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O'Reilly S. S100A4 a classical DAMP as a therapeutic target in fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2024; 127:1-7. [PMID: 38219976 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis regardless of aetiology is characterised by persistently activated myofibroblasts that are contractile and secrete excessive amounts of extracellular matrix molecules that leads to loss of organ function. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous host-derived molecules that are released from cells dying or under stress that can be triggered by a variety of insults, either chemical or physical, leading to an inflammatory response. Among these DAMPs is S100A4, part of the S100 family of calcium binding proteins that participate in a variety of cellular processes. S100A4 was first described in context of cancer as a pro-metastatic factor. It is now appreciated that aside from its role in cancer promotion, S100A4 is intimately involved in tissue fibrosis. The extracellular form of S100A4 exerts its effects through multiple receptors including Toll-Like Receptor 4 and RAGE to evoke signalling cascades involving downstream mediators facilitating extracellular matrix deposition and myofibroblast generation and can play a role in persistent activation of myofibroblasts. S100A4 may be best understood as an amplifier of inflammatory and fibrotic processes. S100A4 appears critical in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis and blocking the extracellular form of S100A4 in vivo in various animal models of disease mitigates fibrosis and may even reverse established disease. This review appraises S100A4's position as a DAMP and its role in fibrotic conditions and highlight therapeutically targeting this protein to halt fibrosis, suggesting that it is a tractable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Reilly
- Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom.
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2
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Su B, Li R, Song F, Liu M, Sun X. S14G-Humanin ameliorates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in asthma mediated by inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and the nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB)/early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1) pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6822-6833. [PMID: 37451839 PMCID: PMC10415557 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a high morbidity rate in children and significantly impacts their healthy growth. It is reported that Th2 cell-mediated airway inflammation and activated oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. S14G-humanin (HNG) is a derivative of Humanin with higher activity. The present study proposes to explore the potential treating property of HNG on asthma. An asthma model was constructed in mice using ovalbumin (OVA), the mice were treated with 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG for 16 days. Dramatically increased lung weight index, elevated number of monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, promoted production of Th2 cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13), and severe histological pathology were observed in OVA-challenged mice, all of which were extremely alleviated by 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG. Furthermore, the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and declined superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in OVA-challenged mice were abolished by 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG. Lastly, the upregulated TLR4, p-NF-κB p65, and early growth response 1 (Egr-1) in lung tissues of OVA-challenged mice were pronouncedly downregulated by 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG. Collectively, our data suggested that HNG ameliorated airway inflammation in asthma partially due to NF-κB and Egr-1-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Fuxing Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Xianjun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
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3
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Scherm MJ, Gangloff M, Gay NJ. Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 by Ebola virus-shed glycoprotein is direct and requires the internal fusion loop but not glycosylation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111562. [PMID: 36288690 PMCID: PMC9637988 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae family of RNA viruses, leads to acute viral hemorrhagic fever. End-stage Ebola virus disease is characterized by a cytokine storm that causes tissue damage, vascular disintegration, and multi-organ failure. Previous studies showed that a shed form of the viral spike glycoprotein (sGP1,2) drives this hyperinflammatory response by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Here, we find that glycosylation is not required for activation of TLR4 by sGP1,2 and identify the internal fusion loop (IFL) as essential for inflammatory signaling. sGP1,2 competes with lipid antagonists of TLR4, and the IFL interacts directly with TLR4 and co-receptor MD2. Together, these findings indicate that sGP1,2 activates TLR4 analogously to bacterial agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by binding into a hydrophobic pocket in MD2 and promoting the formation of an active heterotetramer. This conclusion is supported by docking studies that predict binding sites for sGP1,2 on TLR4 and MD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Scherm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK,Corresponding author
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4
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Immunopathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome: Current state of DAMPs. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2022; 56:152062. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Fernández-Lainez C, de la Mora-de la Mora I, Enríquez-Flores S, García-Torres I, Flores-López LA, Gutiérrez-Castrellón P, de Vos P, López-Velázquez G. The Giardial Arginine Deiminase Participates in Giardia-Host Immunomodulation in a Structure-Dependent Fashion via Toll-like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911552. [PMID: 36232855 PMCID: PMC9569872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the problem in public health that protist-generated diseases represent, understanding the variety of mechanisms used by these parasites to interact with the human immune system is of biological and medical relevance. Giardia lamblia is an early divergent eukaryotic microorganism showing remarkable pathogenic strategies for evading the immune system of vertebrates. Among various multifunctional proteins in Giardia, arginine deiminase is considered an enzyme that plays multiple regulatory roles during the life cycle of this parasite. One of its most important roles is the crosstalk between the parasite and host. Such a molecular "chat" is mediated in human cells by membrane receptors called Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here, we studied the importance of the 3D structure of giardial arginine deiminase (GlADI) to immunomodulate the human immune response through TLRs. We demonstrated the direct effect of GlADI on human TLR signaling. We predicted its mode of interaction with TLRs two and four by using the AlphaFold-predicted structure of GlADI and molecular docking. Furthermore, we showed that the immunomodulatory capacity of this virulent factor of Giardia depends on the maintenance of its 3D structure. Finally, we also showed the influence of this enzyme to exert specific responses on infant-like dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Flores-López
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | | | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5510840900 (ext. 1726)
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6
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Garantziotis S, Savani RC. Proteoglycans in Toll-like receptor responses and innate immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C202-C214. [PMID: 35675639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active and dynamic feature of tissues that not only provides gross structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. The ever-changing microenvironment responds dynamically to cellular and external signals, and in turn influences cell fate, tissue development, and response to environmental injury or microbial invasion. It is therefore paramount to understand how the ECM components interact with each other, the environment and cells, and how they mediate their effects. Among the ECM components that have recently garnered increased attention, proteoglycans (PGs) deserve special note. Recent evidence strongly suggests that they play a crucial role both in health maintenance and disease development. In particular, proteoglycans dictate whether homeostasis or cell death will result from a given injury, by triggering and modulating activation of the innate immune system, via a conserved array of receptors that recognize exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (tissue damage) molecular patterns. Innate immune activation by proteoglycans has important implications for the understanding of cell-matrix interactions in health and disease. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of innate immune signaling by proteoglycans, discuss the implications, and explore future directions to define progress in this area of extracellular matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Center for Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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7
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Zhu T, Wang M, Quan J, Du Z, Li Q, Xie Y, Lin M, Xu C, Xie Y. Identification and Verification of Feature Biomarkers Associated With Immune Cells in Dilated Cardiomyopathy by Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:874544. [PMID: 35646094 PMCID: PMC9133742 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.874544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore immune-related feature genes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods: Expression profiles from three datasets (GSE1145, GSE21610 and GSE21819) of human cardiac tissues of DCM and healthy controls were downloaded from the GEO database. After data preprocessing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the ‘limma’ package in R software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were then performed to identify biological functions of the DEGs. The compositional patterns of stromal and immune cells were estimated using xCell. Hub genes and functional modules were identified based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis by STRING webtool and Cytoscape application. Correlation analysis was performed between immune cell subtypes and hub genes. Hub genes with |correlation coefficient| > 0.5 and p value <0.05 were selected as feature biomarkers. A logistic regression model was constructed based on the selected biomarkers and validated in datasets GSE5406 and GSE57338. Results: A total of 1,005 DEGs were identified. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that extracellular matrix remodeling and immune and inflammation disorder played important roles in the pathogenesis of DCM. Immune cells, including CD8+ T-cells, macrophages M1 and Th1 cells, were proved to be significantly changed in DCM patients by immune cell infiltration analysis. In the PPI network analysis, STAT3, IL6, CCL2, PIK3R1, ESR1, CCL5, IL17A, TLR2, BUB1B and MYC were identified as hub genes, among which CCL2, CCL5 and TLR2 were further screened as feature biomarkers by using hub genes and immune cells correlation analysis. A diagnosis model was successfully constructed by using the three biomarkers with area under the curve (AUC) scores 0.981, 0.867 and 0.946 in merged dataset, GSE5406 and GSE57338, respectively. Conclusion: The present study identified three immune-related genes as diagnostic biomarkers for DCM, providing a novel perspective of immune and inflammatory response for the exploration of DCM molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwei Quan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zunhui Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Menglu Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cathy Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yucai Xie,
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8
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Abstract
The notion that autoimmune responses to α-synuclein may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder stems from reports that mutations in α-synuclein or certain alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are associated with the disease and that dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic neurons in the midbrain can present antigenic epitopes. Here, we discuss recent evidence that a defined set of peptides derived from α-synuclein act as antigenic epitopes displayed by specific MHC alleles and drive helper and cytotoxic T cell responses in patients with PD. Moreover, phosphorylated α-synuclein may activate T cell responses in a less restricted manner in PD. While the roles for the acquired immune system in disease pathogenesis remain unknown, preclinical animal models and in vitro studies indicate that T cells may interact with neurons and exert effects related to neuronal death and neuroprotection. These findings suggest that therapeutics that target T cells and ameliorate the incidence or disease severity of inflammatory bowel disorders or CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be useful in PD.
