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Fernandes E Mendonça LM, Joshi AB, Bhandarkar A, Shaikh S, Fernandes S, Joshi H, Joshi S. Potential anxiolytic therapeutics from Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. - mitigate anxiety by plausibly modulating the GABA A-Cl - channel. Neurochem Int 2024; 178:105804. [PMID: 39002759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety is a commonly prevailing psychological disorder that requires effective treatment, wherein phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals could offer a desirable therapeutic profile. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. is a powerful medicinal herb, reportedly effective against several ailments, including psychological disorders. The current research envisaged evaluating the anxiolytic potential of the ethanolic extract of Hybanthus enneaspermus (EEHE) and its toluene insoluble biofraction (ITHE) employing experimental and computational approaches. Elevated Plus Maze, Light and Dark Transition, Mirror Chamber, Hole board and Open field tests were used as screening models to assess the antianxiety potential of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of EEHE and ITHE in rats subjected to social isolation, using Diazepam as standard. The brains of rats exhibiting significant anxiolytic activity were dissected for histopathological and biochemical studies. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase; and neurotransmitters viz. monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine), Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate were quantified in the different regions of rats' brain (cortex, hippocampus, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum). Chromatographic techniques were used to isolate phytoconstituents from the fraction exhibiting significant activity that were characterized by spectroscopic methods and subjected to in silico molecular docking. ITHE at 400 mg/kg body weight significantly mitigated anxiety in all the screening models (p < 0.05), reduced the inflammatory vacuoles and necrosis (p < 0.05) and potentiated the antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.05). It enhanced the monoamines and GABA levels while attenuating glutamate levels (p < 0.01) in the brain. Three significant flavonoids viz. Quercitrin, Rutin and Hesperidin were isolated from ITHE. In silico docking studies of these flavonoids revealed that the compounds exhibited substantial binding to the GABAA receptor. ITHE displayed a promising pharmacological profile in combating anxiety and modulating oxidative stress, attributing its therapeutic virtues to the flavonoids present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Bhimrao Joshi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Goa College of Pharmacy, 18th June Road, Panaji, Goa, 403001, India.
| | - Anant Bhandarkar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Goa College of Pharmacy, 18th June Road, Panaji, Goa, 403001, India.
| | - Shamshad Shaikh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Taleigao, Goa, 403206, India.
| | - Samantha Fernandes
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Taleigao, Goa, 403206, India.
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal Campus, Uttarakhand, 263156, India.
| | - Shrinivas Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.E.T.'s College of Pharmacy, Sangolli Rayanna Nagar, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580002, India.
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Fenton Navarro B, Casimiro Aguayo AA, Torres Gómez YL, Cervantes Alfaro M, Torner L. Early Life Stress Influences Oxidative Stress Enzyme Activities in Liver, Heart, Kidney, Suprarenal Glands, and Pancreas in Male and Female Rat Pups. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:802. [PMID: 39061871 PMCID: PMC11273735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for the development of chronic diseases resulting from functional alterations of organs in the cardiorespiratory and renal systems. This work studied the changes in oxidative stress enzyme activities (EAs) of SOD, CAT, GPX, GR, GST, NOS, MDA, and FRAP in different organs (heart, liver, kidney, adrenal glands (AGs), and pancreas) of male and female Sprague-Dawley rat pups on postnatal day (PN) 15, immediately after basal and acute or chronic stress conditions were accomplished, as follows: basal control (BC; undisturbed maternal pups care), stress control (SC; 3 h maternal separation on PN15), basal maternal separation (BMS; daily 3 h maternal separation on PN 1-14), and stress maternal separation (SMS; daily 3 h maternal separation on PN 1-14 and 3 h maternal separation on PN15). Acute or long-term stress resulted in overall oxidative stress, increase in EA, and reduced antioxidant capacity in these organs. Some different response patterns, due to precedent SMS, were observed in specific organs, especially in the AGs. Acute stress exposure increases the EA, but chronic stress generates a response in the antioxidant system in some of the organs studied and is damped in response to a further challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Fenton Navarro
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Av. Dr. Rafael Carrillo S/N, Esq. Dr. Salvador González Herrejón Bosque, Cuauhtémoc, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (A.A.C.A.); (Y.L.T.G.)
| | - Alexis Abraham Casimiro Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Av. Dr. Rafael Carrillo S/N, Esq. Dr. Salvador González Herrejón Bosque, Cuauhtémoc, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (A.A.C.A.); (Y.L.T.G.)
| | - Yayr Luis Torres Gómez
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Av. Dr. Rafael Carrillo S/N, Esq. Dr. Salvador González Herrejón Bosque, Cuauhtémoc, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (A.A.C.A.); (Y.L.T.G.)
| | - Miguel Cervantes Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Luz Torner
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; Cam. de La Arboleda # 300, La Huerta, Morelia 58341, Michoacán, Mexico
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Huang R, Gong M, Tan X, Shen J, Wu Y, Cai X, Wang S, Min L, Gong L, Liang W. Effects of Chaihu Shugan San on Brain Functional Network Connectivity in the Hippocampus of a Perimenopausal Depression Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1655-1672. [PMID: 37751044 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used Chaihu Shugan San (CSS), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, as a probe to investigate the involvement of brain functional network connectivity and hippocampus energy metabolism in perimenopausal depression. A network pharmacology approach was performed to discover the underlying mechanisms of CSS in improving perimenopausal depression, which were verified in perimenopausal depression rat models. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that complex mechanisms of energy metabolism, neurotransmitter metabolism, inflammation, and hormone metabolic processes were closely associated with the anti-depressive effects of CSS. Thus, the serum concentrations of estradiol (E2), glutamate (Glu), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were detected by ELISA. The brain functional network connectivity between the hippocampus and adjacent brain regions was evaluated using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A targeted metabolomic analysis of the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle was also performed to measure the changes in hippocampal energy metabolism using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CSS treatment significantly improved the behavioral performance, decreased the serum Glu levels, and increased the serum 5-HT levels of PMS + CUMS rats. The brain functional connectivity between the hippocampus and other brain regions was significantly changed by PMS + CUMS processes but improved by CSS treatment. Moreover, among the metabolites in the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle, the concentrations of citrate and the upregulation of isocitrate and downregulation of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in PMS + CUMS rats could be significantly improved by CSS treatment. A brain functional network connectivity mechanism may be involved in perimenopausal depression, wherein the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle plays a vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gong
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Tan
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - You Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Suying Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Min
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenna Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China.
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Okeowo OM, Oke OO, David GO, Ijomone OM. Caffeine Administration Mitigates Chronic Stress-Induced Behavioral Deficits, Neurochemical Alterations, and Glial Disruptions in Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1663. [PMID: 38137111 PMCID: PMC10741929 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to stress has detrimental effects on health, and the consumption of caffeine, mostly contained in energy drinks, has become a widely adopted stress coping strategy. Currently, there is limited information regarding the effects of caffeine intake on chronic stress exposure. Thus, this study investigated the effects of caffeine administration on chronic stress-induced behavioral deficits, neurochemical alterations, and glial disruptions in experimental rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 6): non-stress control, stress control, and caffeine groups of doses 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg. The stress control and caffeine groups were subjected to an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol daily for 14 days. The rats were evaluated for phenotypic and neurobehavioral assessments. Thereafter, the rat brains were processed for biochemical and immunohistochemical assays. Caffeine administration was found to ameliorate behavioral dysfunctions in rats exposed to UCMS. The UCMS-induced changes in brain levels of monoamines, cholinesterases, and some oxidative stress biomarkers were reversed by caffeine. Caffeine administration also produced mild protective effects against UCMS-induced changes in GFAP and Iba-1 expression in stress-specific brain regions. These results showed that low and moderate doses of caffeine reversed most of the stress-induced changes, suggesting its ameliorative potential against chronic stress-induced alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oritoke M. Okeowo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria; (O.M.O.); (O.O.O.)
