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Pannkuk EL, Laiakis EC, Garty G, Ponnaiya B, Wu X, Shuryak I, Ghandhi SA, Amundson SA, Brenner DJ, Fornace AJ. Variable Dose Rates in Realistic Radiation Exposures: Effects on Small Molecule Markers of Ionizing Radiation in the Murine Model. Radiat Res 2023; 200:1-12. [PMID: 37212727 PMCID: PMC10410530 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00211.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Novel biodosimetry assays for use in preparedness and response to potential malicious attacks or nuclear accidents would ideally provide accurate dose reconstruction independent of the idiosyncrasies of a complex exposure to ionizing radiation. Complex exposures will consist of dose rates spanning the low dose rates (LDR) to very high-dose rates (VHDR) that need to be tested for assay validation. Here, we investigate how a range of relevant dose rates affect metabolomic dose reconstruction at potentially lethal radiation exposures (8 Gy in mice) from an initial blast or subsequent fallout exposures compared to zero or sublethal exposures (0 or 3 Gy in mice) in the first 2 days, which corresponds to an integral time individuals will reach medical facilities after a radiological emergency. Biofluids (urine and serum) were collected from both male and female 9-10-week-old C57BL/6 mice at 1 and 2 days postirradiation (total doses of 0, 3 or 8 Gy) after a VHDR of 7 Gy/s. Additionally, samples were collected after a 2-day exposure consisting of a declining dose rate (1 to 0.004 Gy/min) recapitulating the 7:10 rule-of-thumb time dependency of nuclear fallout. Overall similar perturbations were observed in both urine and serum metabolite concentrations irrespective of sex or dose rate, with the exception of xanthurenic acid in urine (female specific) and taurine in serum (VHDR specific). In urine, we developed identical multiplex metabolite panels (N6, N6,N6-trimethyllysine, carnitine, propionylcarnitine, hexosamine-valine-isoleucine, and taurine) that could identify individuals receiving potentially lethal levels of radiation from the zero or sublethal cohorts with excellent sensitivity and specificity, with creatine increasing model performance at day 1. In serum, individuals receiving a 3 or 8 Gy exposure could be identified from their pre-irradiation samples with excellent sensitivity and specificity, however, due to a lower dose response the 3 vs. 8 Gy groups could not be distinguished from each other. Together with previous results, these data indicate that dose-rate-independent small molecule fingerprints have potential in novel biodosimetry assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Pannkuk
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Center for Metabolomic Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Evagelia C. Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Center for Metabolomic Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Guy Garty
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, Irvington, New York
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Shanaz A. Ghandhi
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sally A. Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Center for Metabolomic Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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Atilgan HI, Akbulut A, Yazihan N, Yumusak N, Singar E, Koca G, Korkmaz M. The Cytokines-Directed Roles of Spirulina for Radioprotection of Lacrimal Gland. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:271-276. [PMID: 35050831 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2026409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the radioprotective effect of spirulina (SP) on the lacrimal glands after RAI treatment. METHODS A total of 30 rats were separated into control, RAI and SP group. The radioprotective effect of SP on lacrimal glands was evaluated with histopathological and cytopathological analysis. Lacrimal glands were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. RESULTS RAI increased TNF-α (p = .001), IL-6 (p = .018), and NF-κB levels (p < .0005). Following the administration of SP, TNF-α (p < .0005), IL-4 (p = .026), and IL-6 (p = .006) levels decreased. RAI decreased the TAC levels (p = .001), and co-administration of SP increased the TAC level, but was not statistically significant. SP decreased the TOS level after RAI (p = .022) . CONCLUSIONS SP protects lacrimal glands from RAI-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Atilgan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - A Akbulut
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Yazihan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Yumusak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - E Singar
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - G Koca
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Korkmaz
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Karacetin S, Akpolat M, Safi Oz Z, Hamamcioglu AC. Protective effects of L-carnitine on X irradiation-induced uterus injury via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Int J Radiat Biol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36512341 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2158247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation causes oxidative stress induced tissue damage as well as a decline in reproduction incidence. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine on radiation-induced uterine injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty Wistar albino rats were classified into five groups. Physiological saline was administered intraperitoneally to the control group. A single dose of 8.3 Gy whole body X-irradiation was applied to the radiation-1 and radiation-2 groups. These groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour and 4th day, respectively, after irradiation. Radiation-1 + L-carnitine and radiation-2 + L-carnitine groups received a daily dose of 200 mg/kg L-carnitine in addition to the same dose of irradiation. L-carnitine was also applied one day before and four days after irradiation. RESULTS L-carnitine therapy partially blocks the depletion of the deep glands and radiation-induced flattening of the glandular epithelium and endometrial surface. