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Arango D, Cifuentes J, Puentes PR, Beltran T, Bittar A, Ocasión C, Muñoz-Camargo C, Bloch NI, Reyes LH, Cruz JC. Tailoring Magnetite-Nanoparticle-Based Nanocarriers for Gene Delivery: Exploiting CRISPRa Potential in Reducing Conditions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111782. [PMID: 37299685 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional treatment approaches, allowing for the manipulation of gene expression through gene insertion, deletion, or alteration. However, the susceptibility of gene delivery components to degradation and challenges associated with cell penetration necessitate the use of delivery vehicles for effective functional gene delivery. Nanostructured vehicles, such as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) including magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), have demonstrated significant potential for gene delivery applications due to their chemical versatility, biocompatibility, and strong magnetization. In this study, we developed an ION-based delivery vehicle capable of releasing linearized nucleic acids (tDNA) under reducing conditions in various cell cultures. As a proof of concept, we immobilized a CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) sequence to overexpress the pink1 gene on MNPs functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), 3-[(2-aminoethyl)dithio]propionic acid (AEDP), and a translocating protein (OmpA). The nucleic sequence (tDNA) was modified to include a terminal thiol group and was conjugated to AEDP's terminal thiol via a disulfide exchange reaction. Leveraging the natural sensitivity of the disulfide bridge, the cargo was released under reducing conditions. Physicochemical characterizations, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, confirmed the correct synthesis and functionalization of the MNP-based delivery carriers. The developed nanocarriers exhibited remarkable biocompatibility, as demonstrated by the hemocompatibility, platelet aggregation, and cytocompatibility assays using primary human astrocytes, rodent astrocytes, and human fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the nanocarriers enabled efficient cargo penetration, uptake, and endosomal escape, with minimal nucleofection. A preliminary functionality test using RT-qPCR revealed that the vehicle facilitated the timely release of CRISPRa vectors, resulting in a remarkable 130-fold overexpression of pink1. We demonstrate the potential of the developed ION-based nanocarrier as a versatile and promising gene delivery vehicle with potential applications in gene therapy. The developed nanocarrier is capable of delivering any nucleic sequence (up to 8.2 kb) once it is thiolated using the methodology explained in this study. To our knowledge, this represents the first MNP-based nanocarrier capable of delivering nucleic sequences under specific reducing conditions while preserving functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Arango
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Javier Cifuentes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Paola Ruiz Puentes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Beltran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Amaury Bittar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Camila Ocasión
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | | | - Natasha I Bloch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Luis H Reyes
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Juan C Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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2
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Edwards IA, De Carlo F, Sitta J, Varner W, Howard CM, Claudio PP. Enhancing Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer by Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065474. [PMID: 36982548 PMCID: PMC10053544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the response to cancer treatments is highly variable, and severe side effects and toxicity are experienced by patients receiving high doses of chemotherapy, such as those diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer. The main goal of researchers and clinicians is to develop new effective treatments that will be able to specifically target and kill tumor cells by employing the minimum doses of drugs exerting a therapeutic effect. Despite the development of new formulations that overall can increase the drugs’ pharmacokinetics, and that are specifically designed to bind overexpressed molecules on cancer cells and achieve active targeting of the tumor, the desired clinical outcome has not been reached yet. In this review, we will discuss the current classification and standard of care for breast cancer, the application of nanomedicine, and ultrasound-responsive biocompatible carriers (micro/nanobubbles, liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanodroplets/nanoemulsions) employed in preclinical studies to target and enhance the delivery of drugs and genes to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah A. Edwards
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Flavia De Carlo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Juliana Sitta
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - William Varner
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Candace M. Howard
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Wang C, Xu P, Li X, Zheng Y, Song Z. Research progress of stimulus-responsive antibacterial materials for bone infection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1069932. [PMID: 36636700 PMCID: PMC9831006 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1069932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is one of the most serious complications harmful to human health, which brings a huge burden to human health. Bone infection is one of the most common and serious complications of fracture and orthopaedic surgery. Antibacterial treatment is the premise of bone defect healing. Among all the antibacterial strategies, irritant antibacterial materials have unique advantages and the ability of targeted therapy. In this review, we focus on the research progress of irritating materials, the development of antibacterial materials and their advantages and disadvantages potential applications in bone infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuhao Zheng
- *Correspondence: Zhiming Song, ; Yuhao Zheng,
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4
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Vidallon MLP, Teo BM, Bishop AI, Tabor RF. Next-Generation Colloidal Materials for Ultrasound Imaging Applications. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:1373-1396. [PMID: 35641393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has important applications, predominantly in the field of diagnostic imaging. Presently, colloidal systems such as microbubbles, phase-change emulsion droplets and particle systems with acoustic properties and multiresponsiveness are being developed to address typical issues faced when using commercial ultrasound contrast agents, and to extend the utility of such systems to targeted drug delivery and multimodal imaging. Current technologies and increasing research data on the chemistry, physics and materials science of new colloidal systems are also leading to the development of more complex, novel and application-specific colloidal assemblies with ultrasound contrast enhancement and other properties, which could be beneficial for multiple biomedical applications, especially imaging-guided treatments. In this article, we review recent developments in new colloids with applications that use ultrasound contrast enhancement. This work also highlights the emergence of colloidal materials fabricated from or modified with biologically derived and bio-inspired materials, particularly in the form of biopolymers and biomembranes. Challenges, limitations, potential developments and future directions of these next-generation colloidal systems are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boon Mian Teo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexis I Bishop
