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Palagini L, Geoffroy PA, Gehrman PR, Miniati M, Gemignani A, Riemann D. Potential genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in insomnia: A systematic review. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13868. [PMID: 36918298 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is a stress-related sleep disorder conceptualised within a diathesis-stress framework, which it is thought to result from predisposing factors interacting with precipitating stressful events that trigger the development of insomnia. Among predisposing factors genetics and epigenetics may play a role. A systematic review of the current evidence for the genetic and epigenetic basis of insomnia was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) system. A total of 24 studies were collected for twins and family heritability, 55 for genome-wide association studies, 26 about candidate genes for insomnia, and eight for epigenetics. Data showed that insomnia is a complex polygenic stress-related disorder, and it is likely to be caused by a synergy of genetic and environmental factors, with stress-related sleep reactivity being the important trait. Even if few studies have been conducted to date on insomnia, epigenetics may be the framework to understand long-lasting consequences of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors and effects of stress on the brain in insomnia. Interestingly, polygenic risk for insomnia has been causally linked to different mental and medical disorders. Probably, by treating insomnia it would be possible to intervene on the effect of stress on the brain and prevent some medical and mental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Département de Psychiatrie et D'Addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- GHU Paris - Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Unit of Psychology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Özata Uyar G, Yildiran H. The association among circadian rhythm, circadian genes and chrononutrition, its effect on obesity: a review of current evidence. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2022.2044631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Özata Uyar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hilal Yildiran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Dashti HS, Ordovás JM. Genetics of Sleep and Insights into Its Relationship with Obesity. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:223-252. [PMID: 34102077 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Considerable recent advancements in elucidating the genetic architecture of sleep traits and sleep disorders may provide insight into the relationship between sleep and obesity. Despite the considerable involvement of the circadian clock in sleep and metabolism, few shared genes, including FTO, were implicated in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of sleep and obesity. Polygenic scores composed of signals from GWASs of sleep traits show largely null associations with obesity, suggesting lead variants are unique to sleep. Modest genome-wide genetic correlations are observed between many sleep traits and obesity and are largest for snoring.Notably, U-shaped positive genetic correlations with body mass index (BMI) exist for both short and long sleep durations. Findings from Mendelian randomization suggest robust causal effects of insomnia on higher BMI and, conversely, of higher BMI on snoring and daytime sleepiness. Bidirectional effects between sleep duration and daytime napping with obesity may also exist. Limited gene-sleep interaction studies suggest that achieving favorable sleep, as part of a healthy lifestyle, may attenuate genetic predisposition to obesity, but whether these improvements produce clinically meaningful reductions in obesity risk remains unclear. Investigations of the genetic link between sleep and obesity for sleep disorders other than insomnia and in populations of non-European ancestry are currently limited. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; .,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - José M Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.,Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Alimentación, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Pandi-Perumal SR, Monti JM, Burman D, Karthikeyan R, BaHammam AS, Spence DW, Brown GM, Narashimhan M. Clarifying the role of sleep in depression: A narrative review. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113239. [PMID: 32593854 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that 4.4 to 20% of the general population suffers from a major depressive disorder (MDD), which is frequently associated with a dysregulation of normal sleep-wake mechanisms. Disturbances of circadian rhythms are a cardinal feature of psychiatric dysfunctions, including MDD, which tends to indicate that biological clocks may play a role in their pathophysiology. Thus, episodes of depression and mania or hypomania can arise as a consequence of the disruption of zeitgebers (time cues). In addition, the habit of sleeping at a time that is out of phase with the body's other biological rhythms is a common finding in depressed patients. In this review, we have covered a vast area, emerging