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Esnault S, Kelly EA. Essential Mechanisms of Differential Activation of Eosinophils by IL-3 Compared to GM-CSF and IL-5. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 36:429-444. [PMID: 28605348 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has demonstrated that the eosinophils bring negative biological outcomes in several diseases, including eosinophilic asthma and hypereosinophilic syndromes. Eosinophils produce and store a broad range of toxic proteins and other mediators that enhance the inflammatory response and lead to tissue damage. For instance, in asthma, a close relationship has been demonstrated between increased lung eosinophilia, asthma exacerbation, and loss of lung function. The use of an anti-IL-5 therapy in severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients is efficient to reduce exacerbations. However, anti-IL-5-treated patients still display a relatively high amount of functional lung tissue eosinophils, indicating that supplemental therapies are required to damper the eosinophil functions. Our recent published works suggest that compared to IL-5, IL-3 can more strongly and differentially affect eosinophil functions. In this review, we summarize our and other investigations that have compared the effects of the three β-chain receptor cytokines (IL-5, GM-CSF and IL-3) on eosinophil biology. We focus on how IL-3 differentially activates eosinophils compared to IL-5 or GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Esnault
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K4/928, Madison, WI 53792-9988
| | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K4/928, Madison, WI 53792-9988
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2
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Boero S, Silvestri M, Ullmann N, Rossi GA. Modulation by flunisolide of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced stimulation of airway epithelial cell activities related to eosinophil inflammation. J Asthma 2010; 47:381-7. [PMID: 20528590 DOI: 10.3109/02770901003759410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, displays multiple functions on a variety of cells, including bronchial epithelial cells (BECs). OBJECTIVE To characterize in vitro changes induced by TNF-alpha on the function of BECs that may be related to eosinophilic inflammation and to evaluate their modulation by an inhaled corticosteroid, flunisolide. METHODS A normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) was incubated with TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) to evaluate (a) intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-5 release by BEAS-2B; (b) eosinophil adhesion to BEAS-2B; and (c) the modulation of these activities by flunisolide (0.1 to 10 microM). RESULTS Stimulation of BEAS-2 with TNF-alpha generated an increase in ICAM-1 expression (p = .0012), in GM-CSF and IL-5 release (p < .01), and in eosinophil adhesion to BEAS-2B, but this latter effect did not reach statistical significance. Flunisolide at all the tested concentrations effectively inhibited ICAM-1 expression and GM-CSF and IL-5 release (p < .05). The percent inhibition induced by the highest flunisolide concentration (10 muM) for the various BEAS-2B functions was 30%, 60%, and 70%, respectively. The effect of flunisolide appeared to be related to an inhibition of "TNF-alpha-induced" ICAM-1 expression and cytokine release with little or no involvement of the "constitutive" expression and release. CONCLUSION An increase in ICAM-1 expression in BECs was found to be induced by TNF-alpha and associated with enhancement of the constitutive secretion of GM-CSF and IL-5, cytokines related to eosinophilic inflammation. The ability of flunisolide to modulate these BECs activities appears to be mostly related to the inhibition of the "TNF-alpha-induced" responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boero
- Pulmonary Diseases Unit, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
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3
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Guimond A, Viau E, Aubé P, Renzi PM, Paquet L, Ferrari N. Advantageous toxicity profile of inhaled antisense oligonucleotides following chronic dosing in non-human primates. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21:845-54. [PMID: 18761414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
