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Wei Y, Hong Y, Yang L, Wang J, Zhao T, Zheng X, Kang L, Chen J, Han L, Long C, Shen L, Wu S, Wei G. Single-cell transcriptomic dissection of the toxic impact of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on immature testicular development at the neonatal stage. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113780. [PMID: 37059381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) early exposure leads to immature testicular injury, and we aimed to utilize single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing to comprehensively assess the toxic effect of DEHP on testicular development. Therefore, we gavaged pregnant C57BL/6 mice with 750 mg/kg body weight DEHP from gestational day 13.5 to delivery and performed scRNA sequencing of neonatal testes at postnatal day 5.5. The results revealed the gene expression dynamics in testicular cells. DEHP disrupted the developmental trajectory of germ cells and the balance between the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells. Additionally, DEHP caused an abnormal developmental trajectory, cytoskeletal damage and cell cycle arrest in Sertoli cells; disrupted the metabolism of testosterone in Leydig cells; and disturbed the developmental trajectory in peritubular myoid cells. Elevated oxidative stress and excessive apoptosis mediated by p53 were observed in almost all testicular cells. The intercellular interactions among four cell types were altered, and biological processes related to glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), NOTCH, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and WNT signaling pathways were enriched after DEHP treatment. These findings systematically describe the damaging effects of DEHP on the immature testes and provide substantial novel insights into the reproductive toxicity of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Yifan Hong
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Tianxin Zhao
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623, PR China
| | - Xiangqin Zheng
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Lian Kang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Lindong Han
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
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Lindholm P, Saarma M. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor protects and repairs dopamine neurons by novel mechanism. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1310-1321. [PMID: 34907395 PMCID: PMC9095478 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons deteriorate in Parkinson's disease (PD) that is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. No cure is available that would stop the dopaminergic decline or restore function of injured neurons in PD. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs), e.g., glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are small, secreted proteins that promote neuron survival during mammalian development and regulate adult neuronal plasticity, and they are studied as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, results from clinical trials of GDNF and related NTF neurturin (NRTN) in PD have been modest so far. In this review, we focus on cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF), an unconventional neurotrophic protein. CDNF delivered to the brain parenchyma protects and restores dopamine neurons in animal models of PD. In a recent Phase I-II clinical trial CDNF was found safe and well tolerated. CDNF deletion in mice led to age-dependent functional changes in the brain dopaminergic system and loss of enteric neurons resulting in slower gastrointestinal motility. These defects in Cdnf-/- mice intriguingly resemble deficiencies observed in early stage PD. Different from classical NTFs, CDNF can function both as an extracellular trophic factor and as an intracellular, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal protein that protects neurons and other cell types against ER stress. Similarly to the homologous mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), CDNF is able to regulate ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling and promote protein homeostasis in the ER. Since ER stress is thought to be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the dopaminergic degeneration in PD, CDNF, and its small-molecule derivatives that are under development may provide useful tools for experimental medicine and future therapies for the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative protein-misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Lindholm
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Shamadykova DV, Panteleev DY, Kust NN, Savchenko EA, Rybalkina EY, Revishchin AV, Pavlova GV. Neuroinductive properties of mGDNF depend on the producer, E. Coli or human cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258289. [PMID: 34634077 PMCID: PMC8504721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is involved in the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Besides, GDNF can also induce axonal growth and creation of new functional synapses. GDNF potential is promising for translation to treat diseases associated with neuronal death: neurodegenerative disorders, ischemic stroke, and cerebral or spinal cord damages. Unproductive clinical trials of GDNF for Parkinson's disease treatment have induced to study this failure. A reason could be due to irrelevant producer cells that cannot perform the required post-translational modifications. The biological activity of recombinant mGDNF produced by E. coli have been compared with mGDNF produced by human cells HEK293. mGDNF variants were tested with PC12 cells, rat embryonic spinal ganglion cells, and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells in vitro as well as with a mouse model of the Parkinson's disease in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo the best neuro-inductive ability belongs to mGDNF produced by HEK293 cells. Keywords: GDNF, neural differentiation, bacterial and mammalian expression systems, cell cultures, model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzhirgala V. Shamadykova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Y. Panteleev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N. Kust