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Neurobiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo 351101, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju O. Oke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria; (O.M.O.); (O.O.O.)
| | - Gloria O. David
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria;
| | - Omamuyovwi M. Ijomone
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Neurobiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo 351101, Ondo State, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria;
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo 351101, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Pradhan LK, Sahoo PK, Sarangi P, Chauhan NR, Das SK. Suppression of Chronic Unpredictable Stress-Persuaded Increased Monoamine Oxidase Activity by Taurine Promotes Significant Neuroprotection in Zebrafish Brain. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:82-95. [PMID: 36001190 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric upshots following chronic exposure to unpredictable adverse stressors have been well documented in the literature. Considering the significant impact of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), the literature is elusive regarding the neuroprotective efficacy of taurine against CUS-induced oxidative stress and chromatin condensation in the zebrafish brain. In this study, to ameliorate CUS-persuaded neurological outcomes, waterborne treatment of taurine as a prophylactic intervention was undertaken. Further, our approach also focused on the gross neurobehavioral response of zebrafish, oxidative stress indices and neuromorphology of the zebrafish brain following CUS exposure with taurine treatment. Because taurine provides significant neuroprotection against oxidative insult, the cytosolic level of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the zebrafish brain following CUS exposure is worth investigating. Further, as heightened MAO activity is associated with augmented oxidative and chromatin condensation, the focus of this study was on whether taurine provides neuroprotection by downregulating MAO levels in the brain. Our findings show that CUS-persuaded altered neurobehavioral response was significantly rescued by taurine. Moreover, our findings firmly support the hypothesis that taurine acts as a radical neuroprotector by restoring glutathione biosynthesis in the zebrafish brain subsequent to CUS exposure. Additionally, the rising level of brain MAO following chronic exposure to CUS is ameliorated by taurine treatment. These findings strongly advocate the role of taurine as a natural MAO inhibitor through the neuroprotection it provides against CUS-instigated oxidative stress in zebrafish. However, the fundamental neuroprotective mechanism of such natural compounds needs to be elucidated to determine their neuroprotective efficacy against stress regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Prerana Sarangi
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Infectious Disease Biology Division, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
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Ross RE, VanDerwerker CJ, Saladin ME, Gregory CM. The role of exercise in the treatment of depression: biological underpinnings and clinical outcomes. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:298-328. [PMID: 36253441 PMCID: PMC9969795 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Globally, depression is a leading cause of disability and has remained so for decades. Antidepressant medications have suboptimal outcomes and are too frequently associated with side effects, highlighting the need for alternative treatment options. Although primarily known for its robust physical health benefits, exercise is increasingly recognized for its mental health and antidepressant benefits. Empirical evidence indicates that exercise is effective in treating individuals with depression; however, the mechanisms by which exercise exerts anti-depressant effects are not fully understood. Acute bouts of exercise have been shown to transiently modulate circulating levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and a variety of immuno-inflammatory mechanisms in clinical cohorts with depression. However, exercise training has not been demonstrated to consistently modulate such mechanisms, and evidence linking these putative mechanisms and reductions in depression is lacking. The complexity of the biological underpinnings of depression coupled with the intricate molecular cascade induced by exercise are significant obstacles in the attempt to disentangle exercise's effects on depression. Notwithstanding our limited understanding of these effects, clinical evidence uniformly argues for the use of exercise to treat depression. Regrettably, exercise remains underutilized despite being an accessible, low-cost alternative/adjunctive intervention that can simultaneously reduce depression and improve overall health. To address the gaps in our understanding of the clinical and molecular effects of exercise on depression, we propose a model that leverages systems biology and multidisciplinary team science with a large-scale public health investment. Until the science matches the scale of complexity and burden posed by depression, our ability to advance knowledge and treatment will continue to be plagued by fragmented, irreproducible mechanistic findings and no guidelines for standards of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Ross
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC,Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Michael E. Saladin
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Chris M. Gregory
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC,Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Synthesis, biomedical applications, and toxicity of CuO nanoparticles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1039-1061. [PMID: 36635395 PMCID: PMC9838533 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Versatile nature of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) has made them an imperative nanomaterial being employed in nanomedicine. Various physical, chemical, and biological methodologies are in use for the preparation of CuO NPs. The physicochemical and biological properties of CuO NPs are primarily affected by their method of fabrication; therefore, selectivity of a synthetic technique is immensely important that makes these NPs appropriate for a specific biomedical application. The deliberate use of CuO NPs in biomedicine questions their biocompatible nature. For this reason, the present review has been designed to focus on the approaches employed for the synthesis of CuO NPs; their biomedical applications highlighting antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant studies; and most importantly, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity associated with these NPs. This comprehensive overview of CuO NPs is unique and novel as it emphasizes on biomedical applications of CuO NPs along with its toxicological assessments which would be useful in providing core knowledge to researchers working in these domains for planning and conducting futuristic studies. KEY POINTS: • The recent methods for fabrication of CuO nanoparticles have been discussed with emphasis on green synthesis methods for different biomedical approaches. • Antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties of CuO nanoparticles have been explained. • In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of CuO nanoparticles exploited along with their respective mechanisms.
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Gowda SB, Banu A, Salim S, Peker KA, Mohammad F. Serotonin distinctly controls behavioral states in restrained and freely moving Drosophila. iScience 2022; 26:105886. [PMID: 36654863 PMCID: PMC9840979 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When trapped in a physical restraint, animals must select an escape strategy to increase their chances of survival. After falling into an inescapable trap, they react with stereotypical behaviors that differ from those displayed in escapable situations. Such behaviors involve either a wriggling response to unlock the trap or feigning death to fend off a predator attack. The neural mechanisms that regulate animal behaviors have been well characterized for escapable situations but not for inescapable traps. We report that restrained vinegar flies exhibit alternating flailing and immobility to free themselves from the trap. We used optogenetics and intersectional genetic approaches to show that, while broader serotonin activation promotes immobility, serotonergic cells in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) regulate immobility states majorly via 5-HT7 receptors. Restrained and freely moving locomotor states are controlled by distinct mechanisms. Taken together, our study has identified serotonergic switches of the VNC that promote environment-specific adaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha B.M. Gowda
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Ayesha Banu
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Safa Salim
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar
| | | | - Farhan Mohammad
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar,Corresponding author
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Wang L, Yang P, Yang C, Yang D, Wu X, Cao T, Zeng C, Chen Q, Zhang S, Zhu Z, Jiao S, Cai H. Disturbance of neurotransmitter metabolism in drug-naïve, first-episode major depressive disorder: a comparative study on adult and adolescent cohorts. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1283-1296. [PMID: 35410391 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter metabolism plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, whether the neurotransmitter metabolism in adolescent MDD is differentiated from adult MDD is still elusive. In the current study, plasma concentrations of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters as well as their metabolites, including tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), glutamine (GLN), glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were measured and compared in two cohorts of subjects (adult cohort: 31 first-episode MDD vs. 35 healthy controls; adolescent cohort: 33 first-episode MDD vs. 30 healthy controls). To assess the effects of antidepressant treatment, we also analyzed the concentrations of these indexes pre- and post-treatment in adult and adolescent cohorts. At baseline, the deficits of neurotransmitter metabolism in adult MDD were manifested in all the neurotransmitter systems. In contrast, for adolescent MDD, the dysregulation of neurotransmission was mainly indicated in the catecholaminergic systems. After antidepressant treatment, adult MDD showed increased TRP, KYN, KYNA and GLU levels, together with decreased levels of 5-HIAA and DOPAC. Adolescent MDD illustrated an increased level of 5-HT and decreased levels of TRP and GABA. The improvements of Hamilton total scores correlated with the changes in plasma TRP and the turnover of KYN/TRP after treatment in all MDD patients. However, these correlations were only manifested in the adult MDD rather than in adolescent MDD patients. The findings highlight the shared and distinguished neurotransmitter pathways in MDD and emphasize the different antidepressant responses between adults and adolescents. Potentially, the neurotransmitters above could serve as diagnostic biomarkers and provide a novel pharmacological treatment strategy for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Child Psychology, Xinjiang Mental Health Center and Urumqi Fourth People's Hospital, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangxin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Cuirong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shimeng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hualin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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El-Azma MH, El-Beih NM, El-Shamy KA, Koriem KM, Elkassaby MI, El-Sayed WM. Pumpkin seed oil and zinc attenuate chronic mild stress perturbations in the cerebral cortex of rats. NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 52:1070-1082. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-10-2021-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the potential of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) and zinc to attenuate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation caused by chronic mild stress (CMS) in the cerebral cortex of male rats.