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Liu Y, Lai X, Zhu Y, Guo F, Su L, Arkin G, He T, Xu J, Ran H. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging using long-circulating cationic magnetic microbubbles in vitro and in vivo validations. Int J Pharm 2021; 616:121299. [PMID: 34929311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional encapsulated microbubbles are recently used as delivery carriers for drugs and genes, but they have low efficiency. If the local microbubble concentration could be increased, this might be able to improve the therapeutic efficacy of diseases. In this study, we developed novel cationic magnetic microbubbles (MBM), which could simultaneously realize targeted aggregation under a magnetic field as well as ultrasonographic real-time visualization. Their physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, ultrasonography, magnetic response characteristics, and biodistribution were systematically evaluated. Here, the MBM were 2.55±0.14µm in size with a positive zeta potential, and had a good biocompatibility. They were able to enhance ultrasonographic contrast both in vitro and in vivo. MBM could be attracted by an external magnet for directional movement and aggregation in vitro. We confirmed that MBM also had a great magnetic response in vivo, by means of fluorescence imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. Following intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice, MBM showed excellent stability in the internal circulation, and could accumulate in the tumor vasculature through magnetic targeting. With the excellent combination of magnetic response and acoustic properties, cationic magnetic microbubbles (MBM) have promising potential for use as a new kind of drug/gene carrier for theranostics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoshu Lai
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengjuan Guo
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Su
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Gulzira Arkin
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianzhen He
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Haitao Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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6
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Day NB, Wixson WC, Shields CW. Magnetic systems for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2172-2196. [PMID: 34522583 PMCID: PMC8424374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly developing area of cancer treatment due to its higher specificity and potential for greater efficacy than traditional therapies. Immune cell modulation through the administration of drugs, proteins, and cells can enhance antitumoral responses through pathways that may be otherwise inhibited in the presence of immunosuppressive tumors. Magnetic systems offer several advantages for improving the performance of immunotherapies, including increased spatiotemporal control over transport, release, and dosing of immunomodulatory drugs within the body, resulting in reduced off-target effects and improved efficacy. Compared to alternative methods for stimulating drug release such as light and pH, magnetic systems enable several distinct methods for programming immune responses. First, we discuss how magnetic hyperthermia can stimulate immune cells and trigger thermoresponsive drug release. Second, we summarize how magnetically targeted delivery of drug carriers can increase the accumulation of drugs in target sites. Third, we review how biomaterials can undergo magnetically driven structural changes to enable remote release of encapsulated drugs. Fourth, we describe the use of magnetic particles for targeted interactions with cellular receptors for promoting antitumor activity. Finally, we discuss translational considerations of these systems, such as toxicity, clinical compatibility, and future opportunities for improving cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- BW, body weight
- Biomaterials
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- Drug delivery
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FFR, field free region
- HS-TEX, heat-stressed tumor cell exosomes
- HSP, heat shock protein
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- Immunotherapy
- MICA, MHC class I-related chain A
- MPI, magnetic particle imaging
- Magnetic hyperthermia
- Magnetic nanoparticles
- Microrobotics
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PARP, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- SDF, stromal cell derived-factor
- SID, small implantable device
- SLP, specific loss power
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Day
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - William C Wixson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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7
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Priya V, Viswanadh MK, Mehata AK, Jain D, Singh SK, Muthu MS. Targeted nanotherapeutics in the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1153-1176. [PMID: 33973818 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available anti-thrombotic therapy for the prophylaxis and treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis includes intravenous administration of anti-thrombotic drugs which lead to severe bleeding risks such as cerebral hemorrhage and stroke. Targeting approaches that utilize nanosystems to reach the thrombus sites are emerging to increase the local effect of anti-thrombotic drugs, as well as to decrease these severe bleeding complications by diminishing the systemic availability of these drugs. This review emphasizes the emerging targeted nanomedicines (liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, material bases nanoparticles and other biological vectors) for the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombotic events as well as multifunctional nanomedicines for theranostic applications. Nanomedicine offers a promising platform for a smart, safe, and effective approach for the management of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Priya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Matte Kasi Viswanadh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishesh Kumar Mehata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Dharmendra Jain
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sanjeev K Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madaswamy S Muthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
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8
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Deprez J, Lajoinie G, Engelen Y, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I. Opening doors with ultrasound and microbubbles: Beating biological barriers to promote drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:9-36. [PMID: 33705877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its clinical use in imaging, ultrasound has been thoroughly investigated as a tool to enhance drug delivery in a wide variety of applications. Therapeutic ultrasound, as such or combined with cavitating nuclei or microbubbles, has been explored to cross or permeabilize different biological barriers. This ability to access otherwise impermeable tissues in the body makes the combination of ultrasound and therapeutics very appealing to enhance drug delivery in situ. This review gives an overview of the most important biological barriers that can be tackled using ultrasound and aims to provide insight on how ultrasound has shown to improve accessibility as well as the biggest hurdles. In addition, we discuss the clinical applicability of therapeutic ultrasound with respect to the main challenges that must be addressed to enable the further progression of therapeutic ultrasound towards an effective, safe and easy-to-use treatment tailored for drug delivery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deprez