from human and animal studies, which supports the link between sleep and depression. In doing so, this paper covers a broad range of distinct mechanisms that may underlie the link between sleep and depression. This review further highlights the mechanisms that may underlie such link (e.g. circadian rhythm alterations, melatonin, and neuroinflammatory dysregulation), as well as evidence for a link between sleep and depression (e.g. objective findings of sleep during depressive episodes, effects of pharmacotherapy, chronotherapy, comorbidity of obstructive sleep apnea and depression), are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime M Monti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine Clinics Hospital, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Deepa Burman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Palestine, State of, United States
| | | | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- University of Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gregory M Brown
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 250 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meera Narashimhan
- Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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Chung JS, Choi E, Lee AR, Kim SY, Lee K, Kim BN, Park S, Jung KI, Lee SY, Park MH. The difference in sleep, depression, anxiety, and Internet addiction between Korean adolescents with different circadian preference. Indian J Psychiatry 2020; 62:524-530. [PMID: 33678833 PMCID: PMC7909031 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_254_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compared to adults, adolescents tend to prefer evening times developmentally. The orientation toward evening times is associated with behavioral and emotional problems. Thus, this study examined the association of circadian preference with sleep-related variables, depression, anxiety, and Internet addiction in Korean adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants completed the questionnaires measuring sleep pattern, sleep problem, depression, anxiety, and Internet addiction. RESULTS Among 765 students (age range: 13-17 years), 211 students (N male= 134) were allocated into morning types (MT) and 258 adolescents (N male= 147) were allocated into evening types (ET) based on scores of the Morningness-Eveningness Scale. Adolescents without circadian preference (N = 296) were defined as neither type (NT). ET, compared to MT and NT, woke up later in the weekend, showed delays in bedtimes, and spent shorter time sleeping. They also reported a higher level of daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and depression than NT. However, the group difference in wake time on school days was not significant, and adolescents showed mild insomnia regardless of their circadian preference. Although smartphone using time in the weekend was significantly different between groups, group difference in Internet addiction was significant only when gender was adjusted. CONCLUSION Circadian preference was associated with sleep patterns and sleep problems in Korean adolescents. ET showed significantly different sleep patterns compared to MT and NT. ET not only reported a higher level of daytime sleepiness and insomnia but also more depressive symptoms compared to NT. These findings suggest that the uniqueness of adolescence and environmental factors seemed to influence the association of circadian preference with mental problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Soo Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea St. Vincent's Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Reum Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kina Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Department of Research Planning, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-In Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyeon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ning L, Shi L, Tao N, Li R, Jiang T, Liu J. Effects of Occupational Stress and Circadian CLOCK Gene Polymorphism on Sleep Quality of Oil Workers in Xinjiang, China. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924202. [PMID: 32737280 PMCID: PMC7416614 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effect of occupational stress and circadian clock gene polymorphism on sleep disorder of oil workers in Xinjiang, China. Material/Methods We enrolled 2300 Xinjiang oil workers who had been working for at least 1 year. The Chinese revised version of the Occupational Stress Questionnaire (OSI-R), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and General Survey Questionnaire were used. A total of 308 subjects were selected for stress hormone measurements and gene polymorphism analysis of the circadian clock genes CLOCK, PER2, and PER3. Results The occupational stress scores were influenced by sex, smoking, marital status, age, and work type. Different work shift groups and different professional title groups had statistically significant sleep disorder incidences (P<0.05). The middle and high occupational stress groups had significantly higher subjective sleep quality, total PSQI scores, daytime dysfunction factor scores, and sleep disorder than in the low occupational stress group (P<0.05). CLOCK gene rs1801260 locus carrying TC genotype (OR=0.412, 95% CI=0.245–0.695), and CLOCK gene rs6850524 locus carrying GC and CC genotypes decreased sleep disorder risk (OR1=0.357, 95% CI1=0.245–0.695; OR2=0.317, 95% CI2=0.128–0.785). The main factors affecting the sleep quality of oil workers were length of service, individual strain capacity, glucocorticoid levels, Per3 gene, and the rs6850524 loci of CLOCK gene. Conclusions Occupational stress has an adverse effect on the sleep quality of workers. CLOCK gene and Per3 gene may increase risk of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ning