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexander V. Revishchin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina V. Pavlova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Allardyce H, Kuhn D, Hernandez-Gerez E, Hensel N, Huang YT, Faller K, Gillingwater TH, Quondamatteo F, Claus P, Parson SH. Renal pathology in a mouse model of severe Spinal Muscular Atrophy is associated with downregulation of Glial Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF). Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2365-2378. [PMID: 32588893 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) occurs as a result of cell-ubiquitous depletion of the essential survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Characteristic disease pathology is driven by a particular vulnerability of the ventral motor neurons of the spinal cord to decreased SMN. Perhaps not surprisingly, many other organ systems are also impacted by SMN depletion. The normal kidney expresses very high levels of SMN protein, equivalent to those found in the nervous system and liver, and levels are dramatically lowered by ~90-95% in mouse models of SMA. Taken together, these data suggest that renal pathology may be present in SMA. We have addressed this using an established mouse model of severe SMA. Nephron number, as assessed by gold standard stereological techniques, was significantly reduced. In addition, morphological assessment showed decreased renal vasculature, particularly of the glomerular capillary knot, dysregulation of nephrin and collagen IV, and ultrastructural changes in the trilaminar filtration layers of the nephron. To explore the molecular drivers underpinning this process, we correlated these findings with quantitative PCR measurements and protein analyses of glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor, a crucial factor in ureteric bud branching and subsequent nephron development. Glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor levels were significantly reduced at early stages of disease in SMA mice. Collectively, these findings reveal significant renal pathology in a mouse model of severe SMA, further reinforcing the need to develop and administer systemic therapies for this neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Allardyce
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.,Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Daniela Kuhn
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Elena Hernandez-Gerez
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.,Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Niko Hensel
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Kiterie Faller
- Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.,Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Fabio Quondamatteo
- Anatomy Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Peter Claus
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Simon H Parson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.,Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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5
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Bondarenko O, Saarma M. Neurotrophic Factors in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Trials, Open Challenges and Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery to the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:682597. [PMID: 34149364 PMCID: PMC8206542 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.682597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are small secreted proteins that support the development, maturation and survival of neurons. NTFs injected into the brain rescue and regenerate certain neuronal populations lost in neurodegenerative diseases, demonstrating the potential of NTFs to cure the diseases rather than simply alleviating the symptoms. NTFs (as the vast majority of molecules) do not pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore, are delivered directly into the brain of patients using costly and risky intracranial surgery. The delivery efficacy and poor diffusion of some NTFs inside the brain are considered the major problems behind their modest effects in clinical trials. Thus, there is a great need for NTFs to be delivered systemically thereby avoiding intracranial surgery. Nanoparticles (NPs), particles with the size dimensions of 1-100 nm, can be used to stabilize NTFs and facilitate their transport through the BBB. Several studies have shown that NTFs can be loaded into or attached onto NPs, administered systemically and transported to the brain. To improve the NP-mediated NTF delivery through the BBB, the surface of NPs can be functionalized with specific ligands such as transferrin, insulin, lactoferrin, apolipoproteins, antibodies or short peptides that will be recognized and internalized by the respective receptors on brain endothelial cells. In this review, we elaborate on the most suitable NTF delivery methods and envision "ideal" NTF for Parkinson's disease (PD) and clinical trial thereof. We shortly summarize clinical trials of four NTFs, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF), that were tested in PD patients, focusing mainly on GDNF and CDNF. We summarize current possibilities of NP-mediated delivery of NTFs to the brain and discuss whether NPs have impact in improving the properties of NTFs and delivery across the BBB. Emerging delivery approaches and future directions of NTF-based nanomedicine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Bondarenko
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Torres-Ortega PV, Smerdou C, Ansorena E, Ballesteros-Briones MC, Martisova E, Garbayo E, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Optimization of a GDNF production method based on Semliki Forest virus vector. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105726. [PMID: 33482318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) is the most potent dopaminergic factor described so far, and it is therefore considered a promising drug for Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. However, the production of therapeutic proteins with a high degree of purity and a specific glycosylation pattern is a major challenge that hinders its commercialization. Although a variety of systems can be used for protein production, only a small number of them are suitable to produce clinical-grade proteins. Specifically, the baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK-21) has shown to be an effective system for the expression of high levels of hGDNF, with appropriate post-translational modifications and protein folding. This system, which is based on the electroporation of BHK-21 cells using a Semliki Forest virus (SFV) as expression vector, induces a strong shut-off of host cell protein synthesis that simplify the purification process. However, SFV vector exhibits a temperature-dependent cytopathic effect on host cells, which could limit hGDNF expression. The aim of this study was to improve the expression and purification of hGDNF using a biphasic temperature cultivation protocol that would decrease the cytopathic effect induced by SFV. Here we show that an increase in the temperature from 33°C to 37°C during the "shut-off period", produced a significant improvement in cell survival and hGDNF expression. In consonance, this protocol led to the production of almost 3-fold more hGDNF when compared to the previously described methods. Therefore, a "recovery period" at 37°C before cells are exposed at 33°C is crucial to maintain cell viability and increase hGDNF expression. The protocol described constitutes an efficient and highly scalable method to produce highly pure hGDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vicente Torres-Ortega
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, C/ Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, C/ Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ansorena
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, C/ Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ballesteros-Briones
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, C/ Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Martisova
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, C/ Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Garbayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, C/ Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - María J Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, C/ Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Roos BB, Teske JJ, Bhallamudi S, Pabelick CM, Sathish V, Prakash YS. Neurotrophin Regulation and Signaling in Airway Smooth Muscle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:109-121. [PMID: 34019266 PMCID: PMC11042712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional aspects of bronchial airways are key throughout life and play critical roles in diseases such as asthma. Asthma involves functional changes such as airway irritability and hyperreactivity, as well as structural changes such as enhanced cellular proliferation of airway smooth muscle (ASM), epithelium, and fibroblasts, and altered extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibrosis, all modulated by factors such as inflammation. There is now increasing recognition that disease maintenance following initial triggers involves a prominent role for resident nonimmune airway cells that secrete growth factors with pleiotropic autocrine and paracrine effects. The family of neurotrophins may be particularly relevant in this regard. Long recognized in the nervous system, classical neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nonclassical ligands such as glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are now known to be expressed and functional in non-neuronal systems including lung. However, the sources, targets, regulation, and downstream effects are still under investigation. In this chapter, we discuss current state of knowledge and future directions regarding BDNF and GDNF in airway physiology and on pathophysiological contributions in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Roos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jacob J Teske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sangeeta Bhallamudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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8
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GDNF synthesis, signaling, and retrograde transport in motor neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:47-56. [PMID: 32897420 PMCID: PMC7529617 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a 134 amino acid protein belonging in the GDNF family ligands (GFLs). GDNF was originally isolated from rat glial cell lines and identified as a neurotrophic factor with the ability to promote dopamine uptake within midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Since its discovery, the potential neuroprotective effects of GDNF have been researched extensively, and the effect of GDNF on motor neurons will be discussed herein. Similar to other members of the TGF-β superfamily, GDNF is first synthesized as a precursor protein (pro-GDNF). After a series of protein cleavage and processing, the 211 amino acid pro-GDNF is finally converted into the active and mature form of GDNF. GDNF has the ability to trigger receptor tyrosine kinase RET phosphorylation, whose downstream effects have been found to promote neuronal health and survival. The binding of GDNF to its receptors triggers several intracellular signaling pathways which play roles in promoting the development, survival, and maintenance of neuron-neuron and neuron-target tissue interactions. The synthesis and regulation of GDNF have been shown to be altered in many diseases, aging, exercise, and addiction. The neuroprotective effects of GDNF may be used to develop treatments and therapies to ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the general roles of GDNF and its production, delivery, secretion, and neuroprotective effects on motor neurons within the mammalian neuromuscular system.
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Abstract
The last decade has been a frustrating time for investigators who had envisioned major advances in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease using neurotrophic factors. The first trials of glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor for treating Parkinson’s disease were very promising. Later blinded control trials were disappointing, not reaching the predetermined outcomes for improvement in motor function. Consideration of the problems in the studies as well as the biology of the neurotrophins used can potentially lead to more effective therapies. Parkinson’s disease presents a multitude of opportunities for the cell biologist wanting to understand its pathology and to find possible new avenues for treatment.
