioactivation by cytochromes P450 (P450s), but this remains unproven in primary mouse HPCs in vitro, especially over the wide range of concentrations that have been employed in published reports. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that APAP-induced hepatocellular death in vitro depends solely on P450s. We evaluated APAP cytotoxicity and APAP-protein adducts (a biomarker of metabolic bioactivation by P450) using primary mouse HPCs in the presence and absence of a broad-spectrum inhibitor of P450s, 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT). 1-ABT abolished formation of APAP-protein adducts at all concentrations of APAP (0-14 mM), but eliminated cytotoxicity only at small concentrations (≦5 mM), indicating the presence of a P450-independent mechanism at larger APAP concentrations. P450-independent cell death was delayed in onset relative to toxicity observed at smaller concentrations. p-Aminophenol was detected in primary mouse HPCs exposed to large concentrations of APAP, and a deacetylase inhibitor [bis (4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP)] significantly reduced cytotoxicity. In conclusion, APAP hepatocellular injury in vitro occurs by at least two mechanisms, a P450-dependent mechanism that operates at concentrations of APAP ≦ 5 mM and a P450-independent mechanism that predominates at larger concentrations and is slower in onset. p-Aminophenol most likely contributes to the latter mechanism. These findings should be considered in interpreting results from APAP cytotoxicity studies in vitro and in selecting APAP concentrations for use in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Miyakawa
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Ryan Albee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Lynda G Letzig
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Andreas F Lehner
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Michael A Scott
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - John P Buchweitz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
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van 't Erve TJ, Wagner BA, Ryckman KK, Raife TJ, Buettner GR. The concentration of glutathione in human erythrocytes is a heritable trait. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:742-749. [PMID: 23938402 PMCID: PMC3859832 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, redox-active, small molecule that is critical to cellular and organism health. In red blood cells (RBCs), the influence of the environment (e.g., diet and lifestyle) on GSH levels has been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, it remains unknown if levels of GSH are determined principally by environmental factors or if there is a genetic component, i.e., heritability. To investigate this we conducted a twin study. Twin studies are performed by comparing the similarity in phenotypes between mono- and dizygotic twin pairs. We determined the heritability of GSH, as well as its oxidation product glutathione disulfide (GSSG), the sum of GSH equivalents (tGSH), and the status of the GSSG/2GSH couple (marker of oxidation status, Ehc) in RBCs. In our study population we found that the estimated heritability for the intracellular concentration of GSH in RBCs was 57 %; for GSSG it was 51 %, tGSH 63 %, and Ehc 70 %. We conclude that a major portion of the phenotype of these traits is controlled genetically. We anticipate that these heritabilities will also be reflected in other cell types. The discovery that genetics plays a major role in the innate levels of redox-active species in RBCs is paradigm shifting and opens new avenues of research in the field of redox biology. Inherited RBC antioxidant levels may be important disease modifiers. By identifying the relative contributions of genes and the environment to antioxidant variation between individuals, new therapeutic strategies can be developed. Understanding the genetic determinants of these inherited traits may allow personalized approaches to relevant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J van 't Erve
- Interdisciplinary Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Brett A Wagner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas J Raife
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Koizumi M, Nishimura N, Enami T, Sunaga M, Horikawa H, Kamata E, Hasegawa R. Comparative toxicity study of 3-aminophenol in newborn and young rats. J Toxicol Sci 2002; 27:411-21. [PMID: 12533911 DOI: 10.2131/jts.27.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Repeated dose toxicity of 3-aminophenol was examined on oral administration to newborn and young rats, and susceptibility was analyzed in terms of the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and the unequivocally toxic level. In the 18-day newborn rat study, starting at day 4 after birth, tremors and depression of body weight gain were observed, as well as hypertrophy of thyroid follicular epithelial cells and increases of relative liver and kidney weights at 240 mg/kg. Increase of relative liver weights in males and decrease of blood sugar in females without any histopathological changes at 80 mg/kg were not considered to be adverse effects. No chemical-related changes were observed at 24 mg/kg. Abnormalities of external development and reflex ontogeny in the newborn were not observed. In the 28-day study, starting at 5 weeks of age, depression of body weight gain, tremors, anemia, and liver, kidney and thyroid toxicity were observed at 720 mg/kg. Although slight pigmentation in the renal proximal tubular epithelium was observed in females at 240 mg/kg, this was not considered to be an adverse effect because of the lack of changes in related toxicological parameters. It was concluded that the NOAEL is 80 mg/kg/day in newborn rats and 240 mg/kg/day in young rats, with unequivocally toxic levels of 240 mg/kg/day and 720 mg/kg/day, respectively. Based on these two endpoints, the susceptibility of newborn rats to the chemical was approx. 3 times higher than that of young rats, consistent with our previous results for 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Koizumi
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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