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Lünnemann MKM, Van der Horst FCP, Van de Bongardt D, Steketee M. Road Blocks or Building Blocks? A Qualitative Study on Challenges and Resilience in Romantic Relationships of Youth Exposed to Family Violence. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:245-259. [PMID: 38938934 PMCID: PMC11199443 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Romantic relationships are an important part of many people's lives and at least partly shaped by experiences during childhood. Youth exposed to family violence during childhood are more likely to experience difficulties in their later romantic relationships. However, a more holistic perspective on the romantic relationships of youth with a history of family violence is lacking. Using both theoretical and inductive thematic analysis, this qualitative study explored challenges as well as positive experiences within romantic relationships of youth exposed to family violence during childhood. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 18 youth aged between 16 and 20 years, who were reported to child protection services. The narratives reflected that youth experienced challenges related to support, connection, trust, boundary setting, emotion regulation and conflict resolution. Furthermore, family violence during childhood seemed to be important in the emergence of these challenges, consistent with theoretical mechanisms described in observational learning theory and attachment theory. However, youth also described positive experiences in their romantic relationships and demonstrated an ability to learn from others (e.g., their current romantic partner) how to communicate effectively or solve problems. Therefore, with the right social or professional support, at-risk youth may be able to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. M. Lünnemann
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR the Netherlands
- Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, Utrecht, 3512 HG The Netherlands
| | | | - D. Van de Bongardt
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR the Netherlands
| | - M. Steketee
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR the Netherlands
- Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, Utrecht, 3512 HG The Netherlands
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Strenth CR, Mo A, Kale NJ, Day PG, Gonzalez L, Green R, Cruz II, Schneider FD. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Diabetes: Testing Violence and Distress Mediational Pathways in Family Medicine Patients. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP23035-NP23056. [PMID: 35225043 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221076536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is increasing in frequency and creating a significant burden on the United States healthcare system. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and interpersonal violence (IV) have been shown to have detrimental effects on mental and physical health. How ACE can influence IV as an adult and how this can influence the management of diabetes is not known. The purpose of the current study is to understand the relationship between violence and social determinants of health (SDoH), and its effect on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A practiced-based research network (PBRN) of family medicine residency programs was utilized to collect cross-sectional data from seven family medicine residency program primary care clinics. In total, 581 participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited. A serial/parallel mediation model were analyzed. The majority of participants (58.3%) had a Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) that was not controlled. ACE was associated with an increase in Hurt-Insult-Threaten-Scream (HITS) scores, which in turn was positively associated with an increase in emotional burden, and finally, emotional burden decreased the likelihood that one's HbA1c was controlled (Effect = -.054, SE = .026 CI [-.115, -.013]). This indirect pathway remained significant even after controlling for several SDoH and gender. The impact of ACE persists into adulthood by altering behaviors that make adults more prone to experiencing family/partner violence. This in turn makes one more emotionally distressed about their diabetes, which influences how people manage their chronic condition. Family physicians should consider screening for both ACE and family/partner violence in those patients with poorly controlled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Mo
- 23458Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neelima J Kale
- 12252University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Philip G Day
- 12262University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Ronya Green
- 427554TriStar Southern Hills Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Inez I Cruz
- 14742UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Dryer A, Zhang X, England-Mason G, Atkinson L, Gonzalez A. Maternal sensitivity moderates the association between maternal history of childhood maltreatment and child executive function. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105933. [PMID: 36283274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences of childhood maltreatment are associated with a variety of negative outcomes throughout individuals' lives as well as disadvantaged cognitive and socioemotional development among their offspring. The mechanisms through which some children show resilience against the intergenerational transmission of risk, however, are less well understood. OBJECTIVE The current study focuses on a proximal parental factor that plays a central role in children's early cognitive development - maternal sensitivity - and examines whether it moderates the association between maternal history of childhood maltreatment and child executive function (EF). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were collected from a community sample of 139 mothers and their infants (51 % female) recruited from urban areas in Ontario, Canada. METHODS Maternal maltreatment history was assessed via self-report at child age 3 months. Maternal sensitivity was assessed observationally at child age 8 months, and child executive function was assessed using performance-based measures at child age 3 years. Hypotheses were tested through multiple regression models. RESULTS In the current sample, maternal maltreatment history was not associated with child EF on average. However, results were consistent with a moderation model, indicating that maternal maltreatment history was associated with lower levels of child EF only when mothers were relatively insensitive. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate the importance of considering sensitive parenting practices as a protective factor for children's cognitive development in the context of more distal risk factors such as mothers' history of childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Dryer
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Xutong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and the Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 3L8, Canada
| | - Gillian England-Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and the Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 3L8, Canada.
