Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in tumour growth and invasion

Disorganisation of basement membrane zone architecture impairs melanocyte residence in vitiligo

The basement membrane zone is the interface between the epidermis and dermis, and it is disrupted in several skin conditions. Here, we report the results of a comprehensive investigation into the structural and molecular factors of the basement membrane zone in vitiligo, a dermatological disorder characterised by depigmented patches on the skin. Using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining, we confirmed abnormal basement membrane zone morphology and disrupted basement membrane zone architecture in human vitiliginous skin. Furthermore, we identified elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in human dermal fibroblasts as a key factor responsible for basement membrane zone matrix degradation. In our in vitro and ex vivo models, overexpression of MMP2 in fibroblasts led to basement membrane zone disruption and melanocyte disappearance. Importantly, we reveal that the loss of melanocytes in vitiligo is primarily linked to their weakened adhesion to the basement membrane, mediated by binding between integrin β1 and laminin and discoidin domain receptor 1 and collagen IV. Finally, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression reversed depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo. In conclusion, our research shows the importance of basement membrane zone integrity in melanocyte residence and offers new avenues for therapeutic interventions to address this challenging skin condition. © 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

RNA-seq gene expression profiling of the bladder in a mouse model of urogenital schistosomiasis

Background

Parasitic flatworms of the Schistosoma genus cause schistosomiasis, which affects over 230 million people. Schistosoma haematobium causes the urogenital form of schistosomiasis (UGS), which can lead to hematuria, fibrosis, and increased risk of secondary infections by bacteria or viruses. UGS is also linked to bladder cancer. To understand the bladder pathology during S. haematobium infection, our group previously developed a mouse model that involves the injection of S. haematobium eggs into the bladder wall. Using this model, we studied changes in epigenetics profile, as well as changes in gene and protein expression in the host bladder tissues. In the current study, we expand upon this work by examining the expression level of both host and parasite genes using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the mouse bladder wall injection model of S. haematobium infection.

Methods

We used a mouse model of S. haematobium infection in which parasite eggs or vehicle control were injected into the bladder walls of female BALB/c mice. RNA-seq was performed on the RNA isolated from the bladders four days after bladder wall injection.

Results/Conclusions

RNA-seq analysis of egg- and vehicle control-injected bladders revealed the differential expression of 1025 mouse genes in the egg-injected bladders, including genes associated with cellular infiltration, immune cell chemotaxis, cytokine signaling, and inflammation We also observed the upregulation of immune checkpoint-related genes, which suggests that while the infection causes an inflammatory response, it also dampens the response to avoid excessive inflammation-related damage to the host. Identifying these changes in host signaling and immune responses improves our understanding of the infection and how it may contribute to the development of bladder cancer. Analysis of the differential gene expression of the parasite eggs between bladder-injected versus uninjected eggs revealed 119 S. haematobium genes associated with transcription, intracellular signaling, and metabolism. The analysis of the parasite genes also revealed fewer transcript reads compared to that found in the analysis of mouse genes, highlighting the challenges of studying parasite egg biology in the mouse model of S. haematobium infection.

Aqueous humor protein markers in myopia: a review

PURPOSE

Myopia is one of the most common forms of refractive error. Most myopia manifests itself as a relative growth of the eye axis, resulting in a state in which light is projected in front of the retina after being refracted by the refractive system of the eyeball. So far, the specific pathogenesis of myopia is still not well explained, through the results of animal experiments, researchers have proposed various possible scenarios, but all these are based on animal models, and there may still be a certain gap with the mechanism of true myopia in humans. The most readily available in clinical work is aqueous humor obtained during cataract surgery, for which we reviewed these studies of aqueous humor samples from myopic patients.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was done on PubMed using key words including "myopia," "aqueous humor," and "protein."

RESULTS

The results of existing aqueous humor studies have shown that the difference in substances in the aqueous humor of myopia is related to the degradation of the scleral matrix, chronic inflammation of the eye, pro-fibrosis, blood vessel production, and inhibition. There may be more than one reason associated with myopia progression.

CONCLUSION

The specific mechanism of myopia has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the means of preventing and treating myopia should focus on inhibiting the degradation of the scleral matrix, promoting the proliferation of scleral collagen fibers, and alleviating chronic inflammation of the eyes. Further research into myopic aqueous humor may provide us with new insights.

Homeobox Protein PROX1 Expression is Negatively Regulated by Histone Deacetylase 1 and c-JUN Complex in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells

Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) is a member of the homeobox transcription factor family that plays a critical role in the development of multiple tissues and specification of cell fate. PROX1 expression is differentially regulated based on the cellular context and plays an antagonistic role as a tumour promoter or suppressor in different tumour types. In human breast cancer, PROX1 expression is suppress-ed; however, the molecular mechanism by which it is down-regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we show that ectopic expression of PROX1 reduces the motility and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, suggesting that PROX1 functions as a negative regulator of tumour invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors up-regulates PROX1 mRNA and protein expression levels. Knockdown of HDAC1 using short hairpin RNA also up-regulates PROX1 mRNA and protein expression levels. We found that HDAC1 interacted with c-JUN at the activator protein (AP)-1-binding site located at -734 to -710 in the PROX1 promoter region to suppress PROX1 expression. In addition, c-JUN N-terminal kinase-mediated c-JUN phosphorylation was found to be crucial for silencing PROX1 expression. In conclusion, PROX1 expression can be silenced by the epigenetic mechanism involved in the complex formation of HDAC1 and c-JUN at the AP-1 site in the PROX1 promoter region in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Therefore, this study revealed the epigenetic regulatory mechanism involved in the suppression of PROX1 expression in breast cancer cells.

Interleukin-1β triggers matrix metalloprotease-3 expression through p65/RelA activation in melanoma cells

Melanoma shows highly aggressive behavior (i.e., local invasion and metastasis). Matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP-3), a zinc-dependent endopeptidase, degrades several extracellular substrates and contributes to local invasion by creating a microenvironment suitable for tumor development. Here, we report that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) triggers the MMP-3 expression in canine melanoma cells. The activity of MMP-3 in the culture supernatant was increased in IL-1β-treated melanoma cells. IL-1β time- and dose-dependently provoked the mRNA expression of MMP-3. IL-1β induced the migration of melanoma cells; however, this migration was attenuated by UK356618, an MMP-3 inhibitor. When the cells were treated with the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor TPCA-1, the inhibition of MMP-3 expression was observed. In IL-1β-treated cells, the phosphorylation both of p65/RelA and p105 was detected, indicating NF-κB pathway activation. In p65/RelA-depleted melanoma cells, IL-1β-mediated mRNA expression of MMP-3 was inhibited, whereas this reduction was not observed in p105-depleted cells. These findings suggest that MMP-3 expression in melanoma cells is regulated through IL-1β-mediated p65/RelA activation, which is involved in melanoma cell migration.

Citromycin Isolated from the Antarctic Marine-Derived Fungi, Sporothrix sp., Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Cell Invasion via Suppression of ERK Signaling

Recently, microorganisms and their metabolites in the Antarctic marine environment have attracted attention as useful sources for novel therapeutics, including anticancer drugs. Here, we investigated the effects of citromycin, isolated from the Antarctic marine-derived fungus, Sporothrix sp., on human ovarian cancer cells. Citromycin inhibited the migration and invasion of human ovarian cancer SKOV3 and A2780 cells, but had no cytotoxic activity against them. Additionally, it inhibited the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP9. Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 signaling was inhibited after citromycin treatment, and the ectopic expression of ERK negated the anti-invasive activity of citromycin. Our findings suggest that citromycin inhibits the migration and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells by downregulating the expression levels of EMT markers and MMP-2/9 via inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway.

