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Miller DR, Bu M, Gopinath A, Martinez LR, Khoshbouei H. Methamphetamine Dysregulation of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Immunity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:372-385. [PMID: 34535563 PMCID: PMC9351721 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant that increases extracellular monoamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, and affects multiple tissue and cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune cells. The reinforcing properties of METH underlie its significant abuse potential and dysregulation of peripheral immunity and central nervous system functions. Together, the constellation of METH's effects on cellular targets and regulatory processes has led to immune suppression and neurodegeneration in METH addicts and animal models of METH exposure. Here we extensively review many of the cell types and mechanisms of METH-induced dysregulation of the central nervous and peripheral immune systems. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Emerging research has begun to show that methamphetamine regulates dopaminergic neuronal activity. In addition, METH affects non-neuronal brain cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, and immunological cells of the periphery. Concurrent disruption of bidirectional communication between dopaminergic neurons and glia in the CNS and peripheral immune cell dysregulation gives rise to a constellation of dysfunctional neuronal, cell, and tissue types. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of METH requires consideration of the multiple targets at the interface between basic and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mengfei Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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2
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Zhao W, Zhao YL, Liu M, Liu L, Wang Y. Possible repair mechanisms of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitors and protein hormones on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7509-7516. [PMID: 34623593 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive central stimulant with extensive and strong neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity of methamphetamine is closely related to the imbalance of dopamine levels and the destruction of the blood-brain barrier. An increase in dopamine may induce adverse effects such as behavioral sensitization and excessive locomotion. Damage to the blood-brain barrier can cause toxic or harmful substances to leak to the central nervous system, leading to neurotoxicity. The renin-angiotensin system is essential for the regulation of dopamine levels in the brain. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 causes reward effects and behavioral sensitization by inducing dopamine release. Prolactin has been shown to be involved in the regulation of tight junction proteins and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. At present, the treatment of methamphetamine detoxification is still based on psychotherapy, and there is no specific medicine. With the rapid increase in global seizures of methamphetamine, the treatment of its toxicity has attracted more and more attention. This review intends to summarize the therapeutic mechanisms of renin-angiotensin inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitors and protein hormones (prolactin) on methamphetamine neurotoxicity. The repair effects of these three on methamphetamine may be related to the maintenance of brain dopamine balance and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This review is expected to provide the new therapeutic strategy of methamphetamine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Drug Control, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, 110854, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ling Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Drug Control, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, 110854, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Festa L, Meucci O, Gaskill PJ. Co-receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of neuroHIV. Retrovirology 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34429135 PMCID: PMC8385912 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, are necessary for HIV entry into target cells, interacting with the HIV envelope protein, gp120, to initiate several signaling cascades thought to be important to the entry process. Co-receptor signaling may also promote the development of neuroHIV by contributing to both persistent neuroinflammation and indirect neurotoxicity. But despite the critical importance of CXCR4 and CCR5 signaling to HIV pathogenesis, there is only one therapeutic (the CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc) that targets these receptors. Moreover, our understanding of co-receptor signaling in the specific context of neuroHIV is relatively poor. Research into co-receptor signaling has largely stalled in the past decade, possibly owing to the complexity of the signaling cascades and functions mediated by these receptors. Examining the many signaling pathways triggered by co-receptor activation has been challenging due to the lack of specific molecular tools targeting many of the proteins involved in these pathways and the wide array of model systems used across these experiments. Studies examining the impact of co-receptor signaling on HIV neuropathogenesis often show activation of multiple overlapping pathways by similar stimuli, leading to contradictory data on the effects of co-receptor activation. To address this, we will broadly review HIV infection and neuropathogenesis, examine different co-receptor mediated signaling pathways and functions, then discuss the HIV mediated signaling and the differences between activation induced by HIV and cognate ligands. We will assess the specific effects of co-receptor activation on neuropathogenesis, focusing on neuroinflammation. We will also explore how the use of substances of abuse, which are highly prevalent in people living with HIV, can exacerbate the neuropathogenic effects of co-receptor signaling. Finally, we will discuss the current state of therapeutics targeting co-receptors, highlighting challenges the field has faced and areas in which research into co-receptor signaling would yield the most therapeutic benefit in the context of HIV infection. This discussion will provide a comprehensive overview of what is known and what remains to be explored in regard to co-receptor signaling and HIV infection, and will emphasize the potential value of HIV co-receptors as a target for future therapeutic development. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - L Festa