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Y Engelen
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - S C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - I Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Lo WC, Fan CH, Ho YJ, Lin CW, Yeh CK. Tornado-inspired acoustic vortex tweezer for trapping and manipulating microbubbles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023188118. [PMID: 33408129 PMCID: PMC7848694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023188118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially concentrating and manipulating biotherapeutic agents within the circulatory system is a longstanding challenge in medical applications due to the high velocity of blood flow, which greatly limits drug leakage and retention of the drug in the targeted region. To circumvent the disadvantages of current methods for systemic drug delivery, we propose tornado-inspired acoustic vortex tweezer (AVT) that generates net forces for noninvasive intravascular trapping of lipid-shelled gaseous microbubbles (MBs). MBs are used in a diverse range of medical applications, including as ultrasound contrast agents, for permeabilizing vessels, and as drug/gene carriers. We demonstrate that AVT can be used to successfully trap MBs and increase their local concentration in both static and flow conditions. Furthermore, MBs signals within mouse capillaries could be locally improved 1.7-fold and the location of trapped MBs could still be manipulated during the initiation of AVT. The proposed AVT technique is a compact, easy-to-use, and biocompatible method that enables systemic drug administration with extremely low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan;
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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10
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Saadat M, Manshadi MK, Mohammadi M, Zare MJ, Zarei M, Kamali R, Sanati-Nezhad A. Magnetic particle targeting for diagnosis and therapy of lung cancers. J Control Release 2020; 328:776-791. [PMID: 32920079 PMCID: PMC7484624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the growing interest in targeted lung cancer therapy has guided researchers toward the cutting edge of controlled drug delivery, particularly magnetic particle targeting. Targeting of tissues by magnetic particles has tackled several limitations of traditional drug delivery methods for both cancer detection (e.g., using magnetic resonance imaging) and therapy. Delivery of magnetic particles offers the key advantage of high efficiency in the local deposition of drugs in the target tissue with the least harmful effect on other healthy tissues. This review first overviews clinical aspects of lung morphology and pathogenesis as well as clinical features of lung cancer. It is followed by reviewing the advances in using magnetic particles for diagnosis and therapy of lung cancers: (i) a combination of magnetic particle targeting with MRI imaging for diagnosis and screening of lung cancers, (ii) magnetic drug targeting (MDT) through either intravenous injection and pulmonary delivery for lung cancer therapy, and (iii) computational simulations that models new and effective approaches for magnetic particle drug delivery to the lung, all supporting improved lung cancer treatment. The review further discusses future opportunities to improve the clinical performance of MDT for diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer and highlights clinical therapy application of the MDT as a new horizon to cure with minimal side effects a wide variety of lung diseases and possibly other acute respiratory syndromes (COVID-19, MERS, and SARS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Saadat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad K.D. Manshadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada,Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada,Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Mohammad Zarei
- Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Reza Kamali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, 71345 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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11
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Lim ZW, Varma VB, Ramanujan RV, Miserez A. Magnetically responsive peptide coacervates for dual hyperthermia and chemotherapy treatments of liver cancer. Acta Biomater 2020; 110:221-230. [PMID: 32422317 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is an aggressive malignancy associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity. Doxorubicin (Dox) is often used to slow down liver cancer progression; however its efficacy is limited, and its severe side effects prevent its routine use at therapeutic concentrations. We present a biomimetic peptide that coacervates into micro-droplets, within which both Dox and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be sequestered. These Dox-loaded Magnetic Coacervates (DMCs) can be used for thermo-chemotherapy, with the controlled release of Dox triggered by an external Alternating Magnetic Field (AMF). The DMCs are internalized by the cells via an energy-independent mechanism which is not based on endocytosis. Application of AMF generates a temperature of 45 °C within the DMCs, triggering their disassembly and the simultaneous release of Dox, thereby resulting in dual hyperthermia and chemotherapy for more efficient cancer therapy. In vitro studies conducted under AMF reveal that DMCs are cytocompatible and effective in inducing HepG2 liver cancer cell death. Thermo-chemotherapy treatment against HepG2 cells is also shown to be more effective compared to either hyperthermia or chemotherapy treatments alone. Thus, our novel peptide DMCs can open avenues in theranostic strategies against liver cancer through programmable, wireless, and remote control of Dox release. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Simultaneous administration of chemical and thermal therapy (thermo-chemotherapy) is more effective in inducing liver cancer cell death and improving survival rate. Thus, there is a keen interest in developing suitable carriers for thermo-chemotherapy. Coacervate micro-droplets display significant advantages, including high loading capacity, fast self-assembly in aqueous environments, and liquid-like behavior. However, they have not yet been explored as carriers for thermo-chemotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that peptide coacervate micro-droplets can co-encapsulate Dox and magnetic nanoparticles and cross the cell membrane. Applying an alternating magnetic field to cells containing drug-loaded coacervates triggers the release of Dox as well as the localized heating by magnetic hyperthermia, resulting in efficient liver cancer cell death by dual thermo-chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Lim
- Biological and Biomimetic Materials Laboratory, Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553
| | - Vijaykumar B Varma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Raju V Ramanujan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Ali Miserez
- Biological and Biomimetic Materials Laboratory, Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
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12