Design/methodology/approach
The rats were submitted to stress for six weeks and then the behavior of the rats was tested by forced swimming test (FST) and novel cage test. The treated groups were given venlafaxine (20 mg/kg), pumpkin seed oil (40 mg/kg) and zinc (4 mg/kg). The cortex homogenate was used for the detection of the oxidative stress parameters, the concentration of neurotransmitters, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and the expression of histamine N-methyltransferase (Hnmt) and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th).
Findings
CMS causes a significant increase in immobility time in the FST and a significant decrease in the number of rearing in the novel cage test. CMS group showed a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, levels of cortisol, TNF-α, IL-1β, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. CMS caused a significant decrease in the concentrations of serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and Na+/K+-ATPase. CMS caused a marked reduction in the expression of Hnmt and Th in the cortex. PSO and zinc attenuated the Na+/K+-ATPase activity, oxidative parameters and neuroinflammation induced by the CMS, and this was reflected by the elevation of the concentration of neurotransmitters and reduction of cortisol and ALT, in addition to the behavior normalization. PSO and zinc attenuated the CMS by improving the antioxidant milieu and anti-inflammatory status of the cerebral cortex.
Originality/value
There are no studies on the effect of pumpkin seed oil on depression
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Noise Induced Depression-Like Behavior, Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Plasticity Impairments: The Protective Effects of Luteolin. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3318-3330. [PMID: 35978229 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Noise is a kind of sound that causes agitation and harms human health. Studies have shown that noise can lead to neuroinflammation, damage to synaptic plasticity and altered levels of neurotransmitters that may result in depression. The present study demonstrated that luteolin exerted antidepressant-like effects by improving neuroinflammation in a mouse model of noise-induced depression. Luteolin significantly alleviated noise-induced depression-like behavior. Notably, luteolin treatment not only remarkably ameliorated noise-induced inflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, but also increased synapsin. Furthermore, luteolin treatment significantly increased the contents of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine in noise-induced mice. In sum, luteolin exerts antidepressant effects indepression-like mice caused by noise, which can serve as a potential agent for the treatment of chronic noise-induced depression.
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Unal GO, Demirdas A, Nazıroglu M, Ovey IS. Agomelatine attenuates calcium signaling and apoptosis via the inhibition of TRPV1 channel in the hippocampal neurons of rats with chronic mild stress depression model. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Khamphukdee C, Turkmani I, Chotritthirong Y, Chulikhit Y, Boonyarat C, Sekeroglu N, Silva AMS, Monthakantirat O, Kijjoa A. Effects of the Bark Resin Extract of Garcinia nigrolineata on Chronic Stress-Induced Memory Deficit in Mice Model and the In Vitro Monoamine Oxidases and β-Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitory Activities of Its Prenylated Xanthone Constituents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093014. [PMID: 35566362 PMCID: PMC9103351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes investigation of the effects of the bark resin extract of Garcinia nigrolineata (Clusiaceae) on the cognitive function and the induction of oxidative stress in both frontal cortex and hippocampus by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). By using behavioral mouse models, i.e., the Y-maze test, the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT), and the Morris Water Maze Test (MWMT), it was found that the negative impact of repeated mild stress-induced learning and memory deficit through brain oxidative stress in the UCMS mice was reversed by treatment with the bark resin extract G. nigrolineata. Moreover, the prenylated xanthones viz. cowagarcinone C, cowaxanthone, α-mangostin, cowaxanthone B, cowanin, fuscaxanthone A, fuscaxanthone B, xanthochymusxanthones A, 7-O-methylgarcinone E, and cowagarcinone A, isolated from the bark resin of G. nigrolineata, were assayed for their inhibitory activities against β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and monoamine oxidase enzymes (MAOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charinya Khamphukdee
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Ibrahim Turkmani
- ICBAS-Instituo de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Yutthana Chotritthirong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Yaowared Chulikhit
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Chantana Boonyarat
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Nazim Sekeroglu
- Phytotherapy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Application & Research Center and Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey;
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Orawan Monthakantirat
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (Y.C.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (A.K.); Tel.: +66-81-3404677 (O.M.); +351-220428331 (A.K.)
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- ICBAS-Instituo de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (A.K.); Tel.: +66-81-3404677 (O.M.); +351-220428331 (A.K.)
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Effects of stress on endophenotypes of suicide across species: A role for ketamine in risk mitigation. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 18:100450. [PMID: 35685678 PMCID: PMC9170747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide, yet few interventions are available to mitigate its risk. Barriers to effective treatments involve a limited understanding of factors that predict the onset of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In the context of suicide risk, stress is a precipitating factor that is largely overlooked in the literature. Indeed, the pathophysiology of stress and suicide are heavily interconnected, underscoring the need to target the stress system in suicide prevention. In this review, we integrate findings from the preclinical and clinical literature that links stress and suicide. We focus specifically on the effects of stress on underlying biological functions and processes associated with suicide, allowing for the review of research using animal models. Owing to the rapid anti-suicidal effects of (R,S)-ketamine, we discuss its ability to modulate various stress-related endophenotypes of suicide, as well as its potential role in preventing suicide in those with a history of chronic life stress (e.g., early life adversity). We highlight future research directions that could advance our understanding of stress-related effects on suicide risk, advocating a dimensional, endophenotype approach to suicide research. Suicide and chronic stress pathophysiology are interconnected. Chronic stress has profound impacts on several endophenotypes of suicide. Animal and human research points to stress as a precipitating factor in suicide. Ketamine modulates specific biological processes associated with stress and suicide. Suicide research into endophenotypes can help inform risk-mitigation strategies.
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15
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Nazeem M, Wahdan SA, El-Naga RN, Gad AM. Saxagliptin ameliorated the depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats: Impact on incretins and AKT/PI3K pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174602. [PMID: 34710367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a widespread, withering illness, resulting in a massive personal suffering and economic loss. The chronic exposure to stress may be involved in the etiology of human psychiatric disorders; such as depression. In the current study, the animals were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 14 days. Saxagliptin (SAXA) is a member of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors class. The current study was the first one to examine the anti-depressive effect of SAXA in an experimental model of CUMS-induced depression in rats and the possible underlying mechanisms. Animals were orally treated with SAXA (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) for 14 days. SAXA treatment reversed the CUMS-induced alterations in the behavioral, biochemical as well as histopathological parameters. Moreover, it hindered the CUMS-induced increase in the oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers. On the other hand, it increased the monoamines levels and the neurogenic brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, SAXA treatment increased the incretin hormones, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which are linked to the activation of protein kinase B (AKT)/phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the modulation of the interplay between the key events involved in depression, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and GLP-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, can explain the anti-depressant activity of SAXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- MennatAllah Nazeem
- The Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Formerly NODCAR, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany M Gad
- The Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Formerly NODCAR, Giza, Egypt; The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, East Kantara Branch, New City, El Esmailia, Egypt
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16
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Mindus C, van Staaveren N, Bharwani A, Fuchs D, Gostner JM, Kjaer JB, Kunze W, Mian MF, Shoveller AK, Forsythe P, Harlander-Matauschek A. Ingestion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus modulates chronic stress-induced feather pecking in chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17119. [PMID: 34429482 PMCID: PMC8384842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feather pecking (FP) is a stress-induced neuropsychological disorder of birds. Intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation are common traits of these disorders. FP is, therefore, proposed to be a behavioral consequence of dysregulated communication between the gut and the brain. Probiotic bacteria are known to favorably modulate the gut microbiome and hence the neurochemical and immune components of the gut-brain axis. Consequently, probiotic supplementation represents a promising new therapeutic to mitigate widespread FP in domestic chickens. We monitored FP, gut microbiota composition, immune markers, and amino acids related to the production of neurochemicals in chickens supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus or a placebo. Data demonstrate that, when stressed, the incidence of FP increased significantly; however, L. rhamnosus prevented this increase. L. rhamnosus supplementation showed a strong immunological effect by increasing the regulatory T cell population of the spleen and the cecal tonsils, in addition to limiting cecal microbiota dysbiosis. Despite minimal changes in aromatic amino acid levels, data suggest that catecholaminergic circuits may be an interesting target for further studies. Overall, our findings provide the first data supporting the use of a single-strain probiotic to reduce stress-induced FP in chickens and promise to improve domestic birds' welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mindus
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nienke van Staaveren
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Aadil Bharwani
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joergen B Kjaer
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kunze
- Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M Firoz Mian
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
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Modulation of behavioral and neurochemical responses of adult zebrafish by fluoxetine, eicosapentaenoic acid and lipopolysaccharide in the prolonged chronic unpredictable stress model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14289. [PMID: 34253753 PMCID: PMC8275758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term recurrent stress is a common cause of neuropsychiatric disorders. Animal models are widely used to study the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as a powerful tool to study chronic stress and its mechanisms. Here, we developed a prolonged 11-week chronic unpredictable stress (PCUS) model in zebrafish to more fully mimic chronic stress in human populations. We also examined behavioral and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish, and attempted to modulate these states by 3-week treatment with an antidepressant fluoxetine, a neuroprotective omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a pro-inflammatory endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their combinations. Overall, PCUS induced severe anxiety and elevated norepinephrine levels, whereas fluoxetine (alone or combined with other agents) corrected most of these behavioral deficits. While EPA and LPS alone had little effects on the zebrafish PCUS-induced anxiety behavior, both fluoxetine (alone or in combination) and EPA restored norepinephrine levels, whereas LPS + EPA increased dopamine levels. As these data support the validity of PCUS as an effective tool to study stress-related pathologies in zebrafish, further research is needed into the ability of various conventional and novel treatments to modulate behavioral and neurochemical biomarkers of chronic stress in this model organism.
