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Zhang J, Huang H, Xu L, Wang S, Gao Y, Zhuo W, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Tang X, Jiang J, Lv H. Knowledge framework of intravenous immunoglobulin resistance in the field of Kawasaki disease: A bibliometric analysis (1997-2023). Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1277. [PMID: 38775687 PMCID: PMC11110715 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is an autoimmune disease with cardiovascular disease as its main complication, mainly affecting children under 5 years old. KD treatment has made tremendous progress in recent years, but intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance remains a major dilemma. Bibliometric analysis had not been used previously to summarize and analyze publications related to IVIG resistance in KD. This study aimed to provide an overview of the knowledge framework and research hotspots in this field through bibliometrics, and provide references for future basic and clinical research. METHODS Through bibliometric analysis of relevant literature published on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database between 1997 and 2023, we investigated the cooccurrence and collaboration relationships among countries, institutions, journals, and authors and summarized key research topics and hotspots. RESULTS Following screening, a total of 364 publications were downloaded, comprising 328 articles and 36 reviews. The number of articles on IVIG resistance increased year on year and the top three most productive countries were China, Japan, and the United States. Frontiers in Pediatrics had the most published articles, and the Journal of Pediatrics had the most citations. IVIG resistance had been studied by 1889 authors, of whom Kuo Ho Chang had published the most papers. CONCLUSION Research in the field was focused on risk factors, therapy (atorvastatin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors), pathogenesis (gene expression), and similar diseases (multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, MIS-C). "Treatment," "risk factor," and "prediction" were important keywords, providing a valuable reference for scholars studying this field. We suggest that, in the future, more active international collaborations are carried out to study the pathogenesis of IVIG insensitivity, using high-throughput sequencing technology. We also recommend that machine learning techniques are applied to explore the predictive variables of IVIG resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of PediatricsFujian Province HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Wenyu Zhuo
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xuan Tang
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jiaqi Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, No.2 Affiliated HospitalAir Force Medical UniversityXianShanxiChina
| | - Haitao Lv
- Institute of Pediatric ResearchChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
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Spoiala EL, Cinteza E, Vatasescu R, Vlaiculescu MV, Moisa SM. Statins-Beyond Their Use in Hypercholesterolemia: Focus on the Pediatric Population. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:117. [PMID: 38255430 PMCID: PMC10813894 DOI: 10.3390/children11010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Statins are a class of medications primarily used in adults to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. However, the use of statins in children is generally limited and carefully considered despite the well-documented anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and pro-apoptotic effects, as well as their effect on cell signaling pathways. These multifaceted effects, known as pleiotropic effects, encompass enhancements in endothelial function, a significant reduction in oxidative stress, the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, immunomodulation, the inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, an influence on bone metabolism, anti-inflammatory properties, antithrombotic effects, and a diminished risk of dementia. In children, recent research revealed promising perspectives on the use of statins in various conditions including neurological, cardiovascular, and oncologic diseases, as well as special situations, such as transplanted children. The long-term safety and efficacy of statins in children are still subjects of ongoing research, and healthcare providers carefully assess the individual risk factors and benefits before prescribing these medications to pediatric patients. The use of statins in children is generally less common than in adults, and it requires close monitoring and supervision by healthcare professionals. Further research is needed to fully assess the pleiotropic effects of statins in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lia Spoiala
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.L.S.); (S.M.M.)
| | - Eliza Cinteza
- Department of Pediatrics, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, “Marie Curie” Emergency Children’s Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Vatasescu
- Cardio-Thoracic Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Emergency Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Stefana Maria Moisa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.L.S.); (S.M.M.)
- “Sfanta Maria” Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania
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Shimizu C, Kim J, He M, Tremoulet AH, Hoffman HM, Shyy JY, Burns JC. RNA Sequencing Reveals Beneficial Effects of Atorvastatin on Endothelial Cells in Acute Kawasaki Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025408. [DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.025408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background
Damage to the coronary arteries during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) is linked to inflammatory cell infiltration, myointimal proliferation, and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. To understand the response of ECs to KD treatment, we studied the genome‐wide transcriptional changes in cultured ECs incubated with KD sera before and after treatment with or without atorvastatin.
