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Platelet-Lymphocyte and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio for Prediction of Hospital Outcomes in Patients with Abdominal Trauma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5374419. [PMID: 35178450 PMCID: PMC8844345 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5374419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) reflect the patient inflammatory and immunity status. We investigated the role of on-admission PLR and NLR in predicting massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activation and mortality following abdominal trauma. Methods A 4-year retrospective analysis of all adult abdominal trauma patients was conducted. Patients were classified into survivors and nonsurvivors and low vs. high PLR. The discriminatory power for PLR and NLR to predict MTP and mortality was determined. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for predictors of mortality. Results A total of 1199 abdominal trauma patients were included (18.7% of all the trauma admissions). Low PLR was associated with more severe injuries and greater rates of hospital complications including mortality in comparison to high PLR. On-admission PLR and NLR were higher in the survivors than in nonsurvivors (149.3 vs. 76.3 (p = 0.001) and 19.1 vs. 13.7 (p = 0.009), respectively). Only PLR significantly correlated with injury severity score, revised trauma score, TRISS, serum lactate, shock index, and FASILA score. Optimal cutoffs of PLR and NLR for predicting mortality were 98.5 and 18.5, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of PLR were 81.3% and 61.1%, respectively, and 61.3% and 51.3%, respectively, for NLR. The AUROC for predicting MTP was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.655–0.743) for PLR and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.510–0.598) for NLR. To predict hospital mortality, the area under the curve (AUROC) for PLR was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.712–0.825) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.529–0.650) for the NLR. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the age, Glasgow Coma Scale, sepsis, injury severity score, and PLR were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion On-admission PLR but not NLR helps early risk stratification and timely management and predicts mortality in abdominal trauma patients. Further prospective studies are required.
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Li R, Guo C, Lin X, Chan TF, Lai KP, Chen J. Integrative omics analyses uncover the mechanism underlying the immunotoxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonate in human lymphocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127062. [PMID: 32434090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a man-made chemical widely used in industrial products. Due to its high persistence, PFOS has been detected in most animal species including the human population, wild animals, and aquatic organisms. Both cross-sectional studies and laboratory animal studies have shown hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, and reproductive toxicity caused by PFOS exposure. Recently, a limited number of PFOS studies have raised concerns about its potential immune system effects. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the immunotoxicity of PFOS remains unknown. In this study, we used primary human lymphocytes as a model, together with integrative omics analyses, including the transcriptome and lipidome, and bioinformatics analysis, to resolve the immune toxicity effects of PFOS. Our results demonstrated that PFOS could alter the production of interleukins in human lymphocytes. Additionally, PFOS exposure could dysregulate clusters of genes and lipids that play important roles in immune functions, such as lymphocyte differentiation, inflammatory response, and immune response. The findings of this study offer novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the immunotoxicity of PFOS, and open the potential of using the identified PFOS-responsive genes and lipids as biomarkers for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guigang City People's Hospital, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
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The prognostic value of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio on in-hospital mortality in admitted adult traffic accident patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233838. [PMID: 32555645 PMCID: PMC7299308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predictive value of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in acute illness is well known, but further evaluation is needed in traffic accident patients. METHODS This retrospective observational study enrolled consecutive adult patients involved in traffic accidents who were admitted to the study hospital's emergency department during 1 year. The initial platelet and lymphocyte counts after arrival at the emergency department were the variables of interest. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Data on baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and physiological and laboratory variables were collected. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard modelings were used to identify the variables independently associated with the outcome. RESULTS A total of 1,522 traffic accident patient were screened, and 488 patients were enrolled. In all, 43 (8.8%) patients died in the hospital. The median PLR was 115.3 (interquartile range 71.3;181.8). The in-hospital mortality rate of the 1st tertile of PLR (21.5%) was significantly higher than the rates of the 2nd (2.5%) and 3rd (2.5%) tertiles. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of PLR for in-hospital survival was 0.82 (95% confidential interval [CI], 0.74-0.89), which was greater than that of lymphocyte count (0.72; 95% CI 0.63-0.81) and platelet count (0.67; 95% CI 0.57-0.76). The Kaplan-Meier curves showed a significant difference in survival between the tertiles (p<0.001). The Cox regression model showed that the 2nd tertile of PLR was independently associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09-0.98), compared to the 1st tertile. CONCLUSION PLR was significantly associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in admitted adult traffic accident patients.