TIMP-2 regulates 5-Fu resistance via the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in colorectal cancer

5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) is the first-line chemotherapeutic option for colorectal cancer. However, its efficacy is inhibited by drug resistance. Cytokines play an important role in tumor drug resistance, even though their mechanisms are largely unknown. Using a cytokine array, we established that tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) is highly expressed in 5-Fu resistant colorectal cancer patients. Analysis of samples from 84 patients showed that elevated TIMP-2 expression levels in colorectal patients were correlated with poor prognostic outcomes. In a 5-Fu-resistant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, TIMP-2 was also found to be highly expressed. We established an autocrine mechanism through which elevated TIMP-2 protein levels sustained colorectal cancer cell resistance to 5-Fu by constitutively activating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Inhibition of TIMP-2 using an anti-TIMP-2 antibody or ERK/MAPK inhibition by U0126 suppressed TIMP-2 mediated 5-Fu-resistance in CRC patients. In conclusion, a novel TIMP-2-ERK/MAPK mediated 5-Fu resistance mechanism is involved in colorectal cancer. Therefore, targeting TIMP-2 or ERK/MAPK may provide a new strategy to overcome 5-Fu resistance in colorectal cancer chemotherapy.

Correlation between Peri-Implant Marginal Bone Loss Progression and Peri-Implant Sulcular Fluid Levels of Metalloproteinase-8

Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze peri-implant marginal bone loss levels/rates and peri-implant sulcular fluid levels/rates of metalloproteinase-8 in three timeframes (6 months post-surgery—restoration delivery (T0)—and 6 (T6) and 24 (T24)-months post-loading) and to evaluate if there is a correlation between peri-implant sulcular fluid levels of metalloproteinase-8 and peri-implant marginal bone loss progression. Materials and Methods: Two cohorts of patients undergoing implant surgery between January 2017 and January 2019 were selected in this retrospective study. A total of 39 patients received 39 implants with a laser-microtextured collar surface, and 41 subjects received 41 implants with a machined/smooth surface. For each patient, periapical radiographs and a software package were used to measure marginal bone loss rates. Implant fluid samples were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The modified plaque index, probing depth, and bleeding on probing were also recorded. Results: High marginal bone rates at T24 were strongly associated with elevated rates between T0 and T6. The levels of metalloproteinase-8 were significantly more elevated around implants with marginal bone loss, in relation to implants without marginal bone loss. Marginal bone loss (MBL) rates at 24 months were associated with initial bone loss rates and initial levels of metalloproteinase-8. Conclusions: Peri-implant marginal bone loss progression is statistically correlated to peri-implant sulcular fluid levels of metalloproteinase-8. Moreover, the initial high levels of marginal bone loss and metalloproteinase-8 can be considered as indicators of the subsequent progression of peri-implant MBL: implants with increased marginal bone loss rates and metalloproteinase-8 levels at 6 months after loading are likely to achieve additional marginal bone loss values.

Galectin-3 Modulates Macrophage Activation and Contributes Smooth Muscle Cells Apoptosis in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathogenesis

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a 26-kDa lectin that regulates many aspects of inflammatory cell behavior. We assessed the hypothesis that increased levels of Gal-3 contribute to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression by enhancing monocyte chemoattraction through macrophage activation. We analyzed the plasma levels of Gal-3 in 76 patients with AAA (AAA group) and 97 controls (CTL group) as well as in angiotensin II (Ang-II)-infused ApoE knockout mice. Additionally, conditioned media (CM) were used to polarize THP-1 monocyte to M1 macrophages with or without Gal-3 inhibition through small interfering RNA targeted deletion to investigate whether Gal-3 inhibition could attenuate macrophage-induced inflammation and smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis. Our results showed a markedly increased expression of Gal-3 in the plasma and aorta in the AAA patients and experimental mice compared with the CTL group. An in vitro study demonstrated that the M1 cells exhibited increased Gal-3 expression. Gal-3 inhibition markedly decreased the quantity of macrophage-induced inflammatory regulators, including IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β, as well as messenger RNA expression and MMP-9 activity. Moreover, Gal-3-deficient CM weakened SMC apoptosis through Fas activation. These findings prove that Gal-3 may contribute to AAA progression by the activation of inflammatory macrophages, thereby promoting SMC apoptosis.

Relative gene expression analysis of human pterygium tissues and UV radiation-evoked gene expression patterns in corneal and conjunctival cells

A sight threatening, pterygium is a common ocular surface disorders identified by fibrovascular growth of the cornea and induced by variety of stress factors, like ultraviolet (UV) exposure. However, the genes involved in the etiopathogenesis of this disease is not well studied. Herein, we identified the gene expression pattern of pterygium and examined the expression of pterygium-related genes in UV-B-induced human primary cultured corneal epithelial cells (HCEpCs), telomerase immortalized human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi), primary conjunctival fibroblast (HConFs) and primary pterygium fibroblast cells (HPFCs). A careful analysis revealed that the expression of 10 genes was significantly modulated (by > 10-fold). Keratin 24 (KRT24) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were dramatically upregulated by 49.446- and 24.214-fold, respectively. Intriguingly, UV-B exposure (50 J/m²) induced the upregulation of the expressions of MMP-9 in corneal epithelial cells such as HCEpCs and hTCEpi. Furthermore, UV-B exposure (100 and/or 200 J/m²) induced the upregulation of the expressions of MMP-9 in fibroblast such as HConFs and HPFCs. The exposure of HCEpCs to 100 and 200 J/m² UV-B induced significant expressions of KRT24 mRNA. Nevertheless, no expression of KRT24 mRNA was detected in HConFs and HPFCs. The findings provide evidence that the progression of pterygium may involve the modulation of extracellular matrix-related genes and vasculature development and the up-regulation of KRT24 and MMP-9 by UV stress. UV radiation may promote the modulation of these pterygium-related genes and induce the initiation and progression of human pterygium.

mRNA Expression Analysis of E-Cadherin, VEGF, and MMPs in Gastric Cancer: a Pilot Study

Gastric cancer (GC) is a serious fatal cancer on a global scale because of its presentation at advanced stage. The expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), E-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in other cancers have been reported. However, its expression and underlying mechanisms are little known in gastric cancer in Indian context. In this study, we detected mRNA expression of VEGF, E-cadherin, and MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9) in 73 gastric cancer tissues and 27 normal controls by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Receiver operator characteristics analysis was done for determining the diagnostic utility of VEGF, MMPs and E-cadherin with respect to the sensitivity and specificity. The association of VEGF, MMPs, and E-cadherin expression with the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis was subsequently analyzed. The mRNA expression results showed that E-cadherin was significantly downregulated in 47.9% of GC in comparison to control. There was no change in VEGF expression observed in 90.4% GC cases. MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were overexpressed in 13.7%, 28.8%, and 11% of GC, respectively, with significant change in MMP-2 (p ≤ 0.0001) and MMP-9 (p = 0.027) in comparison to control. Our results strengthen the necessity of more studies to elucidate the prophetic role of these genes in the development of gastric cancer.

Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 has both anti-metastatic and anti-tumourigenic properties

TIMP-3 is one of four tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, the endogenous inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinase enzymes. These enzymes have an important role in metastasis, in the invasion of cancer cells through the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. TIMP-1, -2 and -4 both promote and inhibit tumour development, in a context-dependent manner, however TIMP-3 is consistently anti-tumourigenic. TIMP-3 is also the only insoluble member of the family, being either bound to the extracellular matrix or the low density lipoprotein-related protein-1, through which it can be endocytosed. Levels of TIMP-3 have also been shown to be regulated by micro RNAs and promoter hypermethylation, resulting in frequent silencing in many tumour types, to the extent that its expression has been suggested as a prognostic marker in some tumours, being associated with lower levels of metastasis, or better response to treatment. TIMP-3 has been shown to have anti-metastatic effects, both through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and ADAM family members and downregulation of angiogenesis. This occurs via interactions with receptors including VEGF, via modulation of signaling pathways and due to protease inhibition. TIMP-3 has also been shown to reduce tumour growth rate, most often by inducing apoptosis by stabilisation of death receptors. A number of successful mechanisms of delivery of TIMP-3 to tumour or inflammatory sites have been investigated in vitro or in animal studies. It may therefore be worthwhile further exploring the use of TIMP-3 as a potential anti-metastatic or anti-tumorigenic therapy for many tumour types.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2: Not (just) a "hero" of the past

The 72-kDa type IV collagenase or gelatinase A is the second member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, MMP-2. Since the discovery of its first two substrates within components of the extracellular matrix, denatured interstitial type I collagen and native type IV collagen, the roles and various levels of regulation of MMP-2 have been intensively studied, mainly in vitro. Its (over)expression in most if not all tumors was considered a hallmark of cancer aggressiveness and boosted investigations aiming at its inhibition. Unfortunately, the enthusiasm subsided like a soufflé after clinical trial failures, mostly because of insufficient knowledge of in vivo MMP-2 activities and detrimental side effects of broad-spectrum MMP inhibition. Nowadays, MMP-2 remains a major topic of interest in research, the second in the MMP family after MMP-9. This review presents a broad overview of the major features of this protease. This knowledge is crucial to identify diagnostic or therapeutic strategies focusing on MMP-2. In this sense, recent publications and clinical trials underline the potential value of measuring circulating or tissular MMP-2 levels as diagnostic or prognostic tools, or as a useful secondary outcome for therapies against other primary targets. Direct MMP-2 inhibition has benefited from substantial progress in the design of more specific inhibitors but their in vivo application remains challenging but certainly worth the efforts it receives.

VEGF Induce Vasculogenic Mimicry of Choroidal Melanoma through the PI3k Signal Pathway

Purpose

To explore the effect of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) on the vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation of Choroidal Melanoma (CM) through PI3k signal pathway, to find novel targets for CM therapy.

Methods

This research investigated the molecular mechanism of VEGF promoting VM formation of CM. First, we evaluated the expressions of VEGF in 20 CM specimens by immunohistochemical determination. Then we detected expressions of VEGF, AKT, MT1-MMP, MMP2, and MMP9 of OCM-1 in hypoxia. siRNA was used to inhibit the expression of VEGF, to realize the control of the VM formation. The VM formation was evaluated through wound healing assay, transwell assay, and apoptosis. And then we testify the correlation of the VM and the factors in protein and mRNA level preliminarily.

Results

VEGF protein was expressed in CM in all 20 cases of CM, especially along the VM. In hypoxia, the expression of VEGF in OCM-1 increased significantly. VEGF gene deletion reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OCM-1. VEGF gene deletion impaired the expression of invasive associated genes like VEGF, p-AKT, AKT, MT1-MMP, MMP2, and MMP9. These results indicate that VEGF induce VM formation in CM by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Conclusions

VEGF promoted VM formation by the PI3K signal transduction pathway, indicating a molecular mechanism which may be used to develop new therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of CM.

Therapeutic efficacy of anti-MMP9 antibody in combination with nab-paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in pre-clinical models of pancreatic cancer

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is involved in the proteolysis of extracellular proteins and plays a critical role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression, invasion and metastasis. The therapeutic potential of an anti‐MMP9 antibody (αMMP9) was evaluated in combination with nab‐paclitaxel (NPT)‐based standard cytotoxic therapy in pre‐clinical models of PDAC. Tumour progression and survival studies were performed in NOD/SCID mice. The mechanistic evaluation involved RNA‐Seq, Luminex, IHC and Immunoblot analyses of tumour samples. Median animal survival compared to controls was significantly increased after 2‐week therapy with NPT (59%), Gem (29%) and NPT+Gem (76%). Addition of αMMP9 antibody exhibited further extension in survival: NPT+αMMP9 (76%), Gem+αMMP9 (47%) and NPT+Gem+αMMP9 (94%). Six‐week maintenance therapy revealed that median animal survival was significantly increased after NPT+Gem (186%) and further improved by the addition of αMMP9 antibody (218%). Qualitative assessment of mice exhibited that αMMP9 therapy led to a reduction in jaundice, bloody ascites and metastatic burden. Anti‐MMP9 antibody increased the levels of tumour‐associated IL‐28 (1.5‐fold) and decreased stromal markers (collagen I, αSMA) and the EMT marker vimentin. Subcutaneous tumours revealed low but detectable levels of MMP9 in all therapy groups but no difference in MMP9 expression. Anti‐MMP9 antibody monotherapy resulted in more gene expression changes in the mouse stroma compared to the human tumour compartment. These findings suggest that anti‐MMP9 antibody can exert specific stroma‐directed effects that could be exploited in combination with currently used cytotoxics to improve clinical PDAC therapy.

Changes Due to Ageing in the Glycan Structure of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin and Its Reactivity with Ligands

Alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) is a molecule generally associated with inflammation, and chronic inflammation is associated with ageing and cancer. The degree of inflammation was recently proposed to be considered as a biomarker of biological ageing. In this study, glycans attached to α2M were analysed in a human population of different ages by lectin-based protein microarray. Higher reactivity of α2M with several lectins was detected in older individuals indicating an increased content of specific monosaccharides: α2,6 sialic acid, mannose and N-acetylglucosamine, and multiantennary complex type N-glycans. The increased glycosylation of α2M was accompanied by reduced binding of Zn ions and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). Glycosylation of α2M and its reactivity with IGFBP-2 is similarly affected by ageing and incidence of colon cancer, but the reactivity of α2M with Zn ions is differently affected, as the binding of Zn ions remains unaltered in patients with colon cancer compared to healthy middle-aged individuals. Thus, the binding of IGFBP-2 to α2M seems to be related to structural changes in the glycan moieties of α2M, whereas binding of Zn ions, most likely, is not.

Evaluation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-modified scaffold determines macrophage recruitment

Biomaterials based on the modulation of macrophages have gained increased attention recently. Macrophages are generally divided into the pro-inflammatory M1 and pro-regenerative M2 phenotypes. Macrophages play a pivotal role in bone regeneration by regulating osteoblast differentiation and secreting pro-regenerative factors. In the present study, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-modified collagen membranes downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors and promoted the recruitment of M2 macrophages, as evidenced by the expression of M2 macrophage markers (CD163 and CD206). It is further demonstrated that the recruitment of M2 macrophages may be involved with CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) signaling, with a significant downregulation of CD206 following CCR2 knockout. These results suggested that EGCG-modified collagen membranes may modulate the recruitment of macrophages and can be applied to guided bone regeneration and guided tissue regeneration.