Methods and Results
RNA sequencing of human umbilical vein ECs incubated with pooled sera from patients with acute KD before or after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and infliximab revealed differentially expressed genes in interleukin‐1, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and inflammatory cell recruitment pathways. Subacute sera pooled from patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, infliximab, and atorvastatin uniquely induced expression of
NOS3
, Kruppel like factor (
KLF2
, and
KLF4
(promotes EC homeostasis and angiogenesis) and ZFP36 ring finger protein (ZFP36) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) (suppresses inflammation), and suppressed expression of
TGFB2
and
DKK1
(induces endothelial‐mesenchymal transition) and sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) (induces inflammation).
Conclusions
These results suggest that atorvastatin treatment of patients with acute KD may improve EC health, reduce mediators of inflammation produced by ECs, and block KD‐induced myofibroblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Ming He
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Adriana H. Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego CA
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego CA
| | - John Y‐J. Shyy
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego CA
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Sphingosine Kinase 1 Plays an Important Role in Atorvastatin-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effect against Acute Lung Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2021:9247285. [PMID: 34970075 PMCID: PMC8714370 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9247285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) inhibitor and inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Recently, atorvastatin also showed anti-inflammatory effect in acute lung injury, ameliorating pulmonary gas-blood exchanging function. Sphingosine kinase 1 plays a central role in endothelial (EC) cytoskeleton rearrangement and EC barrier integrity regulation. In this study, the role of sphingosine kinase 1 in atorvastatin anti-inflammatory effect against acute lung injury was investigated. Both wild-type (WT) and SphK1-/- mice were challenged with high tidal volume ventilation (40 ml/kg body weight, 65 breathing/min, 4 hours). The acute lung injury was evaluated and the mechanisms were explored. In WT mice, atorvastatin treatment significantly decreased acute lung injury responding to high tidal volume ventilation (HT), including protein, cellular infiltration, and cytokine releasing; comparing to WT mice, SphK1-/- mice showed significantly worsen pulmonary injuries on HT model. Moreover, the atorvastatin-mediated anti-inflammatory effect was diminished in SphK1-/- mice. To further confirm the role of SphK1 in VILI, we then compared the inflammatory response of endothelial cells that were isolated from WT and SphK1-/- mice to cyclic stretching. Similarly, atorvastatin significantly decreased cytokine generation from WT EC responding to cyclic stretching. Atorvastatin also significantly preserved endothelial junction integrity in WT EC against thrombin challenge. However, the inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on cytokine generation induced by cyclic stretching was abolished on SphK1-/- mice EC. The endothelial junction integrity effects of atorvastatin also diminished on SphK1-/- mouse EC. Signal analysis indicated that atorvastatin inhibited JNK activation induced by cyclic stretch. SphK1 knockout also blocked atorvastatin-mediated VE-cadherin junction enhancement. In summary, by inhibition of MAPK activity and maintenance of EC junction homeostasis, SphK1 plays a critical role in atorvastatin-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in both cellular and in vivo model. This study also offers an insight into mechanical stress-mediated acute lung injury and potential therapy in the future.
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Routhu SK, Singhal M, Jindal AK, Kumar V, Yadav AK, Singh S. Assessment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Acute and Convalescent Phases of Kawasaki Disease Using Automated Edge Detection Software: A Preliminary Study From North India. J Clin Rheumatol 2021; 27:143-149. [PMID: 31895109 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess endothelial dysfunction in acute and convalescent phases of Kawasaki disease (KD) using automated edge detection software. METHODS This was a case-control study to assess the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial artery (BA) in patients with KD during acute phase and at least 3 months after diagnosis. A 10-MHz multifrequency linear array probe attached to a high-resolution ultrasound machine (PHILIPS Medical System-IU22) was used to acquire the images. Automated edge detection software was used to assess BA diameter. RESULTS A total of 16 children with KD and 16 healthy children were enrolled in the study. Mean ± SD maximum BA diameter was found to be significantly low during the acute stage of KD (2.56 ± 0.36 mm) as compared with the convalescence phase (2.93 mm ± 0.31) and in healthy controls (2.95 mm ± 0.56). The mean ± SD percentage change in the FMD was found to be significantly low in the acute phase of KD (12.32 ± 6.2) as compared with the convalescence phase of KD (17.99 ± 8.13) and healthy controls (26.88 ± 12.76). The mean ± SD percentage change in the FMD was also found to be significantly low in the convalescence phase of KD as compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The FMD of the BA is significantly reduced in patients during the acute and convalescence phase of KD as compared with normal healthy children. The endothelial dysfunction was present even in patients who had no obvious coronary artery abnormalities during the acute stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- From the Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre
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Kempen JH, Pistilli M, Begum H, Fitzgerald TD, Liesegang TL, Payal A, Zebardast N, Bhatt NP, Foster CS, Jabs DA, Levy-Clarke GA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Sen HN, Suhler EB, Thorne JE. Remission of Non-Infectious Anterior Scleritis: Incidence and Predictive Factors. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 223:377-395. [PMID: 30951689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess how often non-infectious anterior scleritis remits and identify predictive factors. METHODS Our retrospective cohort study at four ocular inflammation subspecialty centers collected data for each affected eye/patient at every visit from center inception (1978, 1978, 1984, 2005) until 2010. Remission was defined as inactivity of disease off all suppressive medications at all visits spanning at least three consecutive months or at all visits up to the last visit (to avoid censoring patients stopping follow-up after remission). Factors potentially predictive of remission were assessed using Cox regression models. RESULTS During 1,906 years' aggregate follow-up of 832 affected eyes, remission occurred in 214 (170 of 584 patients). Median time-to-remission of scleritis = 7.8 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.7, 9.5). More remissions occurred earlier than later during follow-up. Factors predictive of less scleritis remission included scleritis bilaterality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32-0.65); and diagnosis with any systemic inflammatory disease (aHR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.23-0.58), or specifically with Rheumatoid Arthritis (aHR = 0.22), or Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (aHR = 0.08). Statin treatment (aHR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.03-2.26) within ≤90 days was associated with more remission incidence. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest scleritis remission occurs more slowly in anterior scleritis than in newly diagnosed anterior uveitis or chronic anterior uveitis, suggesting that attempts at tapering suppressive medications is warranted after long intervals of suppression. Remission is less frequently achieved when systemic inflammatory diseases are present. Confirmatory studies of whether adjunctive statin treatment truly can enhance scleritis remission (as suggested here) are needed.
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7
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Zhu F, Ang JY. 2021 Update on the Clinical Management and Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2021; 23:3. [PMID: 35194409 PMCID: PMC8851597 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-021-00746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Provide an updated review of the clinical management and diagnosis of Kawasaki disease with inclusion of potential diagnostic difficulties with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Recent Findings Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy has been shown to reduce the rate of coronary artery dilation in children at high risk for IVIG resistance in multiple Japanese clinical studies (most notably RAISE study group). Additional adjunctive therapies (etanercept, infliximab, cyclosporin) may also provide limited benefit, but data is limited to single studies and subgroups of patients with cardiac abnormalities. The efficacy of other agents (atorvastatin, doxycycline) is currently being investigated. MIS-C is a clinically distinct entity from KD with broad clinical manifestations and multiorgan involvement (cardiac, GI, hematologic, dermatologic, respiratory, renal). MIS-C with Kawasaki manifestations is more commonly seen in children < 5 years of age. Summary The 2017 American Heart Association (AHA) treatment guidelines have included changes in aspirin dosing (including both 80–100 mg/kg/day and 30–50 mg/kg/day treatment options), consideration of the use of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy in patients at high risk of IVIG resistance, and the change in steroid regimen for refractory KD to include both pulse-dose IVMP and longer course of prednisolone with an oral taper. A significant proportion of children diagnosed with MIS-C, a post-infectious syndrome of SARS-CoV-2 infection, meet criteria for Kawasaki disease. Further investigation is warranted to further delineate these conditions and optimize treatment of these conditions given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Suite 450C, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 999 North 92nd Street, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Jocelyn Y. Ang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI USA
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8
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Yamaguchi M, Katsuno T, Iwagaitsu S, Nobata H, Kinashi H, Banno S, Ito Y. Association between statin use and incidence of relapse in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a single-center retrospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int 2020; 40:1291-1299. [PMID: 32222806 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the efficacy of statins for some autoimmune disorders caused by anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory reactions. However, little information is available about the impact of statins on relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). We performed the first investigation examining whether statin use has an effect on suppressing the first relapse of AAV in Japanese patients with AAV. This single-center retrospective cohort study included 98 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed AAV from Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan between March 2009 and December 2017. Time to first relapse from the first remission was compared between 36 patients in the statin group and 62 patients in the non-statin group using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, which were adjusted for clinically relevant factors. During the follow-up period (median, 24 months; interquartile range, 9-50 months), 35 (97.2%) patients in the statin group achieved remission, whereas 56 (90.3%) patients achieved remission in the non-statin group (P = 0.201). After achieving the first remission, 9 (25.7%) patients in the statin group and 29 (51.8%) patients in the non-statin group had at least one relapse. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models revealed that statin use was significantly associated with a lower incidence of relapse compared with non-statin use (multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio = 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.18-0.92; P = 0.031). Patients with statin use were associated with a lower incidence of relapse in AAV. Our results should be assessed in well-designed randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katsuno
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shiho Iwagaitsu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nobata
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shogo Banno
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan.
