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Li Z, Kovshova T, Malinovskaya J, Valikhov M, Melnikov P, Osipova N, Maksimenko O, Dhakal N, Chernysheva A, Chekhonin V, Gelperina S, Wacker MG. Modeling the Drug delivery Lifecycle of PLG Nanoparticles Using Intravital Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306726. [PMID: 38152951 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLG) nanoparticles hold immense promise for cancer therapy due to their enhanced efficacy and biodegradable matrix structure. Understanding their interactions with blood cells and subsequent biodistribution kinetics is crucial for optimizing their therapeutic potential. In this study, three doxorubicin-loaded PLG nanoparticle systems are synthesized and characterized, analyzing their size, zeta potential, morphology, and in vitro release behavior. Employing intravital microscopy in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice, real-time blood and tumor distribution kinetics are investigated. A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model is used to analyze biodistribution kinetics. Additionally, flow cytometry is utilized to identify cells involved in nanoparticle hitchhiking. Following intravenous injection, PLG nanoparticles exhibit an initial burst release (<1 min) and rapidly adsorb to blood cells (<5 min), hindering extravasation. Agglomeration leads to the clearance of one carrier species within 3 min. In stable dispersions, drug release rather than extravasation remains the dominant pathway for drug elimination from circulation. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the interplay between competing kinetics that influence the lifecycle of PLG nanoparticles post-injection. The findings advance the understanding of nanoparticle behavior and lay the foundation for improved cancer therapy strategies using nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Tatyana Kovshova
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Julia Malinovskaya
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Marat Valikhov
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinskiy per. 23, Moscow, 119034, Russia
| | - Pavel Melnikov
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinskiy per. 23, Moscow, 119034, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Osipova
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Olga Maksimenko
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Namrata Dhakal
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Anastasia Chernysheva
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinskiy per. 23, Moscow, 119034, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinskiy per. 23, Moscow, 119034, Russia
| | - Svetlana Gelperina
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
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Nair KG, Ravikumar Y, Sukumaran SK, Velmurugan R. Fabrication, Optimization and Characterization of Paclitaxel and Spirulina Loaded Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. CURRENT NANOSCIENCE 2020; 16:723-733. [DOI: 10.2174/1573413716666200203115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Paclitaxel and spirulina when administered as nanoparticles, are potentially
useful.
Methods:
Nanoformualtions of Paclitaxel and Spirulina for gastric cancer were formulated and optimized
with Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) using Response surface methodology
(RSM).
Results:
The significant findings were the optimal formulation of polymer concentration 48 mg,
surfactant concentration 45% and stirring time of 60 min gave rise to the EE of (98.12 ± 1.3)%, DL
of (15.61 ± 1.9)%, mean diameter of (198 ± 4.7) nm. The release of paclitaxel and spirulina from the
nanoparticle matrix at pH 6.2 was almost 45% and 80% in 5 h and 120 h, respectively. The oral
bioavailability for the paclitaxel spirulina nanoparticles developed is 24.0% at 10 mg/kg paclitaxel
dose, which is 10 times of that for oral pure paclitaxel. The results suggest that RSM-CCRD could
efficiently be applied for the modeling of nanoparticles. The paclitaxel and spirulina release rate in
the tumor cells may be higher than in normal cells. Paclitaxel spirulina nanoparticle formulation may
have higher bioavailability and longer sustainable therapeutic time as compared with pure paclitaxel.