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9
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Zhu Y, Wu Z, Yan W, Shao F, Ke B, Jiang X, Gao J, Guo W, Lai Y, Ma H, Chen D, Xu Q, Sun Y. Allosteric inhibition of SHP2 uncovers aberrant TLR7 trafficking in aggravating psoriasis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 14:e14455. [PMID: 34936223 PMCID: PMC8899919 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex chronic inflammatory skin disease with unclear molecular mechanisms. We found that the Src homology‐2 domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase‐2 (SHP2) was highly expressed in both psoriatic patients and imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis‐like mice. Also, the SHP2 allosteric inhibitor SHP099 reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression in PBMCs taken from psoriatic patients. Consistently, SHP099 significantly ameliorated IMQ‐triggered skin inflammation in mice. Single‐cell RNA sequencing of murine skin demonstrated that SHP2 inhibition impaired skin inflammation in myeloid cells, especially macrophages. Furthermore, IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation was significantly alleviated in myeloid cells (monocytes, mature macrophages, and granulocytes)—but not dendritic cells conditional SHP2 knockout mice. Mechanistically, SHP2 promoted the trafficking of toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) from the Golgi to the endosome in macrophages by dephosphorylating TLR7 at Tyr1024, boosting the ubiquitination of TLR7 and NF‐κB‐mediated skin inflammation. Importantly, Tlr7 point‐mutant knock‐in mice showed an attenuated psoriasis‐like phenotype compared to wild‐type littermates following IMQ treatment. Collectively, our findings identify SHP2 as a novel regulator of psoriasis and suggest that SHP2 inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach for psoriatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenli Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuping Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyue Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Alshammary AF, Al-Sulaiman AM. The journey of SARS-CoV-2 in human hosts: a review of immune responses, immunosuppression, and their consequences. Virulence 2021; 12:1771-1794. [PMID: 34251989 PMCID: PMC8276660 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1929800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Laboratory findings from a significant number of patients with COVID-19 indicate the occurrence of leukocytopenia, specifically lymphocytopenia. Moreover, infected patients can experience contrasting outcomes depending on lymphocytopenia status. Patients with resolved lymphocytopenia are more likely to recover, whereas critically ill patients with signs of unresolved lymphocytopenia develop severe complications, sometimes culminating in death. Why immunodepression manifests in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear. Therefore, the evaluation of clinical symptoms and laboratory findings from infected patients is critical for understanding the disease course and its consequences. In this review, we take a logical approach to unravel the reasons for immunodepression in patients with COVID-19. Following the footprints of the virus within host tissues, from entry to exit, we extrapolate the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of immunodepression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal F. Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Diehl V, Huber LS, Trebicka J, Wygrecka M, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. The Role of Decorin and Biglycan Signaling in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:801801. [PMID: 34917515 PMCID: PMC8668865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.801801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and adaptive nature of malignant neoplasm constitute a major challenge for the development of effective anti-oncogenic therapies. Emerging evidence has uncovered the pivotal functions exerted by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, in affecting tumor growth and progression. In their soluble forms, decorin and biglycan act as powerful signaling molecules. By receptor-mediated signal transduction, both proteoglycans modulate key processes vital for tumor initiation and progression, such as autophagy, inflammation, cell-cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Despite of their structural homology, these two proteoglycans interact with distinct cell surface receptors and thus modulate distinct signaling pathways that ultimately affect cancer development. In this review, we summarize growing evidence for the complex roles of decorin and biglycan signaling in tumor biology and address potential novel therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Diehl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Sophie Huber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Shirey KA, Blanco JCG, Vogel SN. Targeting TLR4 Signaling to Blunt Viral-Mediated Acute Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705080. [PMID: 34282358 PMCID: PMC8285366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been a long-standing global burden ranging from seasonal recurrences to the unexpected pandemics. The yearly hospitalizations from seasonal viruses such as influenza can fluctuate greatly depending on the circulating strain(s) and the congruency with the predicted strains used for the yearly vaccine formulation, which often are not predicted accurately. While antiviral agents are available against influenza, efficacy is limited due to a temporal disconnect between the time of infection and symptom development and viral resistance. Uncontrolled, influenza infections can lead to a severe inflammatory response initiated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or host-derived danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that ultimately signal through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Overall, these pathogen-host interactions result in a local cytokine storm leading to acute lung injury (ALI) or the more severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with concomitant systemic involvement and more severe, life threatening consequences. In addition to traditional antiviral treatments, blocking the host's innate immune response may provide a more viable approach to combat these infectious pathogens. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic illustrates a critical need for novel treatments to counteract the ALI and ARDS that has caused the deaths of millions worldwide. This review will examine how antagonizing TLR4 signaling has been effective experimentally in ameliorating ALI and lethal infection in challenge models triggered not only by influenza, but also by other ALI-inducing viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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13
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Favere K, Bosman M, Klingel K, Heymans S, Van Linthout S, Delputte PL, De Sutter J, Heidbuchel H, Guns PJ. Toll-Like Receptors: Are They Taking a Toll on the Heart in Viral Myocarditis? Viruses 2021; 13:v13061003. [PMID: 34072044 PMCID: PMC8227433 DOI: 10.3390/v13061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart with viral infections being the most common aetiology. Its complex biology remains poorly understood and its clinical management is one of the most challenging in the field of cardiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, are increasingly known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis. Their central role in innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the inflammatory reaction that ensues, indeed makes them prime candidates to profoundly affect every stage of the disease process. This review describes the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, and scrutinises the role of TLRs in every phase. We conclude with directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Favere
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthias Bosman
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter L. Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Johan De Sutter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
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14
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TLR expression profiles are a function of disease status in rheumatoid arthritis and experimental arthritis. J Autoimmun 2021; 118:102597. [PMID: 33493980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the innate immune system has been established in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory disease, but less attention has been paid to its role in the resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression profiles were analysed in tissues with differing disease status in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and in experimental arthritis. TLR gene expression was measured in whole blood and monocytes, before and after TNF blockade. In RA and osteoarthritis synovia, the expression of TLRs was quantified by standard curve qPCR. In addition, four distinct stages of disease were defined and validated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), the gold standard animal model for RA - pre-onset, early disease, late disease and immunised mice that were resistant to the development of disease. TLR expression was measured in spleens, lymph nodes, blood cells, liver and the paws (inflamed and unaffected). In RA whole blood, the expression of TLR1, 4 and 6 was significantly reduced by TNF blockade but the differences in TLR expression profiles between responders and non-responders were less pronounced than the differences between RA and AS patients. In RA non-responders, monocytes had greater TLR2 expression prior to therapy compared to responders. The expression of TLR1, 2, 4 and 8 was higher in RA synovium compared to control OA synovium. Circulating cytokine levels in CIA resistant mice were similar to naïve mice, but anti-collagen antibodies were similar to arthritic mice. Distinct profiles of inflammatory gene expression were mapped in paws and organs with differing disease status. TLR expression in arthritic paws tended to be similar in early and late disease, with TLR1 and 2 moderately higher in late disease. TLR expression in unaffected paws varied according to gene and disease status but was generally lower in resistant paws. Disease status-specific profiles of TLR expression were observed in spleens, lymph nodes, blood cells and the liver. Notably, TLR2 expression rose then fell in the transition from naïve to pre-onset to early arthritis. TLR gene expression profiles are strongly associated with disease status. In particular, increased expression in the blood precedes clinical manifestation.