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9
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Tremoulet AH, Jain S, Jone PN, Best BM, Duxbury EH, Franco A, Printz B, Dominguez SR, Heizer H, Anderson MS, Glodé MP, He F, Padilla RL, Shimizu C, Bainto E, Pancheri J, Cohen HJ, Whitin JC, Burns JC. Phase I/IIa Trial of Atorvastatin in Patients with Acute Kawasaki Disease with Coronary Artery Aneurysm. J Pediatr 2019; 215:107-117.e12. [PMID: 31561960 PMCID: PMC6878161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunomodulatory effects of a 6-week course of atorvastatin in patients with acute Kawasaki disease with coronary artery (CA) aneurysm (CAA). STUDY DESIGN This was a Phase I/IIa 2-center dose-escalation study of atorvastatin (0.125-0.75 mg/kg/day) in 34 patients with Kawasaki disease (aged 2-17 years) with echocardiographic evidence of CAA. We measured levels of the brain metabolite 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), serum lipids, acute-phase reactants, liver enzymes, and creatine phosphokinase; peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations; and CA internal diameter normalized for body surface area before atorvastatin treatment and at 2 and 6 weeks after initiation of atorvastatin treatment. RESULTS A 6-week course of up to 0.75 mg/kg/day of atorvastatin was well tolerated by the 34 subjects (median age, 5.3 years; IQR, 2.6-6.4 years), with no serious adverse events attributable to the study drug. The areas under the curve for atorvastatin and its metabolite were larger in the study subjects compared with those reported in adults, suggesting a slower rate of metabolism in children. The 24-OHC levels were similar between the atorvastatin-treated subjects and matched controls. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin was safe and well tolerated in our cohort of children with acute Kawasaki disease and CAA. A Phase III efficacy trial is warranted in this patient population, which may benefit from the known anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana H. Tremoulet
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sonia Jain
- Biostatistics Research Center, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pei-Ni Jone
- Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Brookie M. Best
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elizabeth H. Duxbury
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alessandra Franco
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Beth Printz
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Samuel R. Dominguez
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Heather Heizer
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Marsha S. Anderson
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Mary P. Glodé
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Feng He
- Biostatistics Research Center, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert L. Padilla
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Emelia Bainto
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joan Pancheri
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - John C. Whitin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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10
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Pilania RK, Jindal AK, Guleria S, Singh S. An Update on Treatment of Kawasaki Disease. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-019-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Skochko SM, Jain S, Sun X, Sivilay N, Kanegaye JT, Pancheri J, Shimizu C, Sheets R, Tremoulet AH, Burns JC. Kawasaki Disease Outcomes and Response to Therapy in a Multiethnic Community: A 10-Year Experience. J Pediatr 2018; 203:408-415.e3. [PMID: 30268398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology, response to therapy, and outcomes of Kawasaki disease in a multiethnic community with a large Hispanic and Asian population. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed prospectively collected data from 788 unselected patients with Kawasaki disease diagnosed and treated at a single medical center over a 10-year period. RESULTS The average incidence of Kawasaki disease in children <5 years in San Diego County over the 10 years from 2006 to 2015 was 25 per 100 000 children, with the greatest incidence (50 per 100 000) for Asian/Pacific Islanders. Compared with other race/ethnicities, Asian/Pacific Islander patients with Kawasaki disease were younger, were diagnosed earlier in the course of their fever, had higher levels of inflammatory markers, and were more likely to develop aneurysms. There was no difference across race/ethnicity groups in response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Filipino children had the highest recurrence rates (9.1%; 95% CI, 3.0%-22.6%) and 12 of 788 patients (1.5%) had a first- or second-degree relative with a history of Kawasaki disease. After correcting for age of onset, sex, and illness day at diagnosis, Asian/Pacific Islander children had an increased risk of developing aneurysms (aOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.37-4.11; P = .002). Overall, 180 of 788 patients (22.8%) had a maximal Z score of 2.5-10.0 and 14 of the 788 patients (1.8%) had a maximal Z score ≥10.0 despite 84% of these patients being treated within 10 days of fever onset. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into the natural history of treated Kawasaki disease in a multiethnic population. Patient race/ethnicity influenced susceptibility to Kawasaki disease, timing of diagnosis, coronary artery outcome, and recurrence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Jain