Conclusion:
Paclitaxel-Spirulina co-loaded nanoparticles could be effectively useful in gastric cancer
as chemotherapeutic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi G.S. Nair
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai 600117, India
| | - Yamuna Ravikumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai 600117, India
| | - Sathesh Kumar Sukumaran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai 600117, India
| | - Ramaiyan Velmurugan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai 600117, India
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Yaqub A, Malkani N, Shabbir A, Ditta SA, Tanvir F, Ali S, Naz M, Kazmi SAR, Ullah R. Novel Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Zingiber and Allium sp. with Synergic Effect of Doxycycline for Anticancer and Bactericidal Activity. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2287-2299. [PMID: 32535649 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), due to their cost-effective synthesis, interesting properties, and a wide range of applications in conductive inks, cooling fluids, biomedical field, and catalysis, have attracted the attention of scientific community in recent years. The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize antibacterial and anticancer CuNPs synthesized via chemical and biological methods, and further synthesize CuNPs conjugated with doxycycline to study their synergic effect. During the chemical synthesis, ascorbic acid was used as a stabilizing agent, while Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum-derived extracts were used during the biological methods for synthesis of CuNPs. Characterization of CuNPs was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray crystallography (XRD). Antimicrobial evaluation of the nanomaterials against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was performed by using disk diffusion method, while anticancer behavior against HeLa and HepG2 cell lines was studied by MTT assay. TEM revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with mean size of 22.70 ± 5.67, 35.01 ± 5.84, and 19.02 ± 2.41 nm for CuNPs, Gin-CuNPs, and Gar-CuNPs, respectively, and surface plasmon resonance peaks were obtained at 570 nm, 575 nm, and 610 nm for CuNPs, Gar-CuNPs, and Gin-CuNPs, respectively. The results of FTIR confirmed the consumption of biomolecules from the plant extracts for the synthesis of CuNPs. XRD analysis also confirmed synthesis of CuNPs. Doxycycline-conjugated NPs exhibited more antibacterial effects than doxycycline or CuNPs alone. Copper nanoparticles prepared by biological synthesis are cost-effective and eco-friendly as compared to their chemical counterparts. The chemically synthesized nanoparticles displayed more significant antimicrobial activity when capped with doxycycline than Z. officinale and A. sativum-mediated CuNPs; however, green-synthesized nanoparticles showed greater anticancer activity than their chemical counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Yaqub
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Naila Malkani
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Arifa Shabbir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sarwar Allah Ditta
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Tanvir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Naz
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Rehan Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Chen KTJ, Gilabert-Oriol R, Bally MB, Leung AWY. Recent Treatment Advances and the Role of Nanotechnology, Combination Products, and Immunotherapy in Changing the Therapeutic Landscape of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Pharm Res 2019; 36:125. [PMID: 31236772 PMCID: PMC6591181 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia that is becoming more prevalent particularly in the older (65 years of age or older) population. For decades, "7 + 3" remission induction therapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline, followed by consolidation therapy, has been the standard of care treatment for AML. This stagnancy in AML treatment has resulted in less than ideal treatment outcomes for AML patients, especially for elderly patients and those with unfavourable profiles. Over the past two years, six new therapeutic agents have received regulatory approval, suggesting that a number of obstacles to treating AML have been addressed and the treatment landscape for AML is finally changing. This review outlines the challenges and obstacles in treating AML and highlights the advances in AML treatment made in recent years, including Vyxeos®, midostaurin, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, and venetoclax, with particular emphasis on combination treatment strategies. We also discuss the potential utility of new combination products such as one that we call "EnFlaM", which comprises an encapsulated nanoformulation of flavopiridol and mitoxantrone. Finally, we provide a review on the immunotherapeutic landscape of AML, discussing yet another angle through which novel treatments can be designed to further improve treatment outcomes for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent T J Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roger Gilabert-Oriol
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Cuprous Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Ada W Y Leung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Cuprous Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Stoicea N, Fiorda-Diaz J, Joseph N, Shabsigh M, Arias-Morales C, Gonzalez-Zacarias AA, Mavarez-Martinez A, Marjoribanks S, Bergese SD. Advanced Analgesic Drug Delivery and Nanobiotechnology. Drugs 2017; 77:1069-1076. [PMID: 28470586 PMCID: PMC5488073 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal administration of analgesic medications offers several benefits over alternative routes of administration, including a decreased systemic drug load with fewer side effects, and avoidance of drug degradation by the gastrointestinal tract. Transdermal administration also offers a convenient mode of drug administration over an extended period of time, particularly desirable in pain medicine. A transdermal administration route may also offer increased safety for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. The primary barrier to transdermal drug absorption is the skin itself. Transdermal nanotechnology offers a novel method of achieving enhanced dermal penetration with an extended delivery profile for analgesic drugs, due to their small size and relatively large surface area. Several materials have been used to enhance drug duration and transdermal penetration. The application of nanotechnology in transdermal delivery of analgesics has raised new questions regarding safety and ethical issues. The small molecular size of nanoparticles enables drug delivery to previously inaccessible body sites. To ensure safety, the interaction of nanoparticles with the human body requires further investigation on an individual drug basis, since different formulations have unique properties and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Stoicea