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15
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Wijeyekoon RS, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Scott KM, Hayat S, Kuan WL, Evans JR, Breen DP, Cummins G, Jones JL, Clatworthy MR, Floto RA, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH. Peripheral innate immune and bacterial signals relate to clinical heterogeneity in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:473-488. [PMID: 32006615 PMCID: PMC7613010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), but peripheral in-vivo clinical evidence of the components and driving mechanisms involved and their relationship with clinical heterogeneity and progression to dementia remain poorly explored. We examined changes in peripheral innate immune-related markers in PD cases (n = 41) stratified according to risk of developing early dementia. 'Higher Risk'(HR) (n = 23) and 'Lower Risk' (LR) (n = 18) groups were defined according to neuropsychological predictors and MAPT H1/H2 genotype, and compared to age, gender and genotype-matched controls. Monocyte subsets and expression of key surface markers were measured using flow cytometry. Serum markers including alpha-synuclein, inflammasome-related caspase-1 and bacterial translocation-related endotoxin were measured using quantitative immuno-based assays. Specific markers were further investigated using monocyte assays and validated in plasma samples from a larger incident PD cohort (n = 95). We found that classical monocyte frequency was elevated in PD cases compared to controls, driven predominantly by the HR group, in whom Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4+ monocytes and monocyte Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) expression were also increased. Monocyte Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR expression correlated with clinical variables, with lower levels associated with worse cognitive/motor performance. Notably, monocyte changes were accompanied by elevated serum bacterial endotoxin, again predominantly in the HR group. Serum alpha-synuclein and inflammasome-related caspase-1 were decreased in PD cases compared to controls regardless of group, with decreased monocyte alpha-synuclein secretion in HR cases. Further, alpha-synuclein and caspase-1 correlated positively in serum and monocyte lysates, and in plasma from the larger cohort, though no associations were seen with baseline or 36-month longitudinal clinical data. Principal Components Analysis of all monocyte and significant serum markers indicated 3 major components. Component 1 (alpha-synuclein, caspase-1, TLR2+ monocytes) differentiated PD cases and controls in both groups, while Component 2 (endotoxin, monocyte TREM2, alpha-synuclein) did so predominantly in the HR group. Component 3 (classical monocytes, alpha-synuclein) also differentiated cases and controls overall in both groups. These findings demonstrate that systemic innate immune changes are present in PD and are greatest in those at higher risk of rapid progression to dementia. Markers associated with PD per-se (alpha-synuclein, caspase-1), differ from those related to cognitive progression and clinical heterogeneity (endotoxin, TREM2, TLR4, classical monocytes, HLA-DR), with mechanistic and therapeutic implications. Alpha-synuclein and caspase-1 are associated, suggesting inflammasome involvement common to all PD, while bacterial translocation associated changes may contribute towards progression to Parkinson's dementia. Additionally, HLA-DR-associated variations in antigen presentation/clearance may modulate existing clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwani S. Wijeyekoon
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK,Corresponding Author;
| | | | - Kirsten M. Scott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Shaista Hayat
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Wei-Li Kuan
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Jonathan R. Evans
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK,Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - David P. Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 9, Little France Road, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Gemma Cummins
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Joanne L. Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - R. Andres Floto
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A. Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK,Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline H. Williams-Gray
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
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16
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Filippini HF, Molska GR, Zanjir M, Arudchelvan Y, Gong SG, Campos MM, Avivi-Arber L, Sessle BJ. Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Rat Caudal Medulla Mediates Tooth Pulp Inflammatory Pain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:643. [PMID: 32655361 PMCID: PMC7324534 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate if Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) and if medullary application of a TLR4 antagonist (lipopolysaccharides from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, LPS-RS) can attenuate changes in nociceptive sensorimotor responses or TLR4 expression that might be evoked by mustard oil (MO) application to the right maxillary first molar tooth pulp. Of 41 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats used in the study, 23 received intrathecal application of the TLR4 antagonist LPS-RS (25 μg/10 μl; LPS-RS group) or isotonic saline (10 μl; vehicle control group) 10 min before pulpal application of MO (95%; 0.2 μl). Bilateral electromyographic (EMG) activities of the anterior digastric and masseter muscles were recorded continuously before and until 15 min after the MO application to the pulp. In 6 of these 23 rats and an additional 18 rats, the caudal medulla containing the ipsilateral and contralateral MDH was removed after euthanasia for subsequent Western Blot analysis of TLR4 expression in LPS-RS (n = 8) and vehicle (n = 8) groups and a naïve group (n = 8). The % change from baseline in the MO-evoked EMG activities within the anterior digastric muscles were significantly smaller in the LPS-RS group than the control group (two-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni, P < 0.0001). Western Blot analysis revealed similar levels of TLR4 expression in the caudal medulla of the naïve, vehicle and LPS-RS groups. These novel findings suggest that TLR4 signaling in the caudal medulla may mediate MO-induced acute dental inflammatory pain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena F Filippini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciência da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Maryam Zanjir
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Siew-Ging Gong
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria M Campos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciência da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Limor Avivi-Arber
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barry J Sessle
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Jin JO, Kim G, Hwang J, Han KH, Kwak M, Lee PCW. Nucleic acid nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188377. [PMID: 32418899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most prevalent potentially lethal diseases. With the increase in the number of investigations into the uses of nanotechnology, many nucleic acid (NA)-based nanostructures such as small interfering RNA, microRNA, aptamers, and immune adjuvant NA have been applied to treat cancer. Here, we discuss studies on the applications of NA in cancer treatment, recent research trends, and the limitations and prospects of specific NA-mediated gene therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. The NA structures used for cancer therapy consist only of NA or hybrids comprising organic or inorganic substances integrated with functional NA. We also discuss delivery vehicles for therapeutic NA and anti-cancer agents, and recent trends in NA-based gene therapy and immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| | - Gyurin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea; DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany.