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lingyun Shi
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ning Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Li
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Jiang
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jiwen Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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7
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Rhythm and blues: Influence of CLOCK T3111C on peripheral electrophysiological indicators of negative affective processing. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Sleep disturbances are a common symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD). Sleep is highly regulated by circadian rhythms, controlled by circadian genes, that act through a series of feedback loops to regulate the sleep-wake cycle.Objectives: To the best of our knowledge, a systematic review regarding the core circadian genes and their role in MDD has not been published recently. Also, a review of these genes and their role in sleep disturbances in depressed individuals appears to have never been done. We decided to integrate both concepts into one comprehensive review.Method: The review was done using the appropriate search terms in the following search engines: OVID Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Pubmed.Results: Based on the data reviewed, none of the circadian genes appear to be associated with MDD, but some are more promising than others. These genes are: CRY1, CRY2, PER2 and NPAS2. When investigating the role of circadian genes in sleep disturbances among individuals with MDD, the most promising candidate gene is TIMELESS. Although the results in this area are limited.Conclusion: Given the promising leads from this review, future studies should investigate circadian genes in sleep disturbances among the depressed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Melhuish Beaupre
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gregory M Brown
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Badamasi IM, Lye MS, Ibrahim N, Stanslas J. Genetic endophenotypes for insomnia of major depressive disorder and treatment-induced insomnia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:711-722. [PMID: 31111219 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is primarily hinged on the presence of either low mood and/or anhedonia to previously pleasurable events for a minimum of 2 weeks. Other clinical features that characterize MDD include disturbances in sleep, appetite, concentration and thoughts. The combination of any/both of the primary MDD symptoms as well as any four of the other clinical features has been referred to as MDD. The challenge for replicating gene association findings with phenotypes of MDD as well as its treatment outcome is putatively due to stratification of MDD patients. Likelihood for replication of gene association findings is hypothesized with specificity in symptoms profile (homogenous clusters of symptom/individual symptoms) evaluated. The current review elucidates the genetic factors that have been associated with insomnia symptom of MDD phenotype, insomnia symptom as a constellation of neuro-vegetative cluster of MDD symptom, insomnia symptom of MDD as an individual entity and insomnia feature of treatment outcome. Homozygous CC genotype of 3111T/C, GSK3B-AT/TT genotype of rs33458 and haplotype of TPH1 218A/C were associated with insomnia symptom of MDD. Insomnia symptom of MDD was not resolved in patients with the A/A genotype of HTR2A-rs6311 when treated with SSRI. Homozygous short (SS) genotype-HTTLPR, GG genotype of HTR2A-rs6311 and CC genotype of HTR2A-rs6313 were associated with AD treatment-induced insomnia, while val/met genotype of BDNF-rs6265 and the TT genotype of GSK-3beta-rs5443 reduced it. Dearth of association studies may remain the bane for the identification of robust genetic endophenotypes in line with findings for genotypes of HTR2A-rs6311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohammed Badamasi
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Munn Sann Lye
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Normala Ibrahim
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
