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Panwar V, Dey B, Sheikh JN, Dutta T. Thermostable bacterial laccase for sustainable dyeing using plant phenols. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18168-18180. [PMID: 35800313 PMCID: PMC9210865 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase is regarded as an efficacious eco-friendly enzyme in various industries. Thus, various laccases have been explored to mitigate the environmental effects of conventional industrial processing; however, the prospects of laccase in hair dyeing have not been thoroughly explored to date. On account of the adverse environmental and health-related issues posed by chemical hair dyeing, laccase as a natural alternative in dyeing hair has recently gained attention. In this study, we executed hair dyeing with different colours and shades of hair dyes developed from natural plant phenols, including ferulic acid, gallic acid, catechol, and syringaldehyde, catalysed by a novel thermostable bacterial laccase (LacT) from Brevibacillus agri. The dyed hair was characterised in terms of its colourimetric parameters (L*, a*, and b*), colour strength (K/S), reflectance (R) and colour durability. L* means luminosity and is defined by L* values from 0 (black) to 100 (white). A positive value of a* means red shades and a negative value indicates green shades. A positive value of b* shows yellow shades and a negative value indicates blue shades. Optical microscopy of circular and longitudinal sections of the dyed hair revealed that the laccase-catalysed dyes did not merely stick to the surface; instead, they well-penetrated the hair. Furthermore, the dyeing process did not affect the surface morphology of the dyed hair. The dyed hair also exhibited a desirable range of colour diversity in terms of market-driven demands and showed considerable resistance to fading during shampooing and pH alterations. Post-dyeing, the texture and tensile strength of the dyed hair remained nearly unchanged. Overall, the outcomes suggest that LacT holds high potential to be exploited extensively in the hair dyeing industry as an alternative to chemical hair dyes. Laccase is regarded as an efficacious eco-friendly enzyme in various industries.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Panwar
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, MS 731, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bipasa Dey
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, MS 731, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Javed Nabibaksha Sheikh
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tanmay Dutta
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, MS 731, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Bai R, Yu Y, Wang Q, Shen J, Yuan J, Fan X. Chitosan-templated bio-coloration of cotton fabrics via laccase-catalyzed polymerization of hydroquinone. Eng Life Sci 2020; 19:643-654. [PMID: 32625039 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the development of enzymatic coloration of textile fabrics as an alternative to conventional textile dyeing processes, which is successful for dyeing protein fibers. However, unmodified cotton fabrics are difficult to be dyed through enzyme catalysis due to the lack of affinity of biosynthesized dyes to cotton fibers. In order to improve the enzyme-catalyzed dyeability of cotton fibers, chitosan was used to coat cotton fabrics as template. A novel and facile bio-coloration technique using laccase catalysis of hydroquinone was developed to dye chitosan-templated cotton fabrics. The polymerization of hydroquinone with the template of chitosan under the laccase catalysis was monitored by ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometer on the absorbance of reaction solution. A significant peak of UV-vis spectrum at 246 nm corresponding to large conjugated structures appeared and increased with increasing the duration of enzymatic catalysis. The effect of different treatment conditions on the laccase-catalyzed dyeing of cotton fabric was investigated to determine their optimal parameters of laccase-catalyzed coloration. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra demonstrated the formation of H-bond and Schiff base reaction between chitosan and polymerized hydroquinone. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of dyed cotton fiber was much rougher than that of the control sample. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also revealed the existence of the chitosan/polymerized hydroquinone complex and polymerized hydroquinone on the dyed cotton fibers. This chitosan-templated approach offers possibility for biological dyeing coloration of cotton fabrics and other cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China.,Textile Engineering and Materials Research Group School of Design De Montfort University The Gateway Leicester UK
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Shen
- Textile Engineering and Materials Research Group School of Design De Montfort University The Gateway Leicester UK
| | - Jiugang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xuerong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
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Nunes Costa F, Alex Mayer D, Valério A, de Souza Lima J, de Oliveira D, Ulson de Souza AA. Non-isothermal kinetic modelling of potassium indigo-trisulfonate dye discolouration by Horseradish peroxidase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1754806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Nunes Costa
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Diego Alex Mayer
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Valério
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Janaina de Souza Lima
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Effects of enzymatic treatment of sisal fibres on tensile strength and morphology. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lalonde W, Millman JS. Case study: Loss of Kastle-Meyer test specificity on jeans. Sci Justice 2019; 59:359-361. [PMID: 31054825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A pair of jeans produced false positive results upon testing for the presence of blood using the Kastle-Meyer (KM) test. Positive reactions were obtained from all unstained areas of the fabric tested. The peroxidase used in the manufacture of some jeans may be the causative agent for the observed false positive reactions; however, it was not possible to confirm this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lalonde
- Centre of Forensic Sciences, Biology Section, 25 Morton Shulman Avenue, Toronto, ON, M3M 0B1, Canada
| | - Jonathan S Millman
- Centre of Forensic Sciences, Biology Section, 25 Morton Shulman Avenue, Toronto, ON, M3M 0B1, Canada.