TPI ASM8 and TPI 1100 are two products containing modified phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (AONs), which are undergoing development for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respectively. TPI ASM8 is comprised of two AONs, one targeting the human chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) and the other targeting the common beta-chain of the IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptors. TPI 1100 is also a dual-AON compound targeting the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 and 7 isotypes. For both products, the AONs are present in a 1:1 ratio by weight. Both products will be administered by inhalation to patients, and TPI ASM8 is currently undergoing Phase 2 clinical trials. As part of the safety assessment of both products, the toxicity and disposition (i.e., pharmacokinetics of the AON components in plasma and tissues) were investigated in 14-day inhalation studies in monkeys at doses ranging from 0.05 to 2.5mg/kg/day. Results indicated that both products were safe and well tolerated at all dose levels. Reversible treatment-related alterations were only observed at the high dose levels tested and were limited to changes in the respiratory tract which were characterized primarily by the presence of alveolar macrophages in the absence of a generalized inflammatory response. Plasma pharmacokinetic profiles showed very low plasma concentrations, and no plasma accumulation was observed after repeated doses. While significant amounts of the AONs of both TPI ASM8 and TPI 1100 were measured in trachea and lung, only limited amounts of the AONs could be measured in kidney and liver, which, in combination with the low plasma level data, is indicative of very low systemic exposure. Taken together, these results demonstrate that these two new AON-based products are safe and that delivery via the inhaled route achieves localized deposition in the pulmonary tract with very limited systemic exposure and reduced toxicity compared to other routes of AON administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Guimond
- Topigen Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2901 East Rachel Street, Suite 13, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1W 4A4
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4
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Pretorius E, Ekpo OE, Smit E. Comparative ultrastructural analyses of platelets and fibrin networks using the murine model of asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 59:105-14. [PMID: 17600694 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The murine Balb/c asthma model has been used successfully for a number of in vivo immunological applications and for testing novel therapeutics, and it is a reliable, clinically relevant facsimile of the human disease. Here we investigate whether this model can be used to study other components of the human body, e.g. ultrastructure. In particular, we investigate the effect of the phytomedicine Euphorbia hirta (used to treat asthma), on the ultrastructure of fibrin as well as platelets, cellular structures that both play an important role in the coagulation process. Hydrocortisone is used as positive control. Ultrastructure of the fibrin networks and platelets of control mice were compared to mice that were asthmatic, treated with two concentrations of hydrocortisone and one concentration of the plant material. Results indicate control mice possess major, thick fibers and minor thin fibers as well as tight round platelet aggregates with typical pseudopodia formation. Minor fibers of asthmatic mice have a netlike appearance covering the major fibers, while the platelets seem to form loosely connected, granular aggregates. Both concentrations of hydrocortisone make the fibrin more fragile and that platelet morphology changes form a tight platelet aggregate to a more granular aggregate not closely fused to each other. We conclude that E. hirta does not impact on the fragility of the fibrin and that it prevents the minor fibers to form the dense netlike layer over the major fibers, as is seen in untreated asthmatic mice. This ultrastructural morphology might give us better insight into asthma and the possible new treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pretorius
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, BMW Building, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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5
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Yamazaki K, Murray JA, Arora AS, Alexander JA, Smyrk TC, Butterfield JH, Kita H. Allergen-specific in vitro cytokine production in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:1934-41. [PMID: 17009121 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-9048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) likely involves hypersensitivity reactions against exogenous allergens, allergen-specific cellular immune responses have not been studied. We investigated allergen-induced cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in adult patients with EE (n=15) and healthy controls (HC; n=9). PBMCs were incubated with nine common food and environmental allergens or a nonspecific mitogen, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-10, IL-13, and interferon-gamma in the cell-free supernatants were determined. Spontaneous and mitogen-stimulated cytokine production did not differ between EE and HC. House dust mite, ragweed, Aspergillus, milk, and soy induced significantly higher IL-5 production in EE (P < 0.05). House dust mite also augmented IL-13 production in EE (P < 0.05). Furthermore, PBMCs from three EE patients without allergen-specific IgE vigorously produced IL-5 and IL-13 on allergen stimulation. Thus, immune responses in EE are characterized by enhanced production of Th2-like cytokines against both food and environmental allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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6
