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Luciana Aurora Soares do Amaral D, de Souza Salomão Zanette R, Torres de Souza G, Augusto da Silva S, Adriano Kopke de Aguiar J, Fortes Marcomini R, Márcio Resende do Carmo A, Valentim Nogueira B, José da Silva Barros R, de Sá Silva F, de Oliveira Santos M, Munk M, de Mello Brandão H, Magno da Costa Maranduba C. Induction of osteogenic differentiation by demineralized and decellularized bovine extracellular matrix derived hydrogels associated with barium titanate. Biologicals 2020; 66:9-16. [PMID: 32561214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue-derive biomaterials have become of great interest to treat diseases of the skeletal system. Biological scaffolds of demineralized and decellularized extracellular matrices (ECM) have been developed and one of these options are ECM hydrogels derived from bovine bone. Nanomaterials may be able to regulate stem cell differentiation due to their unique physical-chemical properties. The present work aimed to evaluate the osteoinductive effects of ECM hydrogels associated with barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNP) on dental pulp cells derived from exfoliated teeth. The addition of BTNP in the ECM derived hydrogel did not affect cell proliferation and the formation of bone nodules. Furthermore, it increased the expression of bone alkaline phosphatase. The results demonstrated that the nanobiocomposites were able to promote the osteogenic differentiation, even in the absence of chemical inducing factors for osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, bovine bone ECM hydrogel combined with BTNP presented and increased expression of markers of osteogenic differentiation in the absence of chemical inducing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Luciana Aurora Soares do Amaral
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaella de Souza Salomão Zanette
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Torres de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Silvioney Augusto da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Jair Adriano Kopke de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Análise de Glicoconjugados, Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Fortes Marcomini
- Departamento Engenharia de Produção e Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Márcio Resende do Carmo
- Departmento de Endodontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR)/Núcleo de Bioengenharia Tecidual, Departamento de Morfologia/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, 29.043-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho José da Silva Barros
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR)/Núcleo de Bioengenharia Tecidual, Departamento de Morfologia/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, 29.043-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Sá Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Vida, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Vida, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, MG, 35.010-180, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Munk
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - Humberto de Mello Brandão
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Pesquisador/Nanotecnologia, Juiz de Fora, 36.038-330, Brazil
| | - Carlos Magno da Costa Maranduba
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil.
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Roughley PJ, Melching LI, Heathfield TF, Pearce RH, Mort JS. The structure and degradation of aggrecan in human intervertebral disc. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2006; 15 Suppl 3:S326-32. [PMID: 16736203 PMCID: PMC2335376 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-006-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the intervertebral disc to resist compression is dependent on its high proteoglycan concentration. The disc proteoglycans are classified as aggregating or non-aggregating depending on their ability to interact with hyaluronan. The majority of the aggregating proteoglycans are derived from aggrecan, though their glycosaminoglycan substitution pattern has not been determined. In contrast, the origin of the non-aggregating proteoglycans is unclear, though it has been postulated that they are derived from aggrecan by proteolysis. The present work demonstrates that keratan sulfate (KS) in the glycosaminoglycan-binding region of disc aggrecan is confined to the KS-rich domain of the core protein and is not present in association with chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the CS1 and CS2 domains. It also shows that the non-aggregating disc proteoglycans are derived from aggrecan, with the large molecules possessing both the KS-rich and CS1 domains and the smaller molecules being generated from either the KS-rich or CS2 domain. The origin and spectrum of disc proteoglycan heterogeneity is the same in both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Rodriguez E, Roland SK, Plaas A, Roughley PJ. The glycosaminoglycan attachment regions of human aggrecan. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18444-50. [PMID: 16679517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan possesses both chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) chains attached to its core protein, which reside mainly in the central region of the molecule termed the glycosaminoglycan-attachment region. This region is further subdivided into the KS-rich domain and two adjacent CS-rich domains (CS1 and CS2). The CS1 domain of the human is unique in exhibiting length polymorphism due to a variable number of tandem amino acid repeats. The focus of this work was to determine how length polymorphism affects the structure of the CS1 domain and whether CS and KS chains can coexist in the different glycosaminoglycan-attachment domains. The CS1 domain possesses several amino acid repeat sequences that divide it into three subdomains. Variation in repeat number may occur in any of these domains, with the consequence that CS1 domains of the same length may possess different amino acid sequences. There was no evidence to support the presence of KS in either the CS1 or the CS2 domains nor the presence of CS in the KS-rich domain. The structure of the CS chains was shown to vary between the CS1 and CS2 domains, particularly in the adult, with variation occurring in chain length and the sulfation of the non-reducing terminal N-acetyl galactosamine residue. CS chains in the adult CS2 domain were shorter than those in the CS1 domain and possessed disulfated terminal residues in addition to monosulfated residues. There was, however, no change in the sulfation pattern of the disaccharide repeats in the CS chains from the two domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida Rodriguez
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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McDonnell J, Lobner JM, Knight WB, Lark MW, Green B, Poe M, Moore VL. Comparison of the proteoglycanolytic activities of human leukocyte elastase and human cathepsin G in vitro and in vivo. Connect Tissue Res 1993; 30:1-9. [PMID: 8149741 DOI: 10.3109/03008209309032926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo potency of human leukocyte elastase (HLE) and human cathepsin G (HCG) as proteoglycanases. In vitro evaluation was done using bovine nasal septum aggrecan and aggrecan/hyaluronan aggregate as substrates. Enzyme activity was assessed by the ability of the proteinases to abrogate the ability of aggrecan to aggregate with hyaluronan. In vivo activity of the proteinases was tested by injecting purified HLE and HCG intra-articularly into rabbit stifle joints and quantifying the levels of proteoglycan released into synovial fluids. On a molar basis, HCG was at least tenfold more potent than HLE as a proteoglycanase in vitro. Moreover, HCG was twofold more potent as a proteoglycanase in vivo. In contrast, HLE hydrolyzed elastin approximately 22-fold faster than HCG, but was only slightly more rapid than HCG when [3H]-transferrin was used as substrate. These data indicate that HCG is more potent than HLE as a proteoglycanase both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, HCG could be more important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis than previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McDonnell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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Ghosh P, Melrose J, Cole TC, Taylor T. A comparison of the high buoyant density proteoglycans isolated from the intervertebral discs of chondrodystrophoid and non-chondrodystrophoid dogs. MATRIX (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 1992; 12:148-55. [PMID: 1603037 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Groups of purebred beagles and greyhounds of similar ages (1.5-2.5 years) were used for the study. Intervertebral disc proteoglycans (PGs) were radiolabelled in vivo (with [35SO4(2-)], 24 hours and 60 days prior to euthanasia, when lumbar discs were dissected into nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF). Aliquots of each disc region were separately analysed for total PG content as hexuronate. The remaining tissue was subjected to extraction with 4.0 M GuHCl. High buoyant density PGs were isolated from these extracts by CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation. The hydrodynamic size and aggregatability of the 24-hour, 60-day-old, and resident PG populations were determined by Sepharose CL2B chromatography in the presence or absence of excess hyaluronic acid. While the hydrodynamic sizes of the newly synthesized (24-hour) disc PG preparations appeared to be similar, the 60-day-old greyhound disc PGs were found to be larger than the corresponding beagle disc PG populations. However, the keratan sulphate-core protein complexes prepared by chondroitinase ABC digestion of the newly synthesized (24 hour) disc PGs showed that the greyhound disc preparations were also larger than those from beagle discs. Approximately 80% of the newly synthesized PGs from beagle and greyhound discs were capable of aggregating with hyaluronic acid, however, this was reduced to 55% for the 60 day-old PGs in NP and AF and even less for the resident PG populations (as determined by hexuronate analysis). Significantly, PG aggregation was lower in the greyhound NP and AF preparations than in the corresponding PGs isolated from the beagle disc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghosh
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratory, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, N.S.W., Australia