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were found to be significantly expressed in the uterus tissue of irradiated mice. In the radiation groups, NFκB and PARP-1 expressions in uterine tissue was significantly increased compared to L-carnitine treated and the control groups. It was observed that the oxidative stress index increased in the radiation groups, but decreased in the L-carnitine applied groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that L-carnitine has a positive effect on radiation-induced uterine damage. L-carnitine may be a potential safe radio protective agent during radiotherapy for pelvic cancer provided the tumor is not protected from radiation damage to the same extent as the normal tissue is. However, prospective clinical trial studies are necessary to understand its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karacetin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Institute of Health Sciences, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Meryem Akpolat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Zehra Safi Oz
- Department of Medical Biology, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ceylan Hamamcioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Liu HX, Liu QJ. Logistic role of carnitine shuttle system on radiation-induced L-carnitine and acylcarnitines alteration. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1-14. [PMID: 35384773 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2063430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With the development of radiation metabolomics, a large number of radiation-related metabolic biomarkers have been identified and validated. The L-carnitine and acylcarnitines have the potential to be the new promising candidate indicators of radiation exposure. This review summarizes the effect of carnitine shuttle system on the profile of acylcarnitines and correlates the radiation effects on upstream regulators of carnitine shuttle system with the change characteristics of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines after irradiation across different animal models as well as a few humans. CONCLUSIONS Studies report that acylcarnitines were ubiquitously elevated after irradiation, especially the free L-carnitine and short-chain acylcarnitines (C2-C5). However, the molecular mechanism underlying acylcarnitine alterations after irradiation is not fully investigated, and further studies are needed to explore the biological effect and its mechanism. The activity of the carnitine shuttle system plays a key role in the alteration of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, and the upstream regulators of the system are known to be affected by irradiation. These evidences indicate that that there is a logistic role of carnitine shuttle system on radiation-induced L-carnitine and acylcarnitines alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xiang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Jie Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Majidi FZ, Rezaei N, Zare Z, Dashti A, Shafaroudi MM, Abediankenari S. The Protective Effects of L-Carnitine and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Diabetic Injury on Sex Steroid Hormones Levels, Oxidative Stress, and Ovarian Histopathological Changes in Rat. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:888-896. [PMID: 32989633 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic metabolic disorder. This study aimed to investigate the effects of co-treatment with L-carnitine (LC) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on serum levels of sex hormones, oxidative stress, and ovarian histopathology in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Female Wistar rats (n = 56, 180-220 g) received a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (65 mg/kg). They were randomly assigned into the following groups: diabetic group (Dia), Dia+Met group (100 mg metformin/kg/day), Dia+LC group (200 mg/kg/day), Dia+ZnONPs group (10 mg/kg/day), and Dia+LC+ZnONPs group (200 mg LC/kg/day and 10 mg ZnONPs/kg/day). Control group (Ctl) received the same volume of STZ solvent. After 21 days of treatment, blood serum was centrifuged for sex hormone assays. The right ovary was used for biochemical analysis, and the left ovary was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological assessment. The levels of estradiol, progesterone, FSH, and LH significantly increased in the Dia+ZnONPs+LC group (P < 0.001) compared with the Dia group. Co-treatment with LC and ZnONPs reduced malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein and increased glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in ovarian tissue compared with the Dia group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the number of all ovarian follicles significantly increased in this group compared with the Dia group (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicated that co-treatment with LC and ZnONPs could preserve ovarian function by increasing sex hormones levels and antioxidant activity and decreasing lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. Therefore, this compound supplementation may improve ovulation and fertility in people with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahra Majidi
- Immunogenetic Research Center (IRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran
| | - Nourollah Rezaei
- Immunogenetic Research Center (IRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Zare
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ayat Dashti
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, I.R., Iran
| | - Majid Malekzadeh Shafaroudi
- Immunogenetic Research Center (IRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Abediankenari
- Immunogenetic Research Center (IRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 48175-1665, Sari, Iran