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Zoumboulakis D, Cirella KR, Gougeon PY, Lourenssen SR, Blennerhassett MG. MMP-9 Processing of Intestinal Smooth Muscle-derived GDNF is Required for Neurotrophic Action on Enteric Neurons. Neuroscience 2020; 443:8-18. [PMID: 32682824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophin GDNF guides development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in embryogenesis and directs survival and axon outgrowth in postnatal myenteric neurons in vitro. GDNF expression in intestinal smooth muscle cells is dynamic, with upregulation by inflammatory cytokines in vitro or intestinal inflammation in vivo, but the role of post-translational proteolytic cleavage is undefined. In a co-culture model of myenteric neurons, smooth muscle and glia, inhibition of serine or cysteine protease activity was ineffective against the >2-fold increase in axon density caused by TNFα. However, inhibitors of metalloproteinases (MMP) identified an essential role of MMP-9, and qPCR and western blotting showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines increased both mRNA and protein expression for MMP-9, in both cellular lysates and conditioned medium (CM). Inhibition of MMP-9 prevented the cytokine-induced increase in mature GDNF in CM or cellular lysates of co-cultures or cell lines of intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMC) from adult rat colon. Western blotting showed parallel upregulation of mature GDNF and MMP-9 vs control in ISMC isolated on Day 2 of TNBS-induced colitis. Nonetheless, transfection of GDNF plasmid into HEK-293 cells as a carrier system, or directly into the co-culture model, conveyed a strong neurotrophic effect that was MMP-9 dependent. We conclude that MMP-9 activity is required for the neurotrophic effects of GDNF on myenteric neurons in vitro. However, the coordinated upregulation of GDNF and MMP-9 in intestinal smooth muscle by inflammatory cytokines provides a supportive, target cell-derived environment that limits inflammatory damage to the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetri Zoumboulakis
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Kirsten R Cirella
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves Gougeon
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Sandra R Lourenssen
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTF) are a subgroup of growth factors that promote survival and
differentiation of neurons. Due to their neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties,
their therapeutic potential has been tested in various neurodegenerative diseases.
Bioavailability of NTFs in the target tissue remains a major challenge for NTF-based
therapies. Various intracerebral delivery approaches, both protein and gene
transfer-based, have been tested with varying outcomes. Three growth factors, glial
cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN) and platelet-derived growth
factor (PDGF-BB) have been tested in clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease (PD) during
the past 20 years. A new protein can now be added to this list, as cerebral dopamine
neurotrophic factor (CDNF) has recently entered clinical trials. Despite their misleading
names, CDNF, together with its closest relative mesencephalic astrocyte-derived
neurotrophic factor (MANF), form a novel family of unconventional NTF that are both
structurally and mechanistically distinct from other growth factors. CDNF and MANF are
localized mainly to the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their primary function
appears to be modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Prolonged ER
stress, via the UPR signaling pathways, contributes to the pathogenesis in a number of
chronic degenerative diseases, and is an important target for therapeutic modulation.