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - O Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - P J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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4
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Grabowska K, Harwood E, Ciborowski P. HIV and Proteomics: What We Have Learned from High Throughput Studies. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e2000040. [PMID: 32978881 PMCID: PMC7900993 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated development of technology over the last three decades has driven biological sciences to high-throughput profiling experiments, now broadly referred to as systems biology. The unprecedented improvement of analytical instrumentation has opened new avenues for more complex experimental designs and expands the knowledge in genomics, proteomics, and other omics fields. Despite the collective efforts of hundreds of researchers, gleaning all the expected information from omics experiments is still quite far. This paper summarizes what has been learned from high-throughput proteomics studies thus far, and what is believed should be done to reveal even more valuable information from such studies. It is drawn from the background in using proteomics to study human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection of macrophages and/or T cells, but it is believed that some conclusions will be more broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Grabowska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular BiologyIntercollegiate Faculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of GdanskGdansk80‐307Poland
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198‐5800USA
| | - Emma Harwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198‐5800USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198‐5800USA
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Pawlak K, Lech K, Vei A, Burch S, Zieschang S, Jaquet S, Yu F, Harwood E, Morsey B, Fox HS, Ciborowski P. Secreted Metabolome of Human Macrophages Exposed to Methamphetamine. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9190-9197. [PMID: 31265257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages comprise a major component of the human innate immune system that is involved in maintaining homeostasis and responding to infections or other insults. Besides cytokines and chemokines, macrophages presumably influence the surrounding environment by secreting various types of metabolites. Characterization of secreted metabolites under normal and pathological conditions is critical for understanding the complex innate immune system. To investigate the secreted metabolome, we developed a novel workflow consisting of one Reverse Phase (RP) C18 column linked in tandem with a Cogent cholesterol-modified RP C18. This system was used to compare the secreted metabolomes of human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) under normal conditions to those exposed to methamphetamine (Meth). This new experimental approach allowed us to measure 92 metabolites, identify 11 of them as differentially expressed, separate and identify three hydroxymethamphetamine (OHMA) isomers, and identify a new, yet unknown metabolite with a m/z of 192. This study is the first of its kind to address the secreted metabolomic response of hMDM to an insult by Meth. Besides the discovery of novel metabolites secreted by macrophages, we provide a novel methodology to investigate metabolomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States.,Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lech
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States.,Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Akou Vei
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Sydney Burch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Sarah Zieschang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Spencer Jaquet
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Emma Harwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198-5800 , United States
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Zhang B, Yu JY, Liu LQ, Peng L, Chi F, Wu CH, Jong A, Wang SF, Cao H, Huang SH. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is required for blood-brain barrier injury-related CNS disorders caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and HIV-1 associated comorbidity factors. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:352. [PMID: 26285576 PMCID: PMC4543465 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in HIV/AIDS. HIV-1 virotoxins (e.g., gp41) are able to induce disorders of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which mainly consists of BMEC. Our recent study suggests that α7 nAChR is an essential regulator of inflammation, which contributes to regulation of NF-κB signaling, neuroinflammation and BBB disorders caused by microbial (e.g., HIV-1 gp120) and non-microbial [e.g., methamphetamine (METH)] factors. However, the underlying mechanisms for multiple comorbidities are unclear. Methods In this report, an aggravating role of α7 nAChR in host defense against CNS disorders caused by these comorbidities was demonstrated by chemical [inhibitor: methyllycaconitine (MLA)] and genetic (α7−/− mice) blockages of α7 nAChR. Results As shown in our in vivo studies, BBB injury was significantly reduced in α7−/− mice infected with C. neoformans. Stimulation by the gp41 ectodomain peptide (gp41-I90) and METH was abolished in the α7−/− animals. C. neoformans and gp41-I90 could activate NF-κB. Gp41-I90- and METH-induced monocyte transmigration and senescence were significantly inhibited by MLA and CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an NF-κB inhibitor). Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that α7 nAChR plays a detrimental role in the host defense against C. neoformans- and HIV-1 associated comorbidity factors-induced BBB injury and CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Jing-Yi Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Li-Qun Liu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Liang Peng
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Clinic Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
| | - Feng Chi
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Chun-Hua Wu
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Ambrose Jong
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Shi-Fu Wang