- Immunogenetic Research Center (IRC), Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Akpolat M, Oz ZS, Gulle K, Hamamcioglu AC, Bakkal BH, Kececi M. X irradiation induced colonic mucosal injury and the detection of apoptosis through PARP-1/p53 regulatory pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110134. [PMID: 32361637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether PARP-1 regulatory pathway mediated X irradiation induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis or not. In this regard, colonic mucosal injury caused by whole-body X-irradiation induced apoptosis through PARP-1, caspase 3 and p53 regulatory pathway were evaluated in experimental rat models. Eighteen Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Two radiation groups received 8.3 Gy dose of whole-body X-irradiation as a single dose and the control group received physiological saline intraperitoneally. Radiation groups were sacrificed after 6 h and 4 days of irradiation. PARP-1 and caspase 3 expression in the nuclei of colonic crypt cells significantly increased 6 h after irradiation, and declined 4 days after irradiation. In conflict with other studies that reported p53 as not being expressed widely in colonic mucosa, in our study the expressions of p53 were elevated both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of the crypt cells, especially 6 h after irradiation. In the radiation groups, colonic mucosal injury score was significantly elevated compared with that of the control group. Our data demonstrated that PARP-1, caspase-3 and p53 expression increased in colonic mucosa 6 h after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Akpolat
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Safi Oz
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Kanat Gulle
- Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Ayse C Hamamcioglu
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Bekir H Bakkal
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Mete Kececi
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Musa AE, Shabeeb D, Alhilfi HSQ. Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Radiotherapy-Induced Small Intestinal Oxidative Stress: Biochemical Evaluation. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E308. [PMID: 31242652 PMCID: PMC6631393 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Radiation enteritis is a common side effect after radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic malignancies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of melatonin, known for its free radical scavenging ability, against radiotherapy-induced small intestinal oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups (5 rats in each) as follows: Group I (control group) rats received neither radiation nor melatonin; group II rats received only 8 Gy single dose of gamma radiation to their abdomen and pelvis regions; group III (administered with only 50 mg/kg melatonin); group IV (administered with only 100 mg/kg melatonin); group V (50 mg/kg melatonin + 8 Gy radiation), group VI (100 mg/kg melatonin + 8 Gy radiation). All rats were sacrificed after 5 days for biochemical assessments of their intestinal tissues. Results: Treatment with melatonin post irradiation significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as increased both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of the irradiated intestinal tissues. In addition, melatonin administration with different doses pre irradiation led to protection of the tissues. Moreover, the 100 mg/kg dose was more effective compared to 50 mg/kg. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that melatonin has a potent protective effect against radiotherapy-induced intestinal damage, by decreasing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant enzymes. We recommend future clinical trials for more insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), International Campus, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, TUMS, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital, Department of Neurophysiology, Misan 62010, Iraq.
- University of Misan, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Misan 62010, Iraq.
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Rheinic acid ameliorates radiation-induced acute enteritis in rats through PPAR-γ/NF-κB. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:909-917. [PMID: 31037524 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute radiation enteritis (ARE), a common complication of intestinal caused by abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. Rheinic acid is a major active ingredient derived from Rhubarb. Rhubarb could suppress inflammation, tumor, fibrosis oxidative damage. However, RA as the main active component and extract monomer of Rhubarb, the pharmacological activity and the underlying molecular mechanism on various diseases has not yet been revealed. OBJECTIVE To determine the potential role of rheinic acid (RA) in ameliorating inflammation of rats with acute radiation enteritis (ARE), and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS ARE rat model was established by irradiated with single-dose 10 Gy X-rays at a rate of 0.62 Gy/min to the abdomen. The rats were executed after orally administered with Rheinic acid 7 days and used in the subsequent experiments. Body weight, fecal characteristics and bloody of rats were used to assess the disease activity index. Histological analysis of the jejunum and colon were evaluated using H&E staining. The pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were measured by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were also determined. The mRNA and protein expression were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. RESULTS Rheinic acid promoted intestinal functional recovery, and ameliorated intestinal damage and bloody stool in ARE rats. Rheinic acid strongly decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, NO, and MDA, whereas increased levels of anti-oxidants, SOD and GSH. Moreover, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were decreased with RA treatment. Further study indicated that PPAR-γ was activated and thereby NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathway were suppressed after rheinic acid treatment. CONCLUSION Rheinic acid could ameliorate acute radiation enteritis and the underlying molecular mechanism is, at least partially, through PPAR-γ/NF-κB and p38 MAPK/JNK pathways.