Intraputamenally administered recombinant human CDNF has shown robust neurorestorative
effects in a number of small and large animal models of PD, and had a good safety profile
in preclinical toxicology studies. Intermittent monthly bilateral intraputamenal infusions
of CDNF are currently being tested in a randomized placebo-controlled phase I–II clinical
study in moderately advanced PD patients. Here, we review the history of growth
factor-based clinical trials in PD, and discuss how CDNF differs from the previously
tested growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri J Huttunen
- 1 Herantis Pharma Plc, Espoo, Finland.,2 Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- 3 Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Grondin R, Littrell OM, Zhang Z, Ai Y, Huettl P, Pomerleau F, Quintero JE, Andersen AH, Stenslik MJ, Bradley LH, Lemmon J, O'Neill MJ, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. GDNF revisited: A novel mammalian cell-derived variant form of GDNF increases dopamine turnover and improves brain biodistribution. Neuropharmacology 2019; 147:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Penttinen AM, Parkkinen I, Voutilainen MH, Koskela M, Bäck S, Their A, Richie CT, Domanskyi A, Harvey BK, Tuominen RK, Nevalaita L, Saarma M, Airavaara M. Pre-α-pro-GDNF and Pre-β-pro-GDNF Isoforms Are Neuroprotective in the 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:457. [PMID: 29973907 PMCID: PMC6019446 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is one of the most studied neurotrophic factors. GDNF has two splice isoforms, full-length pre-α-pro-GDNF (α-GDNF) and pre-β-pro-GDNF (β-GDNF), which has a 26 amino acid deletion in the pro-region. Thus far, studies have focused solely on the α-GDNF isoform, and nothing is known about the in vivo effects of the shorter β-GDNF variant. Here we compare for the first time the effects of overexpressed α-GDNF and β-GDNF in non-lesioned rat striatum and the partial 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of Parkinson's disease. GDNF isoforms were overexpressed with their native pre-pro-sequences in the striatum using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, and the effects on motor performance and dopaminergic phenotype of the nigrostriatal pathway were assessed. In the non-lesioned striatum, both isoforms increased the density of dopamine transporter-positive fibers at 3 weeks after viral vector delivery. Although both isoforms increased the activity of the animals in cylinder assay, only α-GDNF enhanced the use of contralateral paw. Four weeks later, the striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactivity was decreased in both α-GDNF and β-GDNF treated animals. In the neuroprotection assay, both GDNF splice isoforms increased the number of TH-immunoreactive cells in the substantia nigra but did not promote behavioral recovery based on amphetamine-induced rotation or cylinder assays. Thus, the shorter GDNF isoform, β-GDNF, and the full-length α-isoform have comparable neuroprotective efficacy on dopamine neurons of the nigrostriatal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maija Penttinen
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja H Voutilainen
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maryna Koskela
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne Bäck
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Their
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christopher T Richie
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raimo K Tuominen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liina Nevalaita
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- HiLIFE Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Saarenpää T, Kogan K, Sidorova Y, Mahato AK, Tascón I, Kaljunen H, Yu L, Kallijärvi J, Jurvansuu J, Saarma M, Goldman A. Zebrafish GDNF and its co-receptor GFRα1 activate the human RET receptor and promote the survival of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176166. [PMID: 28467503 PMCID: PMC5415192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a ligand that activates, through co-receptor GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1) and receptor tyrosine kinase “RET”, several signaling pathways crucial in the development and sustainment of multiple neuronal populations. We decided to study whether non-mammalian orthologs of these three proteins have conserved their function: can they activate the human counterparts? Using the baculovirus expression system, we expressed and purified Danio rerio RET, and its binding partners GFRα1 and GDNF, and Drosophila melanogaster RET and two isoforms of co-receptor GDNF receptor-like. Our results report high-level insect cell expression of post-translationally modified and dimerized zebrafish RET and its binding partners. We also found that zebrafish GFRα1 and GDNF are comparably active as mammalian cell-produced ones. We also report the first measurements of the affinity of the complex to RET in solution: at least for zebrafish, the Kd for GFRα1-GDNF binding RET is 5.9 μM. Surprisingly, we also found that zebrafish GDNF as well as zebrafish GFRα1 robustly activated human RET signaling and promoted the survival of cultured mouse dopaminergic neurons with comparable efficiency to mammalian GDNF, unlike E. coli-produced human proteins. These results contradict previous studies suggesting that mammalian GFRα1 and GDNF cannot bind and activate non-mammalian RET and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Saarenpää
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konstantin Kogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yulia Sidorova
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arun Kumar Mahato
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Igor Tascón
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kaljunen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liying Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Jurvansuu
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adrian Goldman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kirik D, Cederfjäll E, Halliday G, Petersén Å. Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: Disease modification by GDNF family of ligands. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 97:179-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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16
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Runeberg-Roos P, Piccinini E, Penttinen AM, Mätlik K, Heikkinen H, Kuure S, Bespalov MM, Peränen J, Garea-Rodríguez E, Fuchs E, Airavaara M, Kalkkinen N, Penn R, Saarma M. Developing therapeutically more efficient Neurturin variants for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:335-345. [PMID: 27425888 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease midbrain dopaminergic neurons degenerate and die. Oral medications and deep brain stimulation can relieve the initial symptoms, but the disease continues to progress. Growth factors that might support the survival, enhance the activity, or even regenerate degenerating dopamine neurons have been tried with mixed results in patients. As growth factors do not pass the blood-brain barrier, they have to be delivered intracranially. Therefore their efficient diffusion in brain tissue is of crucial importance. To improve the diffusion of the growth factor neurturin (NRTN), we modified its capacity to attach to heparan sulfates in the extracellular matrix. We present four new, biologically fully active variants with reduced heparin binding. Two of these variants are more stable than WT NRTN in vitro and diffuse better in rat brains. We also show that one of the NRTN variants diffuses better than its close homolog GDNF in monkey brains. The variant with the highest stability and widest diffusion regenerates dopamine fibers and improves the conditions of rats in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease more potently than GDNF, which previously showed modest efficacy in clinical trials. The new NRTN variants may help solve the major problem of inadequate distribution of NRTN in human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Runeberg-Roos
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland.