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18
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Chronic unpredictable stress negatively regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and promote anxious depression-like behavior via upregulating apoptosis and inflammatory signals in adult rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 172:164-179. [PMID: 33895271 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psychological and physical stress play a pivotal role in etiology of anxiety and depression. Chronic psychological and physical stress modify various physiological phenomena, as a consequence of which oxidative stress, decreased neurotransmitter level, elevated corticosterone level and altered NSC homeostasis is observed. However, the precise mechanism by which chronic stress induce anxious depression and modify internal milieu is still unknown. Herein, we show that exposure to CUS increase oxidative stress, microgliosis, astrogliosis while it reduces hippocampal NSC proliferation, neuronal differentiation and maturation in adult rats. CUS exposure in rats reduce dopamine and serotonin level in cortex and hippocampus, which result in increased anxiety and depression-like phenotypes. We also found elevated level of NF-κB and TNF-α while decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level, that led to increased expression of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 whereas down regulation of antiapoptotic protein Bcl2. Additionally, CUS altered adult hippocampal neurogenesis, increased gliosis and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral cortex and hippocampus which might be associated with reduced AKT and increased ERK signaling, as seen in the rat brain tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that CUS induce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which directly affects NSC dynamics, monoamines levels and behavioral functions in adult rats.
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Demin KA, Smagin DA, Kovalenko IL, Strekalova T, Galstyan DS, Kolesnikova TO, De Abreu MS, Galyamina AG, Bashirzade A, Kalueff AV. CNS genomic profiling in the mouse chronic social stress model implicates a novel category of candidate genes integrating affective pathogenesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110086. [PMID: 32889031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite high prevalence, medical impact and societal burden, anxiety, depression and other affective disorders remain poorly understood and treated. Clinical complexity and polygenic nature complicate their analyses, often revealing genetic overlap and cross-disorder heritability. However, the interplay or overlaps between disordered phenotypes can also be based on shared molecular pathways and 'crosstalk' mechanisms, which themselves may be genetically determined. We have earlier predicted (Kalueff et al., 2014) a new class of 'interlinking' brain genes that do not affect the disordered phenotypes per se, but can instead specifically determine their interrelatedness. To test this hypothesis experimentally, here we applied a well-established rodent chronic social defeat stress model, known to progress in C57BL/6J mice from the Anxiety-like stage on Day 10 to Depression-like stage on Day 20. The present study analyzed mouse whole-genome expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during the Day 10, the Transitional (Day 15) and Day 20 stages in this model. Our main question here was whether a putative the Transitional stage (Day 15) would reveal distinct characteristic genomic responses from Days 10 and 20 of the model, thus reflecting unique molecular events underlining the transformation or switch from anxiety to depression pathogenesis. Overall, while in the Day 10 (Anxiety) group both brain regions showed major genomic alterations in various neurotransmitter signaling pathways, the Day 15 (Transitional) group revealed uniquely downregulated astrocyte-related genes, and the Day 20 (Depression) group demonstrated multiple downregulated genes of cell adhesion, inflammation and ion transport pathways. Together, these results reveal a complex temporal dynamics of mouse affective phenotypes as they develop. Our genomic profiling findings provide first experimental support to the idea that novel brain genes (activated here only during the Transitional stage) may uniquely integrate anxiety and depression pathogenesis and, hence, determine the progression from one pathological state to another. This concept can potentially be extended to other brain conditions as well. This preclinical study also further implicates cilial and astrocytal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Smagin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana Strekalova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana O Kolesnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alim Bashirzade
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
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20
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Jansen van Vuren E, Steyn SF, Brink CB, Möller M, Viljoen FP, Harvey BH. The neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19: Interactions with psychiatric illness and pharmacological treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111200. [PMID: 33421734 PMCID: PMC7834135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the corona virus disease (COVID-19) has had major global impact. The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection and psychiatric diseases is of great concern, with an evident link between corona virus infections and various central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. Unmitigated neuro-inflammation has been noted to underlie not only the severe respiratory complications of the disease but is also present in a range of neuro-psychiatric illnesses. Several neurological and psychiatric disorders are characterized by immune-inflammatory states, while treatments for these disorders have distinct anti-inflammatory properties and effects. With inflammation being a common contributing factor in SARS-CoV-2, as well as psychiatric disorders, treatment of either condition may affect disease progression of the other or alter response to pharmacological treatment. In this review, we elucidate how viral infections could affect pre-existing psychiatric conditions and how pharmacological treatments of these conditions may affect overall progress and outcome in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We address whether any treatment-induced benefits and potential adverse effects may ultimately affect the overall treatment approach, considering the underlying dysregulated neuro-inflammatory processes and potential drug interactions. Finally, we suggest adjunctive treatment options for SARS-CoV-2-associated neuro-psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmé Jansen van Vuren
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Stephan F Steyn
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Christiaan B Brink
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marisa Möller
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Francois P Viljoen
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; South African MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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21
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Singh A, Singh L, Singh P, Bhatti R. Biological Evaluation of Aegle marmelos Fruit Extract and Isolated Aegeline in Alleviating Pain -Depression Dyad: In Silico Analysis of Aegeline on MAO-A and iNOS. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2034-2044. [PMID: 33521442 PMCID: PMC7841774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain and depression have been assessed to co-occur in up to 80% of patients, and this comorbidity is more debilitating and pricier for the patients as compared to either of these disorders alone. Aegle marmelos is a well-known medicinal plant with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Aegeline is a relatively unexplored molecule present in Aegle marmelos. Therefore, the current investigation aims to explore the potential of Aegle marmelos fruit extract (AMFE) and isolated aegeline against the reserpine-induced pain-depression dyad. In the current investigation, aegeline was isolated from AMFE, followed by spectroscopic characterization, i.e., using NMR and mass analyses. AMFE (200 mg kg-1 p.o) and aegeline (10 mg kg-1 p.o.) were administered to reserpinized (0.5 mg kg-1 s.c.) mice, and clorgyline (3 mg kg-1 i.p.) was taken as the standard drug. AMFE and aegeline significantly alleviated the reserpine-induced reduction in a pain threshold and an increase in immobility as observed in behavioral tests of pain and depression, respectively. In silico molecular docking studies of aegeline showed a good binding interaction at the active sites of MAO-A and iNOS. The in vivo analysis showed that AMFE and aegeline treatment significantly decreased the monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, and lipid peroxidation, along with an increase in the reduced glutathione level in comparison to the reserpine-treated group. Immunofluorescence studies also showed that AMFE and aegeline abrogated the reserpine-induced increase in iNOS expression. Conclusively, the results delineate that AMFE and aegeline might exert a protective effect via downregulating the MAO-A hyperactivity, IL-6 level, oxidative and nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit
Pal Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Lovedeep Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar 143005, India
- . Phone: 0183-2258802-9
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22
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Understanding complex dynamics of behavioral, neurochemical and transcriptomic changes induced by prolonged chronic unpredictable stress in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19981. [PMID: 33203921 PMCID: PMC7673038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders are widespread, debilitating and often treatment-resistant illnesses that represent an urgent unmet biomedical problem. Animal models of these disorders are widely used to study stress pathogenesis. A more recent and historically less utilized model organism, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), is a valuable tool in stress neuroscience research. Utilizing the 5-week chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model, here we examined brain transcriptomic profiles and complex dynamic behavioral stress responses, as well as neurochemical alterations in adult zebrafish and their correction by chronic antidepressant, fluoxetine, treatment. Overall, CUS induced complex neurochemical and behavioral alterations in zebrafish, including stable anxiety-like behaviors and serotonin metabolism deficits. Chronic fluoxetine (0.1 mg/L for 11 days) rescued most of the observed behavioral and neurochemical responses. Finally, whole-genome brain transcriptomic analyses revealed altered expression of various CNS genes (partially rescued by chronic fluoxetine), including inflammation-, ubiquitin- and arrestin-related genes. Collectively, this supports zebrafish as a valuable translational tool to study stress-related pathogenesis, whose anxiety and serotonergic deficits parallel rodent and clinical studies, and genomic analyses implicate neuroinflammation, structural neuronal remodeling and arrestin/ubiquitin pathways in both stress pathogenesis and its potential therapy.