Diagnostic Power of Cytokine M-CSF, Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and Tissue Inhibitor-2 (TIMP-2) in Cervical Cancer Patients Based on ROC Analysis

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its specific tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer disease. We investigated the plasma levels and diagnostic power (ROC curve analysis) of M-CSF, MMP-2, TIMP-2 and tumor markers CA 125 and SCC-Ag in cervical cancer (CC) patients as compared to control group. The study included 89 patients with cervical cancer. The control group consisted of 50 healthy, untreated women. The plasma levels of M-CSF, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were determined using ELISA, CA 125 and SCC-Ag – by CMIA method. The median levels of M-CSF, TIMP-2, SCC-Ag and CA 125 in the entire group of CC were significantly different than compared to the healthy women group. MMP-2 showed the highest value of sensitivity from all examined parameters (in stage I of CC – 93.10%, II – 82.76%, III and IV – 96.88%, total group – 92.05%). The highest specificity was obtained by M-CSF (86%). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of M-CSF (0.8051) was the largest of all the tested parameters (even higher than commonly used tumor markers) in the group of cervical cancer. The combination of M-CSF, MMP-2 or TIMP-2 with SCC antigen resulted in an increase AUCs in all cases (0.8760;0.7880;0.8081;respectively). The findings of this study suggest the usefulness of all examined parameters in the diagnostics of CC patients. Out of the tested substances, M-CSF also appears to be the best candidate for cancer diagnostics in all stages of the disease, based on ROC analysis.

Association of MMP-2 (⁻1306 C/T) Gene Polymorphism with Predisposition to Optic Neuritis and Optic Neuritis Together with Multiple Sclerosis

Background and objective: Optic neuritis (ON) is characterized by painful, usually monocular vision loss with decreased visual acuity and defects of the visual field and color vision. The etiology and pathophysiology of ON is not completely clear. It is thought that a matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene plays an essential role in this autoimmune inflammatory disease. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the MMP-2 (-1306 C/T)rs243865 gene polymorphism and ON, and that of ON with multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods: Patients with ON/ON and multiple sclerosis and a control group of healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. The genotyping test of the MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) was carried out using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Analysis revealed that T allele at the MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) was less frequent in the ON group compared to the control group (14.5% vs. 23.3%, p = 0.031), and was associated with decreased likelihood of ON development (OR = 0.566; 95% CI: 0.333-0.962; p = 0.036). No significant associations were revealed while comparing the subgroups of ON patients with and without multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: The MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) gene polymorphism was found to be associated with ON development.

Efficacy, safety and recurrence of new progestins and selective progesterone receptor modulator for the treatment of endometriosis: a comparison study in mice

BACKGROUND

Current medical treatments for endometriosis are very limited. Progestin and selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRM) are developed but their efficacy, safety, mechanism and recurrence in endometriosis are not fully studied.

METHODS

In order to compare therapeutic, side effects and therapeutic actions of Esmya, Duphaston and Dienogest in endometriosis. Experimental endometriosis was induced by either intraperitoneal or subcutaneous mouse endometrium transplantation. Lesion size, weight and histology at the end of intervention were compared. Expression of related markers in the endometriotic lesions were examined. Body, uterus and ovary weights, endometrial glands and thickness (ETI), and follicle count were measured. For recurrent study, lesion growth before and after intervention was monitored.

RESULTS

After Esmya, Duphaston, Dienogest treatment, lesion size and weight were significantly decreased. Proliferation Pcna expression was significantly decreased in all groups, but proliferation cells were significantly decreased only in Duphaston group. Apoptosis Mapk1 expression and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in Duphaston group. Adhesion Mmp2 and Itgavβ3 expression were significantly increased in Esmya group. Plau, Hif1α and Vegfa expression, peritoneal fluid PGE2 levels, and ERα and ERβ expression were not affected; while PR expression was significantly lower in all groups. Endometrial gland count in uterus was significantly increased in Dienogest group, ETI was significantly decreased in Duphaston group, and AFC were significantly increased in Esmya group. Upon treatment cessation, lesion growth rebound quickly in Dienogest and Duphaston groups, but slowly in Esmya group.

CONCLUSION

Esmya, Duphaston and Dienogest are effective anti-endometriosis drugs targeting proliferation, apoptosis and adhesion. Esmya, Duphaston and Dienogest are all well tolerable, although endometrial glandular hyperplasia was found in Dienogest, endometrial atrophy in Duphaston, follicle accumulation in Esmya.

Computational Approaches to Matrix Metalloprotease Drug Design

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-containing enzymes required for homeostasis. These enzymes are an important class of drug targets as their over expression is associated with many disease states. Most of the inhibitors reported against this class of proteins have failed in clinical trials due to lack of specificity. In order to assist in drug design endeavors for MMP targets, a computationally tractable pathway is presented, comprising, (1) docking of small molecule inhibitors against the target MMPs, (2) derivation of quantum mechanical charges on the zinc ion in the active site and the amino acids coordinating with zinc including the inhibitor molecule, (3) molecular dynamics simulations on the docked ligand-MMP complexes, and (4) evaluation of binding affinities of the ligand-MMP complexes via an accurate scoring function for zinc containing metalloprotein-ligand complexes. The above pathway was applied to study the interaction of the inhibitor Batimastat with MMPs, which resulted in a high correlation between the predicted and experimental binding free energies, suggesting the potential applicability of the pathway.

DNA hypermethylation as a predictor of extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) in rectal cancer

PURPOSE

DNA hypermethylation in gene promoter regions (CpG islands) is emerging as an important pathway in colorectal cancer tumourigenesis. Whilst genetic mutations have been associated with extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) in rectal cancer, no such association has yet been made with epigenetic factors.

METHODS

100 consecutive neoadjuvant-naïve patients undergoing curative surgery for rectal were classified according to the presence or absence of EMVI on histopathological examination. DNA was extracted from tumours and subjected to bisulfite conversion and methylation-specific PCR to determine CIMP status (high, intermediate, or low; according to a validated panel of 8 genes). CIMP status was correlated with EMVI status, histopathological, clinical, and demographic variables, in addition to overall (OS) and disease free (DFS) survival.

RESULTS

51 patients were characterised as CIMP-low, 48 CIMP-intermediate, and one patient CIMP-high. EMVI-positivity was associated with CIMP-intermediate epigenotype (p < 0.001). Patients with EMVI-positive tumours were found to have significantly more advanced disease by pT, pN, and pAJCC categorisation (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, and = p < 0.001, respectively). EMVI-positivity was significantly associated with the requirement for adjuvant chemotherapy (p < 0.001), and worse DFS but not OS (p = 0.012 and p = 0.052).

CONCLUSIONS

Given the association between CIMP-intermediate epigenotype and EMVI-positivity, and the subsequent disadvantage in pathological stage, requirement for adjuvant therapy and worse survival, tumour epigenotyping could potentially play an important role in personalising patients' cancer care. Further work is required to understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed effect, with the hope that they may provide novel opportunities for intervention and inform treatment decisions in rectal cancer.