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Dagenhardt DMR, Mersky J, Topitzes JD, Schubert E, Krushas AE. Assessing Polyvictimization in a Family Justice Center: Lessons Learned From a Demonstration Project. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17276-NP17299. [PMID: 34215168 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211027998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing comprehensive assessments that measure intimate partner violence (IPV) alongside other adverse events that correlate with IPV and compound its effects. One promising line of research in this area has focused on the impact of exposure to multiple types of victimization, i.e., polyvictimization. The purpose of this study is to examine the experience of administration of a polyvictimization tool from staff and client perspectives in order to inform future tool developments and assessment procedures. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with clients and staff from a family justice center who had experience with the assessment tool were used to identify strengths and challenges of the assessment too and inform future tool development. Findings demonstrate that an assessment tool provides the space for clients to talk about trauma and facilitate empowerment, while providing the opportunity for psychoeducation and service referrals. Concerns about the assessment tool included adverse reactions without proper framing and language, as well as shifting the emphasis from screening for adversities toward strengths, coping skills, and resilience. Implications for future measurement development and establishing best practices in polyvictimization assessment are discussed, with an emphasis on the benefits of social service agencies utilizing assessment tools.
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Matjasko JL, Herbst JH, Estefan LF. Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Role of Etiological, Evaluation, and Implementation Research. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:S6-S15. [PMID: 35597583 PMCID: PMC9215220 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Research on adverse childhood experiences is a vital part of the data-to-action link and the development of evidence-based public health and violence prevention practice. Etiological research helps to elucidate the key risk and protective factors for adverse childhood experiences and outcome research examines the consequences of exposure to them. Evaluation research is critical to building the evidence base for strategies that are likely to have a significant impact on preventing and reducing adverse experiences during childhood. Implementation research efforts inform the movement and scale-up of evidence-based findings to public health practice. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Division of Violence Prevention located in the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control is investing in a number of research initiatives that are designed to advance what is known about the causes and consequences of adverse childhood experiences (i.e., etiological research), the strategies that are effective at reducing and preventing them (i.e., evaluation research), and how to best adapt and scale effective strategies (i.e., implementation research). This article complements the other articles in this Special Supplement by briefly providing a review of reviews for each of these areas and highlighting recent research investments and strategic directions by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the area of child abuse and neglect and adverse childhood experience prevention. Research investments are critical to advancing the evidence base on the prevention of adverse childhood experiences and to ensure safe, stable, and nurturing relationships and environments so that all children can live to their fullest potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matjasko
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Jeffrey H Herbst
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lianne Fuino Estefan
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Friedman JK, Santaularia NJ, Dadi D, Erickson DJ, Lust K, Mason SM. The influence of childhood and early adult adversities on substance use behaviours in racial/ethnically diverse young adult women: a latent class analysis. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2022; 29:3-14. [PMID: 34581243 PMCID: PMC8958174 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2021.1982990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood and adult adversities occur more frequently among women and persons of colour, possibly influencing racial/ethnic disparities in substance use behaviours. This study investigates how childhood and adult adversities cluster together by race/ethnicity and how these clusters predict binge drinking, tobacco, e-cigarette, and marijuana use. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used in a combined sample from the 2015 to 2018 Minnesota College Student Health Survey to identify clusters of childhood and adult adversities among Asian, Black, Latina, and White women aged 18-25. Each substance use outcome was regressed on each adversity cluster across each race/ethnicity group. Across all racial/ethnic groups and substance use outcomes, the high adversity cluster exhibited the greatest risk. Significant racial/ethnic disparities were observed across several substance use behaviours; these were attenuated among women with fewer adversities. The reduced substance use disparities found among those with lower adversities suggest that prevention of adversities may advance health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Friedman