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Impact of prognostic nutritional index on outcomes in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232714. [PMID: 32374770 PMCID: PMC7202629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Onodera’s prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is useful in predicting prognosis of various diseases. But the usefulness of PNI in non-surgical patients has not been sufficiently proven yet. In patients with mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), malnutrition is an important factor that affects the quality of life and morbidity. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether PNI is related with clinical outcomes in MAC-PD patients. We examined 663 patients diagnosed with MAC-PD between May 2005 and November 2017. PNI score was calculated at the time of diagnosis and treatment initiation, and patients were divided into malnutrition and non-malnutrition groups according to a cut-off PNI score of 45. As the recommended duration of treatment for MAC-PD is 12 months following sputum conversion, treatment duration less than 12 months was defined as treatment intolerance. Survivals were compared with the log-rank test. Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and hazards ratio (HR) for treatment intolerance and mortality, respectively. Of the 306 patients that received treatment, 193 received treatment longer than 12 months. In the multivariable logistic regression model, malnutrition at the time of treatment initiation was related with treatment intolerance (OR: 2.559, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.414–4.634, P = 0.002). Patients in the malnutrition group at the time of diagnosis exhibited lower survival (P<0.001) and malnutrition at the time of diagnosis was a significant risk for all-cause mortality (HR: 2.755, 95% CI: 1.610–4.475, P<0.001). Malnutrition, as defined by PNI, is an independent predictor for treatment intolerance and all-cause mortality in patients with MAC-PD.
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Co-infections of human herpesviruses (CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and EBV) in non-transplant acute leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy. Virol J 2020; 17:37. [PMID: 32183884 PMCID: PMC7079388 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesviruses (HHVs) remain latent after primary infection and can be reactivated in response to immunosuppression and chemotherapy. Little is known about their incidence, potential relationships, risk factors and clinical impact in non-transplant leukemia patients. This study investigated prospectively incidence, risk factors, clinical impact and possible association of HHVs-(1–7) infections in patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia. Methods Study design involved longitudinal sampling before chemotherapy and in different phases of chemotherapy: post-induction, post-remission, and post-salvage during 2016–2018. A total of 734 plasma samples from 95 patients were analyzed by a qualitative, multiplex PCR for HHVs detection and a quantitative real-time PCR was used for cytomegalovirus (CMV) quantification. HHVs-(1–6) IgG and IgM antibodies were tested using immunoassays. Risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression and relationships between viruses were analyzed using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Results The overall seroprevalences of HHV-(1–6) IgG were high (> 80%). At least one herpes viral agent was detected in 60 patients (63.3%). CMV was the most commonly detected virus in the different phases of chemotherapy (19.4%), followed by HHV-6 (9.7%), HHV-7 (5.2%) and EBV (2.7%). HSV-1/2 and VZV DNA were not detected. Twenty-seven patients (28.4%) had more than one virus detected in the follow-up, with 23 who were co-infected. CMV/HHV-6 was the most frequent co-infection (69.5%, 16/23). HHV-6 infection (p = 0.008) was identified as a risk factor for CMV infection while salvage treatment (p = 0.04) and CMV infection (p = 0.007) were found to be independent risk factors for HHV-6 infection. CMV co-infection was associated with severe lymphopenia with an absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) (< 500/μL) (p = 0.009), rash (p = 0.011), pneumonia (p = 0.016) and opportunistic infections [bacteremia, p < 0.001 and invasive fungal infection, (p = 0.024)] more frequently than CMV mono-viral infections. Conclusions Our data suggest that co-infection with HHVs, especially CMV and HHV-6, may contribute to the development of serious clinical manifestations with profound lymphopenia, pneumonia rash and increased risk for bacterial and fungal co-infections. These findings may suggest the synergistic effect of HHVs associated infection.