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Su J, Shim E, Noro J, Fu J, Wang Q, Kim HR, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A. Conductive Cotton by In Situ Laccase-Polymerization of Aniline. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1023. [PMID: 30960948 PMCID: PMC6403699 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive cotton fabrics were obtained via in situ aniline polymerization by laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila under mild reaction conditions without the addition of strong proton acids. The reactions were conducted using two types of reactors, namely a water bath (WB) and an ultrasonic bath (US), and the role of a mediator, 1-hydroxybenzotriazol (HBT), on the laccase-assisted polymerization of aniline was investigated. A similar polymerization degree was obtained when using both reactors-however, the ultrasonic bath allowed the experiments to be conducted in shorter periods of time (24 h for WB vs. 2 h for US). The data obtained also revealed that the mediator (1-hydroxybenzotriazol-HBT) played a crucial role in aniline oxidation. A higher conversion yield and polymerization degree were obtained when the reaction was conducted in the presence of this compound, as confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis. The cotton fabrics coated with polyaniline presented deep coloration and conductivity, especially when the mediator was included on the reactional system. The results obtained are a step forward in the enzymatic polymerization of aniline with the purpose of obtaining coloured conductive textile surfaces, with potential applications in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Euijin Shim
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Jennifer Noro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Jiajia Fu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hye Rim Kim
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Laccase-based synthesis of SIC-RED: A new dyeing product for protein gel staining. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kushwaha A, Maurya S, Pathak RK, Agarwal S, Chaurasia PK, Singh MP. Laccase From White Rot Fungi Having Significant Role in Food, Pharma, and Other Industries. RESEARCH ADVANCEMENTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL, NUTRITIONAL, AND INDUSTRIAL ENZYMOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5237-6.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2 benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) are an interesting group of N glycosylated multicopper blue oxidase enzymes and the widely studied enzyme having a broad range of substrate specificity of both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. They are widely found in fungi, bacteria plant, insects, and in lichen. They catalyze the oxidation of various phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, with the concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. They could increase productivity, efficiency, and quality of products without a costly investment. This chapter depicts the applications of laccase enzyme from white rot fungi, having various industrial (such as textile dye bleaching, paper and pulp bleaching, food includes the baking, it also utilized in fruit juice industry to improve the quality and stabilization of some perishable products having plant oils), pharmaceutical (as it has potential for the synthesis of several useful drugs such anticancerous, antioxidants, synthesis of hormone derivatives because of their high value of oxidation potential) significance.
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Kim S, Lee H, Kim J, Oliveira F, Souto P, Kim H, Nakamatsu J. Laccase-mediated grafting of polyphenols onto cationized cotton fibers to impart UV protection and antioxidant activities. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Kim
- Engineering Department; Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801; Lima 32 Lima Peru
| | - Hyunkyung Lee
- Human and Culture Convergence Technology R&BD Group; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) 143 Hanggaul-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si; Gyeonggi-do 426-910 Republic of Korea
| | - Juhea Kim
- Human and Culture Convergence Technology R&BD Group; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) 143 Hanggaul-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si; Gyeonggi-do 426-910 Republic of Korea
| | - Fernando Oliveira
- Engineering Department-Campus Blumenau; Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Rua Pomerode, 710-Salto Norte; Blumenau SC 89065-300 Brazil
| | - Pedro Souto
- Textile Engineering Department; Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Têxtil, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém; Guimarães 4800-058 Portugal
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Clothing and Textiles; Sookmyung Women's University; Yongsan-gu Seoul 04310 Republic of Korea
| | - Javier Nakamatsu
- Science Department; Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801; Lima 32 Lima Peru
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Su J, Fu J, Wang Q, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A. Laccase: a green catalyst for the biosynthesis of poly-phenols. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:294-307. [PMID: 28738694 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1354353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Laccases (benzene diol: oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) are able to catalyze the oxidation of various compounds containing phenolic and aniline structures using dissolved oxygen in water. Laccase structural features and catalytic mechanisms focused on the polymerization of aromatic compounds are reported. A description about the most recent research on the biosynthesis of chemicals and polymers is made. Selected applications of this technology are considered as well as the advantages, shortcomings and future needs related with the use of laccases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jiajia Fu
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Qiang Wang
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Carla Silva