| | - Peter C W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
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18
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Roedig H, Damiescu R, Zeng-Brouwers J, Kutija I, Trebicka J, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Danger matrix molecules orchestrate CD14/CD44 signaling in cancer development. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:31-47. [PMID: 31412297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor matrix together with inflammation and autophagy are crucial regulators of cancer development. Embedded in the tumor stroma are numerous proteoglycans which, in their soluble form, act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). By interacting with innate immune receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), DAMPs autonomously trigger aseptic inflammation and can regulate autophagy. Biglycan, a known danger proteoglycan, can regulate the cross-talk between inflammation and autophagy by evoking a switch between pro-inflammatory CD14 and pro-autophagic CD44 co-receptors for TLRs. Thus, these novel mechanistic insights provide some explanation for the plethora of reports indicating that the same matrix-derived DAMP acts either as a promoter or suppressor of tumor growth. In this review we will summarize and critically discuss the role of the matrix-derived DAMPs biglycan, hyaluronan, and versican in regulating the TLR-, CD14- and CD44-signaling dialogue between inflammation and autophagy with particular emphasis on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Roedig
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roxana Damiescu
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Iva Kutija
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Translational Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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19
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Niu L, Jia Y, Wu M, Liu H, Feng Y, Hu Y, Zhang X, Gao D, Xu F, Huang G. Matrix stiffness controls cardiac fibroblast activation through regulating YAP via AT 1 R. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8345-8357. [PMID: 32239716 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathway leading to heart failure and involves continued activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts during myocardium damage, causing excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus increases matrix stiffness. Increasing evidence has shown that stiffened matrix plays an important role in promoting CF activation and cardiac fibrosis, and several signaling factors mediating CF mechanotransduction have been identified. However, the key molecules that perceive matrix stiffness to regulate CF activation remain to be further explored. Here, we detected significantly increased expression and nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in native fibrotic cardiac tissues. By using mechanically regulated in vitro cell culture models, we found that a stiff matrix-induced high expression and nuclear localization of YAP in CFs, accompanied by enhanced cell activation. We also demonstrated that YAP knockdown decreased fibrogenic response of CFs and that YAP overexpression promoted CF activation, indicating that YAP plays an important role in mediating matrix stiffness-induced CF activation. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the YAP pathway is an important signaling branch downstream of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in CF mechanotransduction. The findings help elucidate the mechanism of fibrotic mechanotransduction and may contribute to the development of new approaches for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanbo Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanjing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Zhang W, Xu L, Park HB, Hwang J, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Liang G, Zhang X, Xu J, Jin JO. Escherichia coli adhesion portion FimH functions as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1187. [PMID: 32132528 PMCID: PMC7055316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of antigen-specific immune activation by the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) is a strategy used for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we find that FimH, which is an Escherichia coli adhesion portion, induces toll-like receptor 4-dependent and myeloid differentiation protein 2-independent DC maturation in mice in vivo. A combined treatment regimen with FimH and antigen promotes antigen-specific immune activation, including proliferation of T cells, production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and infiltration of effector T cells into tumors, which consequently inhibits tumor growth in mice in vivo against melanoma and carcinoma. In addition, combined therapeutic treatment of anti-PD-L1 antibodies and FimH treatment efficiently inhibits CT26 tumor growth in BALB/c mice. Finally, FimH promotes human peripheral blood DC activation and syngeneic T-cell proliferation and activation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that FimH can be a useful adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Hae-Bin Park
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Peter C W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
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21
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Li Q, Zhao S, Lu J, Kang X, Zhang G, Zhao F, Nie J, Yang X, Xin X, Zhang H, Aisa HA. Quantitative proteomics analysis of the treatment of asthma rats with total flavonoid extract from chamomile. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:905-916. [PMID: 32048127 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma is a chronic immune disease that has become a serious public health problem. The currently available medications are not ideal because of their limitations and side effects; hence, new target proteins and signaling cascades for precise and safe therapy treatment are needed. This work established an ovalbumin-induced asthma rat model and treated it with total flavonoid extract from the Xinjiang chamomile. The proteins that were differentially expressed in the chamomile extract-treated asthmatic rats and the asthma and healthy rat groups were identified using isobaric tagging followed by LC-MS/MS. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis of the differentially expressed proteins was performed. RESULTS Pathways involved in purine metabolism, herpes simplex infection, and JNK phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1 were enriched, indicating the intrinsic links between the mechanism of asthma development and treatment effects. Furthermore, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network and identified KIF3A as a potential target protein of chamomile extract that affected the Hedgehog signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of asthma and reveal several proteins and pathways that could be exploited to develop novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1, Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Kang
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feicui Zhao
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Nie
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomi Yang
- Department of Medicine Research, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1, Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Scientific Research Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou, 545001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1, Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
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22
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Zheng M, Ambesi A, J. McKeown-Longo P. Role of TLR4 Receptor Complex in the Regulation of the Innate Immune Response by Fibronectin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010216. [PMID: 31952223 PMCID: PMC7017243 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and subsequent tissue fibrosis are associated with a biochemical and mechanical remodeling of the fibronectin matrix. Due to its conformational lability, fibronectin is considerably stretched by the contractile forces of the fibrotic microenvironment, resulting in the unfolding of its Type III domains. In earlier studies, we have shown that a peptide mimetic of a partially unfolded fibronectin Type III domain, FnIII-1c, functions as a Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) molecule to induce activation of a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-B pathway and the subsequent release of fibro-inflammatory cytokines from human dermal fibroblasts. In the current study, we evaluated the requirement of the canonical TLR4/MD2/CD14 receptor complex in the regulation of FnIII-1c induced cytokine release. Using dermal fibroblasts and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, we found that all the components of the TLR4/MD2/CD14 complex were required for the release of the fibro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 8 (IL-8) in response to both FnIII-1c and the canonical TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, FnIII-1c mediated IL-8 release was strictly dependent on membrane-associated CD14, while LPS could use soluble CD14. These findings demonstrate that LPS and FnIII-1c share a similar but not identical mechanism of TLR4 activation in human dermal fibroblasts.
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Kiripolsky J, Romano RA, Kasperek EM, Yu G, Kramer JM. Activation of Myd88-Dependent TLRs Mediates Local and Systemic Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2963. [PMID: 31993047 PMCID: PMC6964703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important mediators of chronic inflammation in numerous autoimmune diseases, although the role of these receptors in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) remains incompletely understood. Previous studies in our laboratory established Myd88 as a crucial mediator of pSS, although the disease-relevant ligands and the upstream signaling events that culminate in Myd88 activation have yet to be established. The objective of this study was to identify specific Myd88-dependent TLR-related pathways that are dysregulated both locally and systemically in a mouse model of pSS [NOD.B10Sn-H2b/J (NOD.B10)]. We performed RNA-sequencing on spleens derived from NOD.B10 mice. We then harvested salivary tissue and spleens from Myd88-sufficient and deficient C57BL/10 (BL/10) and NOD.B10 mice and performed flow cytometry to determine expression of Myd88-dependent TLRs. We cultured splenocytes with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists and measured production of inflammatory mediators by ELISA. Next, we evaluated spontaneous and TLR4-mediated inflammatory cytokine secretion in NOD.B10 salivary tissue. Finally, we assessed spontaneous Myd88-dependent cytokine secretion by NOD.B10 salivary cells. We identified dysregulation of numerous TLR-related networks in pSS splenocytes, particularly those employed by TLR2 and TLR4. We found upregulation of TLRs in both the splenic and salivary tissue from pSS mice. In NOD.B10 splenic tissue, robust expression of B cell TLR1 and TLR2 required Myd88. Splenocytes from NOD.B10 mice were hyper-responsive to TLR2 ligation and the endogenous molecule decorin modulated inflammation via TLR4. Finally, we observed spontaneous secretion of numerous inflammatory cytokines and this was enhanced following TLR4 ligation in female NOD.B10 salivary tissue as compared to males. The spontaneous production of salivary IL-6, MCP-1 and TNFα required Myd88 in pSS salivary tissue. Thus, our data demonstrate that Myd88-dependent TLR pathways contribute to the inflammatory landscape in pSS, and inhibition of such will likely have therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eileen M Kasperek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guan Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Abstract
In 1994, the “danger model” argued that adaptive immune responses are driven rather by molecules released upon tissue damage than by the recognition of “strange” molecules. Thus, an alternative to the “self versus non-self recognition model” has been provided. The model, which suggests that the immune system discriminates dangerous from safe molecules, has established the basis for the future designation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), a term that was coined by Walter G. Land, Seong, and Matzinger. The pathological importance of DAMPs is barely somewhere else evident as in the posttraumatic or post-surgical inflammation and regeneration. Since DAMPs have been identified to trigger specific immune responses and inflammation, which is not necessarily detrimental but also regenerative, it still remains difficult to describe their “friend or foe” role in the posttraumatic immunogenicity and healing process. DAMPs can be used as biomarkers to indicate and/or to monitor a disease or injury severity, but they also may serve as clinically applicable parameters for optimized indication of the timing for, i.e., secondary surgeries. While experimental studies allow the detection of these biomarkers on different levels including cellular, tissue, and circulatory milieu, this is not always easily transferable to the human situation. Thus, in this review, we focus on the recent literature dealing with the pathophysiological importance of DAMPs after traumatic injury. Since dysregulated inflammation in traumatized patients always implies disturbed resolution of inflammation, so-called model of suppressing/inhibiting inducible DAMPs (SAMPs) will be very briefly introduced. Thus, an update on this topic in the field of trauma will be provided.