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Varelas JB, Zenarosa NR, Froelich CJ. Agarose/polyacrylamide minislab gel electrophoresis of intact cartilage proteoglycans and their proteolytic degradation products. Anal Biochem 1991; 197:396-400. [PMID: 1785694 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90410-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a procedure for the use of minislab gels to electrophoretically separate proteoglycans (PGs), large macromolecules with molecular masses greater than 2.5 million Da. Our procedure is a modification of the method of C.A. McDevitt and H. Muir (Anal. Biochem. 44, 612-622, 1971) for agarose/polyacrylamide, composite tube gels. These 1% agarose/1.2% acrylamide minigels are run at 35 mA for 75 min; bands are visualized by toluidine blue staining. The subtle size differences between the large aggregating PGs isolated from rat chondrosarcoma, bovine nasal septal cartilage, and adult bovine articular cartilage (which consists of two subpopulations) can be distinguished by their migration on these large pore gels. Chondroitin sulfate chains, added to all wells as a marker of constant mobility, ran immediately behind the dye front. The distance of migration into the gel of PGs incubated overnight with cathepsin B, carboxypeptidase A, papain, plasmin, elastase, or cathepsin G varied with the size of the cleavage products. We propose the use of this procedure for a convenient assessment of cartilage PGs and a rapid, reproducible assay for proteoglycanase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Varelas
- Department of Medicine, Evanston Hospital/Northwestern University, Illinois 60201
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Dayer E, Mathai L, Glant TT, Mikecz K, Poole AR. Cartilage proteoglycan-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice. Antibodies that recognize human and mouse cartilage proteoglycan and can cause depletion of cartilage proteoglycan with little or no synovitis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1990; 33:1394-405. [PMID: 1698370 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780330912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human fetal cartilage proteoglycan (PG) induces the development of an erosive polyarthritis and spondylitis in BALB/c mice. We have examined the properties of 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to human fetal cartilage PG isolated from immunized mice that cross-react with mouse cartilage PG. Compared with sera from arthritic mice, which contain antibodies reactive with keratan sulfate, MAb 202 (IgG1) reacted only with a protein-related epitope that is distributed on both hyaluronic acid-binding and chondroitin sulfate-attachment regions. MAb 813 (IgG1) reacted with the same fragments and recognized an epitope with the immunologic characteristics of keratan sulfate. MAb 945 (IgM) remains to be further characterized. Introduction of hybridomas secreting MAb 202 and MAb 945 into irradiated mice resulted in the loss of PG from articular cartilage and from growth plate cartilage (with MAb 202 only), as revealed by a loss of staining with toluidine blue. There was no synovial hyperplasia with MAb 202, but some hyperplasia and mononuclear cell infiltration was seen with MAb 945. This was accompanied by the binding of immunoglobulins to articular cartilage, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. The hybridoma secreting MAb 813 produced no cartilage changes or synovitis, and there was no immunoglobulin binding to cartilage. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was never observed with these antibodies. These studies indicate that MAb reactive with mouse cartilage PG can cause the depletion of PG from hyaline cartilage by mechanisms that may be both complement dependent and complement independent. Antibodies may serve to release and expose PG antigen to immune cells, as well as causing a loss of the mechanical properties of cartilage that are PG dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dayer
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Poole AR, Webber C, Reiner A, Roughley PJ. Studies of a monoclonal antibody to skeletal keratan sulphate. Importance of antibody valency. Biochem J 1989; 260:849-56. [PMID: 2527498 PMCID: PMC1138754 DOI: 10.1042/bj2600849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A mouse monoclonal antibody (AN9P1) to keratan sulphate is described. In a competitive-inhibition solution-phase radioimmunoassay employing 125I-labelled intact proteoglycan, it reacts preferentially with keratan sulphate bound to the core protein of adult human articular-cartilage proteoglycan and to a much lesser degree with keratan sulphate purified from this proteoglycan. Proteolytic cleavage of the proteoglycan by pepsin and trypsin has little effect on antibody binding, but treatment with papain decreases binding considerably and more than does treatment with keratanase. An even greater decrease in binding is observed after treatment with alkaline borohydride. A comparison of binding of antibody AN9P1 with that of another previously described monoclonal antibody, 1/20/5-D-4, to keratan sulphate [Caterson, Christner & Baker (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8848-8854] revealed similar binding characteristics, both showing much diminished binding after papain digestion of proteoglycan and even less with purified skeletal keratan sulphate. Removal of the Fc piece of antibody AN9P1 had no significant effect on the differential