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Regulation of Metabolic Processes by Hydrogen Peroxide Generated by NADPH Oxidases. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important oxidizing molecule that regulates the metabolisms of aerobic organisms. Redox signaling comprises physiological oxidative stress (eustress), while excessive oxidative stress causes damage to molecules. The main enzymatic generators of H2O2 are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases or NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondrial respiratory chains, as well as various oxidases. The NOX family is constituted of seven enzyme isoforms that produce a superoxide anion (O2−), which can be converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase or spontaneously. H2O2 passes through the membranes by some aquaporins (AQPs), known as peroxyporins. It diffuses through cells and tissues to initiate cellular effects, such as proliferation, the recruitment of immune cells, and cell shape changes. Therefore, it has been proposed that H2O2 has the same importance as Ca2+ or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as modulators in signaling and the metabolism. The present overview focuses on the metabolic processes of liver and adipose tissue, regulated by the H2O2 generated by NOXs.
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Lupp A, Karge E, Hopf H, Machts H, Oelschläger H, Fleck C. Fibrates and their newly synthesized glycinate or glycinate-methylester derivatives: comparison of the interactions with liver cytochrome P450 dependent monooxygenase- and oxidase-functions in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2003; 54:433-40. [PMID: 12877356 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Different fibrates (bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil) were investigated in comparison with their newly synthesized glycinate and glycinate-methylester derivatives. Interactions with the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system were studied by assessing binding to CYP and effects on CYP mediated monooxygenase functions in rat liver 9000 g supernatants, as measured by six model reactions for different CYP isoforms (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation, pentoxyresorufin O-depentylation, p-nitrophenol-hydroxylation, ethylmorphine N-demethylation, lauric acid 11- or 12-hydroxylation). Possible prooxidant or antioxidant properties were investigated by the stimulated lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide production, and lucigenin and luminol amplified chemiluminescence using rat liver microsomes. Additionally, the influence on luminol amplified rat whole blood chemiluminescence was examined. All substances tested displayed binding to CYP. Effects on the monooxygenase model reactions were in general more distinct with the glycinates than with the parent compounds and most pronounced with the glycinate-methylester derivatives. The slightest effects on all model reactions were seen with clofibrate and its derivatives. On the whole, low antioxidative rather than prooxidative effects were observed. In general and with most model reactions, the antioxidative capacity of the glycinate and glycinate-methylester derivatives slightly exceeded that of the respective parent compounds. Summarizing the results it can be concluded that with respect to possible interactions with the CYP system in vivo and thus with the biotransformation of other concomitantly administered compounds no advantages of the glycinate or glycinate methylester derivatives over their parent fibrates are to be expected. Only the antioxidative capacity of the derivatives was somewhat higher than that of the parent substances, though most probably only of minor therapeutical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
The ubiquitous distribution of peroxisomes and the identification of a number of inherited diseases associated with peroxisomal dysfunction indicate that peroxisomes play an essential part in cellular metabolism. Some of the most important metabolic functions of peroxisomes include the synthesis of plasmalogens, bile acids, cholesterol and dolichol, and the oxidation of fatty acids (very long chain fatty acids > C22, branched chain fatty acids (e.g. phytanic acid), dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins, pipecolic acid and glutaric acid). Peroxisomes are also responsible for the metabolism of purines, polyamines, amino acids, glyoxylate and reactive oxygen species (e.g. O-2 and H2O2). Peroxisomal diseases result from the dysfunction of one or more peroxisomal metabolic functions, the majority of which manifest as neurological abnormalities. The quantitation of peroxisomal metabolic functions (e.g. levels of specific metabolites and/or enzyme activity) has become the basis of clinical diagnosis of diseases associated with the organelle. The study of peroxisomal diseases has also contributed towards the further elucidation of a number of metabolic functions of peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- I Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Williams GM, Perrone C. Mechanism-based risk assessment of peroxisome proliferating rodent hepatocarcinogens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 804:554-72. [PMID: 8993573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb18645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Williams
- American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Velazquez SF, Schoeny R, Rice GE, Cogliano VJ. Cancer risk assessment: historical perspectives, current issues, and future directions. Drug Chem Toxicol 1996; 19:161-85. [PMID: 8933022 DOI: 10.3109/01480549608998233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S F Velazquez
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Stanko RT, Sekas G, Isaacson IA, Clarke MR, Billiar TR, Paul HS. Pyruvate inhibits clofibrate-induced hepatic peroxisomal proliferation and free radical production in rats. Metabolism 1995; 44:166-71. [PMID: 7869911 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify the effects of the 3-carbon compound pyruvate on free radical production, we measured hepatic total peroxisomal beta-oxidation and catalase activity and the production of lipofuscin-like products in male Sprague-Dawley rats consuming an adequate diet supplemented with pyruvate, vitamin E, or the peroxisome proliferator and free radical enhancer clofibrate for 22 days (n = 5 in each group). Clofibrate feeding induced hepatomegaly, a fivefold increase in total peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity, and a threefold increase in hepatic lipofuscin-like products (P < .05). Pyruvate but not vitamin E inhibited the increase in liver size by 70% (P < .05). Both pyruvate and vitamin E completely inhibited clofibrate-induced increases in lipofuscin-like products (P < .05). Pyruvate but not clofibrate or vitamin E increased plasma concentrations of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate (P < .05). We conclude that with clofibrate-induced peroxisomal proliferation and free radical production, pyruvate will inhibit peroxisomal proliferation and free radical production, inhibit free radical-induced lipid peroxidation, and enhance metabolism of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Stanko
- Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, Montefiore University Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