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Magnetic microbubble mediated chemo-sonodynamic therapy using a combined magnetic-acoustic device. J Control Release 2019; 317:23-33. [PMID: 31733295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of combining chemotherapy and sonodynamic therapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Oxygen-loaded magnetic microbubbles have been explored as a targeted delivery vehicle for this application. Despite preliminary positive results, a previous study identified a significant practical challenge regarding the co-alignment of the magnetic and ultrasound fields. The aim of this study was to determine whether this challenge could be addressed through the use of a magnetic-acoustic device (MAD) combining a magnetic array and ultrasound transducer in a single unit, to simultaneously concentrate and activate the microbubbles at the target site. in vitro experiments were performed in tissue phantoms and followed by in vivo treatment of xenograft pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) tumours in a murine model. In vitro, a 1.4-fold (p < .01) increase in the deposition of a model therapeutic payload within the phantom was achieved using the MAD compared to separate magnetic and ultrasound devices. In vivo, tumours treated with the MAD had a 9% smaller mean volume 8 days after treatment, while tumours treated with separate devices or microbubbles alone were respectively 45% and 112% larger. This substantial and sustained decrease in tumour volume suggests that the proposed drug delivery approach has the potential to be an effective neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Schuerle S, Soleimany AP, Yeh T, Anand GM, Häberli M, Fleming HE, Mirkhani N, Qiu F, Hauert S, Wang X, Nelson BJ, Bhatia SN. Synthetic and living micropropellers for convection-enhanced nanoparticle transport. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav4803. [PMID: 31032412 PMCID: PMC6486269 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an advantageous drug delivery platform for the treatment of various ailments including cancer and cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. However, their efficacy in shuttling materials to diseased tissue is hampered by a number of physiological barriers. One hurdle is transport out of the blood vessels, compounded by difficulties in subsequent penetration into the target tissue. Here, we report the use of two distinct micropropellers powered by rotating magnetic fields to increase diffusion-limited NP transport by enhancing local fluid convection. In the first approach, we used a single synthetic magnetic microrobot called an artificial bacterial flagellum (ABF), and in the second approach, we used swarms of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) to create a directable "living ferrofluid" by exploiting ferrohydrodynamics. Both approaches enhance NP transport in a microfluidic model of blood extravasation and tissue penetration that consists of microchannels bordered by a collagen matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Schuerle
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. P. Soleimany
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - T. Yeh
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - G. M. Anand
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - M. Häberli
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H. E. Fleming
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - N. Mirkhani
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F. Qiu
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S. Hauert
- Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - X. Wang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B. J. Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S. N. Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Beguin E, Bau L, Shrivastava S, Stride E. Comparing Strategies for Magnetic Functionalization of Microbubbles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1829-1840. [PMID: 30574777 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of ultrasound-mediated therapy has stimulated the development of drug-loaded microbubble agents that can be targeted to a region of interest through an applied magnetic field prior to ultrasound activation. However, the need to incorporate therapeutic molecules while optimizing the responsiveness to both magnetic and acoustic fields and maintaining adequate stability poses a considerable challenge for microbubble synthesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different methods for incorporating iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) into phospholipid-coated microbubbles using (1) hydrophobic IONPs within an oil layer below the microbubble shell, (2) phospholipid-stabilized IONPs within the shell, or (3) hydrophilic IONPs noncovalently bound to the surface of the microbubble. All microbubbles exhibited similar acoustic response at both 1 and 7 MHz. The half-life of the microbubbles was more than doubled by the addition of IONPs by using both surface and phospholipid-mediated loading methods, provided the lipid used to coat the IONPs was the same as that constituting the microbubble shell. The highest loading of IONPs per microbubble was also achieved with the surface loading method, and these microbubbles were the most responsive to an applied magnetic field, showing a 3-fold increase in the number of retained microbubbles compared to other groups. For the purpose of drug delivery, surface loading of IONPs could restrict the attachment of hydrophilic drugs to the microbubble shell, but hydrophobic drugs could still be incorporated. In contrast, although the incorporation of phospholipid IONPs produced more weakly magnetic microbubbles, it would not interfere with hydrophilic drug loading on the surface of the microbubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Beguin
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering , University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ , U.K
| | - Luca Bau
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering , University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ , U.K
| | - Shamit Shrivastava
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering , University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ , U.K
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering , University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ , U.K
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15
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Biological active matter aggregates: Inspiration for smart colloidal materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 263:38-51. [PMID: 30504078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggregations of social organisms exhibit a remarkable range of properties and functionalities. Multiple examples, such as fire ants or slime mold, show how a population of individuals is able to overcome an existential threat by gathering into a solid-like aggregate with emergent functionality. Surprisingly, these aggregates are driven by simple rules, and their mechanisms show great parallelism among species. At the same time, great effort has been made by the scientific community to develop active colloidal materials, such as microbubbles or Janus particles, which exhibit similar behaviors. However, a direct connection between these two realms is still not evident, and it would greatly benefit future studies. In this review, we first discuss the current understanding of living aggregates, point out the mechanisms in their formation and explore the vast range of emergent properties. Second, we review the current knowledge in aggregated colloidal systems, the methods used to achieve the aggregations and their potential functionalities. Based on this knowledge, we finally identify a set of over-arching principles commonly found in biological aggregations, and further suggest potential future directions for the creation of bio-inspired colloid aggregations.