binding of divalent F(ab')2 fragment to proteoglycan, to papain-digested proteoglycan and to keratan sulphate, although there was a small decrease in binding to papain-digested proteoglycan. Conversion of the antibody into univalent Fab fragment with removal of the Fc piece resulted in diminished binding to proteoglycan, compared with that observed with IgG, and in enhanced binding to free keratan sulphate and to papain-digested proteoglycan. These results suggest that close proximity of keratan sulphate chains on the core protein of proteoglycans favours preferential reactivity of bivalent antibody with these species through cross-bridging of chains by antibody. Conversely, much decreased binding to keratan sulphate on proteoglycan core-protein fragments and to free keratan sulphate results from a lack of close proximity of keratan sulphate. By using univalent Fab fragment in these assays these differences in binding are minimized by preventing cross-bridging and thereby enhancing detection of smaller fragments without sacrificing too much sensitivity of detection of larger proteoglycan species. The persistent preferential binding of Fab fragment to proteoglycan is probably in part the result of the increased epitope density in the intact molecule compared with keratan sulphate in a more disperse form.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Poole
- Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Nguyen Q, Murphy G, Roughley PJ, Mort JS. Degradation of proteoglycan aggregate by a cartilage metalloproteinase. Evidence for the involvement of stromelysin in the generation of link protein heterogeneity in situ. Biochem J 1989; 259:61-7. [PMID: 2719651 PMCID: PMC1138473 DOI: 10.1042/bj2590061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage proteoglycan aggregates were subjected to degradation by a metalloproteinase, capable of degrading proteoglycan, released from cartilage in culture. This proteinase was demonstrated to be immunologically identical with fibroblast stromelysin. An early release of hyaluronic acid-binding region and large glycosaminoglycan-attachment regions was observed. With increasing time the glycosaminoglycan-attachment regions were digested into smaller fragments and the hyaluronic acid-binding regions accumulated. The degradation of link proteins also occurred concomitantly with these events. Link proteins were converted into a component of similar size to that of the smallest native link protein component. N-Terminal sequence analysis of the three human link protein components indicated that they are all derived from the same protein core, which is closely homologous to that of the rat chondrosarcoma link protein. The two larger link proteins (Mr 48,000 and 44,000) contain the same N-terminal sequence, but they differ by the apparent presence of an N-linked oligosaccharide at residue 6 of the largest link protein component. The smallest link protein (Mr 41,000), however, has an N-terminal sequence equivalent to that commencing at residue 17 in the larger link proteins. It was found that the cartilage metalloproteinase cleaves link proteins in human neonatal cartilage proteoglycan aggregates at the His-16-Ile-17 bond, the same position at which the smallest link protein component appears to be derived naturally from the two larger link protein components. These results suggest that stromelysin secreted by chondrocytes can account for the increased accumulation of hyaluronic acid-binding regions and much of the degradation of link protein observed during aging within human articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Nguyen
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Witter J, Roughley PJ, Webber C, Roberts N, Keystone E, Poole AR. The immunologic detection and characterization of cartilage proteoglycan degradation products in synovial fluids of patients with arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1987; 30:519-29. [PMID: 2439090 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780300506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies were used in radioimmunoassays with gel chromatography to detect the hyaluronic acid-binding region, core protein, and keratan sulfate of human cartilage proteoglycan in the synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. All fluids contained proteoglycan that was mainly included on Sepharose CL-4B; this result indicates cleavage of proteoglycan (which is normally excluded). The hyaluronic acid-binding region was the smallest and most commonly detected fragment. It was relatively free of keratan sulfate and core protein, and it could sometimes bind to hyaluronic acid. Other larger fragments containing core protein and/or keratan sulfate were detected in every fluid.
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Carney SL, Bayliss MT, Collier JM, Muir H. Electrophoresis of 35S-labeled proteoglycans on polyacrylamide-agarose composite gels and their visualization by fluorography. Anal Biochem 1986; 156:38-44. [PMID: 3740416 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed techniques for the electrophoresis of 35S-labeled proteoglycans on polyacrylamide-agarose gel slabs and subsequent fixation, impregnation, and fluorography of such electrophoretograms. The procedure permits the examination of newly synthesized proteoglycan subspecies using a rapid technique, previously unavailable for these labeled molecules.