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Santos DSD, Boito JP, Klauck V, Reis JHD, Gebert RR, Glombowsky P, Biazus AH, Bottari NB, Sousa RS, Machado G, Leal MLR, Baldissera MD, Berwanger JC, Silva ASDA. Health benefits of subcutaneous zinc edetate and diphenyl diselenide in calves during the weaning period. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20171042. [PMID: 30994751 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920171042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate whether treatments with zinc edetate (Zn) and diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) enhance performance, immune responses, protein metabolism, and oxidant/antioxidant status in calf serum and muscle. Animals were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (without supplementation), and groups supplemented on days 50 and 70 of life with (PhSe)2, Zn, and a combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn. Animals treated with (PhSe)2 gained more weight by experimental day 220 than did the control group, but there was no difference by the end of the experiment (day 300). The absolute number of leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in groups Zn and (PhSe)2+Zn on day 20 of experiment, but decreased on day 40 in groups (PhSe)2, and (PhSe)2+Zn. The number of monocytes decreased in all groups compared with control. One of the principal findings was that (PhSe)2+Zn together had beneficial effects on protein metabolism, represented by increases total protein and globulin levels, compared with the control group. The combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn led to low levels of TBARS and ROS in serum and muscle, and stimulated antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus, supplementation with (PhSe)2+Zn may be a compelling approach to augmenting the calf antioxidant system during weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane S Dos Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Jhonatan P Boito
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Klauck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - João H Dos Reis
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Roger R Gebert
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Glombowsky
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Angelisa H Biazus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Nathieli B Bottari
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rejane S Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade de São Paulo/USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Gortner Ave, 1365, St. Paul, 55108 MN, USA
| | - Marta L R Leal
- Departamento de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean C Berwanger
- Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Norte do Paraná/UNOPAR, Avenida Paris, Jardim Piza, 675, 86083-070 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S DA Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/UDESC, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680D, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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Kaur AP, Saxena N, Chandra NC. Differential response of T cells to an immunogen, a mitogen and a chemical carcinogen in a mouse model system. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22290. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Preet Kaur
- Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Nimisha Saxena
- Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Nimai C. Chandra
- Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
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Son D, Kong HK, Kim Y, Song MJ, Kim HP, Lee HW, Park JH. Transgenic overexpression of human LY6K in mice suppresses mature T cell development in the thymus. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:379-387. [PMID: 30655778 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen 6 family member K (LY6K) is upregulated in a number of types of cancer and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition, LY6K is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. However, the in vivo molecular mechanism of LY6K has not yet been investigated. In the present study, transgenic mice overexpressing human LY6K (hLY6K) were generated using the pMAMneo vector, and the effect of LY6K upregulation in vivo was investigated. A total of 4 transgenic mice were generated, and the gene copy number was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR demonstrated that mRNA of hLY6K was overexpressed in the thymus and spleen of the transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the proportions of B and T cells in the spleen were similar in wild-type and transgenic mice; however, the proportion of thymic mature T cells decreased in the transgenic mice, while there was an increase in the proportion of naïve T cells. These findings suggest that the overexpression of LY6K suppresses T cell development, and that LY6K is a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Son
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Song
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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Brandies PA, Grueber CE, Ivy JA, Hogg CJ, Belov K. Disentangling the mechanisms of mate choice in a captive koala population. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5438. [PMID: 30155356 PMCID: PMC6108315 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful captive breeding programs are crucial to the long-term survival of many threatened species. However, pair incompatibility (breeding failure) limits sustainability of many captive populations. Understanding whether the drivers of this incompatibility are behavioral, genetic, or a combination of both, is crucial to improving breeding programs. We used 28 years of pairing data from the San Diego Zoo koala colony, plus genetic analyses using both major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked and non-MHC-linked microsatellite markers, to show that both genetic and non-genetic factors can influence mating success. Male age was reconfirmed to be a contributing factor to the likelihood of a koala pair copulating. This trend could also be related to a pair's age difference, which was highly correlated with male age in our dataset. Familiarity was reconfirmed to increase the probability of a successful copulation. Our data provided evidence that females select mates based on MHC and genome-wide similarity. Male heterozygosity at MHC class II loci was associated with both pre- and post-copulatory female choice. Genome-wide similarity, and similarity at the MHC class II DAB locus, were also associated with female choice at the post-copulatory level. Finally, certain MHC-linked alleles were associated with either increased or decreased mating success. We predict that utilizing a variety of behavioral and MHC-dependent mate choice mechanisms improves female fitness through increased reproductive success. This study highlights the complexity of mate choice mechanisms in a species, and the importance of ascertaining mate choice mechanisms to improve the success of captive breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parice A. Brandies