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Nie L, Harput S, Cowell DMJ, Carpenter TM, Mclaughlan JR, Freear S. Combining Acoustic Trapping With Plane Wave Imaging for Localized Microbubble Accumulation in Large Vessels. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2018; 65:1193-1204. [PMID: 29969392 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2838332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The capability of accumulating microbubbles using ultrasound could be beneficial for enhancing targeted drug delivery. When microbubbles are used to deliver a therapeutic payload, there is a need to track them, for a localized release of the payload. In this paper, a method for localizing microbubble accumulation with fast image guidance is presented. A linear array transducer performed trapping of microbubble populations interleaved with plane wave imaging, through the use of a composite pulse sequence. The acoustic trap in the pressure field was created parallel with the direction of flow in a model of a vessel section. The acoustic trapping force resultant from the large gradients in the acoustic field was engendered to directly oppose the flowing microbubbles. This was demonstrated numerically with field simulations, and experimentally using an Ultrasound Array Research Platform II. SonoVue microbubbles at clinically relevant concentrations were pumped through a tissue-mimicking flow phantom and exposed to either the acoustic trap or a control ultrasonic field composed of a single-peak acoustic radiation force beam. Under the flow condition at a shear rate of 433 s-1, the use of the acoustic trap led to lower speed estimations ( ) in the center of the acoustic field, and an enhancement of 71% ± 28%( ) in microbubble image brightness.
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Diodato A, Cafarelli A, Schiappacasse A, Tognarelli S, Ciuti G, Menciassi A. Motion compensation with skin contact control for high intensity focused ultrasound surgery in moving organs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:035017. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9c22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Although viral vectors comprise the majority of gene delivery vectors, their various safety, production, and other practical concerns have left a research gap to be addressed. The non-viral vector space encompasses a growing variety of physical and chemical methods capable of gene delivery into the nuclei of target cells. Major physical methods described in this chapter are microinjection, electroporation, and ballistic injection, magnetofection, sonoporation, optical transfection, and localized hyperthermia. Major chemical methods described in this chapter are lipofection, polyfection, gold complexation, and carbon-based methods. Combination approaches to improve transfection efficiency or reduce immunological response have shown great promise in expanding the scope of non-viral gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hong Sum
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shirley Wong
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Chertok B, Langer R. Circulating Magnetic Microbubbles for Localized Real-Time Control of Drug Delivery by Ultrasonography-Guided Magnetic Targeting and Ultrasound. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:341-357. [PMID: 29290812 PMCID: PMC5743552 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Image-guided and target-selective modulation of drug delivery by external physical triggers at the site of pathology has the potential to enable tailored control of drug targeting. Magnetic microbubbles that are responsive to magnetic and acoustic modulation and visible to ultrasonography have been proposed as a means to realize this drug targeting strategy. To comply with this strategy in vivo, magnetic microbubbles must circulate systemically and evade deposition in pulmonary capillaries, while also preserving magnetic and acoustic activities in circulation over time. Unfortunately, challenges in fabricating magnetic microbubbles with such characteristics have limited progress in this field. In this report, we develop magnetic microbubbles (MagMB) that display strong magnetic and acoustic activities, while also preserving the ability to circulate systemically and evade pulmonary entrapment. Methods: We systematically evaluated the characteristics of MagMB including their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, visibility to ultrasonography and amenability to magneto-acoustic modulation in tumor-bearing mice. We further assessed the applicability of MagMB for ultrasonography-guided control of drug targeting. Results: Following intravenous injection, MagMB exhibited a 17- to 90-fold lower pulmonary entrapment compared to previously reported magnetic microbubbles and mimicked circulation persistence of the clinically utilized Definity microbubbles (>10 min). In addition, MagMB could be accumulated in tumor vasculature by magnetic targeting, monitored by ultrasonography and collapsed by focused ultrasound on demand to activate drug deposition at the target. Furthermore, drug delivery to target tumors could be enhanced by adjusting the magneto-acoustic modulation based on ultrasonographic monitoring of MagMB in real-time. Conclusions: Circulating MagMB in conjunction with ultrasonography-guided magneto-acoustic modulation may provide a strategy for tailored minimally-invasive control over drug delivery to target tissues.