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12
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Roughley PJ, Mort JS. Resolution of cartilage proteoglycan and its proteolytic degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography using a gel filtration system. Anal Biochem 1985; 149:136-41. [PMID: 4073472 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage proteoglycan subunits are resolved from their various-size proteolytic degradation products by a gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography system using a Bio-Gel TSK-60 column in tandem with a Bio-Gel TSK-50 column. Molecules ranging in size from the intact proteoglycan to single chondroitin sulfate chains are eluted in the included volume. Each analysis takes less than 30 min to complete, and with purified samples as little as 20 micrograms of proteoglycan is required. The method can be applied to the measurement of proteoglycan in mixtures, such as tissue culture media, by monitoring effluent fractions using the dimethylmethylene blue dye-binding assay.
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13
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Cartilage-degrading neutral proteinase secreted by Yoshida sarcoma cells. Purification and properties. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zirn JR, Schurman DJ, Smith RL. Keratan sulfate content and articular cartilage maturation during postnatal rabbit growth. J Orthop Res 1984; 2:143-50. [PMID: 6238139 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the macromolecular changes in keratan sulfate and proteoglycan that occur in rabbit articular cartilage during postnatal development. Articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans from femoral condyles and the tibial plateaus of rabbits at 8, 12, 18, and 26 weeks and 2 years of age were extracted, fractionated, and quantified. The predominant glycosaminoglycan present in articular cartilage at 8 weeks was chondroitin sulfate. During subsequent maturation the relative proportions of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate varied inversely. The greatest increase in the amount of keratan sulfate present in cartilage was observed between 12 and 26 weeks of age. Hyaluronic acid content was measurable at 12 weeks; afterward the amount remained relatively constant with age. Proteoglycans, extracted from 6-, 12-, and 22-week-old rabbit femoral and tibial cartilage in the presence of protease inhibitors, were analyzed on columns of Sepharose CL-2B. Cartilage proteoglycans decreased in hydrodynamic size between 12 and 22 weeks, corresponding to the period of maximal change in content of keratan and chondroitin sulfate.
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Murphy G, Reynolds JJ, Bretz U, Baggiolini M. Partial purification of collagenase and gelatinase from human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Analysis of their actions on soluble and insoluble collagens. Biochem J 1982; 203:209-21. [PMID: 6285893 PMCID: PMC1158212 DOI: 10.1042/bj2030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The separation and further purification of human polymorphonuclear-leucocyte collagenase and gelatinase, using modifications of the method of Cawston & Tyler [(1979) Biochem J. 183, 647-656], are described. The final preparations yielded collagenase of specific activity 260 units/mg and gelatinase of specific activity 13 000 units/mg. Gelatinase was purified to apparent homogeneity in a latent form, and analysis of the activation of 125I-labelled latent enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and gel-filtration techniques suggested that no peptide material was lost on conversion into the active form. The purified natural inhibitors alpha 2-macroglobulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases ('TIMP') and amniotic-fluid inhibitor of metalloproteinases all inhibited the two polymorphonuclear-leucocyte metalloproteinases, but the last two inhibitors were slow to act and complete inhibition was difficult to attain. Collagenase degraded soluble types I and III collagen equally efficiently, but soluble type II collagen less well. Gelatinase alone had little activity on these substrates, although it enhanced the action of collagenase. Gelatinase was capable of degrading soluble types IV and V collagen at 25 degrees C, whereas collagenase was only active at higher temperatures when the collagens were susceptible to trypsin activity. By using tissue preparations of insoluble collagens (type I, II or IV) the activity of leucocyte collagenase was low and gelatinase activity was negligible, as measured by the solubilization of hydroxyproline-containing material. The two enzymes together were two or three times more effective in the degradation of these insoluble collagens.