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Children's Medical Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Sheng-He Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #51, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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7
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Parikh NU, Aalinkeel R, Reynolds JL, Nair BB, Sykes DE, Mammen MJ, Schwartz SA, Mahajan SD. Galectin-1 suppresses methamphetamine induced neuroinflammation in human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Neuroprotective role in maintaining blood brain barrier integrity. Brain Res 2015; 1624:175-187. [PMID: 26236024 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse can lead to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity leading to compromised CNS function. The role of Galectins in the angiogenesis process in tumor-associated endothelial cells (EC) is well established; however no data are available on the expression of Galectins in normal human brain microvascular endothelial cells and their potential role in maintaining BBB integrity. We evaluated the basal gene/protein expression levels of Galectin-1, -3 and -9 in normal primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that constitute the BBB and examined whether Meth altered Galectin expression in these cells, and if Galectin-1 treatment impacted the integrity of an in-vitro BBB. Our results showed that BMVEC expressed significantly higher levels of Galectin-1 as compared to Galectin-3 and -9. Meth treatment increased Galectin-1 expression in BMVEC. Meth induced decrease in TJ proteins ZO-1, Claudin-3 and adhesion molecule ICAM-1 was reversed by Galectin-1. Our data suggests that Galectin-1 is involved in BBB remodeling and can increase levels of TJ proteins ZO-1 and Claudin-3 and adhesion molecule ICAM-1 which helps maintain BBB tightness thus playing a neuroprotective role. Galectin-1 is thus an important regulator of immune balance from neurodegeneration to neuroprotection, which makes it an important therapeutic agent/target in the treatment of drug addiction and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil U Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - R Aalinkeel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - J L Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - B B Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - D E Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - M J Mammen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - S A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - S D Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Acetyl-L-Carnitine Prevents Methamphetamine-Induced Structural Damage on Endothelial Cells via ILK-Related MMP-9 Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:408-422. [PMID: 25465237 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant highly used worldwide. Recent studies evidenced the involvement of METH in the breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity leading to compromised function. The involvement of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the degradation of the neurovascular matrix components and tight junctions (TJs) is one of the most recent findings in METH-induced toxicity. As BBB dysfunction is a pathological feature of many neurological conditions, unveiling new protective agents in this field is of major relevance. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) has been described to protect the BBB function in different paradigms, but the mechanisms underling its action remain mostly unknown. Here, the immortalized bEnd.3 cell line was used to evaluate the neuroprotective features of ALC in METH-induced damage. Cells were exposed to ranging concentrations of METH, and the protective effect of ALC 1 mM was assessed 24 h after treatment. F-actin rearrangement, TJ expression and distribution, and MMPs activity were evaluated. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) knockdown cells were used to assess role of ALC in ILK mediated METH-triggered MMPs' activity. Our results show that METH led to disruption of the actin filaments concomitant with claudin-5 translocation to the cytoplasm. These events were mediated by MMP-9 activation in association with ILK overexpression. Pretreatment with ALC prevented METH-induced activation of MMP-9, preserving claudin-5 location and the structural arrangement of the actin filaments. The present results support the potential of ALC in preserving BBB integrity, highlighting ILK as a new target for the ALC therapeutic use.
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Cisneros IE, Ghorpade A. HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocyte glutamate regulation: combined excitotoxic implications for neuro-AIDS. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:392-406. [PMID: 22591363 PMCID: PMC3580828 DOI: 10.2174/157016212802138832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, the most abundant excitatory transmitter in the brain can lead to neurotoxicity when not properly regulated. Excitotoxicity is a direct result of abnormal regulation of glutamate concentrations in the synapse, and is a common neurotoxic mediator associated with neurodegenerative disorders. It is well accepted that methamphetamine (METH), a potent central nervous stimulant with high abuse potential, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 are implicated in the progression of neurocognitive malfunction. Both have been shown to induce common neurodegenerative effects such as astrogliosis, compromised blood brain barrier integrity, and excitotoxicity in the brain. Reduced glutamate uptake from neuronal synapses likely leads to the accumulation of glutamate in the extracellular spaces. Astrocytes express the glutamate transporters responsible for majority of the glutamate uptake from the synapse, as well as for vesicular glutamate release. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocyte-mediated excitotoxicity in the context of METH and HIV-1 are undefined. Topics reviewed include dysregulation of the glutamate transporters, specifically excitatory amino acid transporter-2, metabotropic glutamate receptor(s) expression and the release of glutamate by vesicular exocytosis. We also discuss glutamate concentration dysregulation through astrocytic expression of enzymes for glutamate synthesis and metabolism. Lastly, we discuss recent evidence of various astrocyte and neuron crosstalk mechanisms implicated in glutamate regulation. Astrocytes play an essential role in the neuropathologies associated with METH/HIV-1-induced excitotoxicity. We hope to shed light on common cellular and molecular pathways astrocytes share in glutamate regulation during drug abuse and HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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10