- b Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB) , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- a Key laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,b Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB) , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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11
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Zerva A, Manos N, Vouyiouka S, Christakopoulos P, Topakas E. Bioconversion of Biomass-Derived Phenols Catalyzed by Myceliophthora thermophila Laccase. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050550. [PMID: 27128897 PMCID: PMC6273956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass-derived phenols have recently arisen as an attractive alternative for building blocks to be used in synthetic applications, due to their widespread availability as an abundant renewable resource. In the present paper, commercial laccase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila was used to bioconvert phenol monomers, namely catechol, pyrogallol and gallic acid in water. The resulting products from catechol and gallic acid were polymers that were partially characterized in respect to their optical and thermal properties, and their average molecular weight was estimated via solution viscosity measurements and GPC. FT-IR and 1H-NMR data suggest that phenol monomers are connected with ether or C–C bonds depending on the starting monomer, while the achieved molecular weight of polycatechol is found higher than the corresponding poly(gallic acid). On the other hand, under the same condition, pyrogallol was dimerized in a pure red crystalline compound and its structure was confirmed by 1H-NMR as purpurogallin. The herein studied green synthesis of enzymatically synthesized phenol polymers or biological active compounds could be exploited as an alternative synthetic route targeting a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zerva
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Manos
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - Stamatina Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical and Chemical Process Engineering, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
- Biochemical and Chemical Process Engineering, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
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Fu J, Su J, Wang P, Yu Y, Wang Q, Cavaco-Paulo A. Enzymatic processing of protein-based fibers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10387-97. [PMID: 26428240 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wool and silk are major protein fiber materials used by the textile industry. Fiber protein structure-function relationships are briefly described here, and the major enzymatic processing routes for textiles and other novel applications are deeply reviewed. Fiber biomodification is described here with various classes of enzymes such as protease, transglutaminase, tyrosinase, and laccase. It is expected that the reader will get a perspective on the research done as a basis for new applications in other areas such as cosmetics and pharma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jing Su
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Pezzella C, Guarino L, Piscitelli A. How to enjoy laccases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:923-40. [PMID: 25577278 PMCID: PMC11113763 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the scientific literature published in the last 10 years reveals a constant growth of laccase applicative research in several industrial fields followed by the publication of a great number of patents. The Green Chemistry journal devoted the cover of its September 2014 issue to a laccase as greener alternative for chemical oxidation. This indicates that laccase "never-ending story" has found a new promising trend within the constant search for efficient (bio)catalysts able to meet the 12 green chemistry principles. A survey of ancient and cutting-edge uses of laccase in different industrial sectors is offered in this review with the aim both to underline their potential and to provide inspiration for new ones. Applications in textile and food fields have been deeply described, as well as examples concerning polymer synthesis and laccase-catalysed grafting. Recent applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pezzella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy,
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Characterization of the factors that influence sinapine concentration in rapeseed meal during fermentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116470. [PMID: 25606856 PMCID: PMC4301875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed and compared the difference in sinapine concentration in rapeseed meal between the filamentous fungus, Trametes sp 48424, and the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in both liquid and solid-state fermentation. During liquid and solid-state fermentation by Trametes sp 48424, the sinapine concentration decreased significantly. In contrast, the liquid and solid-state fermentation process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae just slightly decreased the sinapine concentration (P ≤ 0.05). After the solid-state fermented samples were dried, the concentration of sinapine in rapeseed meal decreased significantly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on the measurement of laccase activity, we observed that laccase induced the decrease in the concentration of sinapine during fermentation with Trametes sp 48424. In order to eliminate the influence of microorganisms and the metabolites produced during fermentation, high moisture rapeseed meal and the original rapeseed meal were dried at 90°C and 105°C, respectively. During drying, the concentration of sinapine in high moisture rapeseed meal decreased rapidly and we obtained a high correlation coefficient between the concentration of sinapine and loss of moisture. Our results suggest that drying and enzymes, especially laccase that is produced during the solid-state fermentation process, may be the main factors that affect the concentration of sinapine in rapeseed meal.
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