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20
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Tay LM, Xu C. Coating microbubbles with nanoparticles for medical imaging and drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:91-94. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Min Tay
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health & Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
- NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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21
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Energy-triggered drug release from polymer nanoparticles for orthopedic applications. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:5-14. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestra, present in many cancers and orthopedic infections, provide a safe harbor for the development of drug resistance. In the face of burgeoning drug resistance, the importance of nanoscale, microenvironment-triggered drug delivery cannot be overestimated. Such strategies may preserve pharmaceutical efficacy and significantly alter the etiology of many orthopedic diseases. Although temperature-, pH- and redox-responsive nanoparticle-based systems have been extensively studied, local drug delivery from polymeric nanoparticles can be triggered by a variety of energy forms. This review offers an overview of the state of the field as well as a perspective on the safety and efficacy of ultrasound, hyperthermia and radio frequency-triggered internal delivery systems in a variety of applications.
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22
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Wang J, Kaplan JA, Colson YL, Grinstaff MW. Mechanoresponsive materials for drug delivery: Harnessing forces for controlled release. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 108:68-82. [PMID: 27856307 PMCID: PMC5285479 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically-activated delivery systems harness existing physiological and/or externally-applied forces to provide spatiotemporal control over the release of active agents. Current strategies to deliver therapeutic proteins and drugs use three types of mechanical stimuli: compression, tension, and shear. Based on the intended application, each stimulus requires specific material selection, in terms of substrate composition and size (e.g., macrostructured materials and nanomaterials), for optimal in vitro and in vivo performance. For example, compressive systems typically utilize hydrogels or elastomeric substrates that respond to and withstand cyclic compressive loading, whereas, tension-responsive systems use composites to compartmentalize payloads. Finally, shear-activated systems are based on nanoassemblies or microaggregates that respond to physiological or externally-applied shear stresses. In order to provide a comprehensive assessment of current research on mechanoresponsive drug delivery, the mechanical stimuli intrinsically present in the human body are first discussed, along with the mechanical forces typically applied during medical device interventions, followed by in-depth descriptions of compression, tension, and shear-mediated drug delivery devices. We conclude by summarizing the progress of current research aimed at integrating mechanoresponsive elements within these devices, identifying additional clinical opportunities for mechanically-activated systems, and discussing future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Jonah A Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Yolonda L Colson
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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23
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Lajoinie G, De Cock I, Coussios CC, Lentacker I, Le Gac S, Stride E, Versluis M. In vitro methods to study bubble-cell interactions: Fundamentals and therapeutic applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011501. [PMID: 26865903 PMCID: PMC4733084 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Besides their use as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging, microbubbles are increasingly studied for a wide range of therapeutic applications. In particular, their ability to enhance the uptake of drugs through the permeabilization of tissues and cell membranes shows great promise. In order to fully understand the numerous paths by which bubbles can interact with cells and the even larger number of possible biological responses from the cells, thorough and extensive work is necessary. In this review, we consider the range of experimental techniques implemented in in vitro studies with the aim of elucidating these microbubble-cell interactions. First of all, the variety of cell types and cell models available are discussed, emphasizing the need for more and more complex models replicating in vivo conditions together with experimental challenges associated with this increased complexity. Second, the different types of stabilized microbubbles and more recently developed droplets and particles are presented, followed by their acoustic or optical excitation methods. Finally, the techniques exploited to study the microbubble-cell interactions are reviewed. These techniques operate over a wide range of timescales, or even off-line, revealing particular aspects or subsequent effects of these interactions. Therefore, knowledge obtained from several techniques must be combined to elucidate the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ine De Cock
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
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Treatment Efficiency of Free and Nanoparticle-Loaded Mitoxantrone for Magnetic Drug Targeting in Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Molecules 2015; 20:18016-30. [PMID: 26437393 PMCID: PMC6332068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Major problems of cancer treatment using systemic chemotherapy are severe side effects. Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) employing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) loaded with chemotherapeutic agents may overcome this dilemma by increasing drug accumulation in the tumor and reducing toxic side effects in the healthy tissue. For translation of nanomedicine from bench to bedside, nanoparticle-mediated effects have to be studied carefully. In this study, we compare the effect of SPION, unloaded or loaded with the cytotoxic drug mitoxantrone (MTO) with the effect of free MTO, on the viability and proliferation of HT-29 cells within three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry showed that both free MTO, as well as SPION-loaded MTO (SPIONMTO) are able to penetrate into tumor spheroids and thereby kill tumor cells, whereas unloaded SPION did not affect cellular viability. Since SPIONMTO has herewith proven its effectivity also in complex multicellular tumor structures with its surrounding microenvironment, we conclude that it is a promising candidate for further use in magnetic drug targeting in vivo.