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Venkatesulu BP, Mahadevan LS, Aliru ML, Yang X, Bodd MH, Singh PK, Yusuf SW, Abe JI, Krishnan S. Radiation-Induced Endothelial Vascular Injury: A Review of Possible Mechanisms. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:563-572. [PMID: 30175280 PMCID: PMC6115704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In radiation therapy for cancer, the therapeutic ratio represents an optimal balance between tumor control and normal tissue complications. As improvements in the therapeutic arsenal against cancer extend longevity, the importance of late effects of radiation increases, particularly those caused by vascular endothelial injury. Radiation both initiates and accelerates atherosclerosis, leading to vascular events like stroke, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood of long-term survivors of the atomic bomb suggest that radiation evokes a systemic inflammatory state responsible for chronic vascular side effects. In this review, the authors offer an overview of potential mechanisms implicated in radiation-induced vascular injury.
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Key Words
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- EC, endothelial cell
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor binding protein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NEMO, nuclear factor kappa B essential modulator
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa beta
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEK1, stress-activated protein kinase 1
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis
- angiogenesis
- apoptosis
- cytokines
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- senescence
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Prasad Venkatesulu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lakshmi Shree Mahadevan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maureen L Aliru
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Monica Himaani Bodd
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Syed Wamique Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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l -carnitine preserves cardiac function by activating p38 MAPK/Nrf2 signalling in hearts exposed to irradiation. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 804:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Cuomo JR, Sharma GK, Conger PD, Weintraub NL. Novel concepts in radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:504-519. [PMID: 27721934 PMCID: PMC5039353 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i9.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (RICVD) is the most common nonmalignant cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors who have undergone mediastinal radiation therapy (RT). Cardiovascular complications include effusive or constrictive pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and coronary/vascular disease. These are pathophysiologically distinct disease entities whose prevalence varies depending on the timing and extent of radiation exposure to the heart and great vessels. Although refinements in RT dosimetry and shielding will inevitably limit future cases of RICVD, the increasing number of long-term cancer survivors, including those treated with older higher-dose RT regimens, will ensure a steady flow of afflicted patients for the foreseeable future. Thus, there is a pressing need for enhanced understanding of the disease mechanisms, and improved detection methods and treatment strategies. Newly characterized mechanisms responsible for the establishment of chronic fibrosis, such as oxidative stress, inflammation and epigenetic modifications, are discussed and linked to potential treatments currently under study. Novel imaging modalities may serve as powerful screening tools in RICVD, and recent research and expert opinion advocating their use is introduced. Data arguing for the aggressive use of percutaneous interventions, such as transcutaneous valve replacement and drug-eluting stents, are examined and considered in the context of prior therapeutic approaches. RICVD and its treatment options are the subject of a rich and dynamic body of research, and patients who are at risk or suffering from this disease will benefit from the care of physicians with specialty expertise in the emerging field of cardio-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cuomo
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Gyanendra K Sharma
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Preston D Conger
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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Effects ofl-carnitine and/or maize distillers dried grains with solubles in diets of gestating and lactating sows on the intestinal barrier functions of their offspring. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:459-69. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects ofl-carnitine and/or maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets of gestating and lactating sows on the intestinal barrier functions of their offspring. The experiment was designed as a 2×2 factorial with two dietary treatments (soyabean mealv.DDGS) and twol-carnitine levels (0v.100 mg/kg in gestating diets and 0v.200 mg/kg in lactating diets). Sows (Landrace×Large White) with an average parity of 4·2 with similar body weight were randomly assigned to four groups of thirty each. Dietary supplementation withl-carnitine increased the total superoxide dismutase activity but decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde of the jejunal mucosa in newborn piglets and weaning piglets on day 21. Dietary supplementation withl-carnitine decreased the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-αin the jejunal mucosa of newborn piglets and decreased the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-αin the jejunal mucosa of weaning piglets on day 21. There was an interaction between dietary treatment andl-carnitine on the bacterial numbers of total eubacteria in the digesta of caecum in weaning piglets on day 21. Bacterial numbers of total eubacteria in weaning piglets on day 21 were significantly increased byl-carnitine only in soyabean meal diet, but there was no significant effect ofl-carnitine in DDGS-based diet. Dietary supplementation withl-carnitine increased the bacterial numbers ofLactobacillusspp. and bifidobacteria spp. in the digesta of caecum in weaning piglets on day 21. Dietary supplementation withl-carnitine in sows affected the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin 1, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin) in the jejunal mucosa of their offspring by increasing the expression of ZO-1 mRNA in the jejunal mucosa of newborn piglets, and by increasing the expression of ZO-1 and occludin mRNA in the jejunal mucosa of weaning piglets on day 21. In conclusion, dietary supplementation withl-carnitine in gestating and lactating sows had positive effects on intestinal barrier functions of newborn piglets and weaning piglets on day 21, but it did not have effects on intestinal barrier functions of growing–finishing pigs in the filial generation. There were no effects of dietary treatment of sows on intestinal barrier functions in their offspring.