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Ip WK, Wong CK, Wang CB, Tian YP, Lam CWK. Interleukin-3, -5, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induce adhesion and chemotaxis of human eosinophils via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappaB. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2005; 27:371-93. [PMID: 16237950 DOI: 10.1080/08923970500240925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) play a fundamental role in eosinophil functions in allergic asthma. The intracellular signal transduction mechanisms of these cytokines regulating the activation of eosinophils have been potential therapeutic targets. We investigated the roles of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) in IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF-induced adhesion, morphological changes, and subsequence transmigration of human eosinophils. IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF could augment the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and nucleus translocation of NF-kappaB in eosinophils. cDNA expression arrays demonstrated that the gene expression levels of several adhesion molecules including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), alpha6, beta2 integrin (CD18), and CD44 were upregulated by these cytokines. Results from functional assays showed that adhesion of eosinophils onto airway epithelial cells was enhanced after IL-3 and IL-5 but not GM-CSF stimulation. These cytokines could markedly induce shape change and augment the transmigration of eosinophils. Moreover, administration of either p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB 203580, or proteasome inhibitor, N-cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG-132), could inhibit the cytokine-induced adhesion, shape change, and transmigration of eosinophils. Together, our findings suggest that IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF regulated the adhesion and chemotaxis of human eosinophils through shared signaling pathways involving both p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB. Our results therefore shed light on the further development of more effective agents for allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ki Ip
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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7
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Julius P, Hochheim D, Böser K, Schmidt S, Myrtek D, Bachert C, Luttmann W, Virchow JC. Interleukin-5 receptors on human lung eosinophils after segmental allergen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1064-70. [PMID: 15248851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-5 is a specific cytokine for eosinophil accumulation, activation and prolongation of survival and can be recovered in elevated concentrations from the bronchoalveolar compartment in atopic asthma following allergen challenge. OBJECTIVE The action of IL-5 is mediated via the specific IL-5 receptor-alpha (IL-5Ralpha). Although in vitro data suggest that IL-5R expression is regulated by cytokines such as IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF, IL-5R regulation in vivo and its kinetics following allergen provocation are incompletely understood. METHODS We investigated IL-5R regulation in vivo following segmental allergen provocation (SAP) with an individually standardized dose of allergen in 12 patients with atopic asthma. Lavage was performed 10 min and 18 h (eight patients) and 10 min and 42 h (eight patients) after allergen challenge. In addition to differential cell counts, IL-5Ralpha was measured by flow cytometry and IL-5 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were determined by ELISA. RESULTS IL-5Ralpha expression decreased significantly on peripheral blood and on BAL eosinophils 18 and 42 h after SAP. In contrast, IL-5 concentrations increased significantly in BAL fluid 18 and 42 h after SAP. In four and two patients, respectively, there were detectable IL-5 concentrations in serum 18 or 42 h after allergen exposure. CONCLUSIONS Although there was no correlation between IL-5 concentrations and IL-5Ralpha expression on eosinophils in BAL, our data support previous in vitro and in vivo findings of a negative feedback mechanism between IL-5 concentrations and IL-5Ralpha expression on eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Julius
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Clinic, Rostock, Germany.