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Juan Fiorda-Diaz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Muhammad Shabsigh
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Carlos Arias-Morales
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alicia A Gonzalez-Zacarias
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ana Mavarez-Martinez
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stephen Marjoribanks
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sergio D Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Xian TS, Onn WJ, Misran M, Ali HM. Encapsulation of Platinum Complex of Indole-7-Carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone, Pt(L)(PPh3) into Nanolipid Carrier for Sustain Released Anti-Cancer Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Shibata A, McMullen E, Pham A, Belshan M, Sanford B, Zhou Y, Goede M, Date AA, Destache CJ, Destache CJ. Polymeric nanoparticles containing combination antiretroviral drugs for HIV type 1 treatment. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:746-54. [PMID: 23289671 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of combination antiretroviral nanoparticles (cART NPs) was investigated as a novel treatment approach for the inhibition of HIV-1 replication. We developed nanoparticles of biodegradable polymer, poly-(dl-lactide-co-glycolic acid; PLGA) containing efavirenz (EFV) and boosted lopinavir (lopinavir/ritonavir; LPV/r) by a high-pressure homogenization method. The method resulted in >79% drug entrapment efficiency for each of the three drugs. The average size of cART NPs was 138.3±55.4 nm as measured by dynamic light scanning, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an average surface charge of -13.7±4.5. Lissamine-rhodamine-labeled fluorescent PLGA NPs exhibited efficient uptake in nonimmune (HeLa cells) and immune (H9 T cells) cells as measured by confocal microscopy. Cells treated with cART NPs resulted in minimal loss of cell viability over 28 days. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrated that HIV-1-infected H9 monocytic cells treated with cART NPs contained significantly (p<0.05) higher nuclear, cytoskeleton, and membrane antiretroviral drug levels compared to cells treated with drug solutions alone. Finally, cART NPs efficiently inhibited HIV-1 infection and transduction. The IC50 for each of the three drugs in the cART NPs was <31 nM. These experiments demonstrate the efficacy of a novel PLGA NPs formulation for the delivery of cART to inhibit HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily McMullen
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Alex Pham
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael Belshan
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Bridget Sanford
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Michael Goede
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Abhijit A. Date
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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8
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Vyas A, Das SK, Singh D, Sonker A, Gidwani B, Jain V, Singh M. Recent Nanoparticulate Approaches of Drug Delivery for Skin Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/tasr.2012.620.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Surapaneni MS, Das SK, Das NG. Designing Paclitaxel drug delivery systems aimed at improved patient outcomes: current status and challenges. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:623139. [PMID: 22934190 PMCID: PMC3425796 DOI: 10.5402/2012/623139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is one of the most widely used and effective antineoplastic agents derived from natural sources. It has a wide spectrum of antitumor activity, particularly against ovarian cancer, breast cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, head and neck tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, and urologic malignancies. It is a highly lipophilic compound with a log P value of 3.96 and very poor aqueous solubility of less than 0.01 mg/mL. In addition, the compound lacks functional groups that are ionizable which could potentially lead to an increase in its solubility with the alteration in pH. Therefore, the delivery of paclitaxel is associated with substantial challenges. Until the introduction of Abraxane, only commercial formulation was solution of paclitaxel in cremophor, which caused severe side effects. However, in recent years, a number of approaches have been reported to solubilize paclitaxel using cosolvents and inclusion complexes. In addition, innovative approaches have been reported for passive targeting of tumors using nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, liposomes, emulsions, micelles, implants, pastes and gels. All approaches for delivery of improved therapeutic outcome have been discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip K. Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Nandita G. Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
- *Nandita G. Das:
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Labruère R, Sicard R, Cormier R, Turos E, West L. Poly(vinyl benzoate) nanoparticles for molecular delivery: Studies on their preparation and in vitro properties. J Control Release 2010; 148:234-40. [PMID: 20728487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and properties of poly(vinyl benzoate) nanoparticle suspensions as molecular carriers are described for the first time. These nanoparticles can be formed by nanoprecipitation of commercial poly(vinyl benzoate) in water using Pluronic F68 as surfactant, to create spherical nanostructures measuring 200-250nm in diameter. These nanoparticles are stable in phosphate buffer and blood serum, and only slowly degrade in the presence of esterases. Pluronic F68 stabilizes the nanoparticle and also protects it from enzymatic degradation. Up to 1.6% by weight of a lipid-soluble molecule such as coumarin-6 can be introduced into the nanoparticle during nanoprecipitation, compared to a water-soluble compound (5(6)-carboxyfluorescein) which gave almost no loading. Kinetics experiments in phosphate buffer indicate that 78% of the coumarin-6 was encapsulated within the polymer matrix of the nanoparticle, and the residual 22% of coumarin-6 was surface-bound and quickly released. The nanoparticles are non-toxic in vitro towards human epithelial cells (IC(50)>1000μg/mL) and primary bovine aortic endothelial cells (IC(50)>500μg/mL), and non-bactericidal against a selection of representative test microbes (MIC >250μg/mL). These properties suggest that the poly(vinyl benzoate) nanoparticles may be suitable carriers for molecular delivery of lipophilic small molecules such as pharmaceutical and imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Labruère
- Center for Molecular Diversity in Drug Design, Discovery and Delivery, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Li S, Zhao B, Wang F, Wang M, Xie S, Wang S, Han C, Zhu L, Zhou W. Yak interferon-alpha loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for controlled release. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:148-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Destache CJ, Belgum T, Christensen K, Shibata A, Sharma A, Dash A. Combination antiretroviral drugs in PLGA nanoparticle for HIV-1. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:198. [PMID: 20003214 PMCID: PMC2807870 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combination antiretroviral (AR) therapy continues to be the mainstay for HIV treatment. However, antiretroviral drug nonadherence can lead to the development of resistance and treatment failure. We have designed nanoparticles (NP) that contain three AR drugs and characterized the size, shape, and surface charge. Additionally, we investigated the in vitro release of the AR drugs from the NP using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) containing ritonavir (RTV), lopinavir (LPV), and efavirenz (EFV) were fabricated using multiple emulsion-solvent evaporation procedure. The nanoparticles were characterized by electron microscopy and zeta potential for size, shape, and charge. The intracellular concentration of AR drugs was determined over 28 days from NPs incubated with PBMCs. Macrophages were imaged by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry after incubation with fluorescent NPs. Finally, macrophage cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Results Nanoparticle size averaged 262 ± 83.9 nm and zeta potential -11.4 ± 2.4. AR loading averaged 4% (w/v). Antiretroviral drug levels were determined in PBMCs after 100 μg of NP in 75 μL PBS was added to media. Intracellular peak AR levels from NPs (day 4) were RTV 2.5 ± 1.1; LPV 4.1 ± 2.0; and EFV 10.6 ± 2.7 μg and continued until day 28 (all AR ≥ 0.9 μg). Free drugs (25 μg of each drug in 25 μL ethanol) added to PBMCs served as control were eliminated by 2 days. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated phagocytosis of NP into monocytes-derived macrophages (MDMs). Cellular MTT assay performed on MDMs demonstrated that NPs are not significantly cytotoxic. Conclusion These results demonstrated AR NPs could be fabricated containing three antiretroviral drugs (RTV, LPV, EFV). Sustained release of AR from PLGA NP show high drug levels in PBMCs until day 28 without cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Destache
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Omaha, NE, USA.
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13
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Jonkman-De Vries JD, Flora KP, Bult A, Beijnen JH. Pharmaceutical Development of (Investigational) Anticancer Agents for Parenteral Use-A Review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049609108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Schwendener R, Horber D, Rentsch K, Hänseler E, Pestalozzi B, Sauter C. Preclinical and Clinical Experience with Liposome-Encapsulated Mitoxantrone. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109409037063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049309015327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Kingsley JD, Dou H, Morehead J, Rabinow B, Gendelman HE, Destache CJ. Nanotechnology: a focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 1:340-50. [PMID: 18040810 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review will provide an in-depth discussion on the previous development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDS) and discuss original research data that includes the therapeutic enhancement of antiretroviral therapy. The use of nanoparticle DDS will allow practitioners to use drugs to target specific areas of the body. In the treatment of malignancies, the use of nanoparticles as a DDS is making measurable treatment impact. Medical imaging will also utilize DDS to illuminate tumors, the brain, or other cellular functions in the body. The utility of nanoparticle DDS to improve human health is potentially enormous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Kingsley
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5215, USA
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17
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Selvaraj V, Alagar M. Analytical detection and biological assay of antileukemic drug 5-fluorouracil using gold nanoparticles as probe. Int J Pharm 2007; 337:275-81. [PMID: 17287098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are reported and evaluated as probes for the detection of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU). The nature of binding between 5FU and gold nanoparticles via complexation is investigated using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The bound antileukemic drug is fluorescent and the quenching property of gold nanoparticles could be exploited for biological investigations. The 5FU-colloidal gold complex (Au@5FU) is observed to have appreciable antibacterial and antifungal activity against Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger. The experimental studies suggest that gold nanoparticles have the potential to be used as effective carriers for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithilingam Selvaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India.