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Schuch JB, Genro JP, Bastos CR, Ghisleni G, Tovo-Rodrigues L. The role of CLOCK gene in psychiatric disorders: Evidence from human and animal research. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:181-198. [PMID: 28902457 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock system drives daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism, and behavior in mammals. Molecular mechanisms of this system consist of multiple clock genes, with Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) as a core member that plays an important role in a wide range of behaviors. Alterations in the CLOCK gene are associated with common psychiatric disorders as well as with circadian disturbances comorbidities. This review addresses animal, molecular, and genetic studies evaluating the role of the CLOCK gene on many psychiatric conditions, namely autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder. Many animal experiments focusing on the effects of the Clock gene in behavior related to psychiatric conditions have shown consistent biological plausibility and promising findings. In humans, genetic and gene expression studies regarding disorder susceptibility, sleep disturbances related comorbidities, and response to pharmacological treatment, in general, are in agreement with animal studies. However, the number of controversial results is high. Literature suggests that the CLOCK gene exerts important influence on these conditions, and influences the susceptibility to phenotypes of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline B Schuch
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julia P Genro
- Graduate Program in Bioscience, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clarissa R Bastos
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Ghisleni
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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11
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Jankowski KS, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M. ARNTL, CLOCK and PER3 polymorphisms - links with chronotype and affective dimensions. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:1105-1113. [PMID: 28708003 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1343341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ARNTL, TIM and PER3 genes were found associated with affective temperaments in bipolar disorder patients. This study aimed to test whether a) the same associations appear in a non-clinical sample; b) the SNPs are related to other affective dimensions; c) the SNPs underpin the associations between chronotype and affective temperaments/dimensions. Three hundred thirty-eight university students completed the Temperament Scale of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, the General Health Questionnaire, the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire and the Composite Scale of Morningness. Seven SNPs of the ARNTL, TIM and PER3 genes were genotyped. According to nominal significance, ARNTL rs7107287 was associated with a cyclothymic temperament, depressive and stress symptoms, general mental health and perceived negative impact of seasonality, while TIM rs10876890 was associated with a hyperthymic temperament, and the TIM rs2291738 was associated with chronotype. Different SNPs were related to chronotype and affective temperaments/dimensions, and therefore, they seem to not underpin relationships between chronotype and affective dysfunction, that is, in the present study, eveningness was related to dysthymic, cyclothymic and irritable temperaments, more symptoms of depression, stress, worse mental health and a negative impact of seasonality, while morningness was related to hyperthymic temperament. The SNPs associations need further replication given that they did not achieve Bonferroni criteria of significance accounting for the number of polymorphisms considered and tests conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- b Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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12
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Clock Genes and Altered Sleep-Wake Rhythms: Their Role in the Development of Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050938. [PMID: 28468274 PMCID: PMC5454851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the circadian clocks network (central and peripheral oscillators) controls circadian rhythms and orchestrates the expression of a range of downstream genes, allowing the organism to anticipate and adapt to environmental changes. Beyond their role in circadian rhythms, several studies have highlighted that circadian clock genes may have a more widespread physiological effect on cognition, mood, and reward-related behaviors. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphisms in core circadian clock genes have been associated with psychiatric disorders (such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). However, the underlying mechanisms of these associations remain to be ascertained and the cause–effect relationships are not clearly established. The objective of this article is to clarify the role of clock genes and altered sleep–wake rhythms in the development of psychiatric disorders (sleep problems are often observed at early onset of psychiatric disorders). First, the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythms are described. Then, the relationships between disrupted circadian rhythms, including sleep–wake rhythms, and psychiatric disorders are discussed. Further research may open interesting perspectives with promising avenues for early detection and therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders.