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Chang HH, Soderberg K, Skinner JA, Banchereau J, Chaussabel D, Haynes BF, Ramoni M, Letvin NL. Transcriptional network predicts viral set point during acute HIV-1 infection. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2012; 19:1103-9. [PMID: 22700869 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1-infected individuals with higher viral set points progress to AIDS more rapidly than those with lower set points. Predicting viral set point early following infection can contribute to our understanding of early control of HIV-1 replication, to predicting long-term clinical outcomes, and to the choice of optimal therapeutic regimens. METHODS In a longitudinal study of 10 untreated HIV-1-infected patients, we used gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to identify transcriptional networks for viral set point prediction. At each sampling time, a statistical analysis inferred the optimal transcriptional network that best predicted viral set point. We then assessed the accuracy of this transcriptional model by predicting viral set point in an independent cohort of 10 untreated HIV-1-infected patients from Malawi. RESULTS The gene network inferred at time of enrollment predicted viral set point 24 weeks later in the independent Malawian cohort with an accuracy of 87.5%. As expected, the predictive accuracy of the networks inferred at later time points was even greater, exceeding 90% after week 4. The composition of the inferred networks was largely conserved between time points. The 12 genes comprising this dynamic signature of viral set point implicated the involvement of two major canonical pathways: interferon signaling (p<0.0003) and membrane fraction (p<0.02). A silico knockout study showed that HLA-DRB1 and C4BPA may contribute to restricting HIV-1 replication. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute HIV-1 infection can be used to create transcriptional network models to early predict viral set point with a high degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Hsien Chang
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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11
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Liu X, Silverstein PS, Singh V, Shah A, Qureshi N, Kumar A. Methamphetamine increases LPS-mediated expression of IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β in human macrophages through common signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33822. [PMID: 22479453 PMCID: PMC3315580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of methamphetamine (MA) has increased in recent years, and is a major health concern throughout the world. The use of MA has been associated with an increased risk of acquiring HIV-1, along with an increased probability of the acquisition of various sexually transmitted infections. In order to determine the potential effects of MA exposure in the context of an infectious agent, U937 macrophages were exposed to various combinations of MA and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with MA alone caused significant increases in the levels of TNF-α, while treatment with both MA and LPS resulted in significant increases in TNF-α, IL-1β and the chemokine IL-8. The increases in cytokine or chemokine levels seen when cells were treated with both LPS and MA were generally greater than those increases observed when cells were treated with only LPS. Treatment with chemical inhibitors demonstrated that the signal transduction pathways including NF-kB, MAPK, and PI3-Akt were involved in mediating the increased inflammatory response. As discussed in the paper, these pathways appear to be utilized by both MA and LPS, in the induction of these inflammatory mediators. Since these pathways are involved in the induction of inflammation in response to other pathogens, this suggests that MA-exacerbated inflammation may be a common feature of infectious disease in MA abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Silverstein
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vijeta Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ankit Shah
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nilofer Qureshi
- Shock/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ma Y, Chiao YA, Zhang J, Manicone AM, Jin YF, Lindsey ML. Matrix metalloproteinase-28 deletion amplifies inflammatory and extracellular matrix responses to cardiac aging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:81-90. [PMID: 22153350 PMCID: PMC3972008 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To determine if matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-28 mediates cardiac aging, wild-type (WT) and MMP-28-/- young (7 ± 1 months, n = 9 each) and old (20 ± 2 months, n = 7 each) female mice were evaluated. MMP-28 expression in the left ventricle (LV) increased 42% in old WT mice compared to young controls (p < 0.05). By Doppler echocardiography, LV function declined at 20 ± 2 months of age for both groups. However, dobutamine stress responses were similar, indicating that cardiac reserve was maintained. Plasma proteomic profiling revealed that macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 α, MIP-1β and MMP-9 plasma levels did not change in WT old mice but were significantly elevated in MMP-28-/- old mice (all p < 0.05), suggestive of a higher inflammatory status when MMP-28 is deleted. RT2-PCR gene array and immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that MIP-1α and MMP-9 gene and protein levels in the LV were also higher in MMP-28-/- old mice (all p < 0.05). Macrophage numbers in the LV increased similarly in WT and MMP-28-/- old mice, compared to respective young controls (both p < 0.05). Collagen content was not different among the WT and MMP-28-/- young and old mice. In conclusion, LV inflammation increases with age, and MMP-28 deletion further elevates inflammation and extracellular matrix responses, without altering macrophage numbers or collagen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Ying Ann Chiao
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Anne M. Manicone
- Center for Lung Biology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Fang Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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