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Selvaraj V, Alagar M, Hamerton I. Analytical detection and biological assay of antileukemic drug using gold nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Toub N, Bertrand JR, Malvy C, Fattal E, Couvreur P. Antisense oligonucleotide nanocapsules efficiently inhibit EWS-Fli1 expression in a Ewing's sarcoma model. Oligonucleotides 2006; 16:158-68. [PMID: 16764539 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2006.16.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cytogenetic abnormality of Ewing's sarcoma is related to the presence of a balanced t(11;22) translocation expressing the EWS-Fli1 chimeric fusion protein. Oligonucleotides (ODNs) are specific compounds that inhibit gene expression at the transcriptional level. They possess a poor bioavailability and are degraded by nucleases very rapidly. Therefore, there is a strong need for the development of ODN drug delivery systems. In the present study, polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules entrapping ODNs in their aqueous core were prepared, with high encapsulation yield (99%). Previous studies have demonstrated that such complexes were able to inhibit tumor growth in mice. Nevertheless, no information was available about their mode of action at the cellular level. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of these ODN nanocapsules on cultured tumor cells. We found that nanocapsules were capable of protecting ODN against degradation. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that cell uptake and nuclear accumulation of ODNs were importantly enhanced when ODNs were associated with these nanocapsules. Consequently, a specific cellular growth inhibition and suppression of EWSFli1 fusion gene expression was noticed. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that nanocapsules as nonviral vectors show great potential for the delivery of ODNs to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjma Toub
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92286 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Serpe L, Catalano MG, Cavalli R, Ugazio E, Bosco O, Canaparo R, Muntoni E, Frairia R, Gasco MR, Eandi M, Zara GP. Cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles on HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 58:673-80. [PMID: 15451544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) carrying cholesteryl butyrate (chol-but), doxorubicin and paclitaxel had previously been developed, and the antiproliferative effect of SLN formulations versus conventional drug formulations was here evaluated on HT-29 cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50) values were interpolated from growth curves obtained by trypan blue exclusion assay. In vitro cytotoxicity of SLN carrying chol-but (IC(50 72 h) 0.3 +/- 0.03 mM vs >0.6 mM) and doxorubicin (IC(50 72 h) 81.87 +/- 4.11 vs 126.57 +/- 0.72 nM) was higher than that of conventional drug formulations. Intracellular doxorubicin was double after 24 h exposure to loaded SLN versus the conventional drug formulation, at the highest concentration evaluated by flow cytometry. In vitro cytotoxicities of paclitaxel-loaded SLN and conventional drug formulation (IC(50 72 h) 37.36 +/- 6.41 vs 33.43 +/-1.17 nM) were similar. Moreover, the combination of low concentrations of chol-but SLN (0.1-0.2 mM) and doxorubicin (1.72 nM) or paclitaxel (1.17 nM) exerted a greater-than-additive antiproliferative effect at 24 h exposure, while the combination of Na-but and doxorubicin or paclitaxel did not. These preliminary in vitro results suggest that SLN could be proposed as alternative drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Serpe
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Jia L, Wong H, Cerna C, Weitman SD. Effect of nanonization on absorption of 301029: ex vivo and in vivo pharmacokinetic correlations determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharm Res 2003; 19:1091-6. [PMID: 12240933 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019829622088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare Caco-2 monolayer permeability and in vivo bioavailability of microparticle with nanoparticle 301029, a thiadiazole derivative, and to determine whether nanonization could improve oral bioavailability of the poorly soluble compound. METHODS The mean particle size of 301029 was reduced from 7 microm to 280 nm by pearl milling. In the ex vivo assay, both microparticle and nanoparticle 301029 at the same concentration were separately added to apical side and were collected from basolateral side of Caco-2 monolayer. In the bioavailability study, the two particle sizes of 301029 were orally administered to rats, respectively, and blood samples were collected. Nanoparticle 301029 in culture medium and rat serum was detected by a liquid chomatography-mass spectrometer (LC/MS) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). RESULTS Permeability rate and permeated amounts of nanoparticle 301029 across the Caco-2 monolayer were about four times higher than those of microparticle 301029. In a pharmacokinetic study, nanoparticle 301029 showed Tmax about 1 h, whereas the microparticle 301029 showed Tmax at 4 h. The Cmax and AUC of nanoparticle 301029 were 3- to 4-fold greater than those of microparticle 301029, resulting in a significant increase in oral bioavailability of 301029 as compared with microparticle 301029. The ex vivo permeability and in vivo pharmacokinetic data indicate that nanoparticle formulation improves both absorption rate and absorption extent of the poorly soluble drug. CONCLUSIONS Nanoparticle formulation enhances both Caco-2 monolayer permeability and rat oral bioavailability of the poorly soluble 301029. The result also demonstrates a close correlation between ex vivo Caco-2 permeability model and in vivo gastrointestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Jia
- Institute for Drug Development/Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.