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Aurelian L, Balan I. GABA AR α2-activated neuroimmune signal controls binge drinking and impulsivity through regulation of the CCL2/CX3CL1 balance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3023-3043. [PMID: 31030249 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors that respond to pathogen-derived and tissue damage-related ligands and are increasingly recognized for their impact on homeostasis and its dysregulation in the nervous system. TLR signaling participates in brain injury and addiction, but its role in the alcohol-seeking behavior, which initiates alcohol drinking, is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss our findings designed to elucidate the potential contribution of the activated TLR4 signal located in neurons, on impulsivity and the predisposition to initiate alcohol drinking (binge drinking). RESULTS Our findings indicate that the TLR4 signal is innately activated in neurons from alcohol-preferring subjects, identifying a genetic contribution to the regulation of impulsivity and the alcohol-seeking propensity. Signal activation is through the non-canonical, previously unknown, binding of TLR4 to the α2 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric 2 acid A receptor (GABAAR α2). Activation is sustained by the stress hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and additional still poorly recognized ligand/scaffold proteins. Focus is on the effect of TLR4 signal activation on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory chemokines [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)/chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1)] and its effect on binge drinking. CONCLUSION The results are discussed within the context of current findings on the distinct activation and functions of TLR signals located in neurons, as opposed to immune cells. They indicate that the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory TLR4 signaling plays a major role in binge drinking. These findings have major impact on future basic and translational research, including the development of potential therapeutic and preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Stanford University School of Medicine OFDD, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Irina Balan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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26
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Higgins CE, Tang J, Mian BM, Higgins SP, Gifford CC, Conti DJ, Meldrum KK, Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1-p53 cooperativity regulates a profibrotic genomic program in the kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. FASEB J 2019; 33:10596-10606. [PMID: 31284746 PMCID: PMC6766640 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease affects >15% of the U.S. population and >850 million individuals worldwide. Fibrosis is the common outcome of many chronic renal disorders and, although the etiology varies (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, and urologic obstructive disorders), persistently elevated renal TGF-β1 levels result in the relentless progression of fibrotic disease. TGF-β1 orchestrates the multifaceted program of renal fibrogenesis involving proximal tubular dysfunction, failed epithelial recovery and redifferentiation, and subsequent tubulointerstitial fibrosis, eventually leading to chronic renal disease. Recent findings implicate p53 as a cofactor in the TGF-β1-induced signaling pathway and a transcriptional coregulator of several TGF-β1 profibrotic response genes by complexing with receptor-activated SMADs, which are homologous to the small worms (SMA) and Drosophilia mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) gene families. The cooperative p53-TGF-β1 genomic cluster includes genes involved in cell growth control and extracellular matrix remodeling [e.g., plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; serine protease inhibitor, clade E, member 1), connective tissue growth factor, and collagen I]. Although the molecular basis for this codependency is unclear, many TGF-β1-responsive genes possess p53 binding motifs. p53 up-regulation and increased p53 phosphorylation; moreover, they are evident in nephrotoxin- and ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, diabetic nephropathy, ureteral obstructive disease, and kidney allograft rejection. Pharmacologic and genetic approaches that target p53 attenuate expression of the involved genes and mitigate the fibrotic response, confirming a key role for p53 in renal disorders. This review focuses on mechanisms whereby p53 functions as a transcriptional regulator within the TGF-β1 cluster with an emphasis on the potent fibrosis-promoting PAI-1 gene.-Higgins, C. E., Tang, J., Mian, B. M., Higgins, S. P., Gifford, C. C., Conti, D. J., Meldrum, K. K., Samarakoon, R., Higgins, P. J. TGF-β1-p53 cooperativity regulates a profibrotic genomic program in the kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Badar M. Mian
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Cody C. Gifford
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - David J. Conti
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kirstan K. Meldrum
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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27
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Psoriatic arthritis: From pathogenesis to pharmacologic management. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104394. [PMID: 31505253 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (PSA) is still a matter of debate. A favourable genetic background is interwoven with environmental triggering factors in a complex network. Shared antigens and the recirculation of immune cells may account for the clinical manifestations, involving both cutaneous and articular sites. A favourable genetic background has been demonstrated in many genomic and proteomic studies, being associated to polymorphic variants of the genes coding for Major Histocompatibility Complex I and cytokine pathways. In genetic-predisposed individuals, triggering factors, like infections, dysbiosis or mechanic stress may promote the development of the disease. The subsequent activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, following the stimulation of Toll-like Receptors, culminates in the expansion of dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, monocytes, Natural Killer lymphocytes and other cells with the final inflammation and damage of skin, joint and enthesis. Particularly, the activation of CD4+ T helper 17 lymphocytes represents a crucial point in the pathogenesis of the disease. The participation of the visceral adipose tissue may amplify the inflammatory process by means of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory adipokines. Current therapeutic algorithms address the variety of clinical manifestations with a tailored strategy aiming to achieve the best control of the symptoms with minimal side effects. Conventional immunosuppressive drugs, biologic agents and synthetic small molecules offer different attack routes and may be chosen individually or in combination according to the phenotype of the disease.
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28
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Evavold CL, Kagan JC. Inflammasomes: Threat-Assessment Organelles of the Innate Immune System. Immunity 2019; 51:609-624. [PMID: 31473100 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are supramolecular organizing centers that operate to drive interleukin-1 (IL-1)-dependent inflammation. Depending on context, inflammatory caspases act upstream or downstream of inflammasome assembly, serving as the principal enzymes that control activities of these organelles. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of inflammasome assembly and signaling. We posit that upstream regulatory proteins, classically known as pattern-recognition receptors, operate to assess infectious and non-infectious threats to the host. Threat assessment is achieved through two general strategies: (1) direct binding of receptors to microbial or host-derived ligands or (2) indirect detection of changes in cellular homeostasis. Upon activation, these upstream regulatory factors seed the assembly of inflammasomes, leading to IL-1 family cytokine release from living (hyperactive) or dead (pyroptotic) cells. The molecular and physiological consequences of these distinct cell fate decisions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Evavold
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Wells AI, Coyne CB. Enteroviruses: A Gut-Wrenching Game of Entry, Detection, and Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050460. [PMID: 31117206 PMCID: PMC6563291 DOI: 10.3390/v11050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a major source of human disease, particularly in neonates and young children where infections can range from acute, self-limited febrile illness to meningitis, endocarditis, hepatitis, and acute flaccid myelitis. The enterovirus genus includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, enterovirus 71, and enterovirus D68. Enteroviruses primarily infect by the fecal–oral route and target the gastrointestinal epithelium early during their life cycles. In addition, spread via the respiratory tract is possible and some enteroviruses such as enterovirus D68 are preferentially spread via this route. Once internalized, enteroviruses are detected by intracellular proteins that recognize common viral features and trigger antiviral innate immune signaling. However, co-evolution of enteroviruses with humans has allowed them to develop strategies to evade detection or disrupt signaling. In this review, we will discuss how enteroviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract, the mechanisms by which cells detect enterovirus infections, and the strategies enteroviruses use to escape this detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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30
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Kay JG, Kramer JM, Visser MB. Danger signals in oral cavity-related diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:193-200. [PMID: 30776147 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mir1118-439r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a unique environment containing teeth juxtaposed with soft tissues, all of which are constantly bathed in microbial products and host-derived factors. While microbial dysbiosis in the oral cavity clearly leads to oral inflammatory disease, recent advances find that endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from oral and salivary tissue also contribute to the progression of inflammatory and autoimmune disease, respectively. In contrast, DAMPs produced during oral fungal infection actually promote the resolution of infection. Here, we present a review of the literature suggesting a role for signaling by DAMPs, which may intersect with pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) signaling, in diseases that manifest in the oral cavity, specifically periodontal disease, oropharyngeal candidiasis, and Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michelle B Visser
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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31
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Efficient oral vaccination by bioengineering virus-like particles with protozoan surface proteins. Nat Commun 2019; 10:361. [PMID: 30664644 PMCID: PMC6341118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal and free-living protozoa, such as Giardia lamblia, express a dense coat of variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) on trophozoites that protects the parasite inside the host’s intestine. Here we show that VSPs not only are resistant to proteolytic digestion and extreme pH and temperatures but also stimulate host innate immune responses in a TLR-4 dependent manner. We show that these properties can be exploited to both protect and adjuvant vaccine antigens for oral administration. Chimeric Virus-like Particles (VLPs) decorated with VSPs and expressing model surface antigens, such as influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are protected from degradation and activate antigen presenting cells in vitro. Orally administered VSP-pseudotyped VLPs, but not plain VLPs, generate robust immune responses that protect mice from influenza infection and HA-expressing tumors. This versatile vaccine platform has the attributes to meet the ultimate challenge of generating safe, stable and efficient oral vaccines. Giardia lamblia express a dense coat of variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) on trophozoites that protects the parasite inside the host´s intestine. Here the authors show that stability and immunomodulatory properties of VSPs can be exploited to both protect and adjuvant vaccine antigens for oral administration.