Human aqueous humor levels of transforming growth factor-β2: Association with matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases

The present study aims to investigate the association of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-3, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 in the aqueous humor of patients with high myopia or cataracts. The levels of TGF-β2 and MMPs/TIMPs were measured with the Luminex xMAP Technology using commercially available Milliplex xMAP kits. The association between TGF-β2 and MMPs/TIMPs levels was analyzed using the Spearmans correlation test. The levels of TGF-β2 were identified to be positively correlated with the levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 (TIMP-1: r=0.334; P=0.007; TIMP-3: r=0.309; P=0.012). The levels of MMP-2, MMP-3 and TIMP-2 did not significantly correlate with TGF-β2 levels (P>0.05). A positive correlation was identified between TGF-β2 and TIMPs in the aqueous humor of human eyes with elongated axial length. It appears that TGF-β2 stimulates the expression of TIMPs as a compensatory reaction to the development of high myopia.

CCR10 activation stimulates the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells through the ERK1/2/MMP-7 signaling pathway

CCR10, a member of the chemokine receptor subfamily, is overexpressed in several tumors and play a crucial role in cancer development and progression. However, the functions of CCR10 in breast cancer are unknown. Here, we detected the protein levels of CCR10 in breast cancer cells by western blotting, and examined CCR10 expression in breast cancer tissues via immunohistochemical assay. The results showed that CCR10 expression was elevated in breast cancer MCF7, BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Further, 63 of 89 cases (70.8%) had positive CCR10 staining, and the CCR10 level was closely related to capsular invasion, lymph node metastasis and tumor stage. Moreover, CCL27, the ligand of CCR10, dose-dependently stimulated the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells, and promoted MMP-7 expression and ERK1/2 activation. CCR10 knockdown in breast cancer cells through siRNA transfection attenuated CCL27-induced cell invasiveness, and suppressed MMP-7 expression and ERK1/2 activation. Additionally, blocking the ERK1/2 pathway inhibited the CCL27/CCR10-promoted cell invasion of breast cancer cells. Together, these data suggest that CCL27/CCR10 interaction induces the ERK1/2 pathway, which then increases MMP-7 expresion and subsequently promotes breast cancer cell invasion and migration. Thus, CCR10 may be a key regulator in breast cancer cell invasion and migration.

Sensitive in vivo Visualization of Breast Cancer Using Ratiometric Protease-activatable Fluorescent Imaging Agent, AVB-620

With the goal of improving intraoperative cancer visualization, we have developed AVB-620, a novel intravenously administered, in vivo fluorescent peptide dye conjugate that highlights malignant tissue and is optimized for human use. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) hydrolyze AVB-620 triggering tissue retention and a ratiometric fluorescence color change which is visualized using camera systems capable of imaging fluorescence and white light simultaneously. AVB-620 imaging visualizes primary tumors and demonstrated high in vivo diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (both >95%) for identifying breast cancer metastases to lymph nodes in two immunocompetent syngeneic mouse models. It is well tolerated and single-dose toxicology studies in rats determined a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) at >110-fold above the imaging and estimated human dose. Protease specificity and hydrolysis kinetics were characterized and compared using recombinant MMPs. To understand the human translation potential, an in vitro diagnostic study was conducted to evaluate the ability of AVB-620 to differentiate human breast cancer tumor from healthy adjacent tissue. Patient tumor tissue and healthy adjacent breast tissue were homogenized, incubated with AVB-620, and fluorogenic responses were compared. Tumor tissue had 2-3 fold faster hydrolysis than matched healthy breast tissue; generating an assay sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 88%. AVB-620 has excellent sensitivity and specificity for identifying breast cancer in mouse and human tissue. Significant changes were made in the design of AVB-620 relative to previous ratiometric protease-activated agents. AVB-620 has pharmaceutical properties, fluorescence ratio dynamic range, usable diagnostic time window, a scalable synthesis, and a safety profile that have enabled it to advance into clinical evaluation in breast cancer patients.

Microwave-Assisted Facile Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation and Docking Study of N-((5-(Substituted methylene amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl) Benzamide Derivatives

In the present work, 12 novel Schiff’s bases containing a thiadiazole scaffold and benzamide groups coupled through appropriate pharmacophore were synthesized. These moieties are associated with important biological properties. A facile, solvent-free synthesis of a series of novel 7(a–l) N-((5-(substituted methylene amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl) benzamide was carried out under microwave irradiation. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, NMR, mass spectral study and elemental analysis. All the synthesized hybrids were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against a panel of four human cancer cell lines, viz. SK-MEL-2 (melanoma), HL-60 (leukemia), HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and normal breast epithelial cell (MCF-10A) using 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited promising anticancer activity, showed comparable GI₅₀ values comparable to that of the standard drug Adriamycin. The compounds 7k, 7l, 7b, and 7a were found to be the most promising anticancer agents in this study. A molecular docking study was performed to predict the probable mechanism of action and computational study of the synthesized compounds 7(a–l) was performed to predict absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties, by using QikProp v3.5 (Schrödinger LLC). The results showed the good oral drug-like behavior of the synthesized compounds 7(a–l).

Genetic Association of MMP10, MMP14, and MMP16 with Dental Caries

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade extracellular proteins as part of a variety of physiological processes, and their inhibitors have been implicated in the dental caries process. Here we investigated 28 genetic variants spanning the MMP10, MMP14, and MMP16 genes to detect association with dental caries experience in 13 age- and race-stratified (n = 3,587) samples from 6 parent studies. Analyses were performed separately for each sample, and results were combined across samples by meta-analysis. Two SNPs (rs2046315 and rs10429371) upstream of MMP16 were significantly associated with caries in an individual sample of white adults and via meta-analysis across 8 adult samples after gene-wise adjustment for multiple comparisons. Noteworthy is SNP rs2046315 (p = 8.14 × 10⁻⁸) association with caries in white adults. This SNP was originally nominated in a genome-wide-association study (GWAS) of dental caries in a sample of white adults and yielded associations in a subsequent GWAS of surface level caries in white adults as well. Therefore, in our study, we were able to recapture the association between rs2046315 and dental caries in white adults. Although we did not strengthen evidence that MMPs 10, 14, and 16 influence caries risk, MMP16 is still a likely candidate gene to pursue.

Correlations Between MMPs and TIMPs Levels in Aqueous Humor from High Myopia and Cataract Patients

PURPOSE

To study the relationships between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-3, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 aqueous humor levels in patients with high myopia or cataract.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MMPs and TIMPs protein levels in 65 aqueous humor samples collected from patients with high myopia or cataract during cataract or clear lens extraction surgery were measured with the Luminex xMAP Technology. The relationship between MMPs and TIMPs levels was analyzed with Spearman's correlation test.

RESULTS

MMP-2 levels, but not MMP-3 levels, were increased in the aqueous humor from high-myopia patients. Levels of TIMP-1, -2, and -3 were positively and very significantly correlated with the MMP-2 levels (TIMP-1: r=0.626, p < 0.001; TIMP-2: r = 0.545, p < 0.001; TIMP-3: r = 0.439, p < 0.001). TIMP-2 and-3 levels did not significantly correlate with MMP-3 levels (TIMP-2: r = 0.175, p > 0.05; TIMP-3: r = 0.127, p > 0.05) and TIMP-1 levels only marginally correlated with MMP-3 levels (r = 0.278, 0.01< P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to the present findings with the relationship of MMPs and TIMPs in other fields of medicine, our results are consistent with the homeostasis hypothesis that the increase of TIMPs serves as a compensation reaction to inhibit the excessive degradation caused by the increase of MMPs and limits the development of myopia.