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nipha Sivilay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John T Kanegaye
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert Sheets
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Adriana H Tremoulet
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jane C Burns
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
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12
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Marchesi A, Tarissi de Jacobis I, Rigante D, Rimini A, Malorni W, Corsello G, Bossi G, Buonuomo S, Cardinale F, Cortis E, De Benedetti F, De Zorzi A, Duse M, Del Principe D, Dellepiane RM, D’Isanto L, El Hachem M, Esposito S, Falcini F, Giordano U, Maggio MC, Mannarino S, Marseglia G, Martino S, Marucci G, Massaro R, Pescosolido C, Pietraforte D, Pietrogrande MC, Salice P, Secinaro A, Straface E, Villani A. Kawasaki disease: guidelines of Italian Society of Pediatrics, part II - treatment of resistant forms and cardiovascular complications, follow-up, lifestyle and prevention of cardiovascular risks. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:103. [PMID: 30157893 PMCID: PMC6116479 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This second part of practical Guidelines related to Kawasaki disease (KD) has the goal of contributing to prompt diagnosis and most appropriate treatment of KD resistant forms and cardiovascular complications, including non-pharmacologic treatments, follow-up, lifestyle and prevention of cardiovascular risks in the long-term through a set of 17 recommendations.Guidelines, however, should not be considered a norm that limits the treatment options of pediatricians and practitioners, as treatment modalities other than those recommended may be required as a result of peculiar medical circumstances, patient's condition, and disease severity or individual complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donato Rigante
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabrina Buonuomo
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio n. 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea De Zorzi
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio n. 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Duse
- Università degli Studi Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maya El Hachem
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio n. 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ugo Giordano
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio n. 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Giulia Marucci
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio n. 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aurelio Secinaro
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio n. 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Villani
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio n. 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
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13
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Xiao YH, He XY, Han Q, Yang F, Zhou SX. Atorvastatin prevents glomerular extracellular matrix formation by interfering with the PKC signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6441-6448. [PMID: 29532876 PMCID: PMC5928626 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) promotes glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, primarily through activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. The present study was designed to investigate whether atorvastatin, which mediates a protective effect against glomerular ECM deposition and diabetic neuropathy, may interfere with the PKC‑transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1) pathway in a model of human mesangial cells (HMCs) exposed to a high glucose (HG) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) environment. HMCs were divided into three treatment groups: Control, high glucose and lysophosphatidylcholine (HG+LPC), and HG+LPC+atorvastatin. Cells were cultured for 24 h. The levels of the ECM‑associated molecules collagen IV (Col IV) and fibronectin (Fn) in the supernatant were detected using an ELISA kit. PKC‑β1, TGF‑β1 and PAF‑receptor gene expression was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. PKC‑β1 and TGF‑β1 protein expression was detected by western blotting, and the subcellular localization of PKC‑β1 was assessed using immunofluorescence. The results indicated that atorvastatin may reduce the secretion of ECM components (Fn and Col IV) in HMCs in a HG and LPC environment, by inhibiting the increase in PAF secretion and the activation of the PKC‑TGF‑β1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun He
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Qing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Su-Xian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
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14
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Abstract
"Resistant" Kawasaki disease is defined by the American Heart Association as failure to respond within 36 h following the first dose of intravenous immunoglobulin. The optimal management of resistant Kawasaki disease remains uncertain, the outcomes are potentially serious, and the cost of some treatments is considerable. We review the current evidence to guide treatment of resistant Kawasaki disease. Given the relative rarity, there are few trial data, and studies tend to be small and methodologically heterogeneous, making interpretation difficult and limiting generalisability. The literature on resistant Kawasaki disease should be interpreted with reference to current expert consensus guidelines.