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Sahoo S, Kharkar PS, Sahu NU, S B. Anxiolytic activity of Psidium guajava in mice subjected to chronic restraint stress and effect on neurotransmitters in brain. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1399-1415. [PMID: 33034100 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The anxiolytic activity of Psidium guajava L. leaf ethanolic extract (PLE) and its effect on neurotransmitter systems was investigated. PLE, extracted using Soxhlet apparatus, was subjected to preliminary qualitative and quantitative (flavonoids and phenols) analyses. The anxiolytic activity at 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg doses were assessed in mice using elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark transition (LDT) test models on days 1 and 16. Neurotransmitters such as monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate were estimated in different regions of the brain (cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum and brain stem). Phytoconstituents identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were analyzed in silico to evaluate their potential binding mode(s) to GABAA and 5-HT1A receptors. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, carbohydrates, and proteins, whereas total flavonoid and phenol contents were estimated to be 64.96 ± 0.95 and 206.58 ± 1.60 mg/g of dried extract, respectively. PLE treatment significantly enhanced exploratory activity of mice in EPM and LDT models with significant effects on monoamines, GABA and glutamate levels in the brain. The in silico studies suggested the interaction(s) of PLE component(s) with GABAA /5-HT1A receptors as a potential mechanism of its anxiolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sahoo
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Niteshkumar U Sahu
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Brijesh S
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai, India
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Xu JF, Lu JJ, Cao Y, Wang W, Li HH, Chen JG, Wang F, Wu PF. Sulforaphane alleviates ethanol-mediated central inhibition and reverses chronic stress-induced aggravation of acute alcoholism via targeting Nrf2-regulated catalase expression. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108235. [PMID: 32710977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute ethanol intoxication by excessive drinking is an important cause of alcohol-induced death. Stress exposure has been identified as one risk factor for alcohol abuse. Previous reports indicated that stressors may augment inhibitory effects of alcohol, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we reported that chronic unpredictable stress increased the sensitivity to the acute ethanol intoxication in mice via impairing nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-catalase signaling. Nrf2 activity regulates the expression of catalase, a key antioxidant enzyme that mediates ethanol oxidation in the brain. Pharmacological blockade of catalase or Nrf2 activity significantly aggravated acute ethanol intoxication. Sulforaphane, a cruciferous vegetable-derived activator of Nrf2, significantly attenuated acute ethanol intoxication. Furthermore, the stress-induced aggravation of acute alcoholism was rapidly reversed by sulforaphane. Our findings suggest that Nrf2 may function as a novel drug target for the prevention of acute alcoholism, especially in psychiatric patients, by controlling catalase-mediated ethanol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Jing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hou-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Neurobiology of environmental enrichment in pigs: hanges in monoaminergic neurotransmitters in several brain areas and in the hippocampal proteome. J Proteomics 2020; 229:103943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Effects of age and social isolation on murine hippocampal biochemistry and behavior. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111337. [PMID: 32866520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) is a major health risk in older people leading to cognitive decline. This study examined how SI and age influence performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tasks in C57BL/6 mice aged 3 or 24 months. Mice were group-housed (groups of 2-3) or isolated for 2 weeks prior to experimentation. Following NOR and EPM testing hippocampal norepinephrine (NE), 5, hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5, hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), corticosterone (CORT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined and serum collected for basal CORT analysis. A separate set of mice were exposed to the forced swim test (FST), sacrificed immediately and serum CORT determined. SI impaired performance in the NOR and the FST, reduced hippocampal 5-HT, increased hippocampal IL-6 and increased serum CORT post-FST in young mice. Aged mice either failed to respond significantly to SI (NOR, FST, hippocampal 5-HT, serum CORT post FST) or SI had synergistic effects with age (hippocampal NE, 5-HIAA:5-HT). In conclusion, the lack of response to SI in the aged mice may affect health by preventing them adapting to new stressors, while the synergistic effects of SI with age would increase allostatic load and enhance the deleterious effects of the ageing process.
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Ma FQ, Sun CJ, Wei JJ, Wang YD, Shen JC, Chang JJ. Electro-acupuncture regulates glucose metabolism in chronic stress model rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11281. [PMID: 32647204 PMCID: PMC7347532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that acupuncture is very effective in treating chronic stress depression. However, little is known about the therapeutic mechanism of electro-acupuncture. Metabolomics, on the other hand, is a technology that determines the metabolic changes of organisms caused by various interventions as a whole and is related to the overall effect of electro-acupuncture (EA). 1HNMR, serum sample analysis, and histopathology and molecular biology analysis were used to evaluate the effects of EA. The results show that electro-acupuncture points can regulate the heat pain threshold of chronic stress model rats and change the morphology of adrenal cortex cells Structure, and regulate the contents of corticotropin-releasing hormone, Corticosterone (CORT), glucose, alanine and valine in the samples. These findings help to clarify the therapeutic mechanism of electro-acupuncture on heterologous chronic stress model rats. The effect of electro-acupuncture on improving chronic stress is likely to be achieved by regulating glucose metabolism, which can provide a reference for clinical acupuncture treatment of chronic stress depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Ma
- Luoyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chan-Juan Sun
- Luoyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Wei
- Luoyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Dong Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Cheng Shen
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jian Chang
- Luoyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
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Buján GE, Serra HA, Molina SJ, Guelman LR. Oxidative Stress-Induced Brain Damage Triggered by Voluntary Ethanol Consumption during Adolescence: A Potential Target for Neuroprotection? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4782-4790. [PMID: 31814553 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191209121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption, in particular ethanol (EtOH), typically begins in human adolescence, often in a "binge like" manner. However, although EtOH abuse has a high prevalence at this stage, the effects of exposure during adolescence have been less explored than prenatal or adult age exposure. Several authors have reported that EtOH intake during specific periods of development might induce brain damage. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, it has been postulated that oxidative stress may play a role. In fact, some of these studies revealed a decrease in brain antioxidant enzymes' level and/or an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Nevertheless, although existing literature shows a number of studies in which ROS were measured in developing animals, fewer reported the measurement of ROS levels after EtOH exposure in adolescence. Importantly, neuroprotective agents aimed to these potential targets may be relevant tools useful to reduce EtOH-induced neurodegeneration, restore cognitive function and improve treatment outcomes for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The present paper reviews significant evidences about the mechanisms involved in EtOH-induced brain damage, as well as the effect of different potential neuroprotectants that have shown to be able to prevent EtOH-induced oxidative stress. A selective inhibitor of the endocannabinoid anandamide metabolism, a flavonol present in different fruits (quercetin), an antibiotic with known neuroprotective properties (minocycline), a SOD/catalase mimetic, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule (resveratrol), a powerful ROS scavenger (melatonin), an isoquinoline alkaloid (berberine), are some of the therapeutic strategies that could have some clinical relevance in the treatment of AUDs. As most of these works were performed in adult animal models and using EtOH-forced paradigms, the finding of neuroprotective tools that could be effective in adolescent animal models of voluntary EtOH intake should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E. Buján
