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Akagi Y, Yamakoshi H, Iwabuchi Y. Development of a fluorous trapping reagent for rapid detection of electrophilic reactive metabolites. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3810-3814. [PMID: 38855885 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A cysteine-based fluorous trapping reagent, Rf8CYS, was developed. Rf8CYS formed adducts with soft and hard electrophilic reactive metabolites. These fluorous-tagged adducts were purified via both fluorous solid-phase extraction and the direct injection method. The highly sensitive mass spectrometric detection of an unprecedented adduct of the ticlopidine metabolite was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Akagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamakoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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2
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Jung YH, Kim JH. Feature-Based Molecular Networking Combined with Multivariate Analysis for the Characterization of Glutathione Adducts as a Smoking Gun of Bioactivation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17450-17457. [PMID: 37976220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) is a powerful analytical tool for mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics data analysis. FBMN plays an important role in drug metabolism studies, enabling the visualization of complex metabolomics data to achieve metabolite characterization. In this study, we propose a strategy for the characterization of glutathione (GSH) adducts formed via in vitro metabolic activation using FBMN assisted by multivariate analysis (MVA). Acetaminophen was used as a model substrate for method development, and the practical potential of the method was investigated by its application to 2-aminophenol (2-AP) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Two 2-AP GSH adducts and one DNCB GSH adduct were successfully characterized by forming networks with GSH even though the mass spectral information obtained for the parent compound was deficient. False positives were effectively filtered out by the variable influence on projection cutoff criteria obtained from orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis. The GSH adducts formed by enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions were intuitively distinguished by the pie chart of FBMN results. In summary, our approach effectively characterizes GSH adducts, which serve as compelling evidence of bioactivation. It can be widely utilized to enhance risk assessment in the context of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Heun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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3
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He C, Mao Y, Wan H. Preclinical evaluation of chemically reactive metabolites and mitigation of bioactivation in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103621. [PMID: 37201781 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of reactive metabolites (RMs) is thought to be one of the pathogeneses for some idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) which are considered one of the leading causes of some drug attritions and/or recalls. Minimizing or eliminating the formation of RMs via chemical modification is a useful tactic to reduce the risk of IADRs and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). The RMs should be carefully handled before making a go-no-go decision. Herein, we highlight the role of RMs in the occurrence of IADRs and CYP TDI, the risk of structural alerts, the approaches of RM assessment at the discovery stage and strategies to minimize or eliminate RM liability. Finally, some considerations for developing a RM-positive drug candidate are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China.
| | - Yuchang Mao
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Bioanalysis, Shanghai Medicilon, No. 585 Chuanda Road, Shanghai 201299, China.
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4
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Gorbunov A, Bardin A, Ilyushonok S, Kovach J, Petrenko A, Sukhodolov N, Krasnov K, Krasnov N, Zorin I, Obornev A, Babakov V, Radilov A, Podolskaya E. Multiwell photocatalytic microreactor device integrating drug biotransformation modeling and sample preparation on a MALDI target. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Labarre A, Stille JK, Patrascu MB, Martins A, Pottel J, Moitessier N. Docking Ligands into Flexible and Solvated Macromolecules. 8. Forming New Bonds─Challenges and Opportunities. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1061-1077. [PMID: 35133156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, structure-based design programs and specifically docking small molecules to proteins have become prominent in drug discovery. However, many of these computational tools have been developed to primarily dock enzyme inhibitors (and ligands to other protein classes) relying heavily on hydrogen bonds and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. In reality, many drug targets either feature metal ions, can be targeted covalently, or are simply not even proteins (e.g., nucleic acids). Herein, we describe several new features that we have implemented into Fitted to broaden its applicability to a wide range of covalent enzyme inhibitors and to metalloenzymes, where metal coordination is essential for drug binding. This updated version of our docking program was tested for its ability to predict the correct binding mode of drug-sized molecules in a large variety of proteins. We also report new datasets that were essential to demonstrate areas of success and those where additional efforts are required. This resource could be used by other program developers to assess their own software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Labarre