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32
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Current and Emerging Evidence for Toll-Like Receptor Activation in Sjögren's Syndrome. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1246818. [PMID: 30671484 PMCID: PMC6317121 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1246818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is well established in many autoimmune diseases, the role of TLR activation in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is poorly understood. Studies in mice and humans reveal that TLRs are potent mediators of inflammation in SS. TLRs are expressed and functional in salivary tissue, and TLRs in peripheral blood cells of SS patients are also upregulated and hyperresponsive to ligation. In this review, we will detail observations in mouse models regarding the importance of TLR activation in both local and systemic disease. We will then discuss studies in SS patients that provide evidence of the importance of TLR-mediated signaling in disease. While the ligands that activate TLRs in the context of SS are unknown, emerging data suggest that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may be significant drivers of the chronic and unremitting inflammation that is characteristic of SS. We will discuss putative DAMPs that may be of clinical significance in disease. Therapies that target TLR signaling cascades will likely reduce both exocrine-specific and systemic manifestations of SS.
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Anwar MA, Shah M, Kim J, Choi S. Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1053-1090. [PMID: 30450666 PMCID: PMC6587958 DOI: 10.1002/med.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are germline‐encoded receptors that are central to innate and adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational targets in clinics; thus, many ligands and biologics have been reported to overcome the progression of various inflammatory and malignant conditions and support the immune system. For each TLR, at least one, and often many, drug formulations are being evaluated. Ligands reported as stand‐alone drugs may also be reported based on their use in combinatorial therapeutics as adjuvants. Despite their profound efficacy in TLR‐modulation in preclinical studies, multiple drugs have been terminated at different stages of clinical trials. Here, TLR modulating drugs that have been evaluated in clinical trials are discussed, along with their mode of action, suggestive failure reasons, and ways to improve the clinical outcomes. This review presents recent advances in TLR‐targeting drugs and provides directions for more successful immune system manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Masaud Shah
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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Synergistic effect of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on human blood cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207311. [PMID: 30412632 PMCID: PMC6226202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose House dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are the main source of major inhalatory allergens inducing inflammatory response. Mite extract contain both allergenic proteins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The main allergenic protein, Der p 2, is a functional homolog of sMD-2, a protein providing blood cell response on LPS. Der p 2 may restore the response to LPS in absence of MD-2, but its interaction with LPS in whole blood is unknown. We studied the effect of Der p 2 on LPS-mediated activation of human whole blood cells. Methods Interaction of Der p 2 and LPS was studied on eight healthy donors. The whole blood was incubated with extract of house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP-e), recombinant antigenic protein Der p 2 variant 5 (rDep 2), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and their combination. Supernatants were collected for ELISA analysis of protein content. Activation degree was determined by change in concentration of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1Ra cytokines and sMD-2 protein. Results extract of mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP-e) possessed weak inherent activity and did not cause significant increase of cytokine production. Simultaneous activation of blood cells by LPS and DP-e led to considerable increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. We have shown the intrinsic inducing activity of Der p 2 allergen on sMD-2 protein and TNF-α cytokine expression. Conclusions Der p 2 allergen enhances the response of human whole blood cells to external LPS by inducing additional expression of LPS-transporting protein sMD-2. The obtained data show an important role of LPS contamination of allegrens in the progress of allergic inflammatory response.
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Castro-Alarcón N, Rodríguez-García R, Ruíz-Rosas M, Muñoz-Valle JF, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Parra-Rojas I, Vázquez-Villamar M. Association between TLR4 polymorphisms (896 A>G, 1196 C>T, - 2570 A>G, - 2081 G>A) and virulence factors in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Exp Med 2018; 19:105-113. [PMID: 30220001 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-0527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the main etiological agent of urinary tract infections. Its virulence factors are important during the initial interaction stage with the host as they enable colonization of urinary tract tissues. The genetic markers evidencing susceptibility to develop recurrent infections have been previously described. Toll-like receptors are critical sensors of microbial attacks, and they are also effectors of the individual's innate defense for elimination of pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between functional polymorphisms (896 A>G, 1196 C>T, - 2570 A>G, - 2081 G>A) and susceptibility to develop urinary tract infections as well as E. coli virulence factors. This study includes 100 samples from patients diagnosed with UTI and 100 samples from uninfected subjects. A conventional urine culture was performed and the isolates were identified by using the Vitek automated system. TLR4 gene polymorphisms were identified by the PCR-RFLP technique. The hlyA, fimH, papC, iutA and cnf1 virulence factors as well as the E. coli phylogenetic group were assessed by PCR. In this study, it was observed that the presence of the - 2570 polymorphism represents a risk of UTI (p < 0.01), whereas - 2081 confers protection (p < 0.01). The 896A>G and 1196C>T polymorphisms were associated with the E. coli virulence factors fimH and hlyA, respectively (p < 0.05). The B2 group was the most frequent in clinical isolates (51%), and it displayed more virulence factors regarding other phylogenetic groups (p ≤ 0.05). An interesting finding was that strains considered as commensals, belonging to groups A and B1, can cause UTI and present virulence factors. Polymorphisms occurring in the TLR4 promoter region are correlated with susceptibility or risk of UTI, whereas structural polymorphisms are associated with the recognition of virulence factors displayed by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Bilógicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. La Haciendita, C.P. 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Rubén Rodríguez-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Bilógicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. La Haciendita, C.P. 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - María Ruíz-Rosas
- Laboratorio Clínico, Área de Microbiología, Clínica Hospital ISSSTE, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Bilógicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. La Haciendita, C.P. 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Bilógicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. La Haciendita, C.P. 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Mirna Vázquez-Villamar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Bilógicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. La Haciendita, C.P. 39090, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.