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Cagin YF, Parlakpinar H, Polat A, Vardi N, Atayan Y, Erdogan MA, Ekici K, Yildiz A, Sarihan ME, Aladag H. The protective effects of apocynin on ionizing radiation-induced intestinal damage in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:317-24. [PMID: 26072994 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1052080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Radiation colitis typically emerges during radiotherapy of intra-abdominal malignancies. While the underlying mechanism remains unclear, it is considered that free oxygen radicals act like cellular mediators to cause colonic damage. Apocynin (APO) prevents oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death by inhibiting NADPH oxidase, and preventing the formation of free oxygen radicals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of APO, a strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent, on radiation induced colonic oxidative damage in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group). Group I (control group); Group II (Group RAD) received a single dose of 800 cGy ionizing radiation to the whole abdomen with a linear accelerator (LINAC); Group III (Group APO) received a single dose of 20 mg/kg of APO intraperitoneally for five days; Group IV (Group APO+RAD) received APO for five days before radiation exposure (similar to Group III), (similar to Group II). RESULTS APO treatment prior to radiation led to protection in the biochemical and histopathological parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that APO treatment before radiation improves radiation induced colonic injury in rats, by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - N Vardi
- d Department of Histology and Embryology
| | - Y Atayan
- a Department of Gastroenterology
| | | | - K Ekici
- e Department of Radiation Oncology , and
| | - A Yildiz
- d Department of Histology and Embryology
| | - M E Sarihan
- f Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey , and
| | - H Aladag
- g Department of Obstetric & Gynecology , Hayat Hospital , Malatya , Turkey
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Mostafa GA, Al-Ayadhi LY. Reduced levels of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum carnitine in autistic children: relation to gastrointestinal manifestations. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:4. [PMID: 25757041 PMCID: PMC4332725 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-014-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are common in autistic children. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and carnitine are anti-inflammatory molecules and their deficiency may result in GI inflammation. The relationship between the increased frequency of GI manifestations and reduced levels of PUFAs and carnitine was not previously investigated in autistic patients. This study was the first to investigate plasma levels of PUFAs and serum carnitine in relation to GI manifestations in autistic children. METHODS Plasma levels of PUFAs (including linoleic, alphalinolenic, arachidonic "AA" and docosahexaenoic "DHA" acids) and serum carnitine were measured in 100 autistic children and 100 healthy-matched children. RESULTS Reduced levels of serum carnitine and plasma DHA, AA, linolenic and linoleic acids were found in 66%, 62%, 60%, 43% and 38%, respectively of autistic children. On the other hand, 54% of autistic patients had elevated ω6/ω3 ratio. Autistic patients with GI manifestations (48%) had significantly decreased levels of serum carnitine and plasma DHA than patients without such manifestations. In addition, autistic patients with GI manifestations had significantly increased percentage of reduced serum carnitine (91.7%) and plasma DHA levels (87.5%) than patients without such manifestations (42.3% and 38.5%, respectively), (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Reduced levels of plasma DHA and serum carnitine levels may be associated with the GI problems in some autistic patients. However, this is an initial report, studies are recommended to invesigate whether reduced levels of carnitine and DHA are a mere association or have a pathogenic role in GI problems in autistic patients.
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Virmani A, Diedenhofen A. The Possible Mechanisms Involved in the Protection Strategies against Radiation-Induced Cellular Damage by Carnitines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2015.62011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Radiation enteritis continues to be a major health concern in recipients of radiation therapy. The incidence of radiation enteritis is expected to continue to rise during the coming years paralleling the unprecedented use of radiotherapy in pelvic cancers. Radiation enteritis can present as either an acute or chronic syndrome. The acute form presents within hours to days of radiation exposure and typically resolves within few weeks. The chronic form may present as early as 2 months or as long as 30 years after exposure. Risk factors can be divided into patient and treatment-related factors. Chronic radiation enteritis is characterized by progressive obliterative endarteritis with exaggerated submucosal fibrosis and can manifest by stricturing, formation of fistulae, local abscesses, perforation, and bleeding. In the right clinical context, diagnosis can be confirmed by cross-sectional imaging, flexible or video capsule endoscopy. Present treatment strategies are directed primarily towards symptom relief and management of emerging complications. Recently, however, there has been a shift towards rational drug design based on improved understanding of the molecular basis of disease in an effort to limit the fibrotic process and prevent organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Harb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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