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25
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Wood AKW, Sehgal CM. A review of low-intensity ultrasound for cancer therapy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:905-28. [PMID: 25728459 PMCID: PMC4362523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The literature describing the use of low-intensity ultrasound in four major areas of cancer therapy-sonodynamic therapy, ultrasound-mediated chemotherapy, ultrasound-mediated gene delivery and anti-vascular ultrasound therapy-was reviewed. Each technique consistently resulted in the death of cancer cells, and the bio-effects of ultrasound were attributed primarily to thermal actions and inertial cavitation. In each therapeutic modality, theranostic contrast agents composed of microbubbles played a role in both therapy and vascular imaging. The development of these agents is important as it establishes a therapeutic-diagnostic platform that can monitor the success of anti-cancer therapy. Little attention, however, has been given either to the direct assessment of the mechanisms underlying the observed bio-effects or to the viability of these therapies in naturally occurring cancers in larger mammals; if such investigations provided encouraging data, there could be prompt application of a therapy technique in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K W Wood
- Department Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chandra M Sehgal
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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26
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van Rooij T, Daeichin V, Skachkov I, de Jong N, Kooiman K. Targeted ultrasound contrast agents for ultrasound molecular imaging and therapy. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:90-106. [PMID: 25707815 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2014.997809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) are used routinely in the clinic to enhance contrast in ultrasonography. More recently, UCAs have been functionalised by conjugating ligands to their surface to target specific biomarkers of a disease or a disease process. These targeted UCAs (tUCAs) are used for a wide range of pre-clinical applications including diagnosis, monitoring of drug treatment, and therapy. In this review, recent achievements with tUCAs in the field of molecular imaging, evaluation of therapy, drug delivery, and therapeutic applications are discussed. We present the different coating materials and aspects that have to be considered when manufacturing tUCAs. Next to tUCA design and the choice of ligands for specific biomarkers, additional techniques are discussed that are applied to improve binding of the tUCAs to their target and to quantify the strength of this bond. As imaging techniques rely on the specific behaviour of tUCAs in an ultrasound field, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of both free and adhered tUCAs. To image and quantify the adhered tUCAs, the state-of-the-art techniques used for ultrasound molecular imaging and quantification are presented. This review concludes with the potential of tUCAs for drug delivery and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom van Rooij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter , Erasmus MC, Rotterdam , the Netherlands
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27
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Bohmer N, Jordan A. Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:167-176. [PMID: 25671161 PMCID: PMC4311761 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly growing field in nanotechnology, which has great potential in the development of new therapies for numerous diseases. For example iron oxide nanoparticles are in clinical use already in the thermotherapy of brain cancer. Although it has been shown, that tumor cells take up these particles in vitro, little is known about the internalization routes. Understanding of the underlying uptake mechanisms would be very useful for faster and precise development of nanoparticles for clinical applications. This study aims at the identification of key proteins, which are crucial for the active uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles by HeLa cells (human cervical cancer) as a model cell line. Cells were transfected with specific siRNAs against Caveolin-1, Dynamin 2, Flotillin-1, Clathrin, PIP5Kα and CDC42. Knockdown of Caveolin-1 reduces endocytosis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SCIONs) between 23 and 41%, depending on the surface characteristics of the nanoparticles and the experimental design. Knockdown of CDC42 showed a 46% decrease of the internalization of PEGylated SPIONs within 24 h incubation time. Knockdown of Dynamin 2, Flotillin-1, Clathrin and PIP5Kα caused no or only minor effects. Hence endocytosis in HeLa cells of iron oxide nanoparticles, used in this study, is mainly mediated by Caveolin-1 and CDC42. It is shown here for the first time, which proteins of the endocytotic pathway mediate the endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells in vitro. In future studies more experiments should be carried out with different cell lines and other well-defined nanoparticle species to elucidate possible general principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bohmer
- Project Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Jordan
- Project Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- MagForce Nanotechnologies AG, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Silva AKA, Luciani N, Gazeau F, Aubertin K, Bonneau S, Chauvierre C, Letourneur D, Wilhelm C. Combining magnetic nanoparticles with cell derived microvesicles for drug loading and targeting. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:645-55. [PMID: 25596340 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by microvesicle-mediated intercellular communication, we propose a hybrid vector for magnetic drug delivery. It consists of macrophage-derived microvesicles engineered to enclose different therapeutic agents together with iron oxide nanoparticles. Here, we investigated in vitro how magnetic nanoparticles may influence the vector effectiveness in terms of drug uptake and targeting. Human macrophages were loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles and different therapeutic agents: a chemotherapeutic agent (doxorubicin), tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) and two photosensitizers (disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin-TPCS2a and 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin-mTHPC). The hybrid cell microvesicles were magnetically responsive, readily manipulated by magnetic forces and MRI-detectable. Using photosensitizer-loaded vesicles, we showed that the uptake of microvesicles by cancer cells could be kinetically modulated and spatially controlled under magnetic field and that cancer cell death was enhanced by the magnetic targeting. From the clinical editor: In this article, the authors devised a biogenic method using macrophages to produce microvesicles containing both iron oxide and chemotherapeutic agents. They showed that the microvesicles could be manipulated by magnetic force for targeting and subsequent delivery of the drug payload against cancer cells. This smart method could provide a novel way for future fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Diderot Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Nathalie Luciani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Kelly Aubertin
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Stéphanie Bonneau
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin-CNRS FRE3231, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, France
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Diderot Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Diderot Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, France.
