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Steventon GB, Mitchell SC. Phenylalanine monooxygenase and the 'sulfoxidation polymorphism'; the salient points. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2022; 37:393-395. [PMID: 35708245 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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2
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Navo CD, Oroz P, Mazo N, Blanco M, Peregrina JM, Jiménez-Osés G. Stereoselective α-Deuteration of Serine, Cysteine, Selenocysteine, and 2,3-Diaminopropanoic Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:6810-6815. [PMID: 36082943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient methodologies for synthesizing enantiopure α-deuterated derivatives of serine, cysteine, selenocysteine, and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid have been developed. H/D exchange was achieved by deprotonation of a chiral bicyclic serine equivalent followed by selective deuteration. Additionally, diastereoselective additions of thiols, selenols, and amines to a chiral bicyclic dehydroalanine in deuterated alcohols allowed site-selective deuteration at the Cα atom of cysteine, selenocysteine, and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid derivatives. A deuterated analogue of carbocysteine, a drug for the treatment of bronchiectasis, was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Navo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Paula Oroz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Nuria Mazo
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Marina Blanco
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Jesús M Peregrina
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Structural and Functional Studies of S-(2-Carboxyethyl)-L-Cysteine and S-(2-Carboxyethyl)-l-Cysteine Sulfoxide. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165317. [PMID: 36014554 PMCID: PMC9414067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticidal non-proteinogenic amino acid S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (β-CEC) and its assumed metabolite, S-(2-carboxyethyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide (β-CECO), are present abundantly in a number of plants of the legume family. In humans, these amino acids may occur as a result of exposure to environmental acrylonitrile or acrylamide, and due to consumption of the legumes. The β-CEC molecule is a homolog of S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine (carbocisteine, CMC), a clinically employed antioxidant and mucolytic drug. We report here detailed structural data for β-CEC and β-CECO, as well as results of in vitro studies evaluating cytotoxicity and the protective potential of the amino acids in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) equipped with reporters for activity of seven stress-responsive transcription factors. In RTECs, β-CEC and the sulfoxide were not acutely cytotoxic, but activated the antioxidant Nrf2 pathway. β-CEC, but not the sulfoxide, induced the amino acid stress signaling, which could be moderated by cysteine, methionine, histidine, and tryptophan. β-CEC enhanced the cytotoxic effects of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, but inhibited the cytotoxic stress induced by cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and CuO nanoparticles and acted as an antioxidant in a copper-dependent oxidative DNA degradation assay. In these experiments, the structure and activities of β-CEC closely resembled those of CMC. Our data suggest that β-CEC may act as a mild activator of the cytoprotective pathways and as a protector from platinum drugs and environmental copper cytotoxicity.
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4
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Pace E, Cerveri I, Lacedonia D, Paone G, Sanduzzi Zamparelli A, Sorbo R, Allegretti M, Lanata L, Scaglione F. Clinical Efficacy of Carbocysteine in COPD: Beyond the Mucolytic Action. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061261. [PMID: 35745833 PMCID: PMC9227620 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease with a versatile and complicated profile, being the fourth most common single cause of death worldwide. Several research groups have been trying to identify possible therapeutic approaches to treat COPD, such as the use of mucoactive drugs, which include carbocysteine. However, their role in the treatment of patients suffering from COPD remains controversial due to COPD's multifaceted profile. In the present review, 72 articles, published in peer-reviewed journals with high impact factors, are analyzed in order to provide significant insight and increase the knowledge about COPD considering the important contribution of carbocysteine in reducing exacerbations via multiple mechanisms. Carbocysteine is in fact able to modulate mucins and ciliary functions, and to counteract viral and bacterial infections as well as oxidative stress, offering cytoprotective effects. Furthermore, carbocysteine improves steroid responsiveness and exerts anti-inflammatory activity. This analysis demonstrates that the use of carbocysteine in COPD patients represents a well-tolerated treatment with a favorable safety profile, and might contribute to a better quality of life for patients suffering from this serious illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council, Via Ugo la Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Isa Cerveri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Donato Lacedonia
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Gregorino Paone