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1 Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBACONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hector A. Serra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1 Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia J. Molina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBACONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura R. Guelman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1 Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBACONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang W, Zheng L, Xu L, Tu J, Gu X. Pinocembrin mitigates depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress through ameliorating neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Mol Med 2020; 26:53. [PMID: 32460706 PMCID: PMC7251698 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with chronic fatigue have a risk of comorbidity with depression. Pinocembrin (PB) is a kind of flavonoid molecule isolated from honey and propolis and has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer function. The purpose of the current study was to determine the possible function of PB on treatment of depression. METHODS A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model was established to mimic the depressive-like behaviors in vivo. The depressive-like behaviors of CUMS mice were measured by sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity or superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by commercial kit. The inflammatory factor including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were examined. RESULTS We found that PB alleviated the decreasing of sucrose preference and body weight. CUMS mice significantly increased the immobility time but decreased latency to abandon in FST, increased the immobility time in TST, and reduced crossing score and rearing score in OFT, whereas these changes were reversed by PB treatment. More importantly, PB decreased the concentration of ROS and MDA, but increased the SOD activity, suggesting that it could protected against oxidative stress in CUMS mice. Interestingly, PB inhibited cell apoptosis and regulated inflammatory factors expression in hippocampus of CUMS mice. Moreover, PB activated Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway but inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-kB. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, PB mitigated CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors through ameliorating neuroinflammation and apoptosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not Applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jianglong Tu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xunhu Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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Steyn SF, Harvey BH, Brink CB. Pre-pubertal, low-intensity exercise does not require concomitant venlafaxine to induce robust, late-life antidepressant effects in Flinders sensitive line rats. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3979-3994. [PMID: 32320518 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of adolescents are considered insufficiently active. This is of concern considering the negative association between physical activity and major depressive disorder (MDD). There is a lack of approved pharmacological treatment options in this population partly due to limited information on the risks associated with lasting effects during early life. Therefore, interest in non-pharmacological strategies is gaining popularity with low- to moderate-intensity exercise being especially attractive for its antidepressant-like effects and augmentation properties in combination with antidepressants. Early-life development might present a unique "window of opportunity" to induce long-term beneficial effects in individuals treated with central acting drugs, such as antidepressants. Therefore, we investigated the bio-behavioural effects of pre-pubertal, low-intensity exercise (EXE) and/or venlafaxine (VEN) on depressive-like behaviour in juvenile (postnatal day 35 (PND35)) and young adult (PND60) stress-sensitive Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats. Interventions were introduced during pre-pubertal development, that is PND21-34, followed by a 26-day washout/sedentary period, when bio-behavioural analyses were performed in the early adulthood group. VEN, alone or in combination with EXE, proved ineffective in inducing any bio-behavioural changes in either age group. EXE did not induce early-life antidepressant-like effects, despite increasing frontal serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) levels. Later in life (PND60), pre-pubertal exercise reduced immobility and increased coping behaviours, together with increased cortical 5-HT levels, despite a significant reduction in locomotor activity. These findings emphasize a strong serotonergic basis to the observed delayed antidepressant effects of EXE later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Steyn
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Christiaan B Brink
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Sahoo S, Brijesh S. Anxiolytic activity of Coriandrum sativum seeds aqueous extract on chronic restraint stressed mice and effect on brain neurotransmitters. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Huang YJ, Lu KH, Lin YE, Panyod S, Wu HY, Chang WT, Sheen LY. Garlic essential oil mediates acute and chronic mild stress-induced depression in rats via modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Food Funct 2020; 10:8094-8105. [PMID: 31735946 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00601j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Garlic essential oil (GEO) and its major organosulfur component (diallyl disulfide, DADS) possess diverse biological properties; however, limited information on their antidepressant-like effects is available. This study is the first to investigate these effects of GEO using the forced swimming test (FST) and unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) induced depression in rats. After oral administration for 28 consecutive days, GEO (25 and 50 mg per kg bw) significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST. Additionally, GEO and DADS significantly reversed the sucrose preference index decrease induced by 5 weeks of UCMS. GEO (25 mg per kg bw) effectively decreased the frontal cortex turnover ratio of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), thus increasing the 5-HT and DA levels, with no hippocampal effects. Chronic GEO treatment increased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-AMP response element binding protein (CREB), and protein kinase B (AKT) expression, exhibiting its effects via monoamine neurotransmitter modulation and the BDNF-related signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Favoretto CA, Nunes YC, Macedo GC, Lopes JSR, Quadros IMH. Chronic social defeat stress: Impacts on ethanol-induced stimulation, corticosterone response, and brain monoamine levels. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:412-419. [PMID: 31965898 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119900983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to stress may dysregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain monoamine levels, contributing to the development of ethanol dependence. Exposure to chronic social defeat stress may impact ethanol-related effects, neural, and endocrine functions. AIM This study assessed ethanol-induced locomotor activity, corticosterone responses, and brain monoamine levels in Swiss albino mice 10 days post-exposure to chronic social defeat stress. METHODS During a period of 10 days, male Swiss mice were exposed to daily defeat episodes, followed by housing with an aggressive mouse for 24 h. Control mice were housed in pairs and rotated every 24 h. Ten days post-stress, locomotor behavior was recorded after a challenge with ethanol (2.2 g/kg; intraperitoneal) or saline. After the test, blood and brain samples were collected for determination of plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines across different brain areas through high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Defeated mice failed to show a stimulant locomotor response to ethanol, while controls displayed the expected ethanol-induced stimulation. Ethanol increased plasma corticosterone levels, with lower corticosterone secretion in defeated mice. Brain monoamines were affected by social defeat and ethanol, varying in different brain regions. Social stress reduced levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in the hypothalamus. Defeated mice presented reduced serotonin and dopamine levels in the frontal cortex. In the striatum, ethanol treatment increased dopamine levels in controls, but failed to do so in defeated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that chronic exposure to social defeat blunted ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation, and reduced ethanol-induced corticosterone secretion. Social stress promoted differential reductions in brain monoamine levels in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex and blunted ethanol-induced dopamine increases in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane A Favoretto
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yasmin C Nunes
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana C Macedo
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Effect of Electroacupuncture on Reuptake of Serotonin via miRNA-16 Expression in a Rat Model of Depression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7124318. [PMID: 31929820 PMCID: PMC6942800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7124318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment applied to Bai hui (GV20) and Yin tang (GV29) acupoints (1 mA, 2 Hz, continuous wave, 20 minutes) for 28 days in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on reuptake of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) and miRNA-16 levels in the hippocampus and serum. Rats were housed in individual cages, and CUMS was used to establish a rat model of depression. After EA treatment for 4 weeks, behavioral changes and indices including 5-HT transporter (SERT), 5-HT, and miRNA-16 levels in the hippocampus and serum were examined. The EA treatment significantly improved base levels of sucrose preference and exploratory behavior and significantly decreased SERT protein and mRNA expression in the hippocampus of depressed rats. Significantly increased 5-HT levels were observed, and miRNA-16 levels were significantly decreased in the hippocampus and serum of depressed rats. In conclusion, the antidepressant effects of EA treatment may be affected via inhibition of 5-HT reuptake, upregulation of 5-HT levels, and inhibition of miRNA-16 expression in the hippocampus and serum.