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia K Stille
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mihai Burai Patrascu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Martins
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joshua Pottel
- Molecular Forecaster Inc., 7171, rue Frederick-Banting, Montreal H4S 1Z9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada.,Molecular Forecaster Inc., 7171, rue Frederick-Banting, Montreal H4S 1Z9, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Tian M, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation and Hepatotoxicity of Furan-containing Compounds. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:655-670. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Driscoll JP, Heck CJS, King L, Jackson KD, Jian W, Kalgutkar AS, Miller GP, Kramlinger V, Rietjens IMCM, Teitelbaum AM, Wang K, Wei C. Novel advances in biotransformation and bioactivation research - 2020 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:384-433. [PMID: 33910427 PMCID: PMC8826528 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1916028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the sixth of its kind since 2016 (see references). Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation and bioactivation. These fields are constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of corresponding pathways for metabolism that impact relevant drug development with respect to efficacy and safety. Based on the selected articles, we created three sections: (1) drug design, (2) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (3) bioactivation and safety (Table 1). Unlike in years past, more biotransformation experts have joined and contributed to this effort while striving to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Department of DMPK, UCB Biopharma, Slough, UK
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Valerie Kramlinger
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Kaddah MMY, Billig S, Oehme R, Birkemeyer C. Bio-activation of simeprevir in liver microsomes and characterization of its glutathione conjugates by liquid chromatography coupled to ultrahigh-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462095. [PMID: 33857675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole and, alternatively, to an ultrahigh-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (UHR-QqTOF) mass spectrometers was used to collect qualitative and quantitative information from incubations of the anti-hepatitis C drug simeprevir with human and rat liver microsomes, respectively, supplemented with NADPH and glutathione. For this, different chromatographic methods using two different chromatographic columns, Kinetex® 2.6 µm C18 (50 × 3 mm) and Atlantis T3 (100 Å, 3 µm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm), have been employed. For determination and structural characterization of the reactive metabolites, we used information obtained from high-resolution mass spectrometry, namely accurate mass data to calculate the elemental composition, accurate MS/MS fragmentation patterns for confirmation of structural proposals, and the high mass spectral resolution to eliminate false-positive peaks. In this study, the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) enabled the identification of 19 simeprevir metabolites generated by O- respectively N-demethylation, oxidation, dehydrogenation, hydrolysis, and formation of glutathione conjugates. The in silico study provides insights into the sites of simeprevir most amenable to reactions involving cytochrome P450. The developed methods have been successfully applied to analyze simeprevir and its metabolites simultaneously; based on this data, potential metabolic pathways of simeprevir are discussed. In general, the obtained results demonstrate that simeprevir is susceptible to form reactive simeprevir-glutathione adducts and cyclopropansulfonamide, which may explain the implication of simeprevir in idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) or hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Y Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Susan Billig
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ramona Oehme
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnèstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Application of a fluorous derivatization method for characterization of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461160. [PMID: 32450990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione (GSH) trapping assay is commonly utilized for the screening and characterization of reactive metabolites produced by drug metabolism. This study describes a fluorous derivatization method for a more sensitive and selective analysis of reactive metabolites trapped by GSH using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this study, the GSH-trapped reactive metabolites, which were obtained after incubation of the test compounds with human liver microsome (HLM) in the presence of GSH and NADPH, were derivatized using the perfluoroalkylamine reagent through oxazolone chemistry. Since this reaction enabled the selective modification of the α-carboxyl group in GSH, the structural compositions of the metabolites were not affected by the derivatization. Furthermore, the selective analysis of the resulting derivatives could be performed using perfluoroalkyl-modified stationary phase LC separation via the interaction between the perfluoroalkyl-containing compounds, such as fluorous affinity, followed by detection with the precursor ion and/or enhanced product ion scan modes in MS/MS. Finally, we demonstrated the applicability of this method by analyzing perfluoroalkyl derivatives of some drug metabolites trapped by GSH in HLM incubation.