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Sanduzzi Zamparelli
- UOC Pneumotisiologia, Scuola di Specializzazione in Malattie Respiratorie, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II A.O.R.N. Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO Piazzale Ettore Ruggieri, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Rossella Sorbo
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
| | | | - Luigi Lanata
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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5
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Assi N, Nejdl L, Zemankova K, Pavelicova K, Bezdekova J, Macka M, Adam V, Vaculovicova M. UV-induced Zn:Cd/S quantum dots in-situ formed in the presence of thiols for sensitive and selective fluorescence detection of thiols. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13806. [PMID: 34226580 PMCID: PMC8257596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explored a new approach to a simple and sensitive fluorescence detection of thiols. The approach takes advantage of an in-situ formation of UV light-induced fluorescent nanoparticles (ZnCd/S quantum dots), while utilizing the thiol group of the analyte as a capping agent. The selectivity is ensured by the selective isolation of the thiol analyte by a polydopamine molecularly imprinted polymeric (MIP) layer. Based on this approach, a method for determination of thiols was designed. Key experimental parameters were optimized, including those of molecular imprinting and of effective model thiol molecule (L-cysteine) isolation. The relationship between the fluorescence intensity of ZnCd/S quantum dots and the concentration of L-cysteine in the range of 12-150 µg/mL was linear with a detection limit of 3.6 µg/mL. The molecularly imprinted polymer showed high absorption mass capacity (1.73 mg/g) and an excellent selectivity factor for L-cysteine compared to N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-homocysteine of 63.56 and 87.48, respectively. The proposed method was applied for L-cysteine determination in human urine with satisfactory results. Due to a high variability of molecular imprinting technology and versatility of in-situ probe formation, methods based on this approach can be easily adopted for analysis of any thiol of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Assi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Zemankova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Pavelicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Bezdekova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mirek Macka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Wang X, Tan Z, Chen S, Gui L, Li X, Ke D, Hou L, Leung JYS. Norethindrone causes cellular and hepatic injury in zebrafish by compromising the metabolic processes associated with antioxidant defence: Insights from metabolomics. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130049. [PMID: 33662720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Progestins, such as norethindrone (NET), have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments due to their extensive use for medical applications. While NET is notorious for its endocrine disrupting effects, it has been recently shown to cause cellular damage, suggesting its potential impacts on the body defence of organisms. Hence, we examined the histological features and antioxidant defence of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposing to NET (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) for 72 days, followed by analysing its metabolome to explore whether NET disturbs the metabolic processes responsible for antioxidant defence. While acute mortality was not triggered, we found that antioxidant defence was substantially weakened by NET at 500 ng/L (i.e. reduced SOD and GSH levels) and hence liver injury was inflicted (i.e. elevated ALT and MDA levels), as manifested by vacuolization of liver tissues and reduced number of normal cells in the liver. Metabolomic analysis showed that the metabolic processes responsible for antioxidant defence were disrupted by NET (e.g. upregulation of nervonyl carnitine and chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate; downregulation of homolanthionine and acevaltrate) and these changes can undermine antioxidant defence by suppressing Nrf2-ARE and NF-κB pathways that contribute to the synthesis of SOD and GSH. This study demonstrates how NET can compromise the body defence of aquatic organisms via metabolic disruption, suggesting that the impacts of progestins on their fitness are more detrimental than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zhiqing Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Shanduo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Lin Gui
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xinchang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526100, China
| | - Desen Ke
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
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Steventon GB, Mitchell SC. S-Carboxymethyl-l-cysteine: a multiple dosing study using pharmacokinetic modelling. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:865-870. [PMID: 33974496 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1928330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