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Mu L, Feng SS. A novel controlled release formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol): PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E TPGS. J Control Release 2003; 86:33-48. [PMID: 12490371 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol) is one of the best antineoplastic drugs found from nature in the past decades. Like many other anticancer drugs, there are difficulties in its clinical administration due to its poor solubility. Therefore an adjuvant called Cremophor EL has to be employed, but this has been found to cause serious side-effects. However, nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers can provide an ideal solution to the adjuvant problem and realise a controlled and targeted delivery of the drug with better efficacy and fewer side-effects. The present research proposes a novel formulation for fabrication of nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers containing d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS or TPGS) to replace the current method of clinical administration and, with further modification, to provide an innovative solution for oral chemotherapy. In the modified solvent extraction/evaporation technique employed in this research, the emulsifier/stabiliser/additive and the matrix material can play a key role in determining the morphological, physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the produced nanoparticles. We found that vitamin E TPGS could be a novel surfactant as well as a matrix material when blended with other biodegradable polymers. The nanoparticles composed of various formulations and manufactured under various conditions were characterised by laser light scattering (LLS) for size and size distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for morphological properties, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface chemistry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for thermogram properties. The drug encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the drug release kinetics under in vitro conditions were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was concluded that vitamin E TPGS has great advantages for the manufacture of polymeric nanoparticles for controlled release of paclitaxel and other anti-cancer drugs. Nanoparticles of nanometer size with narrow distribution can be obtained. A drug encapsulation efficiency as high as 100% can be achieved and the release kinetics can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mu
- Division of Bioengineering, The National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117576, Singapore, Singapore
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Lode J, Fichtner I, Kreuter J, Berndt A, Diederichs JE, Reszka R. Influence of surface-modifying surfactants on the pharmacokinetic behavior of 14C-poly (methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles in experimental tumor models. Pharm Res 2001; 18:1613-9. [PMID: 11758771 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013094801351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the different pharmacokinetic behavior of surface-modified poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles. METHODS The particles were 14C-labeled and coated with polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, and poloxamine 908. Plain particles served as control particles. In vivo studies were performed in three tumor models differing in growth, localization, and origin. Particle suspensions were administered via the tail vein, and at given time animals were killed and organs were dissected for determination of PMMA concentration. RESULTS For the PMMA nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 407 or poloxamine 908, high and long-lasting concentrations were observed in the melanoma and at a lower level in the breast cancer model. In an intracerebrally growing glioma xenograft, the lowest concentrations that did not differ between the tumor-loaded and tumor-free hemispheres were measured. Organ distribution of the four investigated batches differed significantly. For instance, poloxamer 407- and poloxamine 908-coated particles circulated over a longer period of time in the blood, leading additionally to a higher tumor accumulation. In contrast, plain and polysorbate 80-coated particles accumulated mainly in the liver. The strong expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and Flk-1 in the melanoma correlated with high concentrations of PMMA in this tumor. CONCLUSION The degree of accumulation of PMMA nanoparticles in tumors depended on the particle surface properties and the specific growth differences of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lode
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
In this study, the stability of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticle suspensions was examined for up to 1 year by measuring the nanoparticle sizes. The nanoparticles were prepared with different stabilizers (dextran 70.000, poloxamer 188, or polysorbate 85), and the particle size was determined before and after purification by centrifugation and after dilution with different solutions (0.1 N HCl, 0.01 N HCl, H2O, and PBS). The most constant sizes were with the untreated acidic nanoparticle suspensions. In all other cases, agglomeration of the particles occurred: the extent of this agglomeration and the time at which the agglomeration occurred depended on the experimental conditions. Nanoparticle polymer degradation, as indicated by size decrease, was not observed. Thus, PBCA nanoparticles can be stored as suspensions, making the lyophilization and the sometimes problematic resuspension by ultrasonication, unnecessary, which is advantageous for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sommerfeld