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15
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Genetic Variation in the SLC8A1 Calcium Signaling Pathway Is Associated With Susceptibility to Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Artery Abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:559-568. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute pediatric vasculitis in which host genetics influence both susceptibility to KD and the formation of coronary artery aneurysms. Variants discovered by genome-wide association studies and linkage studies only partially explain the influence of genetics on KD susceptibility.
Methods and Results—
To search for additional functional genetic variation, we performed pathway and gene stability analysis on a genome-wide association study data set. Pathway analysis using European genome-wide association study data identified 100 significantly associated pathways (
P
<5×10
−
4
). Gene stability selection identified 116 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 26 genes that were responsible for driving the pathway associations, and gene ontology analysis demonstrated enrichment for calcium transport (
P
=1.05×10
−
4
). Three single nucleotide polymorphisms in solute carrier family 8, member 1 (
SLC8A1
), a sodium/calcium exchanger encoding NCX1, were validated in an independent Japanese genome-wide association study data set (meta-analysis
P
=0.0001). Patients homozygous for the A (risk) allele of rs13017968 had higher rates of coronary artery abnormalities (
P
=0.029). NCX1, the protein encoded by
SLC8A1
, was expressed in spindle-shaped and inflammatory cells in the aneurysm wall. Increased intracellular calcium mobilization was observed in B cell lines from healthy controls carrying the risk allele.
Conclusions—
Pathway-based association analysis followed by gene stability selection proved to be a valuable tool for identifying risk alleles in a rare disease with complex genetics. The role of
SLC8A1
polymorphisms in altering calcium flux in cells that mediate coronary artery damage in KD suggests that this pathway may be a therapeutic target and supports the study of calcineurin inhibitors in acute KD.
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16
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17
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Abstract
Kawasaki disease is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of childhood and has become the leading cause of acquired pediatric heart disease in the USA. Prompt treatment is essential in reducing cardiac-related morbidity and mortality. The underlying etiology remains unknown. The disease itself may be the characteristic manifestation of a common pathway of immune-mediated vascular inflammation in susceptible hosts. The characteristic clinical features of fever for at least 5 days with bilateral nonpurulent conjunctivitis, rash, changes in lips and oral cavity, changes in peripheral extremities, and cervical lymphadenopathy remain the mainstay of diagnosis. Supplementary laboratory criteria can aid in the diagnosis, particularly in cases of incomplete clinical presentation. Diagnosis of Kawasaki disease can be challenging as the clinical presentation can be mistaken for a variety of other pediatric illnesses. Standard of care consists of intravenous immune globulin and aspirin. Corticosteroids, infliximab, and cyclosporine A have been used as adjunct therapy for Kawasaki disease refractory to initial treatment. There is ongoing research into the use of these agents in the initial therapy of Kawasaki disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Jocelyn Y. Ang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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18
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Mancini GJ, Baker S, Bergeron J, Fitchett D, Frohlich J, Genest J, Gupta M, Hegele RA, Ng D, Pearson GJ, Pope J, Tashakkor AY. Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Statin Adverse Effects and Intolerance: Canadian Consensus Working Group Update (2016). Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:S35-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries.(1,2) The primary goal of treatment is to prevent coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). Between 10 and 20% of KD patients are resistant to treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and have an almost nine-fold increased risk of developing CAA.(3) In addition, approximately 80-90% of patients who go on to develop CAA have abnormal coronary artery dimensions on their first echocardiogram and can therefore be identified as high-risk patients. These two subsets of KD patients are candidates for adjunctive therapy, in addition to IVIG. Understanding the mechanism of action of IVIG may provide insight into IVIG resistance and guidance for choosing adjunctive therapies in KD. Therapeutic options in the treatment of refractory KD and patients with early CAA include additional IVIG, glucocorticoids, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors and interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockers.(3-10) Animal studies suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of statins may also be beneficial in blocking CAA progression.(6) It is unlikely that these therapies will be studied in large, randomized controlled trials in the future due to required sample size and funding constraints. Thus, data from the research laboratory may be helpful in guiding selection of the most promising adjunctive therapies.
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20
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Faccini A, Kaski JC, Camici PG. Coronary microvascular dysfunction in chronic inflammatory rheumatoid diseases. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:1799-806. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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