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Mennes WC, Wortelboer HM, Hassing GA, van Sandwijk K, Timmerman A, Schmid BP, Jahn U, Blaauboer BJ. Effects of clofibric and beclobric acid in rat and monkey hepatocyte primary culture: influence on peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation and the activity of catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase. Arch Toxicol 1994; 68:506-11. [PMID: 7802591 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hypolipidaemic compounds on peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation and on peroxisome morphology in the liver differs widely between rodent and primate species. We studied the relative importance of peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of palmitate in primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from rat and monkey liver in the absence or presence of clofibric acid or beclobric acid. It was demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation activities in intact cells. Overall beta-oxidation of palmitate was ca. 30% higher in rat hepatocytes than in monkey liver cells. In both monkey and rat cell cultures the mitochondrial component was over 90% of the total palmitate beta-oxidation. In rat hepatocyte culture clofibric acid and beclobric acid caused a 5- to 8-fold stimulation of peroxisomal beta-oxidation, while in monkey cells this activity was not significantly increased. However, in cells derived from both species mitochondrial palmitate beta-oxidation was increased (rat 2.5-fold; monkey 1.5-fold). These results indicate that the species differences in the increase in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation are not a result of an inability to metabolize fatty acids in rat liver cell mitochondria. A comparison of the activity of enzymes involved in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide showed that catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activity is 2.9-fold higher in monkey hepatocytes than in rat liver cells, while glutathione peroxidase activity was 1.6-fold higher in rat cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Mennes
- Research Institute of Toxicology (RITOX), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Seldin MF, Corton JC. Mapping the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor to chromosome 15 in the mouse. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:193-4. [PMID: 8199414 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Seldin
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Boie Y, Adam M, Rushmore T, Kennedy B. Enantioselective activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dirven HA, van den Broek PH, Peters JG, Noordhoek J, Jongeneelen FJ. Microsomal lauric acid hydroxylase activities after treatment of rats with three classical cytochrome P450 inducers and peroxisome proliferating compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:2621-9. [PMID: 1632818 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate a proposed relationship between induction of hepatic microsomal lauric acid hydroxylase activity and peroxisome proliferation in the liver, male Wistar rats were treated with peroxisome proliferating compounds, and the lauric acid hydroxylase activity, the immunochemical detectable levels of cytochrome P450 4A1 and the activities of peroxisomal enzymes were determined. In addition, the levels of cytochrome P450 4A1 and lauric acid hydroxylase activities were studied after treatment of rats with three cytochrome P450 inducers. After treatment with aroclor-1254, phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene total cytochrome P450 was 1.7-2.7 times induced. However, no induction of lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities or P450 4A1 levels were found. After treatment of rats with di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) a dose-dependent induction of lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities, levels of cytochrome P450 4A1 and peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation was found. Even at a dose-level of 100 mg DEPH/kg body weight per day a significant induction of these activities was observed. The main metabolites of DEHP, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, also caused an induction of levels of P450 4A1, lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities and the activity of peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidase. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanoic acid did not influence lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities, but did induce levels of P450 4A1 and palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activities. Three other compounds (perfluoro-octanoic acid, valproate and nafenopin) induced both lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activity and peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity. The plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, did not induce levels of P450 4A1, lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities or palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activities. With the compounds tested a close association between the induction of lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities and peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity was found. These data support the theory that peroxisome proliferating compounds do induce lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities and that there might be a mechanistic inter-relationship between peroxisome proliferation and induction of lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Dirven
- Department of Toxicology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pink DA, Foong WC, Jones DW, Gates KA, Mezei M, Farrell K. Plasticizer permeation across mucosal tissue: An experimental and theoretical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jab.770020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Reubsaet FA, Veerkamp JH, Brückwilder ML, Trijbels JM, Monnens LA. Peroxisomal oxidases and catalase in liver and kidney homogenates of normal and di(ethylhexyl)phthalate-fed rats. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 23:961-7. [PMID: 1773902 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(91)90086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Activities of peroxisomal oxidases and catalase were assayed at neutral and alkaline pH in liver and kidney homogenates from male rats fed a diet with or without 2% di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for 12 days. 2. All enzyme activities were higher at alkaline than at neutral pH in both groups. 3. The effect of the DEHP-diet on the peroxisomal enzymes was different in kidney and liver. Acyl-CoA oxidase activity was raised three- and sixfold in kidney and liver homogenates, respectively. The activity of D-amino acid oxidase decrease in liver, but increased in kidney homogenates. In liver homogenates, urate oxidase activity was not affected by the DEHP diet. The catalase activity was twofold induced in liver, but not in kidney. 4. The differences suggest that the changes of peroxisomal enzyme activities by DEHP treatment are not directly related to peroxisome proliferation. 5. DEHP treatment caused a marked increase of total and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in rat liver homogenates. 6. In the control group the rate of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation was higher at alkaline pH than at neutral pH. 7. This rate was equal at both pH values in the DEHP-fed group, in contrast to the acyl-CoA oxidase activity. These results indicate that after DEHP treatment other parameters than acyl-CoA oxidase activity become limiting for peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Reubsaet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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