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13
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Lind MJ, Gehrman PR. Genetic Pathways to Insomnia. Brain Sci 2016; 6:E64. [PMID: 27999387 PMCID: PMC5187578 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current research on the genetics of insomnia, as genetic contributions are thought to be important for insomnia etiology. We begin by providing an overview of genetic methods (both quantitative and measured gene), followed by a discussion of the insomnia genetics literature with regard to each of the following common methodologies: twin and family studies, candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Next, we summarize the most recent gene identification efforts (primarily GWAS results) and propose several potential mechanisms through which identified genes may contribute to the disorder. Finally, we discuss new genetic approaches and how these may prove useful for insomnia, proposing an agenda for future insomnia genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Lind
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Lee KA, Gay C, Byun E, Lerdal A, Pullinger CR, Aouizerat BE. Circadian regulation gene polymorphisms are associated with sleep disruption and duration, and circadian phase and rhythm in adults with HIV. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1278-93. [PMID: 26512752 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1087021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genes involved in circadian regulation, such as circadian locomotor output cycles kaput [CLOCK], cryptochrome [CRY1] and period [PER], have been associated with sleep outcomes in prior animal and human research. However, it is unclear whether polymorphisms in these genes are associated with the sleep disturbances commonly experienced by adults living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe polymorphisms in selected circadian genes that are associated with sleep duration or disruption as well as the sleep-wake rhythm strength and phase timing among adults living with HIV/AIDS. A convenience sample of 289 adults with HIV/AIDS was recruited from HIV clinics and community sites in the San Francisco Bay Area. A wrist actigraph was worn for 72 h on weekdays to estimate sleep duration or total sleep time (TST), sleep disruption or percentage of wake after sleep onset (WASO) and several circadian rhythm parameters: mesor, amplitude, the ratio of mesor to amplitude (circadian quotient), and 24-h autocorrelation. Circadian phase measures included clock time for peak activity (acrophase) from actigraphy movement data, and bed time and final wake time from actigraphy and self-report. Genotyping was conducted for polymorphisms in five candidate genes involved in circadian regulation: CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, PER2 and PER3. Demographic and clinical variables were evaluated as potential covariates. Interactions between genotype and HIV variables (i.e. viral load, years since HIV diagnosis) were also evaluated. Controlling for potentially confounding variables (e.g. race, gender, CD4+ T-cell count, waist circumference, medication use, smoking and depressive symptoms), CLOCK was associated with WASO, 24-h autocorrelation and objectively-measured bed time; CRY1 was associated with circadian quotient; PER1 was associated with mesor and self-reported habitual wake time; PER2 was associated with TST, mesor, circadian quotient, 24-h autocorrelation and bed and wake times; PER3 was associated with amplitude, 24-h autocorrelation, acrophase and bed and wake times. Most of the observed associations involved a significant interaction between genotype and HIV. In this chronic illness population, polymorphisms in several circadian genes were associated with measures of sleep disruption and timing. These findings extend the evidence for an association between genetic variability in circadian regulation and sleep outcomes to include the sleep-wake patterns experienced by adults living with HIV/AIDS. These results provide direction for future intervention research related to circadian sleep-wake behavior patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Lee
- a Department of Family Health Care Nursing , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Caryl Gay
- a Department of Family Health Care Nursing , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA .,b Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Eeeseung Byun
- a Department of Family Health Care Nursing , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Anners Lerdal
- b Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital , Oslo , Norway .,c Department of Nursing Science , Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- d Department of Physiological Nursing .,e Cardiovascular Research Institute , and
| | - Bradley E Aouizerat
- d Department of Physiological Nursing .,f Institute for Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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16
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Barclay NL, Gehrman PR, Gregory AM, Eaves LJ, Silberg JL. The heritability of insomnia progression during childhood/adolescence: results from a longitudinal twin study. Sleep 2015; 38:109-18. [PMID: 25325458 PMCID: PMC4262942 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine prevalence and heritability of insomnia during middle/late childhood and adolescence; examine longitudinal associations in insomnia over time; and assess the extent to which genetic and environmental factors on insomnia remain stable, or whether new factors come into play, across this developmental period. DESIGN Longitudinal twin study. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS There were 739 complete monozygotic twin pairs (52%) and 672 complete dizygotic twin pairs (48%) initially enrolled and were followed up at three additional time points (waves). Mode ages at each wave were 8, 10, 14, and 15 y (ages ranged from 8-18 y). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Clinical ratings of insomnia symptoms were assessed using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) by trained clinicians, and rated according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III-R criteria for presence of 'clinically significant insomnia', over four sequential waves. Insomnia symptoms were prevalent but significantly decreased across the four waves (ranging from 16.6% to 31.2%). 'Clinically significant insomnia' was moderately heritable at all waves (h² range = 14% to 38%), and the remaining source of variance was the nonshared environment. Multivariate models indicated that genetic influences at wave 1 contributed to insomnia at all subsequent waves, and that new genetic influences came into play at wave 2, which further contributed to stability of symptoms. Nonshared environmental influences were time-specific. CONCLUSION Insomnia is prevalent in childhood and adolescence, and is moderately heritable. The progression of insomnia across this developmental time period is influenced by stable as well as new genetic factors that come into play at wave 2 (modal age 10 y). Molecular genetic studies should now identify genes related to insomnia progression during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. Barclay
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK
| | - Philip R. Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry and Penn Sleep Centre, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Lindon J. Eaves
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA
| | - Judy L. Silberg
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
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Palagini L, Baglioni C, Ciapparelli A, Gemignani A, Riemann D. REM sleep dysregulation in depression: state of the art. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 17:377-90. [PMID: 23391633 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of sleep are typical for most depressed patients and belong to the core symptoms of the disorder. Since the 1960s polysomnographic sleep research has demonstrated that besides disturbances of sleep continuity, depression is associated with altered sleep architecture, i.e., a decrease in slow wave sleep (SWS) production and disturbed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulation. Shortened REM latency (i.e., the interval between sleep onset and the occurrence of the first REM period), increased REM sleep duration and increased REM density (i.e., the frequency of rapid eye movements per REM period) have been considered as biological markers of depression which might predict relapse and recurrence. High risk studies including healthy relatives of patients with depression demonstrate that REM sleep alterations may precede the clinical expression of depression and may thus be useful in identifying subjects at high risk for the illness. Several models have been developed to explain REM sleep abnormalities in depression, like the cholinergic-aminergic imbalance model or chronobiologically inspired theories, which are reviewed in this overview. Moreover, REM sleep alterations have been recently considered not only as biological "scars" but as true endophenotypes of depression. This review discusses the genetic, neurochemical and neurobiological factors that have been implicated to play a role in the complex relationships between REM sleep and depression. We hypothesize on the one hand that REM sleep dysregulation in depression may be linked to a genetic predisposition/vulnerability to develop the illness; on the other hand it is conceivable that REM sleep disinhibition in itself is a part of a maladaptive stress reaction with increased allostatic load. We also discuss whether the REM sleep changes in depression may contribute themselves to the development of central symptoms of depression such as cognitive distortions including negative self-esteem and the overnight consolidation of negatively toned emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Barclay NL, Gregory AM. Quantitative genetic research on sleep: A review of normal sleep, sleep disturbances and associated emotional, behavioural, and health-related difficulties. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 17:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Antypa N, Mandelli L, Nearchou FA, Vaiopoulos C, Stefanis CN, Serretti A, Stefanis NC. The 3111T/C polymorphism interacts with stressful life events to influence patterns of sleep in females. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:891-7. [PMID: 22823872 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.699380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations in clock-relevant genes have been investigated in relation to sleep abnormalities, both in healthy populations and in mood-disorder patients with inconsistent results. Environmental influences may moderate associations between genes and phenotype. The authors examined the CLOCK 3111T/C polymorphism and several variants within the PER3 gene and their possible interaction with stressful life events in a group of female volunteers (n = 415). Gene-environment (G × E) interactions and gene main effects were investigated on depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory and on change of sleep patterns (Item 16). Results showed a G × E interaction on alteration of sleeping pattern: the 3111C homozygous genotype reported greater disruption in sleep pattern after the experience of stressful life events. Within the PER3 gene, one G × E interaction was observed with rs228642 on sleep change. These findings show that the 3111T/C polymorphism is not associated with depressive symptoms, but only with symptoms of sleep change in the case of prior stressful life experiences. The combination of a sensitive genotype (3111C/C) and environmental stress increases vulnerability to circadian rhythm disruption in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Antypa