| | - Elisa Piccinini
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Penttinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Kert Mätlik
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Heikkinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Satu Kuure
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Maxim M Bespalov
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Johan Peränen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Enrique Garea-Rodríguez
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Nisse Kalkkinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Richard Penn
- CNS Therapeutics Inc., 332 Minnesota Street, Ste W1750, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Finland
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17
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Revishchin A, Moiseenko L, Kust N, Bazhenova N, Teslia P, Panteleev D, Kovalzon V, Pavlova G. Effects of striatal transplantation of cells transfected with GDNF gene without pre- and pro-regions in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:34. [PMID: 27286696 PMCID: PMC4902902 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we have shown that transgenic cells bearing the GDNF gene with deleted pre- and pro-regions (mGDNF) can release transgenic GDNF. The medium conditioned by transgenic cells with mGDNF induced axonal growth in rat embryonic spinal ganglion in vitro. Here we demonstrate a neurotrophic effect of mGDNF on PC12 cells in vitro as well as its neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in vivo as indicated by improved motor coordination and sleep-wakefulness cycle in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Results HEK293 cells were transfected with a vector encoding an isoform of the human GDNF gene with deleted pre- and pro-regions (mGDNF). This factor in the medium conditioned by the transfected cells was shown to induce axonal growth in PC12 cells. The early Parkinson’s disease model was established by injection of the dopaminergic pro-neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into C57Bl/6 mice. Transgenic HEK293/mGDNF/GFP cells were transplanted into the striatum (caudate-putamen) of experimental mice. The sleep-wakefulness cycle was studied by continuous EEG and motor activity monitoring 1 and 2 weeks after MPTP injection. After the experiment, the motor coordination of experimental animals was evaluated in the rotarod test, and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta were counted in cross-sections of the midbrain. MPTP administration lowered the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, decreased motor coordination, and increased the total wake time during the dark period. The transplantation of HEK293/mGDNF cells into the caudate-putamen 3 days prior to MPTP injection smoothed these effects, while the control transplantation of HEK293 cells showed no notable impact. Conclusions Transplantation of transgenic cells with the GDNF gene lacking the pre- and pro-sequences can protect dopaminergic neurons in the mouse midbrain from the subsequent administration of the pro-neurotoxin MPTP, which is confirmed by polysomnographic, behavioral and histochemical data. Hence it is released from transfected cells and preserves the differentiation activity and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Revishchin
- Laboratory of Neurogenetic and Developmental Genetic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334.,Ltd Apto-pharm, Kolomensky Road, 13A, Moscow, Russia, 115446
| | - L Moiseenko
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills d. 1, pp. 12, Moscow, Russia, 119234.,A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Kust
- Laboratory of Neurogenetic and Developmental Genetic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334.,Ltd Apto-pharm, Kolomensky Road, 13A, Moscow, Russia, 115446
| | - N Bazhenova
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills d. 1, pp. 12, Moscow, Russia, 119234.,Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 125315
| | - P Teslia
- Laboratory of Neurogenetic and Developmental Genetic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - D Panteleev
- Laboratory of Neurogenetic and Developmental Genetic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - V Kovalzon
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij Prosp., Moscow, Russia, 119071
| | - G Pavlova
- Laboratory of Neurogenetic and Developmental Genetic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334. .,Ltd Apto-pharm, Kolomensky Road, 13A, Moscow, Russia, 115446.