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Imbrechts M, De Samblancx K, Fierens K, Brisse E, Vandenhaute J, Mitera T, Libert C, Smets I, Goris A, Wouters C, Matthys P. IFN-γ stimulates CpG-induced IL-10 production in B cells via p38 and JNK signalling pathways. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1506-1521. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Imbrechts
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Karlien Fierens
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ellen Brisse
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Tania Mitera
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Ide Smets
- KU Leuven; Department of Neurosciences; Laboratory for Neuroimmunology; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Neurology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - An Goris
- KU Leuven; Department of Neurosciences; Laboratory for Neuroimmunology; Leuven Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Paediatric Immunology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
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Abstract
This review summarizes a short list of currently discussed trauma-induced danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). Due to the bivalent character and often pleiotropic effects of a DAMP, it is difficult to describe its "friend or foe" role in post-traumatic inflammation and regeneration, both systemically as well locally in tissues. DAMP can be used as biomarkers to indicate or monitor disease or injury severity, but also may serve as clinically applicable parameters for better indication and timing of surgery. Due to the inflammatory processes at the local tissue level or the systemic level, the precise role of DAMP is not always clear to define. While in vitro and experimental studies allow for the detection of these biomarkers at the different levels of an organism-cellular, tissue, circulation-this is not always easily transferable to the human setting. Increased knowledge exploring the dual role of DAMP after trauma, and concentrating on their nuclear functions, transcriptional targets, release mechanisms, cellular sources, multiple functions, their interactions and potential therapeutic targeting is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Relja
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Katharina Mörs
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
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Marzeda AM, Midwood KS. Internal Affairs: Tenascin-C as a Clinically Relevant, Endogenous Driver of Innate Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:289-304. [PMID: 29385356 PMCID: PMC5958381 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418757443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To protect against danger, the innate immune system must promptly and accurately sense alarm signals, and mount an appropriate response to restore homeostasis. One endogenous trigger of immunity is tenascin-C, a large hexameric protein of the extracellular matrix. Upregulated upon tissue injury and cellular stress, tenascin-C is expressed during inflammation and tissue remodeling, where it influences cellular behavior by interacting with a multitude of molecular targets, including other matrix components, cell surface proteins, and growth factors. Here, we discuss how these interactions confer upon tenascin-C distinct immunomodulatory capabilities that make this matrix molecule necessary for efficient tissue repair. We also highlight in vivo studies that provide insight into the consequences of misregulated tenascin-C expression on inflammation and fibrosis during a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Finally, we examine how its unique expression pattern and inflammatory actions make tenascin-C a viable target for clinical exploitation in both diagnostic and therapeutic arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Marzeda
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kim S Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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39
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Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Targeting renal fibrosis: Mechanisms and drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:295-307. [PMID: 29288033 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common outcome of many chronic kidney diseases (CKD) independent of the underlying etiology. Despite a host of promising experimental data, currently available strategies only ameliorate or delay the progression of CKD but do not reverse fibrosis. One of the major impediments of translating novel antifibrotic strategies from bench to bedside is due to the intricacies of the drug delivery process. In this review, we briefly describe mechanisms of renal fibrosis and methods of drug transfer into the kidney. Various tools used in gene therapy to administer nucleic acids in vivo are discussed. Furthermore, we review the modes of action of protein- or peptide-based drugs with target-specific antibodies and cytokines incorporated in hydrogels. Additionally, we assess an intriguing new method to deliver drugs specifically to tubular epithelial cells via conjugation with ligands binding to the megalin receptor. Finally, plant-derived compounds with antifibrotic properties are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 112 Vitan Avenue, 031299 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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40
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Fang SL, Kong XB, Zhang ZQ. Association of toll-like receptors with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2018; 14:S180-S183. [PMID: 29578170 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.163789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim of Study Association of toll-like receptors (TLRs) with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) from the published reports is still conflicting. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between TLRs and the risk of OSCC using meta-analysis method. Materials and Methods The association studies were identified from PubMed and Cochrane Library on April 01 2015, and eligible investigations were included and synthesized using meta-analysis method. Result Three reports were recruited into this meta-analysis for the association of TLRs with OSCC susceptibility. In this meta-analysis, we found that TLRs were not associated with OSCC susceptibility. However, in the sub-group analysis, we found that TLR-7 was associated with OSCC risk. Conclusion TLR-7 was associated with OSCC risk. TLR-7 might be an indicator to predict the OSCC risk. However, more studies should be conducted to confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Lian Fang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiang-Bo Kong
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
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41
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Page TH, Urbaniak AM, Espirito Santo AI, Danks L, Smallie T, Williams LM, Horwood NJ. Bruton's tyrosine kinase regulates TLR7/8-induced TNF transcription via nuclear factor-κB recruitment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:260-266. [PMID: 29567473 PMCID: PMC5887515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is produced by primary human macrophages in response to stimulation by exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. However, uncontrolled TNF production can be deleterious and hence it is tightly controlled at multiple stages. We have previously shown that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) regulates TLR4-induced TNF production via p38 MAP Kinase by stabilising TNF messenger RNA. Using both gene over-expression and siRNA-mediated knockdown we have examined the role of Btk in TLR7/8 mediated TNF production. Our data shows that Btk acts in the TLR7/8 pathway and mediates Ser-536 phosphorylation of p65 RelA and subsequent nuclear entry in primary human macrophages. These data show an important role for Btk in TLR7/8 mediated TNF production and reveal distinct differences for Btk in TLR4 versus TLR7/8 signalling. Btk is required for TLR7/8 signalling in primary human macrophages. R848-induced TNF mRNA is more Btk dependent than LPS-induced TNF mRNA. Btk transcriptional control of TNF following R848 requires the promoter and 3′UTR. Btk knockdown reduces p65RelA translocation to the nucleus upon TLR7/8 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa H Page
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Urbaniak
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Ana I Espirito Santo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Lynett Danks
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Smallie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn M Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole J Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
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42
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Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) of mammals, birds, and reptiles detects bacterial flagellin and signals as a homodimeric complex. Structural studies using truncated TLR5b of zebrafish confirm the homodimeric TLR5-flagellin interaction. Here we provide evidence that zebrafish (Danio rerio) TLR5 unexpectedly signals as a heterodimer composed of the duplicated gene products drTLR5b and drTLR5a. Flagellin-induced signaling by the zebrafish TLR5 heterodimer increased in the presence of the TLR trafficking chaperone UNC93B1. Targeted exchange of drTLR5b and drTLR5a regions revealed that TLR5 activation needs a heterodimeric configuration of the receptor ectodomain and cytoplasmic domain, consistent with ligand-induced changes in receptor conformation. Structure-guided substitution of the presumed principal flagellin-binding site in human TLR5 with corresponding zebrafish TLR5 residues abrogated human TLR5 activation, indicating a species-specific TLR5-flagellin interaction. Our findings indicate that the duplicated TLR5 of zebrafish underwent subfunctionalization through concerted coevolution to form a unique heterodimeric flagellin receptor that operates fundamentally differently from TLR5 of other species.
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43
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Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Scuruchi M, Mandraffino G, Calatroni A, Saitta A, Campo S, Campo GM. The proteoglycan biglycan mediates inflammatory response by activating TLR-4 in human chondrocytes: Inhibition by specific siRNA and high polymerized Hyaluronan. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 640:75-82. [PMID: 29339093 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage degeneration are hallmarks of wear, tear, mechanical and inflammatory damage of the joint cartilage. Tissue degradation as well as compromising the integrity and function of the organ, produces different intermediates, directly able to stimulate further inflammatory effect, therefore, amplifying the inflammation response. Biglycan is a soluble component of the extracellular matrix that is released during tissue injury. It has been reported that released biglycan is an endogenous ligand for TLR-2/4 in some cell type. We studied the role of biglycan in an experimental model of biglycan-induced inflammatory response in human chondrocytes and the effect of high polymerized HA on reducing its activity. Exposition of chondrocytes to LPS generated cell injury, including high levels of biglycan. Chondrocyte treatment with biglycan produces a high mRNA expression of several detrimental inflammation mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-13, and IL-17, as well as NF-kB and TLR-4 activation. Administration of high polymerized HA to chondrocytes exposed to biglycan was able to attenuate the inflammatory response by decreasing the expression of the inflammatory mediators. Involvement of the TLR-4 in the mediation of the biglycan action was confirmed using a specific silent agent (siRNA). Taken together, these data could be used to develop new anti-inflammatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Avenoso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela D'Ascola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandraffino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Calatroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Saitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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44