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Almogbel E, Aladhadh AM, Almotyri BH, Alhumaid AF, Rasheed N. Stress Associated Alterations in Dietary Behaviours of Undergraduate Students of Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:2182-2188. [PMID: 31456849 PMCID: PMC6698097 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Psychological stress associated eating habits among public health have now become a global concern. AIM: This study was undertaken to investigate the levels of psychological stress among undergraduate students of Qassim University and to explore the stress associated alterations in their eating habits. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey conducted on 614 undergraduate students of Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which included questions on socio-demography and eating habits. Level of stress was measured by a standardised questionnaire highlights the levels of non-chronic stimulation through difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal and being easily upset/agitated, irritable / over-reactive and impatient. RESULTS: Our results show that 28.2% of total participants suffered from some extent of stress. Among stressed participants, 17.3%, 49.1%, 24.8% and 8.7% of participants suffered from mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe stress, respectively. Stressed participants were more preferred to eat junk foods such as fast foods, snacks and beverages as compared with unstressed participants (p < 0.05) and the junk food preference was increased with the increase of stress levels. Moreover, non-stressed participants preferred more healthy foods such as vegetarian food, fresh fruits as compared with stressed participants (p < 0.05). Taste and easy to access were the main reasons for the preference of junk foods by the stressed participants. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first comprehensive study from Saudi Arabia to show stress associated dietary alterations in undergraduates of Qassim University. Data concluded that most of the young adults followed a healthy eating pattern, but a significant number from them were affected by stress. Therefore, specific intervention programs are strongly recommended for the reduction of stress and to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehal Almogbel
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, KSA
| | | | | | - Ahmad F Alhumaid
- Research Center, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, KSA
| | - Naila Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, KSA
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Rawi SM, Al-Logmani AS, Hamza RZ. Neurological alterations induced by formulated imidacloprid toxicity in Japanese quails. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:443-450. [PMID: 30607823 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemical risk assessment that takes into account only pesticide active ingredients without the spray adjuvants will miss important toxicity outcomes detrimental to non-target species including birds. In the present study toxicity of imidacloprid (IMI) pesticide was evaluated individually and in a mixture with polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) as adjuvant against Japanese quails. Oral intubation was used to obtain concentration-mortality data. Oral intubation was used to obtain concentration-mortality data. Treatments of quails for 24 h with different doses leading to the calculation of LC50 values. PEG enhances the pesticide efficacy and the LD50 value of IMI was 17.02 mg/Kg1, and in combination with PEG it was 15.98 mg/kg-1. In the second phase of the study, the effects of a single acute dose of IMI (1/4 LD50) individually or in a mixture with PEG has a potent effect on the activity of plasma AChE and brain monoamines transmitters. However, the addition of PEG-adjuvant to the selected insecticide has shown more toxic potential, more highly significant decreases in AChE activity and different changes in cortical monoamines concentration. In the present study the maximum significant inhibition of AChE activity, was recorded post 72 h exposure to IMI individually and 96 h in a mixture with PEG and exhibited -37.56% and -32.65% decreases, respectively. Moreover, the oral intubation of IMI individually or in a mixture with PEG caused a significant elevation in the quail cortical NE and 5-HT. The result also showed while the mixture of IMI + PEG induced the more potent effect in DA alterations, IMI individually was more effective in 5-HT changes. Our findings also indicated that PEG exposure induced remarkable changes in the studied monoamines level and the values were significant throughout the tested periods in DA. Moreover, the studied dose level was vigorously affected quail brain cerebral cortex histological structure. When administered individually or in a mixture with PEG, IMI disclosed neural congestion, neuronal degeneration, pyknosis and perivascular cuffing with glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M Rawi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdualaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Jeddah University, Khulais, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayed S Al-Logmani
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Jeddah University, Khulais, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Z Hamza
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, 888, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Wang L, Li XX, Chen X, Qin XY, Kardami E, Cheng Y. Antidepressant-Like Effects of Low- and High-Molecular Weight FGF-2 on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:377. [PMID: 30369869 PMCID: PMC6194172 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of depressive disorder has long been attributed to changes in monoamines, with the focus of drug treatment strategies being to change the effectiveness of monoamines. However, the success achieved by changing these processes is limited and further stimulates the exploration of alternative mechanisms and treatments. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), which occurs in a high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) form, is a potent developmental modulator and nervous system regulator that has been suggested to play an important role in various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effects of HMW and LMW FGF-2 on depression induced by chronic stress. Both peripheral LMW and HMW FGF-2 attenuated the depression-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice to a similar extent, as determined by the forced swimming, tail suspension, and sucrose preference tests. We then showed that CUMS-induced oxidative stresses in mice were inhibited by FGF-2 treatments both in central and peripheral. We also showed that both forms of FGF-2 increased the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT, increased Bcl-2 expression and inhibited caspase-3 activation in CUMS mice. Interestingly, HMW FGF-2 enhanced the activity of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to a greater extent than did LMW FGF-2 in the hippocampus. Taken together, these results suggest that depressive symptoms can be relieved by administering different forms of FGF-2 peripherally in a CUMS-induced depression model through a similar antidepressant signaling pathway, therefore suggesting a potential clinical use for FGF-2 as a treatment for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Tong J, Fitzmaurice PS, Moszczynska A, Rathitharan G, Ang LC, Meyer JH, Mizrahi R, Boileau I, Furukawa Y, McCluskey T, Sailasuta N, Kish SJ. Normal glutathione levels in autopsied brain of chronic users of heroin and of cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:20-28. [PMID: 29960919 PMCID: PMC6078812 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that exposure to either of the two widely used drugs of abuse, heroin or cocaine, causes depletion of the antioxidant, reduced glutathione, a hallmark of oxidative stress, in the brain. However, the relevance of the animal findings to the human is uncertain and clinical trials with the antioxidant GSH precursor n-acetylcysteine have produced mixed results in cocaine dependence. METHODS Our major objective was to compare glutathione levels, determined by an HPLC-coulometric procedure, in autopsied brain of chronic heroin (n = 11) and cocaine users (n = 9), who were positive for the drugs in the brain, to those of matched controls (n = 16). Six brain regions were examined, including caudate, hippocampus, thalamus and frontal, temporal and insular cortices. RESULTS In contrast to experimental animal findings, we found no statistically significant difference between mean levels of reduced or oxidized glutathione in the drug user vs. control groups. Moreover, no correlation was found between levels of drugs in the brain and those of glutathione. CONCLUSIONS Acknowledging the many generic limitations of an autopsied human brain study and the preliminary nature of the findings, our data nevertheless suggest that any oxidative stress caused by heroin or cocaine in chronic users of the drugs might not be sufficient to cause substantial loss of stores of glutathione in the human brain, at least during early withdrawal. These findings, requiring replication, might also have some relevance to future clinical trials employing glutathione supplement therapy as an anti-oxidative strategy in chronic users of the two abused drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Tong
- Preclinical Imaging Unit, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gausiha Rathitharan
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lee-Cyn Ang
- Division of Neuropathology, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University and Post Graduate University of Juntendo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tina McCluskey
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Napapon Sailasuta
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Osacka J, Szelle Cernackova A, Horvathova L, Majercikova Z, Pirnik Z, Kiss A. Clozapine impact on c-Fos expression in mild stress preconditioned male rats exposed to a novelty stressor. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1786-1797. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Osacka
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Alena Szelle Cernackova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Majercikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Zdeno Pirnik
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Human and Clinical Pharmacology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Košice Slovakia
| | - Alexander Kiss
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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Extract of sesame cake and sesamol alleviate chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and memory deficits. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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41
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Diamantopoulou A, Kalpachidou T, Aspiotis G, Gampierakis I, Stylianopoulou F, Stamatakis A. An early experience of mild adversity involving temporary denial of maternal contact affects the serotonergic system of adult male rats and leads to a depressive-like phenotype and inability to adapt to a chronic social stress. Physiol Behav 2018; 184:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Role of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors in Diminution of Dissimilar Stress-induced Depressive Behavior and Memory Impairment in Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 370:121-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pollano A, Trujillo V, Suárez MM. How does early maternal separation and chronic stress in adult rats affect the immunoreactivity of serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus? Stress 2018; 21:59-68. [PMID: 29157077 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1401062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerability to emotional disorders like depression derives from interactions between early and late environments, including stressful conditions. The serotonin (5HT) system is strongly affected by stress and chronic unpredictable stress can alter the 5HT system. We evaluated the distribution of active serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) through immunohistochemistry in maternally separated and chronically stressed rats treated with an antidepressant, tianeptine, whose mechanism of action is still under review. Male Wistar rats were subjected to daily maternal separation (MS) for 4.5 h between postnatal days (PND) 1-21, or to animal facility rearing (AFR). Between (PND) days 50-74, rats were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress and were treated daily with tianeptine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle. We found an interaction between the effects of MS and chronic unpredictable stress on Fos-5HT immunoreactive cells at mid-caudal level of the DR. MS-chronically stressed rats showed an increase of Fos-5HT immunoreactive cells compared with AFR-chronically stressed rats. The ventrolateral (DRL/VLPAG) and dorsal (DRD) subdivisions of the DR were significantly more active than the ventral part (DRV). At the rostral level of the DR, tianeptine decreased the number of Fos-5HT cells in DR in the AFR groups, both unstressed and stressed. Overall, our results support the idea of a match in phenotype exhibited when the early and the adult environment correspond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pollano