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - N. Jeanie Santaularia
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dunia Dadi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Darin J. Erickson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Katherine Lust
- Boynton Health Service, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Susan M. Mason
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Pando C, Santaularia NJ, Erickson D, Lust K, Mason SM. Classes of lifetime adversities among emerging adult women by race/ethnicity and their associations with weight status in the United States. Prev Med 2022; 154:106880. [PMID: 34780852 PMCID: PMC8724443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examines the association of childhood and adolescent/adult adversities with obesity across four racial/ethnic groups among emerging adult women aged 18 to 25 (n = 9310). Latent class analysis was used to identify racial/ethnicity-specific classes arising from childhood and adolescent/adult adversity indicators in the 2015 and 2018 College Student Health Surveys (sampled from Minnesota, U.S.) Distal outcome procedure and Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars methods were used to assess each class's association with body mass index (BMI) and obesity probability. Models were adjusted for post-secondary school type and parental education. We identified 7 classes for White women, 4 classes for Asian and Latina women, and 5 classes for Black women. Weight distributions of Black and Latina women leaned towards "overweight", whereas White and Asian women's BMI leaned towards "normal weight." Latina and Black women had a wider BMI range (~5 kg/m2) between classes with the highest versus lowest BMI than White and Asian women (~3 kg/m2), suggesting a stronger association between adversities and BMI. For Asian, Black, and White women, the "Low Adversities" class had the lowest obesity prevalence, while the "High Lifetime Adversities" class had the highest prevalence. In contrast, Latina women had the lowest obesity prevalence in the "High Adolescent/Adult Adversities & Low Childhood Adversities" class, and highest prevalence in the "Household Mental Illness" class. Results indicate that racial/ethnic disparities in obesity-related measures are reduced when racial/ethnic groups experience low adversity. Future research should explore tailored adversity interventions that consider adversity exposure differences across race/ethnicity as a strategy for reducing obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Pando
- Division of Health Policy & Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - N Jeanie Santaularia
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Darin Erickson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katherine Lust
- Boynton Health Service, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan M Mason
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Fanslow J, Hashemi L, Gulliver P, McIntosh T. Adverse childhood experiences in New Zealand and subsequent victimization in adulthood: Findings from a population-based study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 117:105067. [PMID: 33878644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are widespread and are associated with adverse outcomes in later life, yet few studies have explored their prevalence and consequences in New Zealand. OBJECTIVES To provide prevalence estimates of ACEs in New Zealand using a large sample of adults, and to explore the associations between ACEs and experience of violence by intimate partners and non-partners in adulthood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 2,887 participants (1464 female, 1423 male) from the 2019 New Zealand Family Violence Survey, a population based study conducted in New Zealand between March 2017-March 2019. METHODS Descriptive statistics for prevalence of each of the eight ACE types, and cumulative ACE scores were estimated across sociodemographic groups. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to assess association between ACEs and five IPV and two non-partner violence variables. RESULTS ACEs were prevalent and co-occurring, with 55 % (95 % CI 53.2 %-56.8 %) of respondents reporting having experienced at least one ACE and 11.6 % (95 % CI 10.4 %-12.8 %) reporting at least four ACEs before the age of 18. Those who were younger, had lower socioeconomic status, and who identified as Māori reported higher prevalence of ACEs. Exposure to any ACE was significantly associated with later exposure to IPV and non-partner violence. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide the first comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of ACEs in the New Zealand population. They suggest that prevention of childhood trauma, maltreatment, and family dysfunction remain important and interconnected public health goals that need to be addressed to support the wellbeing of children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Fanslow
- Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ladan Hashemi
- Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Pauline Gulliver
- Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Tracey McIntosh