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Landsperger WJ, Stirewalt MA, Dresden MH. Purification and properties of a proteolytic enzyme from the cercariae of the human trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Biochem J 1982; 201:137-44. [PMID: 7044371 PMCID: PMC1163618 DOI: 10.1042/bj2010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Skin penetration by the cercarial stage of the human trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni is mediated by the secretion of proteolytic enzymes able to digest components of mammalian connective tissues. In the present study the purification of these proteinases from cercarial homogenates is reported. The major proteinase species has a mol. wt. of approx. 25 000 and exists in monomeric form as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. This proteinase has an isoelectric point of 6.0. Studies presented here, with a variety of substrates and inhibitors, confirm previous claims that these proteinases belong to the serine class, and, in addition, suggest that they resemble the vertebrate chymotrypsins rather than trypsins or elastases. However, the amino acid composition of the cercarial proteinase differs significantly from bovine chymotrypsin and from the human leucocyte chymotrypsin-like cathepsin G. The amino-acid-composition differences between these proteinases are consistent with their differences in isoelectric point. In order to obtain an insight into the role of the proteinase in skin penetration, its activity on cartilage proteoglycan monomers and on the isolated peptide backbone of proteoglycan was studied. The results of the present study indicate that the cercarial enzyme catalyses a limited specific digestion of the peptide core.
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Kittlick PD, Neupert G. The glycosaminoglycans in trypsin-damaged fibroblast cultures. EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1982; 21:138-40. [PMID: 6807708 DOI: 10.1016/s0232-1513(82)80063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Champion BR, Poole AR. Immunity to homologous cartilage proteoglycans in rabbits with chronic inflammatory arthritis. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1981; 1:453-73. [PMID: 7346230 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(81)80029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Roughley PJ, McNicol D, Santer V, Buckwalter J. The presence of a cartilage-like proteoglycan in the adult human meniscus. Biochem J 1981; 197:77-83. [PMID: 6895594 PMCID: PMC1163056 DOI: 10.1042/bj1970077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans were extracted from the adult human meniscus under dissociative conditions and purified by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation. The preparations of highest density contained proteoglycan that possessed the ability to interact with hyaluronic acid, was of large subunit size and was composed of chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulphate and sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. This 'cartilage-like' proteoglycan also exhibited subunit and aggregate structures analogous to those of hyaline-cartilage proteoglycans when examined by electron microscopy. However, the composition of this proteoglycan was more comparable with proteoglycans from immature cartilage than from age-matched cartilage. The preparations from lower density, which were enriched in dermatan sulphate, contained smaller proteoglycan that was not able to interact with hyaluronic acid. This non-aggregating proteoglycan may be structurally distinct from the 'cartilage-like' proteoglycan, which does not contain dermatan sulphate.
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Santer V, White RJ, Roughley PJ. Proteoglycans from normal and degenerate cartilage of the adult human tibial plateau. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1981; 24:691-700. [PMID: 7236325 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780240510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans were extracted from normal and degenerate cartilage of the human tibial plateau. Both areas possessed proteoglycans of similar chemical composition, though the degenerate cartilage contained a greater proportion of molecules of lower buoyant density and enriched in keratan sulfate. There was no evidence for the changes in glycosaminoglycan synthesis that have been described for clinically osteoarthritic cartilage, or for changes in the ability to aggregate with hyaluronic acid.
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Velvart M, Fehr K, Baici A, Sommermeyer G, Knöpfel M, Cancer M, Salgam P, Böni A. Degradation in vivo of articular cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis by leucocyte elastase from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Rheumatol Int 1981; 1:121-30. [PMID: 7051254 DOI: 10.1007/bf00541256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a specific substrate, no leucocyte elastase activity could be detected in 55 synovial fluids, including 29 from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a high percentage of samples contained phagocytic inclusions of elastase, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-MG) in both the polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear phagocytes. Immunofluorescence and indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining of articular cartilage (ACA) from 52% of 21 patients with RA and one with juvenile RA (JRA) showed presence of elastase in the superficial layer of microscopically intact but proteoglycan depleted pannus-free ACA. In histologically altered pannus-free RA-ACA superficial elastase deposits were found in 24% of the cases. Adjacent ACA sections contained IgG, C3, alpha 1-PI and rarely alpha 2-MG. RA-ACA below or surrounded by pannus showed close contact with intact and decaying PMN in 62% and 48% of the cases, respectively. ACA specimens from patients with degenerative disease and systemic lupus were negative. These findings strongly suggest that PMN leucocyte elastase is operative in the degradation of RA-ACA and JRA-ACA, and that this activity is largely dependent upon the presence of entrapped immune complexes in such cartilage.