- a Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Verónica Trujillo
- a Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Marta M Suárez
- a Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
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Buhusi M, Brown CK, Buhusi CV. Impaired Latent Inhibition in GDNF-Deficient Mice Exposed to Chronic Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:177. [PMID: 29066960 PMCID: PMC5641315 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactivity to stress is maladaptive and linked to abnormal behaviors and psychopathology. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) alters catecholaminergic neurotransmission and remodels neuronal circuits involved in learning, attention and decision making. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is essential for the physiology and survival of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. Up-regulation of GDNF expression during stress is linked to resilience; on the other hand, the inability to up-regulate GDNF in response to stress, as a result of either genetic or epigenetic modifications, induces behavioral alterations. For example, GDNF-deficient mice exposed to chronic stress exhibit alterations of executive function, such as increased temporal discounting. Here we investigated the effects of CUS on latent inhibition (LI), a measure of selective attention and learning, in GDNF-heterozygous (HET) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls. No differences in LI were found between GDNF HET and WT mice under baseline experimental conditions. However, following CUS, GDNF-deficient mice failed to express LI. Moreover, stressed GDNF-HET mice, but not their WT controls, showed decreased neuronal activation (number of c-Fos positive neurons) in the nucleus accumbens shell and increased activation in the nucleus accumbens core, both key regions in the expression of LI. Our results add LI to the list of behaviors affected by chronic stress and support a role for GDNF deficits in stress-induced pathological behaviors relevant to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Colten K Brown
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Catalin V Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Exploring a post-traumatic stress disorder paradigm in Flinders sensitive line rats to model treatment-resistant depression I: bio-behavioural validation and response to imipramine. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:193-206. [PMID: 27573792 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-morbid depression with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often treatment resistant. In developing a preclinical model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we combined animal models of depression and PTSD to produce an animal with more severe as well as treatment-resistant depressive-like behaviours. METHODS Male Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic animal model of depression, were exposed to a stress re-stress model of PTSD [time-dependent sensitisation (TDS)] and compared with stress-naive controls. Seven days after TDS stress, depressive-like and coping behaviours as well as hippocampal and cortical noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels were analysed. Response to sub-chronic imipramine treatment (IMI; 10 mg/kg s.c.×7 days) was subsequently studied. RESULTS FSL rats demonstrated bio-behavioural characteristics of depression. Exposure to TDS stress in FSL rats correlated negatively with weight gain, while demonstrating reduced swimming behaviour and increased immobility versus unstressed FSL rats. IMI significantly reversed depressive-like (immobility) behaviour and enhanced active coping behaviour (swimming and climbing) in FSL rats. The latter was significantly attenuated in FSL rats exposed to TDS versus unstressed FSL rats. IMI reversed reduced 5HIAA levels in unstressed FSL rats, whereas exposure to TDS negated this effect. Lowered NA levels in FSL rats were sustained after TDS with IMI significantly reversing this in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Combining a gene-X-environment model of depression with a PTSD paradigm produces exaggerated depressive-like symptoms that display an attenuated response to antidepressant treatment. This work confirms combining FSL rats with TDS exposure as a putative animal model of TRD.
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Gaharwar US, Meena R, Rajamani P. Iron oxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in lymphocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1232-1244. [PMID: 28585739 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades nanotechnology and material science has progressed extremely rapidly. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) owing to their unique magnetic properties have a great potential for their biomedical and bioengineering applications. However, there is an inevitable need to address the issue of safety and health effects of these nanoparticles. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the cytotoxic effects of IONPs on rats' lymphocytes. Using different assays, we studied diverse parameters including mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase activity, antioxidant enzymes activity and DNA damage measurements. Intracellular metal uptake and ultrastructure analysis were also carried out through inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy respectively. The results show that the IONP-induced oxidative stress was concentration-dependent in nature, with significant (P < 0.05) increase in ROS levels, lipid peroxidation level as well as depletion of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione. Moreover, we observed morphological changes in the cell after intracellular uptake and localization of nanoparticles in cells. From the findings of the study, it may be concluded that IONPs induce ROS-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Singh Gaharwar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramovatar Meena
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Buhusi M, Olsen K, Buhusi CV. Increased temporal discounting after chronic stress in CHL1-deficient mice is reversed by 5-HT2C agonist Ro 60-0175. Neuroscience 2017; 357:110-118. [PMID: 28583411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which impaired decision-making and goal-directed behaviors are core features. One of the genes associated with schizophrenia is the Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1); CHL1-deficient mice are considered a model of schizophrenia-like deficits, including sensorimotor gating, interval timing and spatial memory impairments. Here we investigated temporal discounting in CHL1-deficient (KO) mice and their wild-type littermates. Although no discounting differences were found under baseline conditions, CHL1-KO mice showed increased impulsive choice following chronic unpredictable stress (fewer % larger-later choices, and reduced area under the discounting curve). Stressed CHL1-KO mice also showed decreased neuronal activation (number of cFos positive neurons) in the discounting task in the prelimbic cortex and dorsal striatum, areas thought to be part of executive and temporal processing circuits. Impulsive choice alterations were reversed by the 5-HT2C agonist Ro 60-0175. Our results provide evidence for a gene x environment, double-hit model of stress-related decision-making impairments, and identify CHL1-deficient mice as a mouse model for these deficits in regard to schizophrenia-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Buhusi
- Utah State University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Dept. Psychology, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States.
| | - Kaitlin Olsen
- Utah State University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Dept. Psychology, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Catalin V Buhusi
- Utah State University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Dept. Psychology, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
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Dean J, Keshavan M. The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 27:101-111. [PMID: 28558878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders; however, its etiology remains unclear. This paper aims to summarize the major neurobiological underpinnings of depression, synthesizing the findings into a comprehensive integrated view. A literature review was conducted using Pubmed. Search terms included "depression" or "MDD" AND "biology", "neurobiology", "inflammation", "neurogenesis", "monoamine", and "stress". Articles from 1995 to 2016 were reviewed with a focus on the connection between different biological and psychological models. Some possible pathophysiological mechanisms of depression include altered neurotransmission, HPA axis abnormalities involved in chronic stress, inflammation, reduced neuroplasticity, and network dysfunction. All of these proposed mechanisms are integrally related and interact bidirectionally. In addition, psychological factors have been shown to have a direct effect on neurodevelopment, causing a biological predisposition to depression, while biological factors can lead to psychological pathology as well. The authors suggest that while it is possible that there are several different endophenotypes of depression with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, it may be helpful to think of depression as one united syndrome, in which these mechanisms interact as nodes in a matrix. Depressive disorders are considered in the context of the RDoC paradigm, identifying the pathological mechanisms at every translational level, with a focus on how these mechanisms interact. Finally, future directions of research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dean
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
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Prefrontal cortical glutathione-dependent defense and proinflammatory mediators in chronically isolated rats: Modulation by fluoxetine or clozapine. Neuroscience 2017; 355:49-60. [PMID: 28499974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress modulates brain antioxidant systems and causes neuroinflammation that plays a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Although the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) represents the first-line treatment for depression and the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (CLZ) is considered as a second-line treatment for psychotic disorders, the downstream mechanisms of action of these treatments, beyond serotonergic or dopaminergic signaling, remain elusive. We examined behavioral changes, glutathione (GSH)-dependent defense and levels of proinflammatory mediators in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult male Wistar rats exposed to 21days of chronic social isolation (CSIS). We also tested the ability of FLX (15mg/kg/day) or CLZ (20mg/kg/day), applied during CSIS, to prevent stress-induced changes. CSIS caused depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, compromised GSH-dependent defense, and induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation with a concomitant increase in cytosolic levels of proinflammatory mediators cyclooxigenase-2, interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the PFC. NF-κB activation and proinflammatory response in the PFC were not found in CSIS rats treated with FLX or CLZ. In contrast, only FLX preserved GSH content in CSIS rats. CLZ not only failed to protect against CSIS-induced GSH depletion, but it diminished its levels when applied to non-stressed rats. In conclusion, prefrontal cortical GSH depletion and the proinflammatory response underlying depressive- and anxiety-like states induced by CSIS were prevented by FLX. The protective effect of CLZ, which was equally effective as FLX on the behavioral level, was limited to proinflammatory components. Hence, different mechanisms underlie the protective effects of these two drugs in CSIS rats.
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Chronic mild stress augments MPTP induced neurotoxicity in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:132-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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