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8
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Sabatini F, Silvestri M, Sale R, Serpero L, Raynal ME, Di Blasi P, Rossi GA. Modulation of the constitutive or cytokine-induced bronchial epithelial cell functions in vitro by fluticasone propionate. Immunol Lett 2004; 89:215-24. [PMID: 14556981 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to proinflammatory mediators, human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) upregulate the 'constitutive' adhesion molecule expression and cytokine/chemokine release. We tested whether and to what extent the inhibitory effect of fluticasone propionate on HBECs could involve the 'constitutive' and 'cytokine-induced' proinflammatory functions. Stimulation of the HBECs with interleukin (IL)-4 plus tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was more effective in upregulating intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 ( approximately 2.2-fold increase) than vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 ( approximately 1.6-fold increase) expression (P<0.05) and in increasing the release of 'regulated on activation normal T cell expressed' (RANTES, 5.7-fold increase) than of IL-8 (3.5-fold increase) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF, 2.8-fold increase), (P<0.01). Fluticasone propionate, at the two concentrations tested (10 and 100 nM), was more effective in inhibiting the 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' ICAM-1 expression than VCAM-1 expression (P<0.05) and in downregulating RANTES than IL-8 or GM-CSF secretion (P<0.05). The degree of inhibition demonstrated by fluticasone propionate appeared to be related to the degree of cell activation. In addition, for both adhesion molecules, the effect of fluticasone propionate at both concentrations tested appeared to be related to a complete inhibition of 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' expression with no involvement of the 'constitutive' expression. Slightly different results were observed for cytokine/chemokine release. Indeed, evaluating RANTES, a complete inhibition of the 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' release with a partial inhibition also of the 'constitutive' release at both concentrations of the drug tested was found, whereas for GM-CSF and IL-8, only a partial inhibition of the 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' release in the presence of fluticasone propionate 10 and 100 nM. Thus, HBECs can constitutively or upon activation express adhesion molecules and secrete proinflammatory proteins at various levels and the different ability of fluticasone propionate to modulate the HBEC functions appears to be mostly related to the different inhibition of the various 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sabatini
- Pulmonary Diseases Unit, G. Gaslini Institute, Largo G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
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Sabatini F, Silvestri M, Sale R, Serpero L, Di Blasi P, Rossi GA. Cytokine release and adhesion molecule expression by stimulated human bronchial epithelial cells are downregulated by salmeterol. Respir Med 2003; 97:1052-60. [PMID: 14509560 DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(03)00137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Summary beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists are able to modulate various aspects of airway cell functions involved in the inflammatory and repair processes characterizing a variety of respiratory disorders. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs), which can act as immune effector cells and express beta2-adrenoreceptors, were used to test the effects of different concentrations (0.1-100.0 nM) of salmeterol (Salm) on adhesion molecule expression and chemokine/cytokine release. HBECs, freshly isolated from resected bronchi at the time of surgery in ex-smokers with lung cancer, constitutively expressed over 3 times more ICAM-1 than VCAM-1 (P<0.05) and secreted greater amounts of IL-8 than of GM-CSF or RANTES (P<0.001). Stimulation of HBECs with IL-4, TNF-alpha or IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-upregulated ICAM-1 expression (P<0.05) and increased GM-CSF and IL-8 secretion (P<0.05). Similarly, VCAM-1 expression was significantly increased by IL-4 plus TNF-alpha, while RANTES release was significantly enhanced by IL-4 or by IL-4 plus TNF-alpha (P<0.05), but not by TNF-alpha alone (P>0.05). Dose-response curves showed that Salm, at concentration >1.0 nM, was effective in inhibiting adhesion molecule expression and cytokine release by HBECs (P<0.05). At a Salm concentration of 10 nM the degree of inhibition observed was similar for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression (37.2 +/- 9.3% and 32.9 +/- 9.6%, respectively; P>0.05), but higher for RANTES (88.4 +/- 4.4%), as compared to IL-8 (21.8 +/- 7.0%) or GM-CSF (30.1 +/- 6.6%; P<0.05, each comparison). Thus, adhesion molecules and cytokines may be expressed/released at very different levels by unstimulated or stimulated HBECs and those activities appear to be modulated by Salm.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sabatini
- Pulmonary Division, G. Gaslini Institute, Largo G. Gaslini 5, Genoa 16147, Italy