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10
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Zhang C, Crawford JJ, Landry ML, Chen H, Kenny JR, Khojasteh SC, Lee W, Ma S, Young WB. Strategies to Mitigate the Bioactivation of Aryl Amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1950-1959. [PMID: 32508087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivation of xenobiotics to yield reactive metabolites can lead to tolerability and toxicity concerns within a drug discovery program. Development of strategies for mitigating the metabolic liability of commonly encountered toxicophores, such as anilines, relies on an understanding of the relative tendency of these functionalities to undergo bioactivation. In this report, we present the first systematic study of the structure-activity relationships of the bioactivation of aryl amine fragments (molecular weight < 250 Da) using a glutathione (GSH) trapping assay in the presence of human liver microsomes and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. This study demonstrates that conversion of anilines to nitrogen-containing heteroarylamines results in a lower abundance of GSH conjugates in the order phenyl > pyrimidine ≈ pyridine > pyridazine. Introduction of electron-withdrawing functionality on the aromatic ring had a less pronounced effect on the extent of GSH conjugation. Examination of more drug-like compounds sourced from in-house drug discovery programs revealed similar trends in bioactivation between matched pairs containing (hetero)aryl amines. This study provides medicinal chemists with insights and qualitative guidance for the minimization of risks related to aryl amine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J Crawford
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew L Landry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Huifen Chen
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy B Young
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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11
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Zhou Y, Oh MH, Kim YJ, Kim EY, Kang J, Chung S, Ju C, Kim WK, Lee K. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of SP-8356, a Novel (1 S)-(-)-Verbenone Derivative, in Rats and Dogs and Its Implications in Humans. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081775. [PMID: 32294954 PMCID: PMC7221793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1S,5R)-4-((E)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxystryryl)-6,6-dimethylbicylco[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (SP-8356) is a novel (1S)-(−)-verbenone derivative that is currently in preclinical development for the treatment of ischemic stroke and atherosclerosis. This report aimed at characterization of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of SP-8356. Following intravenous dose in rats and dogs, plasma concentrations of SP-8356 declined rapidly with high clearance (CL) and short half-life; after oral administration in both species, its plasma levels were below the quantitation limit. Fourteen circulating metabolites, formed by mono-oxygenation, demethylation, glucuronidation, catechol O-methylation, sulfation and oxidation (bioactivation) followed by glutathione (GSH) conjugation, were tentatively identified in both species. Urinary excretion of SP-8356 appeared to be minimal in rats, compared to its metabolites. GSH conjugate of SP-8356 was also formed during incubation with rat liver S9 fraction consistent with oxidative bioactivation; this bioactivation was almost completely inhibited by the cofactors for glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation, indicating that it may be abolished by competing metabolic reactions in the body. The human pharmacokinetics of SP-8356 was predicted to be similar to that of the animals based on the current in vitro metabolic stability results. In summary, rapid phase II metabolism appears to be mainly responsible for its suboptimal pharmacokinetics, such as high CL and low oral absorption. Because of competing metabolic reactions, potential safety risks related to SP-8356 bioactivation may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Mun Hwan Oh
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Yeon Joon Kim
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Eun-yeong Kim
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Jinhong Kang
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sung Chung
- Research Headquarters, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi 15610, Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Research Headquarters, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi 15610, Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-44-860-1616
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12
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Ji C, Guha M, Zhu X, Whritenour J, Hemkens M, Tse S, Walker GS, Evans E, Khan NK, Finkelstein MB, Callegari E, Obach RS. Enzalutamide and Apalutamide: In Vitro Chemical Reactivity Studies and Activity in a Mouse Drug Allergy Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:211-222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Ji
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mausumee Guha
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xu Zhu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle Hemkens
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Susanna Tse
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ellen Evans
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nasir K. Khan
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Martin B. Finkelstein
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Ernesto Callegari
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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13
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Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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14
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Similar Safety Profile of the Enantiomeric N-Aminoalkyl Derivatives of Trans-2-Aminocyclohexan-1-ol Demonstrating Anticonvulsant Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132505. [PMID: 31323993 PMCID: PMC6651381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorder in the world. Many antiepileptic drugs cause multiple adverse effects. Moreover, multidrug resistance is a serious problem in epilepsy treatment. In the present study we evaluated the safety profile of three (1–3) new chiral N-aminoalkyl derivatives of trans-2-aminocyclohexan-1-ol demonstrating anticonvulsant activity. Our aim was also to determine differences between the enantiomeric compounds with respect to their safety profile. The results of the study indicated that compounds 1–3 are non-cytotoxic for astrocytes, although they exhibit cytotoxic activity against human glioblastoma cells. Moreover, 1–3 did not affect the viability of HepG2 cells and did not produce adducts with glutathione. Compounds 1–3 demonstrated no mutagenic activity either in the Salmonella typhimurium or in Vibrio harveyi tests. Additionally, the compounds displayed a strong or moderate antimutagenic effect. Finally, the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) ATPase assay demonstrated that both enantiomers are potent P-gp inhibitors. To sum up, our results indicate that the newly synthesized derivatives may be considered promising candidates for further research on anticonvulsant drug discovery and development. Our study indicated the similar safety profile of the enantiomeric N-aminoalkyl derivatives of trans-2-aminocyclohexan-1-ol, although in the previous studies both enantiomers differ in their biotransformation pathways and pharmacological activity.