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine E. Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn J. Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Saxena N, Kaur AP, Chandra NC. Differential Response of B Cells to an Immunogen, a Mitogen and a Chemical Carcinogen in a Mouse Model System. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:81-90. [PMID: 29373896 PMCID: PMC5844640 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: B cells are specific antibody generating cells which respond to foreign intruders in the circulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative immunogenic potentials of three well established agent types viz. an immunogen, a mitogen and a carcinogen, by following B cell responses to their presence in a mouse model system. Methods: Mice were treated with tetanus toxoid (immunogen), poke weed mitogen (typical mitogen), and benzo-α- pyrene (carcinogen) and generated B cell populations were determined in isolated splenic lymphocytes (splenocytes) by flow cytometry using specific anti-B cell marker antibodies. Flow cytometric estimation of LDL receptor (LDLR) expression, along with associated B cell markers, was also conducted. Kit based estimation of serum IgG, western blotting for LDLR estimation on total splenocytes and spectrometry for cholesterol and serum protein estimation were further undertaken. Student’s T-tests and one way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni method were employed for statistical analysis. Results: The mitogen was found to better stimulate B cell marker expression than the immunogen, although the latter was more effective at inducing antibody production. The chemical carcinogen benzo-α-pyrene at low concentration acted potentially like a mitogen but almost zero immunity was apparent at a carcinogenic dose, with a low profile for LDLR expression and intracellular cholesterol. Conclusion: The findings in our study demonstrate an impact of concentration of BaP on generation of humoral immunity. Probably by immunosuppression through restriction of B-cell populations and associated antibodies, benzo-α-pyrene may exerts carcinogenicity. The level of cholesterol was found to be a pivotal target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
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Dixon SB, Lane A, O'Brien MM, Burns KC, Mangino JL, Breese EH, Absalon MJ, Perentesis JP, Phillips CL. Viral surveillance using PCR during treatment of AML and ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65. [PMID: 28792686 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While viral surveillance of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and adenovirus using PCR is routine in patients undergoing hematopoetic stem cell transplant and solid organ transplant, the utility in the nontransplant pediatric leukemia population is unknown. Our institution screens patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) for viral DNAemia by PCR as part of clinical care. PROCEDURE This retrospective chart review included patients treated for newly diagnosed or relapsed AML or ALL between April 2010 and September 2014. We retrieved data for viral PCR screening, detection and quantification, duration of positivity, and prophylaxis or treatment. RESULTS One hundred eleven patients were included in analyses. Forty (36.0%) had at least one blood PCR positive for EBV, CMV, or adenovirus. Patients with ALL had significantly higher rates of persistent viral detection and treatment than those with AML (P < 0.02, P < 0.01, respectively). International patients had significantly higher rates of viral detection (P < 0.01), persistence (P < 0.01), any treatment (P < 0.03), and antiviral treatment (P < 0.01); 16.9% of patients who received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) prophylactically had viral detection compared to 63% of patients who did not receive prophylactic IVIG (P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS Patients with ALL were more susceptible than those with AML to viral reactivation that was persistent or resulted in treatment. Patients with relapsed ALL, refractory ALL, or infantile ALL are most likely to benefit from asymptomatic screening for CMV and adenovirus. International patients are at higher risk for reactivation and may merit screening. EBV reactivation was not significant and does not warrant screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Dixon
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Adam Lane
- Division of Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maureen M O'Brien
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Karen C Burns
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jennifer L Mangino
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erin H Breese
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael J Absalon
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John P Perentesis
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christine L Phillips