S-Carboxymethyl-l-cysteine is a mucolytic agent used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of respiratory disorders. Various mechanisms of action have been proposed but few studies have attempted to link the required in vitro concentrations with those achieved actually in vivo during clinical therapy.The data from several published studies has been re-analysed by WinNonlin using non-compartmental analysis modelling, Phoenix modelling and Classic PK compartmental modelling for both single (500-1500 mg) and multiple oral administration of the drug.Multiple dose modelling indicated maximum peak concentrations (Cmax) ranging from 1.29 to 11.22 μg/ml and those at steady state (Css(av)) from 1.30 to 8.40 μg/ml. For the standard therapeutic regimen of 3 × 750 mg (2250 mg/day) these values were 1.29-5.22 μg/ml (Cmax) and 1.30-3.50 μg/ml (Css(av)). No accumulation was observed.Hence, only the pharmacodynamic studies reporting significant effects below c.10 μg/ml were likely to occur in vivo and these were mainly gene-related mechanisms. The majority of events, although demonstrable in vitro, required levels much greater than possible to achieve in the clinical situation.Such unappreciated disregard for in vitro-in vivo 'concentration matching' may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding mechanisms of action for many drugs as well as for S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Structure, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the (4 R)- and (4 S)-epimers of S-Carboxymethyl-L-cysteine Sulfoxide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100270. [PMID: 32992738 PMCID: PMC7600183 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Carboxymethyl-L-cysteine (CMC) is an antioxidant and mucolytic commonly prescribed to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In humans, CMC is rapidly metabolized to S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (CMCO). In this study, we assessed structural and functional similarities between CMC and CMCO. X-Ray diffraction analysis provided detailed structural information about CMCO, which exists as a 1:1 mixture of epimers, due to the emergence of a new chiral center at the sulfur atom. Both CMC and CMCO epimers protected model DNA from copper-mediated hydroxyl free radical damage. Using an insulated transposable construct for reporting activity of the cellular stress-responsive transcription factors Nrf2, p53, NF-κB, and AP-1, we demonstrate that CMCO, especially its (4R)-epimer, is comparable to CMC in their ability to mitigate the effects of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory stimuli in human alveolar (A549) and bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. The results of these in vitro studies suggest that CMCO retains, at least partially, the antioxidant potential of CMC and may inform pharmacodynamics considerations of CMC use in clinics.
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Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Thiol-Based Drugs in Pulmonary Medicine: Much More than Mucolytics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:452-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Abstract
1. Consistent differences in the proportion of an orally administered dose of S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine subsequently excreted in the urine as S-oxide metabolites were reported 40 years ago. This observation suggested the existence of inter-individual variation in the ability to undertake the enzymatic S-oxygenation of this compound. Pedigree studies and investigations employing twin pairs indicated a genetically controlled phenomenon overlaid with environmental influences. It was reproducible and not related to gender or age.2. Studies undertaken in several healthy volunteer cohorts always provided similar results that were not significantly different when statistically analysed. However, when compared to these healthy populations, a preponderance of subjects exhibiting the characteristic of poor sulfoxidation of S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine was found within groups of patients suffering from various disease conditions. The most striking of these associations were witnessed amongst subjects diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders; although, underlying mechanisms were unknown.3. Exhaustive investigation has identified the enzyme responsible for this S-oxygenation reaction as the tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase classically assigned the sole function of converting phenylalanine to tyrosine. The underlying principle is discussed that enzymes traditionally associated solely with intermediary metabolism may have as yet unrecognised alternative roles in protecting the organism from potential toxic assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Mitchell
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Steventon GB, Khan S, Mitchell SC. Comparison of the sulfur-oxygenation of cysteine and S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine in human hepatic cytosol and the rôle of cysteine dioxygenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:1069-1077. [PMID: 29882598 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the Km , Vmax , cofactor, activator and inhibitor requirements of human cysteine dioxygenase and S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine S-oxygenase with respect to both l-Cysteine and S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine as substrates. METHODS In vitro human hepatic cytosolic fraction enzyme assays were optimised for cysteine dioxygenase activity using l-Cysteine as substrate and the effect of various cofactors, activators and inhibitors on the S-oxidations of both l-Cysteine and S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine were investigated. KEY FINDINGS The results of the in vitro