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15
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Wang Q, Liu H, Slavsky M, Fitzgerald M, Lu C, O'Shea T. A high-throughput glutathione trapping assay with combined high sensitivity and specificity in high-resolution mass spectrometry by applying product ion extraction and data-dependent neutral loss. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:158-166. [PMID: 30537107 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive metabolites are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of some drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs), which is of concern to patient safety and has been a cause of drugs being withdrawn from the market place. To identify drugs with a lower propensity for causing DILI and/or IADRs, high-throughput assays to capture reactive metabolites are required in pharmaceutical industry for early drug discovery risk assessment. We describe the development of an assay to detect glutathione adducts with combined high sensitivity, enhanced specificity, and rapid data analysis. In this assay, compounds were incubated with human liver microsomes and a mixture of 1:1 of GSH (γ-GluCysGly): GSX(γ-GluCysGly-13 C2 15 N) in a 96-well plate format. UPLC-UV and LTQ Orbitrap XL were employed to detect GSH-adducts using the following mass spectrometry setups: (a) selected ion monitoring (SIM) at m/z of 274 ± 3 Da in negative mode with in-source fragmentation (SCID), which enables simultaneously monitoring two characteristic product ions of m/z 272.0888 (γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine) and 275.0926 (γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine-13 C2 15 N); (b) full scan mode for acquisition of exact mass of glutathione adducts; (c) data-dependent MS2 scan through isotopic matching (M:M + 3.00375 = 1:1) for monitoring neutral loss fragments (144 Da from dehydroalanyl-glycine) and for structural information of glutathione adducts. This approach was qualified using eight compounds known to form GSH conjugates as reported in the literature. The high sensitivity and specificity were demonstrated in identifying unique CysGly adducts in the case of clozapine, diclofenac, and raloxifene and in identifying GSH-adducts of fragmented parent molecules in the case of amodiaquine and troglitazone. In addition, LC-UV chromatograms in the presence or absence of GSH/GSX allowed for identification of the rearranged glutathione adducts without aforementioned characteristic fragment ions. Implement of this assay in drug discovery small molecule programs has successfully guided drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Hanlan Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Marina Slavsky
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Chuang Lu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas O'Shea
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
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16
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He C, Wan H. Drug metabolism and metabolite safety assessment in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1071-1085. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1519546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
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17
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Stephens C, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ. Host Risk Modifiers in Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) and Its Interplay with Drug Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Wang Z, Fang Y, Rock D, Ma J. Rapid screening and characterization of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites using a polarity switch-based approach on a high-resolution quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1595-1606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Whitby LR, Obach RS, Simon GM, Hayward MM, Cravatt BF. Quantitative Chemical Proteomic Profiling of the in Vivo Targets of Reactive Drug Metabolites. ACS Chem Biol 2017. [PMID: 28636309 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic liver toxicity represents an important problem in drug research and pharmacotherapy. Reactive drug metabolites that modify proteins are thought to be a principal factor in drug-induced liver injury. Here, we describe a quantitative chemical proteomic method to identify the targets of reactive drug metabolites in vivo. Treating mice with clickable analogues of four representative hepatotoxic drugs, we demonstrate extensive covalent binding that is confined primarily to the liver. Each drug exhibited a distinct target profile that, in certain cases, showed strong enrichment for specific metabolic pathways (e.g., lipid/sterol pathways for troglitazone). Site-specific proteomics revealed that acetaminophen reacts with high stoichiometry with several conserved, functional (seleno)cysteine residues throughout the liver proteome. Our findings thus provide an advanced experimental framework to characterize the proteomic reactivity of drug metabolites in vivo, revealing target profiles that may help to explain mechanisms and identify risk factors for drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon R. Whitby
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gabriel M. Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 3033 Science
Park Rd Suite D, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew M. Hayward
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92307, United States
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20