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Lustigman S, MacDonald AJ, Abraham D. CD4+-dependent immunity to Onchocerca volvulus third-stage larvae in humans and the mouse vaccination model: common ground and distinctions. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:1161-71. [PMID: 13678632 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Onchocerciasis is a major filarial disease and is the second most common cause of infectious blindness in the world. Disease development after infection with Onchocerca volvulus varies widely and is determined by the host's immune response to the parasite. Vector control and administration of ivermectin has reduced infection and disease rates significantly. However, limitations of these programmes, including ivermectin's selective activity on microfilariae, the need for 10-15 years of annual treatments, logistical obstacles and the potential emergence of drug-resistant strains demand alternative strategies. A vaccine that targets O. volvulus infective third-stage larvae (L3) could provide an additional tool to guarantee successful elimination of infection with O. volvulus. An essential step in the development of immunoprophylactic procedures and reagents is the identification of host immune responses toward antigens of O. volvulus L3 and L3 developing to the fourth-stage larvae that are associated with protection against these stages of the parasite. This review summarises the recent advancements in understanding the immune mechanisms in particular the CD4(+) responses to L3 stages in humans and in the mouse vaccination model. Comparison between the two uncovered common immunological elements in naturally exposed humans and mice vaccinated with radiation attenuated L3 or recombinant O. volvulus antigens, as well as significant differences. These studies promisingly suggest that the O. volvulus mouse model is a very useful adjunct to the studying of natural infection in humans and could provide us with the tools to identify the target molecules and the effector immune correlates of protection in humans responsible for attrition of L3 stages. Since some of these antigens may exist in other nematodes, any insight gained into the mechanisms of vaccine-induced anti-O. volvulus L3 protective immunity in both humans and mice could be applicable to the development of vaccines against other nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Allakhverdi Z, Allam M, Renzi PM. Inhibition of antigen-induced eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness by antisense oligonucleotides directed against the common beta chain of IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF receptors in a rat model of allergic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1015-21. [PMID: 11934731 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.7.2109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and the accumulation and persistence within the airways of inflammatory cells characterize asthma. Interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-5 are among several cytokines that have been shown to be increased in asthma and to contribute to atopic inflammation. They mediate their effect via receptors that have a common beta subunit (beta(c)). We hypothesized that blocking of this common beta(c) would impair the airway response to antigen. We report that an antisense (AS) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) found to specifically inhibit transcription of the beta(c) in rat bone marrow cells also caused inhibition of beta(c) mRNA expression and of immunoreactive cells within the lungs of Brown Norway (BN) rats when injected intratracheally (p < 0.01). Inhibition of beta(c) significantly reduced (p < 0.01) experimentally induced eosinophilia in vivo in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BN rats after antigen challenge. Furthermore, when compared with mismatch-treated rats, beta(c) AS-ODN caused inhibition of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to leukotriene D4. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the common beta(c) of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF receptors is involved in the eosinophil influx and airway hyperresponsiveness that follow OVA challenge and underscore the potential utility of a topical antisense approach targeting beta(c) for the treatment of asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/pathology
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity
- Cell Count
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Immunization
- Leukotriene D4/pharmacology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoulfia Allakhverdi