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
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Sommerfeld P, Schroeder U, Sabel BA. Long-term stability of PBCA nanoparticle suspensions suggests clinical usefulness. Int J Pharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hillery AM, Toth I, Shaw AJ, Florence AT. Co-polymerised peptide particles (CPP) I: synthesis, characterisation and in vitro studies on a novel oral nanoparticulate delivery system. J Control Release 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(96)01342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maignen F, Tilleul P, Billardon C, Xu-Van Opstal WY, Pélaprat D, Elena PP, Denis P, Rostène W. Antiproliferative activity of a liposomal delivery system of mitoxantrone on rabbit subconjunctival fibroblasts in an ex-vivo model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1996; 12:289-98. [PMID: 8875335 DOI: 10.1089/jop.1996.12.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is the main cause of the failure of filtering surgery in glaucoma. We developed a liposomal delivery system of mitoxantrone (MITX), an anthracyclin derivative, to allow a single adjuvant administration and to lessen ocular side-effects of the drug. In order to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of liposomal MITX, an ex vivo model consisting in the culture of subconjunctival tissue explants from rabbits pretreated with subconjunctival injections of free or liposomal MITX was used. We found that both forms of MITX decreased the growth rate as well as the explant proliferation surfaces 15 days or 1 month after a single administration of the drug in vivo. A morphometric analysis of the cells showed that the surface of the fibroblasts exposed to both forms of MITX was from 10 to 12 times as important as that of the control cells exposed to the empty liposomes and to the control buffer. A radioautographic study showed that more than 95% of the fibroblasts exposed to both forms of MITX were in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while the control cell population was equally distributed among the different phases of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maignen
- INSERM U339, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Fresta M, Puglisi G, Giammona G, Cavallaro G, Micali N, Furneri PM. Pefloxacine mesilate- and ofloxacin-loaded polyethylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: characterization of the colloidal drug carrier formulation. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:895-902. [PMID: 7562444 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The entrapment of fluoroquinolones, perfloxacine mesilate (PFX) and ofloxacin (OFX), in polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PECA) nanoparticles could offer some advantages for their biological application; for examples, increasing their bioavailability, controlling the drug time-release in blood, and reducing the formation of bacterial resistance. To load these two drugs in PECA polymeric bulk, the incorporation or adsorption method was performed. These two methods were capable of influencing nanoparticle size, molecular weight, release profile, and drug-polymer association. The incorporation method, particularly for the OFX system, achieved PECA nanoparticle suspensions with a mean size value three times higher than that obtained in the absence of the drug. In contrast, negligible changes were observed for PFX systems. This preparation process also influenced the nanoparticle storage stability. The molecular weight values of the various nanoparticle preparations were also influenced; that is, the PFX-loaded systems showed an enhancement in the average molecular weight values, whereas a reduction was observed for OFX-loaded systems. The adsorption method showed no particular difference in particle size, molecular weight, and storage stability compared with nanoparticles prepared without the drugs. The nanoparticle loading capacity was higher for the colloidal systems obtained following the incorporation preparation procedure. The release of drug from the nanoparticles was biphasic for both preparation processes. The fluoro-quinolone-loaded nanoparticles showed an enhancement of the antimicrobial activity against standard bacteria strains from 2- to 50-fold compared with the free drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fresta
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Catania, Italy
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Puglisi G, Fresta M, Mazzone G, Furneri PM, Tempera G. Formulation parameters of fluoroquinolone-loaded liposomes and in vitro antimicrobial activity. Int J Pharm 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)00340-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Nanoparticles are colloidal polymeric particles (size < 1000 nm) to which drugs are bound by sorption, incorporation, or chemical binding. After intravenous injection they normally distribute into the organs of the reticuloendothelial system (liver, spleen, lungs, bone marrow). However, their body distribution can be altered by coating with surfactants or with physiological components such as serum complement factors. The influence of these coatings on the body distribution and possible mechanisms for the alteration of this distribution are discussed. Differently coated nanoparticles can be used for the targeting of bound drugs to tumors, to the brain, and to inflamed areas in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kreuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Johann Wolfgang Geothe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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