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Stocks CJ, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ, Kapetanovic R. For when bacterial infections persist: Toll-like receptor-inducible direct antimicrobial pathways in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:35-51. [PMID: 29345056 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0917-358r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are linchpins of innate immunity, responding to invading microorganisms by initiating coordinated inflammatory and antimicrobial programs. Immediate antimicrobial responses, such as NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS), are triggered upon phagocytic receptor engagement. Macrophages also detect and respond to microbial products through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLRs. TLR signaling influences multiple biological processes including antigen presentation, cell survival, inflammation, and direct antimicrobial responses. The latter enables macrophages to combat infectious agents that persist within the intracellular environment. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of TLR-inducible direct antimicrobial responses that macrophages employ against bacterial pathogens, with a focus on emerging evidence linking TLR signaling to reprogramming of mitochondrial functions to enable the production of direct antimicrobial agents such as ROS and itaconic acid. In addition, we describe other TLR-inducible antimicrobial pathways, including autophagy/mitophagy, modulation of nutrient availability, metal ion toxicity, reactive nitrogen species, immune GTPases (immunity-related GTPases and guanylate-binding proteins), and antimicrobial peptides. We also describe examples of mechanisms of evasion of such pathways by professional intramacrophage pathogens, with a focus on Salmonella, Mycobacteria, and Listeria. An understanding of how TLR-inducible direct antimicrobial responses are regulated, as well as how bacterial pathogens subvert such pathways, may provide new opportunities for manipulating host defence to combat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Stocks
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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45
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Ricci-Azevedo R, Roque-Barreira MC, Gay NJ. Targeting and Recognition of Toll-Like Receptors by Plant and Pathogen Lectins. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1820. [PMID: 29326706 PMCID: PMC5741612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that some lectins act as agonists of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and have immunomodulatory properties. The plant lectin ArtinM, for example, interacts with N-glycans of TLR2, whereas other lectins of microbial origin interact with TLR2 and TLR4. Expression of the receptors on the surface of antigen-presenting cells exposes N-glycans that may be targeted by lectins of different structures, specificities, and origins. In vitro, these interactions trigger cell signaling that leads to NF-κB activation and production of the Th1 polarizing cytokine IL-12. In vivo, a same sequence of events follows the administration of an active lectin to mice infected with an intracellular pathogen, conferring resistance to the pathogen. The lectins of the human pathogens Toxoplasma gondii (TgMIC1 and TgMIC4) and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Paracoccin), by recognition and activation of TLR2 and TLR4, induce cell events and in vivo effects comparable to the promoted by the plant lectin ArtinM. In this article, we highlight these two distinct mechanisms for activating antigen-presenting cells. On the one hand, TLRs act as sensors for the presence of conventional pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as microbial lipids. On the other hand, we showed that TLR-mediated cell activation might be triggered by an alternative way, in which lectins bind to TLRs N-glycans and stimulate cells to increase the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This process may lead to the development of new pharmaceutical tools that promote protective immune responses directed against intracellular pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ricci-Azevedo
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nicholas J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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46
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Zuliani-Alvarez L, Marzeda AM, Deligne C, Schwenzer A, McCann FE, Marsden BD, Piccinini AM, Midwood KS. Mapping tenascin-C interaction with toll-like receptor 4 reveals a new subset of endogenous inflammatory triggers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1595. [PMID: 29150600 PMCID: PMC5693923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition underpins innate immunity; the accurate identification of danger, including infection, injury, or tumor, is key to an appropriately targeted immune response. Pathogen detection is increasingly well defined mechanistically, but the discrimination of endogenous inflammatory triggers remains unclear. Tenascin-C, a matrix protein induced upon tissue damage and expressed by tumors, activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated sterile inflammation. Here we map three sites within tenascin-C that directly and cooperatively interact with TLR4. We also identify a conserved inflammatory epitope in related proteins from diverse families, and demonstrate that its presence targets molecules for TLR detection, while its absence enables escape of innate immune surveillance. These data reveal a unique molecular code that defines endogenous proteins as inflammatory stimuli by marking them for recognition by TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anna M Marzeda
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Claire Deligne
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anja Schwenzer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Fiona E McCann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anna M Piccinini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kim S Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.
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Gheita TA, Sayed S, Azkalany GS, Abaza N, Hammam N, Eissa AH. Toll-like receptor 9 in systemic sclerosis patients: relation to modified Rodnan skin score, disease severity, and functional status. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:757-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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48
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Nastase MV, Janicova A, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Signaling at the Crossroads: Matrix-Derived Proteoglycan and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:855-873. [PMID: 28510506 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Proteoglycans (PGs), besides their structural contribution, have emerged as dynamic components that mediate a multitude of cellular events. The various roles of PGs are attributed to their structure, spatial localization, and ability to act as ligands and receptors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small mediators that are generated in physiological and pathological conditions. Besides their reactivity and ability to induce oxidative stress, a growing body of data suggests that ROS signaling is more relevant than direct radical damage in development of human pathologies. Recent Advances: Cell surface transmembrane PGs (syndecans, cluster of differentiation 44) represent receptors in diverse and complex transduction networks, which involve redox signaling with implications in cancer, fibrosis, renal dysfunction, or Alzheimer's disease. Through NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent ROS, the extracellular PG, hyaluronan is involved in osteoclastogenesis and cancer. The ROS sources, NOX1 and NOX4, increase biglycan-induced inflammation, while NOX2 is a negative regulator. CRITICAL ISSUES The complexity of the mechanisms that bring ROS into the light of PG biology might be the foundation of a new research area with significant promise for understanding health and disease. Important aspects need to be investigated in PG/ROS signaling: the discovery of specific targets of ROS, the precise ROS-induced chemical modifications of these targets, and the study of their pathological relevance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As we become more and more aware of the interactions between PG and ROS signaling underlying intracellular communication and cell fate decisions, it is quite conceivable that this field will allow to identify new therapeutic targets.-Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 855-873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- 1 Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany .,2 National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrea Janicova
- 1 Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University , Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- 1 Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bhattacharyya S, Midwood KS, Yin H, Varga J. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling Drives Persistent Fibroblast Activation and Prevents Fibrosis Resolution in Scleroderma. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017; 6:356-369. [PMID: 29062592 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: This review provides current overview of the emerging role of innate immunity in driving fibrosis, and preventing its resolution, in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Understanding the mechanisms of dysregulated innate immunity in fibrosis and SSc will provide opportunities for therapeutic interventions using novel agents and repurposed existing drugs. Recent Advances: New insights from genomic and genetic studies implicate components of innate immune signaling such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), downstream signaling intermediates, and endogenous inhibitors, in fibrosis in SSc. Recent studies distinguish innate immune signaling in tissue-resident myofibroblasts and bone marrow-derived immune cells and define their roles in the development and persistence of tissue fibrosis. Critical Issues: Activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other PRR mechanisms occurs in resident nonimmune cells within injured tissue microenvironments. These cells respond to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as tenascin-C that are recognized as danger signals, and elicit matrix production, cytokine secretion, and myofibroblast transformation and survival. When these responses persist due to constitutive TLR activation or impaired termination by endogenous inhibitors, they interfere with fibrosis resolution. The genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of these phenomena in the context of fibrosis are under current investigation. Future Directions: Precise delineation of the pathogenic DAMPs, their interaction with TLRs and other PRRs, the downstream signaling pathways and transcriptional events, and the fibroblast-specific regulation and function of endogenous inhibitors of innate immunity, will form the foundation for innovative targeted therapies to block fibrosis by reestablishing balanced innate immune signaling in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Bio Frontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Bhattacharyya S, Varga J. Endogenous ligands of TLR4 promote unresolving tissue fibrosis: Implications for systemic sclerosis and its targeted therapy. Immunol Lett 2017; 195:9-17. [PMID: 28964818 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, the hallmark of scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc), is a complex, dynamic and generally irreversible pathophysiological process that leads to tissue disruption, and lacks effective therapy. While early-stage fibrosis resembles normal wound healing, in SSc fibrosis fails to resolve. Innate immune signaling via toll-like receptors (TLRs) has recently emerged as a key driver of persistent fibrotic response in SSc. Recurrent injury in genetically predisposed individual causes generation of "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs) such as fibronectin-EDA and tenascin-C. Sensing of these danger signals by TLR4 on resident cells elicits potent stimulatory effects on fibrotic gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation, and appears to sensitize fibroblasts to the profibrotic stimulatory effect of TGF-β. Thus, DAMPs induce TLR4-mediated innate immune signaling on resident mesenchymal cells which drives the emergence and persistence of fibrotic cells in tissues, and underlies the switch from a self-limited repair response to non-resolving pathological fibrosis characteristic of SSc. In this review, we present current views of the DAMP-TLR4 axis in driving sustained fibroblasts activation and its pathogenic roles in fibrosis progression in SSc, and potential anti-fibrotic approaches for selective therapeutic targeting of TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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