- CHUM Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Nurse B, Puterman AS, Haus M, Berman D, Weinberg EG, Potter PC. PBMCs from both atopic asthmatic and nonatopic children show a TH2 cytokine response to house dust mite allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:84-91. [PMID: 10887310 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.107397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that in atopic diseases the T-helper response is skewed toward a T(H)2-type cytokine response was based on studies with mitogen stimulation, T-cell clones, or both. OBJECTIVE Using primary cultures, we investigated (1) whether atopic asthmatic patients have a T(H)2 response and nonatopic subjects have a T(H)1 response to allergen and (2) whether atopic patients have a decreased ability to mount T(H)1 immune responses to mycobacterial antigens. METHODS The responses of PBMCs to allergen (house dust mite [HDM]) or purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD) stimulation from 10 severely and 14 moderately asthmatic patients (all allergic to HDM) were compared with those of 17 nonatopic healthy black (Xhosa) children. RESULTS HDM-stimulated proliferation, IL-5 release, and the IL-5/IFN-gamma ratio were significantly increased in subjects with atopic asthma, whereas IFN-gamma release was not significantly different. IL-4 levels were below the level of detection. PPD-stimulated proliferation, IL-5 release, IFN-gamma release, and the IL-5/IFN-gamma ratio were not significantly different among the groups. Each group had a significantly higher IL-5/IFN-gamma ratio in response to HDM than to PPD (a T(H)1 stimulus). CONCLUSION Our study, which used primary cultures to investigate the hypothesis that nonatopic subjects have a T(H)1 response to allergens, indicates that HDM stimulates a T(H)2 cytokine response in both atopic and nonatopic subjects but that the response is enhanced in atopic patients. Our results with PPD suggest that normal and atopic asthmatic subjects can have a T(H)1 cytokine response to mycobacteria, but there is a subgroup of atopic subjects that have a T(H)2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nurse
- Allergology Unit, Department of Immunology, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Abstract
Heterodimeric cytokine receptors generally consist of a major cytokine-binding subunit and a signaling subunit. The latter can transduce signals by more than 1 cytokine, as exemplified by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-6 receptor systems. However, often the signaling subunits in isolation are unable to bind cytokines, a fact that has made it more difficult to obtain structural definition of their ligand-binding sites. This report details the crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of the GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptor β-chain (βc) signaling subunit in complex with the Fab fragment of the antagonistic monoclonal antibody, BION-1. This is the first single antagonist of all 3 known eosinophil-producing cytokines, and it is therefore capable of regulating eosinophil-related diseases such as asthma. The structure reveals a fibronectin type III domain, and the antagonist-binding site involves major contributions from the loop between the B and C strands and overlaps the cytokine-binding site. Furthermore, tyrosine421 (Tyr421), a key residue involved in receptor activation, lies in the neighboring loop between the F and G strands, although it is not immediately adjacent to the cytokine-binding residues in the B-C loop. Interestingly, functional experiments using receptors mutated across these loops demonstrate that they are cooperatively involved in full receptor activation. The experiments, however, reveal subtle differences between the B-C loop and Tyr421, which is suggestive of distinct functional roles. The elucidation of the structure of the ligand-binding domain of βc also suggests how different cytokines recognize a single receptor subunit, which may have implications for homologous receptor systems.
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Structure of the activation domain of the GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptor common β-chain bound to an antagonist. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.8.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHeterodimeric cytokine receptors generally consist of a major cytokine-binding subunit and a signaling subunit. The latter can transduce signals by more than 1 cytokine, as exemplified by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-6 receptor systems. However, often the signaling subunits in isolation are unable to bind cytokines, a fact that has made it more difficult to obtain structural definition of their ligand-binding sites. This report details the crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of the GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptor β-chain (βc) signaling subunit in complex with the Fab fragment of the antagonistic monoclonal antibody, BION-1. This is the first single antagonist of all 3 known eosinophil-producing cytokines, and it is therefore capable of regulating eosinophil-related diseases such as asthma. The structure reveals a fibronectin type III domain, and the antagonist-binding site involves major contributions from the loop between the B and C strands and overlaps the cytokine-binding site. Furthermore, tyrosine421 (Tyr421), a key residue involved in receptor activation, lies in the neighboring loop between the F and G strands, although it is not immediately adjacent to the cytokine-binding residues in the B-C loop. Interestingly, functional experiments using receptors mutated across these loops demonstrate that they are cooperatively involved in full receptor activation. The experiments, however, reveal subtle differences between the B-C loop and Tyr421, which is suggestive of distinct functional roles. The elucidation of the structure of the ligand-binding domain of βc also suggests how different cytokines recognize a single receptor subunit, which may have implications for homologous receptor systems.