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Inhibitory Effects of Trapping Agents of Sulfur Drug Reactive Intermediates against Major Human Cytochrome P450 Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071553. [PMID: 28726718 PMCID: PMC5536041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In some cases, the formation of reactive species from the metabolism of xenobiotics has been linked to toxicity and therefore it is imperative to detect potential bioactivation for candidate drugs during drug discovery. Reactive species can covalently bind to trapping agents in in vitro incubations of compound with human liver microsomes (HLM) fortified with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), resulting in a stable conjugate of trapping agent and reactive species, thereby facilitating analytical detection and providing evidence of short-lived reactive metabolites. Since reactive metabolites are typically generated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) oxidation, it is important to ensure high concentrations of trapping agents are not inhibiting the activities of CYP isoforms. Here we assessed the inhibitory properties of fourteen trapping agents against the major human CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A). Based on our findings, eleven trapping agents displayed inhibition, three of which had IC50 values less than 1 mM (2-mercaptoethanol, N-methylmaleimide and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)). Three trapping agents (dimedone, N-acetyl-lysine and arsenite) did not inhibit CYP isoforms at concentrations tested. To illustrate effects of CYP inhibition by trapping agents on reactive intermediate trapping, an example drug (ticlopidine) and trapping agent (NEM) were chosen for further studies. For the same amount of ticlopidine (1 μM), increasing concentrations of the trapping agent NEM (0.007–40 mM) resulted in a bell-shaped response curve of NEM-trapped ticlopidine S-oxide (TSO-NEM), due to CYP inhibition by NEM. Thus, trapping studies should be designed to include several concentrations of trapping agent to ensure optimal trapping of reactive metabolites.
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21
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Revisiting the Metabolism and Bioactivation of Ketoconazole in Human and Mouse Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030621. [PMID: 28335386 PMCID: PMC5372636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ketoconazole (KCZ) has been used worldwide for 30 years, its metabolic characteristics are poorly described. Moreover, the hepatotoxicity of KCZ limits its therapeutic use. In this study, we used liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to evaluate the metabolic profile of KCZ in mouse and human and identify the mechanisms underlying its hepatotoxicity. A total of 28 metabolites of KCZ, 11 of which were novel, were identified in this study. Newly identified metabolites were classified into three categories according to the metabolic positions of a piperazine ring, imidazole ring, and N-acetyl moiety. The metabolic characteristics of KCZ in human were comparable to those in mouse. Moreover, three cyanide adducts of KCZ were identified in mouse and human liver microsomal incubates as “flags” to trigger additional toxicity study. The oxidation of piperazine into iminium ion is suggested as a biotransformation responsible for bioactivation. In summary, the metabolic characteristics of KCZ, including reactive metabolites, were comprehensively understood using a metabolomics approach.
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22
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Upgrading HepG2 cells with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes: application for drug hepatotoxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:137-148. [PMID: 27671376 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1238459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug attrition rates due to hepatotoxicity are an important safety issue considered in drug development. The HepG2 hepatoma cell line is currently being used for drug-induced hepatotoxicity evaluations, but its expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes is poor compared with hepatocytes. Different approaches have been proposed to upgrade HepG2 cells for more reliable drug-induced liver injury predictions. Areas covered: We describe the advantages and limitations of HepG2 cells transduced with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes for safety risk assessments of bioactivable compounds. Adenoviral transduction facilitates efficient and controlled delivery of multiple drug-metabolizing activities to HepG2 cells at comparable levels to primary human hepatocytes by generating an 'artificial hepatocyte'. Furthermore, adenoviral transduction enables the design of tailored cells expressing particular metabolic capacities. Expert opinion: Upgraded HepG2 cells that recreate known inter-individual variations in hepatic CYP and conjugating activities due to both genetic (e.g., polymorphisms) or environmental (e.g., induction, inhibition) factors seems a suitable model to identify bioactivable drug and conduct hepatotoxicity risk assessments. This strategy should enable the generation of customized cells by reproducing human pheno- and genotypic CYP variability to represent a valuable human hepatic cell model to develop new safer drugs and to improve existing predictive toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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23
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Brito Palma B, Fisher CW, Rueff J, Kranendonk M. Prototype Systems Containing Human Cytochrome P450 for High-Throughput Real-Time Detection of DNA Damage by Compounds That Form DNA-Reactive Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:747-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Brito Palma
- Centre
for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology
and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CEDOC II Building, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, room 2.23, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Charles W. Fisher
- School
of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University, 1300 Coulter Avenue, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - José Rueff
- Centre
for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology
and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CEDOC II Building, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, room 2.23, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Centre
for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology
and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CEDOC II Building, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, room 2.23, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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