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Lau Q, Jaratlerdsiri W, Griffith JE, Gongora J, Higgins DP. MHC class II diversity of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations across their range. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:287-96. [PMID: 24690756 PMCID: PMC4181066 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) genes code for proteins that bind and present antigenic peptides and trigger the adaptive immune response. We present a broad geographical study of MHCII DA β1 (DAB) and DB β1 (DBB) variants of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus; n=191) from 12 populations across eastern Australia, with a total of 13 DAB and 7 DBB variants found. We identified greater MHCII variation and, possibly, additional gene copies in koala populations in the north (Queensland and New South Wales) relative to the south (Victoria), confirmed by STRUCTURE analyses and genetic differentiation using analysis of molecular variance. The higher MHCII diversity in the north relative to south could potentially be attributed to (i) significant founder effect in Victorian populations linked to historical translocation of bottlenecked koala populations and (ii) increased pathogen-driven balancing selection and/or local genetic drift in the north. Low MHCII genetic diversity in koalas from the south could reduce their potential response to disease, although the three DAB variants found in the south had substantial sequence divergence between variants. This study assessing MHCII diversity in the koala with historical translocations in some populations contributes to understanding the effects of population translocations on functional genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Jaratlerdsiri
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J E Griffith
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Gongora
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D P Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Lau Q, Griffith JE, Higgins DP. Identification of MHCII variants associated with chlamydial disease in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). PeerJ 2014; 2:e443. [PMID: 25024912 PMCID: PMC4081129 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiosis, the most common infectious disease in koalas, can cause chronic urogenital tract fibrosis and infertility. High titres of serum immunoglobulin G against 10 kDa and 60 kDa chlamydial heat-shock proteins (c-hsp10 and c-hsp60) are associated with fibrous occlusion of the koala uterus and uterine tube. Murine and human studies have identified associations between specific major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) alleles or genotypes, and higher c-hsp 60 antibody levels or chlamydia-associated disease and infertility. In this study, we characterised partial MHCII DAB and DBB genes in female koalas (n = 94) from a single geographic population, and investigated associations among antibody responses to c-hsp60 quantified by ELISA, susceptibility to chlamydial infection, or age. The identification of three candidate MHCII variants provides additional support for the functional role of MHCII in the koala, and will inform more focused future studies. This is the first study to investigate an association between MHC genes with chlamydial pathogenesis in a non-model, free-ranging species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Lau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Joanna E Griffith
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney , NSW , Australia
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14
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Becker K, Schroecksnadel S, Gostner J, Zaknun C, Schennach H, Uberall F, Fuchs D. Comparison of in vitro tests for antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacities of compounds. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:164-171. [PMID: 24041614 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be critically involved in the normal aging process but also in the development and progression of various human pathologies like cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as of infections and malignant tumors. These pathological conditions involve an overwhelming production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are released as part of an anti-proliferative strategy during pro-inflammatory immune responses. Moreover, ROS themselves are autocrine forward regulators of the immune response. Most of the beneficial effects of antioxidants are considered to derive from their influence on the immune system. Due to their antioxidant and/or radical scavenging nature, phytochemicals, botanicals and herbal preparations can be of great importance to prevent oxidation processes and to counteract the activation of redox-regulated signaling pathways. Antioxidants can antagonize the activation of T-cells and macrophages during the immune response and this anti-inflammatory activity could be of utmost importance for the treatment of above-mentioned disorders and for the development of immunotolerance. Herein, we provide an overview of in vitro assays for the measurement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of plant-derived substances and extracts, by discussing possibilities and limitations of these methods. To determine the capacity of antioxidants, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and the cell-based antioxidant activity (CAA) assay are widely applied. To examine the influence of compounds on the human immune response more closely, the model of mitogen stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells can be applied, and the production of the inflammatory marker neopterin as well as the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan in culture supernatants can be used as readout to indicate an immunomodulatory potential of the tested compound. These two biomarkers of immune system activation are robust and correlate with the course of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and malignant tumor diseases, but also with the normal aging process, and they are strongly predictive. Thus, while the simpler ORAC and CAA assays provide insight into one peculiar chemical aspect, namely the neutralization of peroxyl radicals, the more complex PBMC assay is closer to the in vivo conditions as the assay comprehensively enlights several properties of immunomodulatory test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cathrine Zaknun
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Uberall