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Silvestri M, Oddera S, Spallarossa D, Frangova Yourukova V, Rossi GA. In childhood asthma the degree of allergen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation is related to serum IgE levels and to blood eosinophilia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 84:426-32. [PMID: 10795651 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the state of activation of circulating T-cells in childhood asthma could be related to serum IgE levels and/or to blood eosinophilia. METHODS Seventeen atopic asthmatic children, sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p), in stable condition at the time of the study and 15 sex-matched and age-matched controls were studied. The expression of activation surface markers (HLA-DR and CD25) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was tested by monoclonal antibodies and FACS analysis, while the PBMC proliferative response to Der p antigens was measured by tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) incorporation. RESULTS As compared to controls, atopic children showed higher eosinophil counts (P < .01), similar lymphocyte counts (P > .1, each comparison) but higher proportion of HLA-DR+ and CD25+ T-lymphocytes (P < .05, each comparison). A significant Der p allergen-induced PBMC proliferation was observed in atopic children (P < .01) but not in controls (P > .1). Both in controls and in atopic children, no correlations were found between lymphocyte counts and eosinophil counts or total or allergen-specific IgE levels (P > .1, each comparison). In contrast, weak correlations were detected between the degree of allergen-induced PBMC proliferation and: a) allergen-specific IgE levels in serum (P < .05) and b) eosinophil counts (P < .05). CONCLUSION These data support the concept that the degree of activation of allergen-specific T-lymphocytes in blood may reflect the intensity of allergic sensitization in childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silvestri
- The Pulmonary Division, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
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Turaga PS, Tierney TJ, Bennett KE, McCarthy MC, Simonek SC, Enyong PA, Moukatte DW, Lustigman S. Immunity to onchocerciasis: cells from putatively immune individuals produce enhanced levels of interleukin-5, gamma interferon, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in response to Onchocerca volvulus larval and male worm antigens. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1905-11. [PMID: 10722581 PMCID: PMC97365 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.1905-1911.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific interleukin-5 (IL-5), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) responses in individuals living in an area of hyperendemicity for onchocerciasis in Cameroon were examined. The responses against antigens prepared from Onchocerca volvulus third-stage larvae (L3), molting L3 (mL3), and crude extract from adult males (M-OvAg) were compared to the responses against antigens from adult female worms and skin microfilariae. Cytokine responses for the putatively immune individuals (PI) and the infected individuals (INF) were compared. A differential cytokine profile of IL-5 (Th2 phenotype) and IFN-gamma (Th1 phenotype) was found in these individuals in response to the antigens. In both the PI and the INF, Th2 responses against all the antigens tested were dominant. However, in the PI group as a whole, there was an enhanced Th2 response against the larval antigens and the adult male and adult female antigens, and a Th1 response in a subgroup of the PI (27 to 54.5%) against L3, mL3, and M-OvAg antigens was present. While the PI produced significantly higher levels of GM-CSF against L3, mL3, and M-OvAg antigens than the INF, there was no difference in the GM-CSF responses of the groups against the other antigens. The present study indicated that, in comparison to the INF, the PI have distinct larva-specific and adult male-specific cytokine responses, thus supporting the premise that immunological studies of the PI would lead to the identification of immune mechanisms and the target genes that play a role in protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Turaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Woodcock JM, Bagley CJ, Lopez AF. The functional basis of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin-3 and interleukin-5 receptor activation, basic and clinical implications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31:1017-25. [PMID: 10582336 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(99)00084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin-3 and interleukin-5 have overlapping activities on cells expressing their receptors. This is explained by their sharing a receptor signal transduction subunit, beta c. This communal signaling subunit is also required for high affinity binding of all three cytokines. Therapeutic approaches attempting to interfere or modulate haemopoietic cells using cytokines or their analogues can in some instances be limited due to functional redundancy amongst cytokines using shared receptor signaling subunits. Therefore, a better approach would be to develop therapeutics against the shared subunit. Studies examining the GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 receptors have identified the key events leading to functional receptor activation. With this knowledge, it is now possible to identify new targets for the development of a new class of antagonist that blocks the biological activity of all the cytokines utilizing beta c. This approach may be extended to other receptor systems such as IL-4 and IL-13 where receptor activation is dependent on a common signaling and binding subunit.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Humans