- School of Māori Studies and School of Pacific Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Hajat A, Nurius P, Song C. Differing trajectories of adversity over the life course: Implications for adult health and well-being. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 102:104392. [PMID: 32032803 PMCID: PMC7259709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), can give rise to long-term mental and physical health consequences as well as additional stressors later in the life course. This study aims to examine differing profiles of trajectories of adversity over the life course and investigate their association with socioeconomic and health outcomes. METHODS We used population representative data from the Washington State 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System BRFSS survey n = 7953. Six ACE items were paired with six Adverse Adulthood Experience AAE items in respondents' adulthood that parallel the ACE e.g. physical abuse in childhood and physical victimization in adulthood. We applied latent class analysis to identify distinct trajectories of adversity; then tested for differences across trajectories in terms of demographic, socioeconomic, and health measures. RESULTS Six latent classes were identified: individuals with high AAE: (1. Consistently High, 2. Substance Abuse and Incarceration, 3. Adult Interpersonal Victimization) and individuals with low AAE (4. Repeat Sexual Victimization, 5. High to Low, and 6. Consistently Low). The Consistently High group had the highest prevalence of ACE and AAE and fared poorly across wide ranging outcomes. Other groups displayed specific patterns of ACE and AAE exposures (including salient subgroups such as those with incarceration exposure) as well as differences in demographic characteristics, illustrating disparities. CONCLUSIONS Subgroup analyses such as this are complementary to population generalized findings. Understanding differences in life course patterns of adversity can shed light on interventions in earlier life and better target service provision to promote health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hajat
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Box 357236 Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
| | - Paula Nurius
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Avenue NE Seattle, WA 98105-6250 USA.
| | - Chiho Song
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Avenue NE Seattle, WA 98105-6250 USA.
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10
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Thomas SP. Preventing and/or Ameliorating the Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences: Findings from a New American Report. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2020; 41:89-90. [PMID: 31995412 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1692623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Thomas
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville College of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Lünnemann MKM, Horst FCPVD, Prinzie P, Luijk MPCM, Steketee M. The intergenerational impact of trauma and family violence on parents and their children. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 96:104134. [PMID: 31415957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who experience Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) are at an increased risk of becoming a victim of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or a perpetrator of IPV or CAN. Moreover, maltreated children are at risk for developing long-lasting trauma symptoms, which can subsequently affect their own children's lives. Understanding the mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of violence and trauma is a prerequisite for the development of interventions. OBJECTIVE We examine whether the relation between historical CAN and current trauma symptoms of mothers is mediated by current IPV. Furthermore, we investigate whether current CAN mediates the relation between current maternal trauma symptoms and child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. These mechanisms are compared for mothers and fathers. PARTICIPANTS We have recruited 101 fathers and 360 mothers (426 children, 50% boys, mean age 7 years) through child protection services. METHODS Respondents completed questionnaires about IPV, (historical) CAN and trauma symptoms. RESULTS Structural equation models revealed that historical CAN of father and mothers was related to trauma symptoms. Only for mothers, this association was mediated by IPV. Trauma symptoms of both fathers and mothers were related to child PTSD symptoms. This effect was not mediated by current CAN. CONCLUSION In violent families, maternal and paternal trauma can be transmitted over generations. However, intergenerational transmission of violence is found for mothers only. When family violence is reported, professionals should take the violence into account, as well as the history of parents and trauma symptoms of all family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K M Lünnemann
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, 3512 HG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - F C P Van der Horst
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - P Prinzie
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M P C M Luijk
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M Steketee
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, 3512 HG Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Mahenge B, Stöckl H, Mizinduko M, Mazalale J, Jahn A. Adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence during pregnancy and their association to postpartum depression. J Affect Disord 2018; 229:159-163. [PMID: 29310065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and intimate partner violence (IPV) are recognized global health problems. Both ACEs and IPV have been linked to adverse physical and mental health problems for both mothers and infants. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical and/or sexual ACEs and IPV and their association to symptoms of postpartum depression among postpartum women in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in three health centers in the three districts of Dar es Salaam, comprising Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke. A total of 500 women were interviewed by two trained midwife nurses during their routine postnatal care. The women were asked about their experiences of adverse childhood experiences, intimate partner violence and symptoms of postpartum depression. RESULTS Of the 500 women who were interviewed, 39.4% (n = 197) reported to have experienced physical and/or sexual ACE and 18.8% (n = 94) experienced physical and/or sexual IPV during their index pregnancy. Physical ACE (AOR 2.6, 95% CI: 1.50-4.57), sexual ACE (AOR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.35-5.41), physical IPV (AOR 5.8, 95% CI: 2.98-11.43) and Sexual IPV (AOR 5.5, 95%CI: 2.51, 12.09) were significantly associated with symptoms of postpartum depression. CONCLUSION Four out of ten women reported to have experienced ACEs and two out of ten women reported IPV in the index pregnancy which was significantly associated with symptoms of postpartum depression. These results are alarming and call upon the attention of health workers and the community at large in prevention, screening and early intervention of ACEs, IPV and symptoms of postpartum depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bathsheba Mahenge
- College of Health Sciences, University of Dodoma, P.O Box 395, Dodoma, Tanzania.
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Gender Violence & Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mucho Mizinduko
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Albrecht Jahn
- Institute for Public Health, Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zijlstra E, Esselink G, Moors ML, LoFoWong S, Hutschemaekers G, Lagro-Janssen A. Vulnerability and revictimization: Victim characteristics in a Dutch assault center. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 52:199-207. [PMID: 28961551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and family violence are highly prevalent problems with numerous negative health consequences. Assault centres, such as the Centre for Sexual and Family Violence (CSFV) in the Netherlands, have been set up to provide optimal care to victims. We wanted to gain insight into characteristics of the population that presented to the Centre in order to customize care to their needs. File analysis was conducted of victims who attended the CSFV between 2013 and 2016. Data were analyzed in SPSS. A total of 121 victims entered the Centre, 93% of them being female. Forty-two per cent were adult victims of sexual violence, 28% minor victims of sexual violence and 30% adult victims of family violence. One-third of sexual and two-third of family violence victims had experienced prior abuse. Current use of psychosocial services and psychiatric medication was high, and a cognitive disability was present in 18% of the sexual violence victims. Half the victims reported, but when the perpetrator was a recent contact, e.g., someone met at a party, reporting rates went down. Sexual and family violence victims share characteristics that indicate vulnerability, suggesting that care for both groups might best be combined in one single assault centre. In this way, victims can make use of the same services and knowledge of gender-based violence. One of the major aims of assault centres is to provide psychosocial follow-up care and facilities for reporting. The victims' needs in these matters deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zijlstra
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender & Women's Health, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - G Esselink
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender & Women's Health, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M L Moors
- Emergency Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S LoFoWong
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender & Women's Health, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Hutschemaekers
- Department of Clinical Psychology Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Lagro-Janssen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender & Women's Health, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Franchek-Roa KM, Tiwari A, Connor ALO, Campbell J. Impact of Childhood Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Adversities. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2017. [DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.2017.28.3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnes Tiwari
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong School of Nursing, Hong Kong, China
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15
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McFarlane J, Karmaliani R, Maqbool Ahmed Khuwaja H, Gulzar S, Somani R, Saeed Ali T, Somani YH, Shehzad Bhamani S, Krone RD, Paulson RM, Muhammad A, Jewkes R. Preventing Peer Violence Against Children: Methods and Baseline Data of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in Pakistan. GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017; 5:115-137. [PMID: 28351880 PMCID: PMC5478222 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-16-00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peer violence was remarkably high at baseline. Among urban public school students, 94% of 6th-grade boys and 85% of girls reported being victimized by peers in the last 4 weeks. And 85% of boys and 66% of girls reported perpetrating such violence. Boys scored worse on a number of mental health measures. A cluster RCT is underway to evaluate a well-established school-based intervention using sports and games to reduce peer violence. Background: Violence against and among children is a global public health problem that annually affects 