Effects of electromagnetic pulse exposure on gelatinase of blood-brain barrier in vitro

The biological effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on the brain have been focused on for years. It was reported that gelatinase played an important role in maintaining brain function through regulating permeability in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the effects of EMP on gelatinase of BBB, an in vitro BBB model was established using primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), astrocytes and half-contact culture of these cells in a transwell chamber. Cultured supernatant and cells were collected at different time points after exposure to EMP (peak intensity 400 kV/m, rise time 10 ns, pulse width 350 ns, 0.5 pps and 200 pulses). Protein levels of cellular gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9, and endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected by Western blot. The activity of gelatinase in culture supernatant was detected by gelatin zymography. It was found that compared with the sham-exposed group, the protein level of MMP-2 was significantly increased at 6 h (p < 0.05), and the protein level of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 did not change after EMP exposure. In addition, the protein levels of MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 did not change after EMP exposure. Gelatin zymography results showed that the activity of MMP-2 in the inner pool and the outer pool of the transwell chamber was significantly increased at 6 h after EMP exposure compared with that of the sham group. These results suggested that EMP exposure could affect the expression and activity of MMP-2 in the BBB model.

Molecular dynamics simulation study on the interaction of collagen-like peptides with gelatinase-A (MMP-2)

Although several models have been proposed for the interaction of collagen with gelatinase-A (matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2)), the extensive role of each domain of gelatinase A in hydrolyzing the collagens with and without interruptions is still elusive. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, normal mode analysis (NMA) and framework rigidity optimized dynamics algorithm (FRODAN) based analysis were carried out to understand the function of various domains of MMP-2 upon interaction with collagen like peptides. The results reveal that the collagen binding domain (CBD) binds to the C-terminal of collagen like peptide with interruption. CBD helps in unwinding the loosely packed interrupted region of triple helical structure to a greater extent. It can be possible to speculate that the role of hemopexin (HPX) domain is to prevent further unwinding of collagen like peptide by binding to the other end of the collagen like peptide. The catalytic (CAT) domain then reorients itself to interact with the part of the unwound region of collagen like peptide for further hydrolysis. In conclusion the CBD of MMP-2 recognizes the collagen and aids in unwinding the collagen like peptide with interruptions, and the HPX domain of MMP-2 binds to the other end of the collagen allowing CAT domain to access the cleavage site. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the structural basis of collagenolysis by MMP-2.

The downregulation of miR‑125a‑5p functions as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting MMP‑11 in osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone cancers in juveniles and adults. Increasingly, reports indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) may provide novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of miR‑125a‑5p and to identify its functional significance in osteosarcoma. This indicated that miR‑125a‑5p was downregulated in osteosarcoma tissue and cell lines using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Following transfection with miR‑125a‑5p mimics or the negative control, cell migration, invasion and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) assays were conducted in osteosarcoma cells. These results indicated that the overexpression of miR‑125a‑5p resulted in inhibited osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion and EMT in vitro. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that matrix metallopeptidase‑11 (MMP‑11), was a direct target of miR‑125a‑5p in osteosarcoma. Taken together, the data demonstrate that miR‑125a‑5p functions as a tumor suppressor gene and serves an important role in inhibiting osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion and EMT by targeting MMP‑11.

Association study for the role of Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 3 gene polymorphisms in dental caries susceptibility

OBJECTIVE

Various exogenous and endogenous risk factors have been described as contributing to dental caries susceptibility. In the last decade it has been established that both pro and active forms of host derived Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are present in the oral cavity. MMPs role in caries development has been hypothesized. The aim of this study was to analyse MMP2 (rs2287074) and MMP3 (rs679620) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their role in caries susceptibility.

DESIGN

The two SNPs were analysed by PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in a sample of 102 ethnic Bulgarian volunteers (42 males and 60 females), all students in Sofia Medical University.

RESULTS

Statistical analysis of the MMP2 SNP showed significant differences for the genotype frequencies between the caries free (CF, DMFT=0) and low caries experience (LCE, DMFT≤5) groups. Analysis for the non-synonymous MMP3 SNP found significant differences between both CF vs caries experience groups (LCE+ high caries experience (HCE, DMFT≥5)) and LCE vs HCE groups. The presence of allele G decreased the risk of HCE about 4 times.

CONCLUSIONS

MMP2 and MMP3 genes are likely to be involved in caries susceptibility in our population. However, as dental caries is a multifactorial disorder and several genes are likely to have influence on it, it is reasonable to expect that SNPs, even those proven to be functional like rs679620, potentially play a significant, but not major role in the disease outcome.

Role of MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) Polymorphism in Pituitary Adenoma

Purpose. To determine if the frequency of the genotype of MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) Rs243865 has an influence on the development of pituitary adenoma (PA). Methods. The study enrolled n = 84 patients with PA and a random sample of the population n = 318 (reference group). The genotyping test of MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) was carried out using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results. Analysis of MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) gene polymorphism has not revealed any differences in the genotype (C/C, C/T, and T/T) distribution between the PA patients and the reference group (as follows: 50%, 44%, and 6% versus 59.75%, 33.96%, and 6.29%). MMP-2 (-1306) C/C genotype was rarely observed in noninvasive PA compared to healthy controls: 35.1% versus 59.75%; p = 0.0049, as well C/C genotype being more frequently detected in nonrecurrence PA compared to healthy controls: 46.5% versus 59.75%; p = 0.0468. MMP-2 (-1306) C/T genotype was more frequently present in PA females compared to healthy controls females: 49.1% versus 33.66%; p = 0.041. Conclusion. Patients with noninvasive and nonrecurrence pituitary adenoma were the carriers of the C/C genotype significantly more frequently than their control counterparts and the C/T genotype in females was more frequent.

Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in Lacrimal Gland Disease in Animal Models of Sjögren's Syndrome

PURPOSE

Chronic inflammation of the lacrimal gland results in changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is believed to compromise tissue repair. We hypothesized that increased production/activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-2 and -9, in inflamed lacrimal glands modifies the ECM environment, therefore disrupting tissue repair.

METHODS

The lacrimal glands from female MRL/lpr and male NOD mice along with their respective control strains were harvested and divided into three pieces and processed for histology, immunohistochemistry, zymography, Western blotting, and RNA analyses. In another study, MRL/lpr mice were treated for 5 weeks with a selective MMP2/9 inhibitor peptide or a control peptide. At the end of treatment, the lacrimal glands were excised and the tissue was processed as described above.

RESULTS

There was a 2.5- and 2.7-fold increase in MMP2 gene expression levels in MRL/lpr and NOD mice, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 enzymatic activities and protein expression levels were significantly upregulated in the lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr and NOD mice compared to controls. Treatment with the MMP2/9 inhibitor resulted in decreased activity of MMP-2 and -9 both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, MMP2/9 inhibitor treatment of MRL/lpr mice improved aqueous tear production and resulted in reduced number and size of lymphocytic foci in diseased lacrimal glands.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that MMP2/9 expression and activity are elevated in lacrimal glands of two murine models of Sjögren's syndrome, suggesting that manipulation of MMP2/9 activity might be a potential therapeutic target in chronically inflamed lacrimal glands.

Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease

The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex immune/inflammatory cascade that is initiated by the bacteria of the oral biofilm that forms naturally on the teeth. The susceptibility to periodontitis appears to be determined by the host response; specifically, the magnitude of the inflammatory response and the differential activation of immune pathways. The purpose of this review was to delineate our current knowledge of the host response in periodontitis. The role of innate immunity, the failure of acute inflammation to resolve (thus becoming chronic), the cytokine pathways that regulate the activation of acquired immunity and the cells and products of the immune system are considered. New information relating to regulation of both inflammation and the immune response will be reviewed in the context of susceptibility to, and perhaps control of, periodontitis.

Effect of Bevacizumab on Human Tenon's Fibroblasts Cultured from Primary and Recurrent Pterygium

The purpose of this study was to compare the inhibitory effect of bevacizumab on human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs) cultured from primary and recurrent pterygium. Cultured HTFs were exposed to 2.0, 5.0, 7.5, and 15.0 mg/mL concentration of bevacizumab for 24 hours. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays were then performed to assess fibroblast metabolism and viability. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), procollagen type I C terminal propeptide (PIP), and laminin immunoassays were performed to examine extracellular matrix production. Changes in cellular morphology were examined by phase-contrast and transmission electron microscopy. Both metabolic activity and viability of primary and recurrent pterygium HTFs were inhibited by bevacizumab in a dose-dependent manner, especially at concentrations greater than 7.5 mg/mL. Both types of HTFs had significant decreases in MMP-1, PIP, and laminin levels. Distinctly, the inhibitory effect of bevacizumab on MMP-1 level related with collagenase in primary pterygium HTFs was significantly higher than that of recurrent pterygium. Significant changes in cellular density and morphology both occurred at bevacizumab concentrations greater than 7.5 mg/mL. Only primary pterygium HTFs had a reduction in cellular density at a bevacizumab concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. Bevacizumab inhibits primary and recurrent pterygium HTFs in a dose-dependent manner, especially at concentrations greater than 7.5 mg/mL. As the primary HTFs produces larger amounts of MMP-1 compared to recurrent HTFs, significant reduction in MMP-1 level in primary pterygium HTFs after exposure to bevacizumab is likely to be related to the faster cellular density changes in primary pterygium HTFs.

The effect of dietary and/or cosmetic argan oil on postmenopausal skin elasticity

Background

During menopause, the decrease of estrogenic secretion induces the disruption of skin functioning, thus causing the decline in skin elasticity characteristic of skin aging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in postmenopausal women the effect of daily consumption and/or application of argan oil on skin elasticity.

Materials and methods

Sixty postmenopausal women consumed butter during the stabilization period and were randomly divided into two groups for the intervention period: the treatment group of 30 participants received dietary argan oil, the control group of 30 participants received olive oil, and both groups applied cosmetic argan oil in the left volar forearm during a 60-day period. Assessments of skin elasticity parameters, ie, the three R-parameters (R2 or gross-elasticity of the skin, R5 or net elasticity of the skin, and R7 or biological elasticity), and the resonance running time (RRT) at both volar forearms of the two groups were performed during three visits: before starting oils consumption and application, after 30 days of oils consumption and application, and after 60 days of oils consumption and application.

Results

The consumption of argan oil led to a significant increase of gross-elasticity of the skin (R2) (P<0.001), net elasticity of the skin (R5) (P<0.001), biological elasticity (R7) (P<0.001), and a significant decrease of RRT (P=0.002). The application of argan oil led to a significant increase of gross-elasticity of the skin (R2) (P<0.001), net elasticity of the skin (R5) (P<0.001), biological elasticity (R7) (P=0.001), and a significant decrease of RRT (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the daily consumption and/or topical application of argan oil have an anti-aging effect on the skin demonstrated by the improvement of skin elasticity, characterized by an increase of R-parameters (R2, R5, and R7) and a decrease of RRT.

Alpha-2-macroglobulin as a radioprotective agent: a review

Radiation is an important modality in cancer treatment, and eighty percent of cancer patients need radiotherapy at some point during their clinical management. However, radiation-induced damage to normal tissues restricts the therapeutic doses of radiation that can be delivered to tumours and thereby limits the effectiveness of the treatment. The use of radioprotectors represents an obvious strategy to obtain better tumour control using a higher dose in radiotherapy. However, most of the synthetic radioprotective compounds studied have shown inadequate clinical efficacy owing to their inherent toxicity and high cost. Hence, the development of radioprotective agents with lower toxicity and an extended window of protection has attracted a great deal of attention, and the identification of alternative agents that are less toxic and highly effective is an absolute necessity. Recent studies have shown that alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) possesses radioprotective effects. α2M is a tetrameric, disulfide-rich plasma glycoprotein that functions as a non-selective inhibitor of different types of non-specific proteases and as a carrier of cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. α2M induces protein factors whose interplay underlies radioprotection, which supports the idea that α2M is the central effector of natural radioprotection in the rat. Pretreatment with α2M has also induced a significant reduction of irradiation-induced DNA damage and the complete restoration of liver and body weight. Mihailović et al. concluded that the radioprotection provided by α2M was in part mediated through cytoprotection of new blood cells produced in the bone marrow; these authors also indicated that an important aspect of the radioprotective effect of amifostine was the result of the induction of the endogenous cytoprotective capability of α2M. The radioprotective effects of α2M are possibly due to antioxidant, anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory functions, as well as the maintenance of homeostasis, and enhancement of the DNA repair and cell recovery processes. This review is the first to summarise the observations and elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of α2M. The lacunae in the existing knowledge and directions for future research are also addressed.

Targeting of the β6 gene to suppress degradation of ECM via inactivation of the MAPK pathway in breast adenocarcinoma cells

Integrin ανβ6 has emerged as a potential novel target for anticancer and plays a major role in promoting malignant tumor progression. Recent studies indicate that integrin ανβ6 occurs in many cancers. However, whether and how ανβ6 is regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in breast cancer remain unknown. In the present study, two different short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting the β6 gene were designed and constructed into pSUPER, respectively, which were transfected into the MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line. The β6-shRNA stably transfected cells were successfully established, and significant lower levels of ανβ6 mRNA and protein expression were confirmed. Furthermore, inhibition of integrin ανβ6 markedly downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in tumor conditioned medium. Furthermore, β6-shRNA-mediated silencing of the ανβ6 gene obviously decreased the expression of ERK1/2. In particular, supression of integrin ανβ6 caused significant downregulation of the degradation of basement membrane type IV collagen secretion via modulation of the plasminogen activation cascade. Our results thus indicate that ανβ6 plays a fundamental role in promoting invasion and growth of breast adenocarcinoma cells. Taken together, this study revealed that targeting of the β6 gene by RNA interference (RNAi) could efficiently downregulate ανβ6 expression and suppress the ERK1/2-dependent extracellular matrix degradation in vitro, which is dependent upon inactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These findings may offer a useful therapeutic approach to block invasion and migration of breast cancer cells.