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Becker K, Geisler S, Ueberall F, Fuchs D, Gostner JM. Immunomodulatory properties of cacao extracts - potential consequences for medical applications. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:154. [PMID: 24376420 PMCID: PMC3859901 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory properties of cacao, fruits of Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae), are well documented, and therapeutic applications are described for gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiovascular abnormalities. Most, if not all of these disease conditions involve inflammation or immune activation processes. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and related biochemical pathways like tryptophan breakdown by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and neopterin formation are deeply involved in their pathogenesis. Neopterin concentrations and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp, an estimate of IDO activity) are elevated in a significant proportion of patients with virus infections, cancer, autoimmune syndrome, neurodegeneration, and coronary artery disease. Moreover, higher neopterin and Kyn/Trp concentrations are indicative for poor prognosis. When investigating the effect of aqueous or ethanolic extracts of cacao on IFN-γ, neopterin and Kyn/Trp concentrations in mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, breakdown of tryptophan by IDO, and formation of neopterin and IFN-γ were dose-dependently suppressed. The effects observed in the cell-based assays are associated with the antioxidant activity of the cacao extracts as determined by the cell-free oxygen radical absorption capacity assay. The influence of cacao extracts on IDO activity could be of particular relevance for some of the beneficial health effects ascribed to cacao: tryptophan breakdown by IDO is strongly involved in immunoregulation, and the diminished availability of tryptophan limits the biosynthesis of neurotransmitter serotonin. The inhibition of tryptophan breakdown by cacao constituents could thus be relevant not only for immune system restoration in patients, but also contribute to mood elevation and thereby improve quality of life. However, the available data thus far are merely in vitro only and future studies need to investigate the influence of cacao on tryptophan metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Geisler
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Ueberall
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Zhu JM, Li BK, Chen GM, Feng CC, Cen H, Fan YG, Wang B, Pan HF, Ye DQ. CTLA-4 -1722T/C Polymorphism and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility: A Meta-analysis Involving Ten Separate Studies. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:91-105. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.724752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Characterisation of four major histocompatibility complex class II genes of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Immunogenetics 2012; 65:37-46. [PMID: 23089959 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules have an integral role in the adaptive immune response, as they bind and present antigenic peptides to T helper lymphocytes. In this study of koalas, species-specific primers were designed to amplify exon 2 of the MHC class II DA and DB genes, which contain much of the peptide-binding regions of the α and β chains. A total of two DA α1 domain variants and eight DA β1 (DAB), three DB α1 and five DB β1 variants were amplified from 20 koalas from two free-living populations from South East Queensland and the Port Macquarie region in northern New South Wales. We detected greater variation in the β1 than in the α1 domains as well as evidence of positive selection in DAB. The present study provides a springboard to future investigation of the role of MHC in disease susceptibility in koalas.
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Lau Q, Canfield PJ, Higgins DP. Expression and in vitro upregulation of MHCII in koala lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:35-43. [PMID: 22551982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and measuring immune activity of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), is important to studies of the epidemiology and impact of the widespread chlamydial and koala retroviral (KoRV) infections that occur in this iconic but increasingly threatened species. To explore the interaction of disease and immunity, and to assess the potential for use of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) upregulation as an indicator of lymphocyte activation in in vitro immune assays, we have investigated the expression of MHCII in koala lymphocytes by flow cytometry. MHCII expression was upregulated in mitogen stimulated B lymphocytes in vitro but no such increase was detected in vivo in free-living koalas with active inflammation. In assessing phenotypic baseline data of captive koalas, we have identified that MHCII is expressed predominantly on circulating B lymphocytes (85.7 ± 2.4%) but on very few T lymphocytes (3.4 ± 1.9%), even following activation, and suggest that the latter finding might be compensated by the greater absolute numbers of peripheral blood B lymphocytes in this species relative to many eutherian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Lau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, B14 McMaster Building, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Schubert S, Andresen BH, Bähr V, Fischer L, Stamp R, Stricker G, Wittke JW, Ullmann U. The immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics: in vitro and ex vivo investigations of 21 substances by means of the lymphocyte transformation test. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 284:402-38. [PMID: 8837401 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(96)80116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Besides their antimicrobial activity antibiotics can modulate immune response. The paper provides original data about in vitro and in vivo influence of antibiotics on lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and gives a comprehensive overview of literature data. In the study presented here the influence of several antimicrobial substances on unstimulated and PHA-stimulated lymphocyte transformation was investigated. The proliferative response was measured as (3H) thymidine uptake by lymphocytes. For initial screening the lymphocyte transformation test was performed on murine lymphocytes in vitro. As a whole 21 antimicrobial substances were tested including representative substances of the most important main groups. As a second step experiments were done with selected substances on human lymphocytes that had shown a distinct influence on murine cells in vitro. At therapeutic concentrations a pronounced stimulation of murine lymphocyte transformation was caused by carbapenems, aminothiazole cephalosporins and imidazoles. Purine analogs had only suppressive effects. However, the increased (3H) thymidine uptake in murine cells could not be regularly reproduced in human lymphocytes and in ex vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schubert
- Institut für Med. Mikrobiologie und Virologie, Universität Kiel, Germany
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