reaction phenotyping investigation found that although both cysteine dioxygenase and S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine S-oxygenase required Fe2+ for catalytic activity both enzymes showed considerable divergence in cofactor, activator and inhibitor specificities. Cysteine dioxygenase has no cofactor but uses NAD+ and NADH(H+ ) as pharmacological chaperones and is not inhibited by S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine. S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine S-oxygenase requires tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor, is not activated by NAD+ and NADH(H+ ) but is activated by l-Cysteine. Additionally, the sulfydryl alkylating agent, N-ethylmaleimide, activated carboxymethyl-l-cysteine S-oxygenase but inhibited cysteine dioxygenase. CONCLUSIONS Human hepatic cytosolic fraction cysteine dioxygenase activity is not responsible for the S-oxidation of the substituted cysteine, S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samera Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Vandenbossche E, Lucas C, Mistry L, Garfield E, Mitchell SC, Steventon GB. Phenylalanine monooxygenase and the sulfur oxygenation of S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine in mice. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:379-84. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1075259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Panagopoulos P, Mitchell SC, Steventon GB. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine and it (R/S)-S-oxides in beagle dog plasma and hepatic cytosol. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:1047-53. [PMID: 26068525 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1042538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Incubation of beagle hepatic cytosol, under conditions promoting phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, led to the formation of the sulfoxide derivatives of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine. Thiodiglycolic acid was not a substrate. Enzyme kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) were derived indicating S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine had the greatest clearance; no enantioselective preference was observed for this S-oxygenation reaction. 2. Following oral administration of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine to beagle dogs, the parent substance and its sulfoxide were the only compounds identified in the plasma. Pharmacokinetic data have been obtained indicating that the small amount of sulfoxide formed persisted within the body for longer than the parent material, but that the majority of the ingested dose remained in the administered sulfide form. 3. The sulfide moiety within the muco-regulatory drug, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, is thought to be vital as it acts as a free radical scavenger, resulting in the inactive sulfoxide. Additional extensive enyzme-mediated sulfoxidation would decrease the amount of active sulfide available. In the dog this appears to not be an issue, signalling possible exploitation for therapeutic benefit in treating airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Computational and Systems Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , UK , and
| | - Glyn B Steventon
- c Department of Biochemistry and Physiology , University of Surrey, School of Biosciences and Medicine , Guildford , Surrey , UK
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Chemodosimeter-based fluorescent detection of l-cysteine after extracted by molecularly imprinted polymers. Talanta 2014; 120:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Vistoli G, De Maddis D, Cipak A, Zarkovic N, Carini M, Aldini G. Advanced glycoxidation and lipoxidation end products (AGEs and ALEs): an overview of their mechanisms of formation. Free Radic Res 2013; 47 Suppl 1:3-27. [PMID: 23767955 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.815348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have a pathogenetic role in the development and progression of different oxidative-based diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurological disorders. AGEs and ALEs represent a quite complex class of compounds that are formed by different mechanisms, by heterogeneous precursors and that can be formed either exogenously or endogenously. There is a wide interest in AGEs and ALEs involving different aspects of research which are essentially focused on set-up and application of analytical strategies (1) to identify, characterize, and quantify AGEs and ALEs in different pathophysiological conditions; (2) to elucidate the molecular basis of their biological effects; and (3) to discover compounds able to inhibit AGEs/ALEs damaging effects not only as biological tools aimed at validating AGEs/ALEs as drug target, but also as promising drugs. All the above-mentioned research stages require a clear picture of the chemical formation of AGEs/ALEs but this is not simple, due to the complex and heterogeneous pathways, involving different precursors and mechanisms. In view of this intricate scenario, the aim of the present review is to group the main AGEs and ALEs and to describe, for each of them, the precursors and mechanisms of formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan, Italy
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Edmands WMB, Gooderham NJ, Holmes E, Mitchell SC. S-Methyl-l-cysteine sulphoxide: the Cinderella phytochemical? Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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