Metastasis review: from bench to bedside

Cancer is the final result of uninhibited cell growth that involves an enormous group of associated diseases. One major aspect of cancer is when cells attack adjacent components of the body and spread to other organs, named metastasis, which is the major cause of cancer-related mortality. In developing this process, metastatic cells must successfully negotiate a series of complex steps, including dissociation, invasion, intravasation, extravasation, and dormancy regulated by various signaling pathways. In this review, we will focus on the recent studies and collect a comprehensive encyclopedia in molecular basis of metastasis, and then we will discuss some new potential therapeutics which target the metastasis pathways. Understanding the new aspects on molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling tumor cell metastasis is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies for cancer patients that would be valuable for researchers in both fields of molecular and clinical oncology.

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and their tissue inhibitor 2 (TIMP-2) in gastric cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) is able to degrade type IV collagen and its activity is mostly regulated by tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2). These proteins might play a role in tumor progression, including gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS

The study included 108 individuals, GC patients and healthy subjects. Serum levels of all analyzed markers were evaluated by the immunological methods, while immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of these proteins in GC, interstitial inflammatory cells and normal tissues.

RESULTS

The percentage of positive reactions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was higher in GC and inflammatory cells compared to normal tissue, while serum levels of these proteins were statistically lower in GC patients in comparison to healthy subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in inflammatory cells and the presence of lymph node metastasis. Area under ROC curve (AUC) for TIMP-2 was higher than MMP-2, while serum MMP-2 was an independent prognostic factor of GC patients' survival.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that TIMP-2 seems to be a predictor of tumor progression, especially for nodal involvement, whereas serum MMP-2 might be useful as an independent prognostic factor of patients' survival.

Metastasis via Peritumoral Lymphatic Dilation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE

Nodal metastasis is the main prognostic factor in the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We investigated the association between tumor-associated lymphatics and OSCC characteristics.

METHODS

Thirty-four specimens were used for the immunohistochemical staining with the antibody for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, phosphorylated VEGFR-3, D2-40, and matrix metallproteinases (MMPs). We observed the distribution of the lymphangiogenic factors and quantified the degree of expression. We determined lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and lymphatic vessel dilatation with D2-40 immunostaining. We assessed the association of LVD or lymphatic vessel dilatation with tumor progression or tumor differentiation.

RESULTS

OSCC cells expressed lymphangiogenic ligands. Lymphangiogenic receptor, VEGFR-3, was expressed and activated in some tumor cells as well as in tumor-associated endothelial cells. LVD was not associated with tumor size or nodal status, but lymphatic vessel dilatation was higher in tumors with nodal metastasis, and also higher in poorly differentiated tumors. In stromal area of OSCC, MMP-1 and MMP-10 were up-regulated and the basement membrane of tumor-associated endothelial cells was destroyed by these collagenases.

CONCLUSION

In the primary tumors with nodal metastasis, especially in poorly differentiated OSCC, tumor cells invaded the dilated lymphatic vessels via ruptured sites. MMP-1 and MMP-10 are important in the lysis of the glycocalyx inside the tumor-associated lymphatic endothelial cells.

A furin inhibitor downregulates osteosarcoma cell migration by downregulating the expression levels of MT1-MMP via the Wnt signaling pathway

This study aimed to explore the exact mechanism of the effect of a furin inhibitor on the migration and invasion of MG-63 and Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells. MG-63 and Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells were treated with regular culture medium in the presence or absence of 480 nM α1-antitrypsin Portland (α1-PDX). Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used for the detection of the effects of α1-PDX on MG-63 and Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion. Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression levels of membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), Wnt and β-catenin. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used for detection of the levels of MT1-MMP gene transcription activity. The results showed that α1-PDX treatment significantly reduced the migration and invasion ability of the cells. Notably, the expression levels of MT1-MMP decreased evidently upon α1-PDX treatment, paralleled with reductions in the expression levels of Wnt and β-catenin. Further analysis of the transcriptional activity of MT1-MMP revealed that the α1-PDX-induced downregulation of the levels of MT1-MMP was mediated by the Wnt signaling pathway. These data suggest that α1-PDX plays a vital role in inhibiting MG-63 and Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion by downregulating the expression levels of MT1-MMP via the Wnt signaling pathway.

Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteins in patients with glioma

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) proteins in patients with glioma, in order to determine if either protein has prognostic value.

METHOD

The presence of VEGF and MMP-9 proteins in paraffin-embedded tumour specimens from patients with glioma was detected using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the levels of VEGF and MMP-9 proteins and tumour grade was analysed.

RESULTS

A total of 32 patients with low-grade gliomas (World Health Organization [WHO] grade II) and 48 patients with high-grade gliomas (WHO grades III-IV) participated in the study. Positive immunohistochemical staining of VEGF and MMP-9 proteins was detected in 58/80 (72.5%) and 60/80 (75.0%) of patients, respectively. The level of VEGF immunostaining was significantly positively correlated with the level of MMP-9 immunostaining (r = 0.78). Significantly more high-grade gliomas (grades III-IV) demonstrated positive VEGF and MMP-9 immunostaining compared with the low grade gliomas (grades I-II).

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that VEGF and MMP-9 play an important role in the malignant behaviour of gliomas.

Discovery of potent inhibitor for matrix metalloproteinase-9 by pharmacophore based modeling and dynamics simulation studies

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an attractive target for anticancer therapy. In the present study ligand based pharmacophore modeling was performed to elucidate the structural elements for a diverse class of MMP-9 inhibitors. The pharmacophore model was validated through Güner-Henry (GH) scoring method. The final pharmacophore model consisted of three hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), and two ring aromatic regions (RA). This model was utilized to screen the natural compound database to seek novel compounds as MMP-9 inhibitors. The identified hits were validated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Finally, one compound named Hinokiflavone from Juniperus communis had high binding free energy of -26.54kJ/mol compared with the known inhibitors of MMP-9. Cytotoxicity for hinokiflavone was evaluated by MTT assay. Inhibition of MMP-9 in the presence of hinokiflavone was detected by gelatin zymography and gelatinolytic inhibition assay. Results revealed that the natural compounds derived based on the developed pharmacophore model would be useful for further design and development of MMP-9 inhibitors.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the tumors of central nervous system (CNS)

Malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) account for about 1.3 % of all tumors and 2.2 % of all cancer-related deaths. CNS tumors consist of heterogeneous group of neoplasms, including different variants of primary brain tumors and metastatic neoplasms. Advanced imaging techniques improved the neuroradiological diagnostic accuracy, although these methods are not specific enough for differentiation of CNS tumors, thus new approaches of patients' diagnosis are critically needed. The best solution for the diagnosis of patients with CNS tumors could be easily available biomarkers, which could be useful for the management of CNS neoplasms. Biomarkers should facilitate the diagnosis, monitor of treatment response and assess the prognosis of patients' survival. Currently, except for rare germ cell tumors, there is a lack of knowledge on biochemical markers for CNS neoplasms. Therefore, in this paper we summarized and referred a number of comprehensive reviews concerning the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors in tumor progression, including CNS neoplasms as well as described the general biochemistry of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors. Moreover, we presented the wide variety of previous findings, where authors suggested the significance of selected MMPs and their tissue inhibitors as potential biomarkers of human tumors, including CNS tumors. However, future investigations are needed to be performed before some of these enzymes could finally be used as biomarkers of specific types of CNS neoplasms.