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18
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Danwen Q, Code C, Quan C, Gong BJ, Arndt J, Pepinsky B, Rand KD, Houde D. Investigating the Role of Artemin Glycosylation. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1383-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Meyer C, Wrobel S, Raimondo S, Rochkind S, Heimann C, Shahar A, Ziv-Polat O, Geuna S, Grothe C, Haastert-Talini K. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration through Hydrogel-Enriched Chitosan Conduits Containing Engineered Schwann Cells for Drug Delivery. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:159-82. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical length nerve defects in the rat sciatic nerve model were reconstructed with chitosan nerve guides filled with Schwann cells (SCs) containing hydrogel. The transplanted SCs were naive or had been genetically modified to overexpress neurotrophic factors, thus providing a cellular neurotrophic factor delivery system. Prior to the assessment in vivo, in vitro studies evaluating the properties of engineered SCs overexpressing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-218kDa) demonstrated their neurite outgrowth inductive bioactivity for sympathetic PC-12 cells as well as for dissociated dorsal root ganglion cell drop cultures. SCs within NVR-hydrogel, which is mainly composed of hyaluronic acid and laminin, were delivered into the lumen of chitosan hollow conduits with a 5% degree of acetylation. The viability and neurotrophic factor production by engineered SCs within NVR-Gel inside the chitosan nerve guides was further demonstrated in vitro. In vivo we studied the outcome of peripheral nerve regeneration after reconstruction of 15-mm nerve gaps with either chitosan/NVR-Gel/SCs composite nerve guides or autologous nerve grafts (ANGs). While ANGs did guarantee for functional sensory and motor regeneration in 100% of the animals, delivery of NVR-Gel into the chitosan nerve guides obviously impaired sufficient axonal outgrowth. This obstacle was overcome to a remarkable extent when the NVR-Gel was enriched with FGF-218kDa overexpressing SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Meyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Sandra Wrobel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli studi di Torino, Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Shimon Rochkind
- Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli studi di Torino, Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
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20
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Domanskyi A, Saarma M, Airavaara M. Prospects of Neurotrophic Factors for Parkinson's Disease: Comparison of Protein and Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:550-9. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Smith RC, O'Bryan LM, Mitchell PJ, Leung D, Ghanem M, Wilson JM, Hanson JC, Sossick S, Cooper J, Huang L, Merchant KM, Lu J, O'Neill MJ. Increased brain bio-distribution and chemical stability and decreased immunogenicity of an engineered variant of GDNF. Exp Neurol 2015; 267:165-76. [PMID: 25771799 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a trophic factor for dopaminergic neurons. Direct parenchymal administration of GDNF is robustly neuroprotective and neurorestorative in multiple neurotoxin-based animal models (rat and non-human primate (NHP)) of Parkinson's Disease (PD), suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent. Although small, open-label clinical trials of intra-putamenal administration of bacteria-derived, full length, wild type GDNF (GDNFwt) were efficacious in improving standardized behavioral scores, a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial failed to do so. We hypothesize that the lack of clinical efficacy of GDNFwt in the larger randomized trial was due to poor bio-distribution in the putamen and/or poor chemical stability while in the delivery device for prolonged time periods at 37°C. The development of neutralizing antibodies in some patients may also have been a contributing factor. GDNFv is an engineered form of GDNFwt, expressed and purified from mammalian cells, designed to overcome these limitations, including removal of the N-terminal heparin-binding domain to improve its diffusivity in brain parenchyma by reducing its binding to extracellular matrix (ECM), and key amino acid substitutions to improve chemical stability. Intra-striatal administration of a single injection of GDNFv in the rat produced significantly greater brain distribution than GDNFwt, consistent with reduced binding to ECM. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LS/MS) methods GDNFv was shown to have improved chemical stability compared to GDNFwt when stored at 37°C for 4weeks. In addition, GDNFv resulted in lower predicted clinical immunogenicity compared to GDNFwt, as demonstrated by reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation and reduced IL-2-induced secretion in peripheral blood mononucleated cells collected from volunteers representing the world's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes. GDNFv was demonstrated to be pharmacologically equivalent to GDNFwt in the key parameters in vitro of GFRα1 receptor binding, c-Ret phosphorylation, neurite outgrowth, and in vivo in its ability to increase dopamine turnover (DA). GDNFv protected dopamine nerve terminals and neurons in a 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) rat model. In summary, we empirically demonstrate the superior properties of GDNFv compared to GDNFwt through enhanced bio-distribution and chemical stability concurrently with decreased predicted clinical immunogenicity while maintaining pharmacological and neurotrophic activity. These data indicate that GDNFv is an improved version of GDNF suitable for clinical assessment as a targeted regenerative therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund C Smith
- Eli Lilly & Co., Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Linda M O'Bryan
- Eli Lilly & Co., Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. o'
| | - Pamela J Mitchell
- Eli Lilly & Co., Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Donmienne Leung
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Dr, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Mahmoud Ghanem
- Eli Lilly & Co., Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Eli Lilly & Co., Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Jeff C Hanson
- Eli Lilly & Co., Information Technology, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Sandra Sossick
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK.