- Ligands
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Woodcock
- Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Simultaneous Antagonism of Interleukin-5, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Interleukin-3 Stimulation of Human Eosinophils by Targetting the Common Cytokine Binding Site of Their Receptors. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.6.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHuman interleukin-5 (IL-5), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-3 are eosinophilopoietic cytokines implicated in allergy in general and in the inflammation of the airways specifically as seen in asthma. All 3 cytokines function through cell surface receptors that comprise a ligand-specific chain and a shared subunit (βc). Although binding of IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 to their respective receptor chains is the first step in receptor activation, it is the recruitment of βc that allows high-affinity binding and signal transduction to proceed. Thus, βc is a valid yet untested target for antiasthma drugs with the added advantage of potentially allowing antagonism of all 3 eosinophil-acting cytokines with a single compound. We show here the first development of such an agent in the form of a monoclonal antibody (MoAb), BION-1, raised against the isolated membrane proximal domain of βc. BION-1 blocked eosinophil production, survival, and activation stimulated by IL-5 as well as by GM-CSF and IL-3. Studies of the mechanism of this antagonism showed that BION-1 prevented the high-affinity binding of125I–IL-5, 125I–GM-CSF, and125I–IL-3 to purified human eosinophils and that it bound to the major cytokine binding site of βc. Interestingly, epitope analysis using several βc mutants showed that BION-1 interacted with residues different from those used by IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that BION-1 prevented ligand-induced receptor dimerization and phosphorylation of βc, suggesting that ligand contact with βc is a prerequisite for recruitment of βc, receptor dimerization, and consequent activation. These results demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously inhibiting IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 function with a single agent and that BION-1 represents a new tool and lead compound with which to identify and generate further agents for the treatment of eosinophil-dependent diseases such as asthma.
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Simultaneous Antagonism of Interleukin-5, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Interleukin-3 Stimulation of Human Eosinophils by Targetting the Common Cytokine Binding Site of Their Receptors. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.6.1943.418k04_1943_1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin-5 (IL-5), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-3 are eosinophilopoietic cytokines implicated in allergy in general and in the inflammation of the airways specifically as seen in asthma. All 3 cytokines function through cell surface receptors that comprise a ligand-specific chain and a shared subunit (βc). Although binding of IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 to their respective receptor chains is the first step in receptor activation, it is the recruitment of βc that allows high-affinity binding and signal transduction to proceed. Thus, βc is a valid yet untested target for antiasthma drugs with the added advantage of potentially allowing antagonism of all 3 eosinophil-acting cytokines with a single compound. We show here the first development of such an agent in the form of a monoclonal antibody (MoAb), BION-1, raised against the isolated membrane proximal domain of βc. BION-1 blocked eosinophil production, survival, and activation stimulated by IL-5 as well as by GM-CSF and IL-3. Studies of the mechanism of this antagonism showed that BION-1 prevented the high-affinity binding of125I–IL-5, 125I–GM-CSF, and125I–IL-3 to purified human eosinophils and that it bound to the major cytokine binding site of βc. Interestingly, epitope analysis using several βc mutants showed that BION-1 interacted with residues different from those used by IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that BION-1 prevented ligand-induced receptor dimerization and phosphorylation of βc, suggesting that ligand contact with βc is a prerequisite for recruitment of βc, receptor dimerization, and consequent activation. These results demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously inhibiting IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 function with a single agent and that BION-1 represents a new tool and lead compound with which to identify and generate further agents for the treatment of eosinophil-dependent diseases such as asthma.
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is being increasingly understood as a disease caused by Th2-mediated immune responses to inhaled allergens. Most individuals fail to respond to allergens with a Th2 response, and thus, allergic asthma can be considered the result of an abnormally regulated or dysregulated immune response. The prevalence of asthma has risen precipitously in urbanized cultures, as contrasted with third world countries. This observation underlies the heightened efforts in the past few years of basic and applied research efforts to gain a better understanding of both normal and dysregulated immunity to antigens introduced via the airways. This review focuses on recent human studies into the immune dysregulation that results in the asthma phenotype, but also cites selected relevant papers from research with experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lipscomb
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5301, USA
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