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:1153-75. [PMID: 23004349 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.719971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the systematic study of the circadian typology (CT) is relatively recent and has developed rapidly in the two last decades. All the existing data suggest that this individual difference affects our biological and psychological functioning, not only in health, but also in disease. In the present study, we review the current literature concerning the psychometric properties and validity of CT measures as well as individual, environmental and genetic factors that influence the CT. We present a brief overview of the biological markers that are used to define differences between CT groups (sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, cortisol and melatonin), and we assess the implications for CT and adjustment to shiftwork and jet lag. We also review the differences between CT in terms of cognitive abilities, personality traits and the incidence of psychiatric disorders. When necessary, we have emphasized the methodological limitations that exist today and suggested some future avenues of work in order to overcome these. This is a new field of interest to professionals in many different areas (research, labor, academic and clinical), and this review provides a state of the art discussion to allow professionals to integrate chronobiological aspects of human behavior into their daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Adan
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Clock gene variants in mood and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1133-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Kishi T, Yoshimura R, Fukuo Y, Kitajima T, Okochi T, Matsunaga S, Inada T, Kunugi H, Kato T, Yoshikawa T, Ujike H, Umene-Nakano W, Nakamura J, Ozaki N, Serretti A, Correll CU, Iwata N. The CLOCK gene and mood disorders: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Chronobiol Int 2012; 28:825-33. [PMID: 22080789 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.609951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The clock gene (CLOCK) is considered to be a good candidate gene for the pathophysiology of mood disorders, including bipolar disorder (BP) and major depressive disorder (MDD). rs1801260 (T3111C) has been detected at position 3111 in the CLOCK mRNA 3' untranslated region, and was reported to be associated with a substantial delay in preferred timing for activity and sleep in a human study. As for function, rs1801260 has been speculated to affect mRNA. Therefore, the authors investigated the association between the three tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3736544, rs1801260, and rs3749474) in CLOCK and risk of BP (n=867) and MDD (n=139) compared to controls (n=889) in the Japanese population. In addition, we also performed an updated meta-analysis of nine published, genetic association studies investigating the relationship between rs1801260 and mood disorder risk, comprising 3321 mood disorders cases and 3574 controls. We did not detect any associations between tagging SNPs in CLOCK and BP or MDD in the allele, genotype, or haplotype analysis (global p(BP)=.605 and global p(MDD)=.211). Moreover, rs1801260 was also not associated with BP, MDD, or any mood disorders in the meta-analysis. In conclusion, these data suggest that CLOCK does not play a major role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA.
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Portaluppi F. The Medical Subject Headings® thesaurus remains inaccurate and incomplete for electronic indexing and retrieval of chronobiologic references. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2011.613619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Evidence for the importance of sleep in the mood disorders has mushroomed over the past decade. Among adolescents and adults with a mood disorder, sleep disturbance is a risk factor for episodes, can contribute to relapse, has an adverse impact on emotion regulation, is critical for cognitive functioning, compromises health, and may contribute to substance use comorbidity and suicidality. This evidence has triggered a shift away from viewing sleep disturbance as an epiphenomenon, toward viewing sleep disturbance as an important but under-recognized mechanism in the multifactorial cause and maintenance of the mood disorders. Because the biology underpinning the sleep and circadian system is an open system, readily influenced by inputs from the environment, sleep in the mood disorders represents a unique and exciting domain for interdisciplinary research across behavioral, social, cognitive, and neurobiological levels of explanation. Together, the accumulated evidence has informed a range of novel, powerful, simple, and inexpensive treatments with potential for massive improvements to public health, including improving quality of life, reducing length and severity of episodes, and reducing the risk of subsequent episodes in the large number of individuals who suffer from mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison G Harvey
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA.
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25
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011; 24:78-87. [PMID: 21116133 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e3283423055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Calati R, Gaspar-Barba E, Yukler A, Serretti A. T3111C CLOCK SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM AND MOOD DISORDERS: A META-ANALYSIS. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:706-21. [DOI: 10.3109/07420521003681480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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