50% of youth worldwide with major impacts on child development, education, and health including increased probability of major causes of morbidity and mortality in adulthood. It is also associated with the experience of and perpetration of later violence against women. The aim of this article is to describe the intervention, study design, methods, and baseline findings of a cluster randomized controlled trial underway in Pakistan to evaluate a school-based play intervention aiming to reduce peer violence and enhance mental health. Methods: A cluster randomized controlled design is being conducted with boys and girls in grade 6 in 40 schools in Hyderabad, Pakistan, over a period of 2 years. The Multidimensional Peer-Victimization and Peer Perpetration Scales and the Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI 2) are being used to measure the primary outcomes while investigator-derived scales are being used to assess domestic violence within the family. Specifics of the intervention, field logistics, ethical, and fidelity management issues employed to test the program's impact on school age youth in a volatile and politically unstable country form this report. Baseline Results: A total of 1,752 school-age youth were enrolled and interviewed at baseline. Over the preceding 4 weeks, 94% of the boys and 85% of the girls reported 1 or more occurrences of victimization, and 85% of the boys and 66% of the girls reported 1 or more acts of perpetration. Boys reported more depression compared with girls, as well as higher negative mood and self-esteem scores and more interpersonal and emotional problems. Interpretation: Globally, prevalence of youth violence perpetration and victimization is high and associated with poor physical and emotional health. Applying a randomized controlled design to evaluate a peer violence prevention program built on a firm infrastructure and that is ready for scale-up and sustainability will make an important contribution to identifying evidence-informed interventions that can reduce youth victimization and perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith McFarlane
- Texas Woman's University College of Nursing, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Rozina Karmaliani
- The Aga Khan University School of Nursing & Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Saleema Gulzar
- The Aga Khan University School of Nursing & Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rozina Somani
- The Aga Khan University School of Nursing & Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tazeen Saeed Ali
- The Aga Khan University School of Nursing & Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Yasmeen H Somani
- The Aga Khan University School of Nursing & Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachel Jewkes
- South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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16
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Guedes A, Bott S, Garcia-Moreno C, Colombini M. Bridging the gaps: a global review of intersections of violence against women and violence against children. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:31516. [PMID: 27329936 PMCID: PMC4916258 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.31516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The international community recognises violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) as global human rights and public health problems. Historically, research, programmes, and policies on these forms of violence followed parallel but distinct trajectories. Some have called for efforts to bridge these gaps, based in part on evidence that individuals and families often experience multiple forms of violence that may be difficult to address in isolation, and that violence in childhood elevates the risk of violence against women. Methods This article presents a narrative review of evidence on intersections between VAC and VAW – including sexual violence by non-partners, with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Results We identify and review evidence for six intersections: 1) VAC and VAW have many shared risk factors. 2) Social norms often support VAW and VAC and discourage help-seeking. 3) Child maltreatment and partner violence often co-occur within the same household. 4) Both VAC and VAW can produce intergenerational effects. 5) Many forms of VAC and VAW have common and compounding consequences across the lifespan. 6) VAC and VAW intersect during adolescence, a time of heightened vulnerability to certain kinds of violence. Conclusions Evidence of common correlates suggests that consolidating efforts to address shared risk factors may help prevent both forms of violence. Common consequences and intergenerational effects suggest a need for more integrated early intervention. Adolescence falls between and within traditional domains of both fields and deserves greater attention. Opportunities for greater collaboration include preparing service providers to address multiple forms of violence, better coordination between services for women and for children, school-based strategies, parenting programmes, and programming for adolescent health and development. There is also a need for more coordination among researchers working on VAC and VAW as countries prepare to measure progress towards 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guedes
- Family, Gender and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Sarah Bott
- Family, Gender and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claudia Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Colombini
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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