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Crake C, Victor MDS, Owen J, Coviello C, Collin J, Coussios CC, Stride E. Passive acoustic mapping of magnetic microbubbles for cavitation enhancement and localization. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:785-806. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/2/785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sirsi SR, Borden MA. State-of-the-art materials for ultrasound-triggered drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:3-14. [PMID: 24389162 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a unique and exciting theranostic modality that can be used to track drug carriers, trigger drug release and improve drug deposition with high spatial precision. In this review, we briefly describe the mechanisms of interaction between drug carriers and ultrasound waves, including cavitation, streaming and hyperthermia, and how those interactions can promote drug release and tissue uptake. We then discuss the rational design of some state-of-the-art materials for ultrasound-triggered drug delivery and review recent progress for each drug carrier, focusing on the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin. These materials include nanocarrier formulations, such as liposomes and micelles, designed specifically for ultrasound-triggered drug release, as well as microbubbles, microbubble-nanocarrier hybrids, microbubble-seeded hydrogels and phase-change agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank R Sirsi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Mark A Borden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Singh D, McMillan JM, Kabanov AV, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Gendelman HE. Bench-to-bedside translation of magnetic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:501-16. [PMID: 24910878 PMCID: PMC4150086 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a new and promising addition to the spectrum of biomedicines. Their promise revolves around the broad versatility and biocompatibility of the MNPs and their unique physicochemical properties. Guided by applied external magnetic fields, MNPs represent a cutting-edge tool designed to improve diagnosis and therapy of a broad range of inflammatory, infectious, genetic and degenerative diseases. Magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug and gene delivery, cell tracking, protein bioseparation and tissue engineering are but a few applications being developed for MNPs. MNPs toxicities linked to shape, size and surface chemistry are real and must be addressed before clinical use is realized. This article presents both the promise and perils of this new nanotechnology, with an eye towards opportunity in translational medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirender Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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Singh D, McMillan JM, Kabanov AV, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Gendelman HE. Bench-to-bedside translation of magnetic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:501-16. [PMID: 24910878 PMCID: PMC4150086 DOI: 10.2217/nmm.14.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a new and promising addition to the spectrum of biomedicines. Their promise revolves around the broad versatility and biocompatibility of the MNPs and their unique physicochemical properties. Guided by applied external magnetic fields, MNPs represent a cutting-edge tool designed to improve diagnosis and therapy of a broad range of inflammatory, infectious, genetic and degenerative diseases. Magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug and gene delivery, cell tracking, protein bioseparation and tissue engineering are but a few applications being developed for MNPs. MNPs toxicities linked to shape, size and surface chemistry are real and must be addressed before clinical use is realized. This article presents both the promise and perils of this new nanotechnology, with an eye towards opportunity in translational medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirender Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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de Saint Victor M, Crake C, Coussios CC, Stride E. Properties, characteristics and applications of microbubbles for sonothrombolysis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:187-209. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.868434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kozissnik B, Bohorquez AC, Dobson J, Rinaldi C. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: Advances, challenges, and opportunity. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:706-14. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.837200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Salas G, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Morales MDP. Relationship between physico-chemical properties of magnetic fluids and their heating capacity. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:768-76. [PMID: 24001026 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.826824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The final goal in magnetic hyperthermia research is to use nanoparticles in the form of a colloidal suspension injected into human beings for a therapeutic application. Therefore the challenge is not only to develop magnetic nanoparticles with good heating capacities, but also with good colloidal properties, long blood circulation time and with grafted ligands able to facilitate their specific internalisation in tumour cells. Significant advances have been achieved optimising the properties of the magnetic nanoparticles, showing extremely large specific absorption rate values that will contribute to a reduction in the concentration of the magnetic fluid that needs to be administered. In this review we show the effect of different characteristics of the magnetic particles, such as size, size distribution and shape, and the colloidal properties of their aqueous suspensions, such as hydrodynamic size and surface modification, on the heating capacity of the magnetic colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Salas
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid/CSIC, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco , Madrid , Spain and
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