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Poole A, Reiner A, Tang L, Rosenberg L. Proteoglycans from bovine nasal cartilage. Immunochemical studies of link protein. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Rat mast cell granules contain a spectrum of enzymes as established by histochemical techniques and subcellular fractionation. However, 35% of the beta-glucuronidase, 30% of the beta-D-galactosidase, 14% of the beta-hexosaminidase and all of the acid phosphatase is not available for immunologic release from purified rat serosal mast cells, suggesting the presence of nonsecretory lysosomes containing these acid hydrolases. On the other hand, immunologic release of the majority of chymase, beta-hexosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and arylsulfatase A occurs in parallel with histamine and thereby localizes these substances to the rat mast cell secretory granule. A molecular model of the secretory granule in the resting mast cell can now be constructed in which heparin proteoglycan is the granule matrix to which chymase and probably other proteins are ionically bound. Inhibition of chymase by serotonin stored in its active site and of chymase and acid hydrolases by their interaction with heparin probably occurs. Histamine is stored by ionic linkage to carboxyl groups of protein and heparin. Micromolar amounts of heparin glycosaminoglycans, histamine, serotonin, chymase, beta-D-hexosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, and arylsulfatase A in secretory granules of 10(6) mast cells are 0.7--1.3 x 10(-3), 70--220 x 10(-3), 0.9--28 x 10(-3), 0.2--0.5 x 10(-3), 0.9--2.7 x 10(-6), 0.1--0.3 x 10(-6) and less than 8 x 10(-6), respectively. In addition, the total protein available for calcium ionophore-induced release from 10(6) rat mast cells is about 60 microgram, indicating that less than 50% of the granule protein can be accounted for. Recognition that mast cell secretory granules contain acid hydrolases indicates that they are modified lysosomes; their special intracellular and extracellular functions are dictated by the associated novel constituents and the stimulus for activation.
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Abstract
This study consists of (1) the extraction of proteoglycan from the human meniscus under dissociative conditions, (2) an investigation of the changes that occur in the abundance and structure of this proteoglycan with age and (3) a comparison of these findings with those for human articular-cartilage proteoglycan. Adult meniscus was found to possess proteoglycan molecules of similar size and glycosaminoglycan content to those present in cartilage, although tissue concentrations were considerably lower. In addition, age-related changes, with respect to the occurrence of keratan sulphate and the sulphation of chondroitin sulphate chains, were common to both tissues. The presence of aggregated proteoglycan was demonstrated, although specific interaction with hyaluronic acid was not conclusively shown biochemically. Differences were, however, noted in the structure of the proteoglycan between the two tissues: dermatan sulphate was found in the meniscus proteoglycan preparation and the core proteins exhibited some dissimilarities. A proteoglycan structure of this type would be compatible with its participation in meniscus elasticity, especially as the material is localized in a specific area.
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Roughley P, Dickson I. Factors influencing proteoglycan size in rachitic-chick growth cartilage. Biochem J 1980; 185:33-9. [PMID: 7378054 PMCID: PMC1161266 DOI: 10.1042/bj1850033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1. Proteoglycan isolated from rachitic-chick growth cartilage was of smaller size than that isolated from tissue of normal chicks. 2. The two proteoglycan populations were of similar average chemical composition and similar in the size of their chondroitin sulphate chains. 3. The size of the proteoglycans was not affected by reduction and alkylation. 4. Labelling studies in vivo with Na235SO4 and [3H]leucine suggest that the difference in size in the rachitic state results from an alteration in synthesis rather than extracellular proteolytic degradation of the normal proteoglycan, but the direct cause of this alteration remains unestablished.
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Age-related changes in the structure of the proteoglycan subunits from human articular cartilage. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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