| | - Jane Cooper
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK.
| | - Lihua Huang
- Eli Lilly & Co., Bioproduct Research and Development, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Kalpana M Merchant
- Eli Lilly & Co., Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Jirong Lu
- Eli Lilly & Co., Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Michael J O'Neill
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK.
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22
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Wang J, Wang J, Cai C, Wang S, Liu S, Shi S, Zhang Y, Li B. Feasibility of using a dual-promoter recombinant baculovirus vector to coexpress EGFP and GDNF in mammalian cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1549-1554. [PMID: 24926342 PMCID: PMC4043573 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors that are capable of coexpressing two or more exogenous genes for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery are being increasingly studied. The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using the pFastBac™ Dual vector, under the control of two cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters with opposite directions, to coexpress enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the same mammalian cell. In the study, two promoters in the pFastBac Dual vector were replaced with CMV-EGFP and CMV-GDNF, whose directions were consistent with the initial directions. The pFastBac Dual-CMV-EGFP-CMV-GDNF plasmid was constructed and then transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. The recombinant virus, Bac Dual-CMV-EGFP-CMV-GDNF, was generated with the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression system and used to transduce HeLa cells. Immunofluorescence was applied to examine the coexpression of EGFP and GDNF in transfected or transduced mammalian cells, while western blot analysis was used to confirm the expression of GDNF in transduced HeLa cells. The recombinant plasmid was constructed and the recombinant baculovirus was successfully generated. Immunofluorescence observations demonstrated that EGFP and GDNF were simultaneously expressed in the same transfected HEK 293T cell and in a single transduced HeLa cell. Western blot analysis revealed that GDNF was expressed accurately in the transduced cells. Therefore, the pFastBac Dual vector is an efficient gene transfer vector that is able to coexpress two target proteins in mammalian cells and serve as a platform for combining reporter or/and therapy genes used in molecular imaging and dual-gene therapy. Thus, the current study presents a new coexpression strategy for dual-gene delivery in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Changping Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shili Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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23
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The proform of glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor: a potentially biologically active protein. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:234-50. [PMID: 23934644 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences have revealed that the proforms of several neurotrophins including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT3), by binding to p75 neurotrophin receptor and sortilin, could induce neuronal apoptosis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), one of the most potent useful neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), is firstly synthesized as the proform (proGDNF) like other neurotrophin NGF, BDNF, and NT3. However, little is known about proGDNF expression and secretion under physiological as well as pathological states in vivo or in vitro. In this study, we investigated the expression profile and dynamic changes of proGDNF in brains of aging and PD animal models, with the interesting finding that proGDNF was a predominant form of GDNF with molecular weight of about 36 kDa by reducing and nonreducing immunoblots in adult brains and was unregulated in the aging, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) insult. We further provided direct evidence that accompanied activation of primary astrocytes as well as C6 cell line induced by LPS stimulation, proGDNF was increasingly synthesized and released as the uncleaved form in cell culture. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that proGDNF may be a biologically active protein and has specific effects on the cells close to its secreting site, and a potentially important role of proGDNF signaling in the brains, in the glia-neuronal interaction or in the pathogenesis of PD, should merit further investigation.
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