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Edwards K, Manoussaka M, Sayed U, Tsertsvadze T, Deyn LD, Nathwani A, Gribben JG, Krysov S, Volpi EV, Lydyard PM, Porakishvili N. MD-1 downregulation is associated with reduced cell surface CD180 expression in CLL. Leuk Res 2024; 143:107540. [PMID: 38897026 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2024.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
CD180 is a toll-like receptor that is highly expressed in complex with the MD-1 satellite molecule on the surface of B cells. In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) however, the expression of CD180 is highly variable and overall, significantly reduced when compared to normal B cells. We have recently shown that reduced CD180 expression in CLL lymph nodes is associated with inferior overall survival. It was therefore important to better understand the causes of this downregulation through investigation of CD180 at the transcriptional and protein expression levels. Unexpectedly, we found CD180 RNA levels in CLL cells (n = 26) were comparable to those of normal B cells (n = 13), despite heterogeneously low expression of CD180 on the cell surface. We confirmed that CD180 RNA is translated into CD180 protein since cell surface CD180-negative cases presented with high levels of intracellular CD180 expression. Levels of MD-1 RNA were, however, significantly downregulated in CLL compared to normal controls. Together, these data suggest that changes in CD180 cell surface expression in CLL are not due to transcriptional downregulation, but defective post-translational stabilisation of the receptor due to MD-1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Edwards
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
| | | | - Uzma Sayed
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | | | - Lara De Deyn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
| | - Amit Nathwani
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - John G Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK.
| | - Sergey Krysov
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK.
| | | | - Peter M Lydyard
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK; The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, GA, USA
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Merchand-Reyes G, Bull MF, Santhanam R, Valencia-Pena ML, Murugesan RA, Chordia A, Mo XM, Robledo-Avila FH, Ruiz-Rosado JDD, Carson WE, Byrd JC, Woyach JA, Tridandapani S, Butchar JP. NOD2 activation enhances macrophage Fcγ receptor function and may increase the efficacy of antibody therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1409333. [PMID: 38919608 PMCID: PMC11196781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1409333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Therapeutic antibodies have become a major strategy to treat oncologic diseases. For chronic lymphocytic leukemia, antibodies against CD20 are used to target and elicit cytotoxic responses against malignant B cells. However, efficacy is often compromised due to a suppressive microenvironment that interferes with cellular immune responses. To overcome this suppression, agonists of pattern recognition receptors have been studied which promote direct cytotoxicity or elicit anti-tumoral immune responses. NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that participates in the detection of peptidoglycan, a key component of bacterial cell walls. This detection then mediates the activation of multiple signaling pathways in myeloid cells. Although several NOD2 agonists are being used worldwide, the potential benefit of these agents in the context of antibody therapy has not been explored. Methods Primary cells from healthy-donor volunteers (PBMCs, monocytes) or CLL patients (monocytes) were treated with versus without the NOD2 agonist L18-MDP, then antibody-mediated responses were assessed. In vivo, the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model of CLL was used to test the effects of L18-MDP treatment alone and in combination with anti-CD20 antibody. Results Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with L18-MDP led to activation of monocytes from both healthy donors and CLL patients. In addition, there was an upregulation of activating FcγR in monocytes and a subsequent increase in antibody-mediated phagocytosis. This effect required the NF-κB and p38 signaling pathways. Treatment with L18-MDP plus anti-CD20 antibody in the Eµ-TCL model of CLL led to a significant reduction of CLL load, as well as to phenotypic changes in splenic monocytes and macrophages. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that NOD2 agonists help overturn the suppression of myeloid cells, and may improve the efficacy of antibody therapy for CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/agonists
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology
- Animals
- Humans
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Mice
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology
- Female
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Signal Transduction
- Phagocytosis
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Merchand-Reyes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mikayla F. Bull
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramasamy Santhanam
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maria L. Valencia-Pena
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Aadesh Chordia
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiaokui-Molly Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Frank H. Robledo-Avila
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Juan De Dios Ruiz-Rosado
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - John C. Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Butchar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Mazzarello AN, Koroveshi B, Guardo D, Lanza L, Ghiotto F, Bruno S, Cappelli E. Unexpected CD5 + B Cell Lymphocytosis during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Relevance for the Pathophysiology of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030998. [PMID: 36769644 PMCID: PMC9918123 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cases of fortuitous discovery of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) during hospitalization for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported. These patients did not show a monoclonal B cell expansion before COVID-19 but were diagnosed with CLL upon a sudden lymphocytosis that occurred during hospitalization. The (hyper)lymphocytosis during COVID-19 was also described in patients with overt CLL disease. Contextually, lymphocytosis is an unexpected phenomenon since it is an uncommon feature in the COVID-19 patient population, who rather tend to experience lymphopenia. Thus, lymphocytosis that arises during COVID-19 infection is a thought-provoking behavior, strikingly in contrast with that observed in non-CLL individuals. Herein, we speculate about the possible mechanisms involved with the observed phenomenon. Many of the plausible explanations might have an adverse impact on these CLL patients and further clinical and laboratory investigations might be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brisejda Koroveshi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, ASL2 Liguria, S. Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Daniela Guardo
- Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorella Lanza
- Anatomical Pathology, ASL2 Liguria, Santa Corona Hospital, 17027 Pietra Ligure, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Cappelli
- Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Leśniak M, Lipniarska J, Majka P, Kopyt W, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. The Role of TRL7/8 Agonists in Cancer Therapy, with Special Emphasis on Hematologic Malignancies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020277. [PMID: 36851155 PMCID: PMC9967151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRR). TLR7 and the closely correlated TLR8 affiliate with toll-like receptors family, are located in endosomes. They recognize single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/RNA analogs-oligoribonucleotides. TLRs are primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. There is compiling evidence implying that TLRs also direct the formation of blood cellular components and make a contribution to the pathogenesis of certain hematopoietic malignancies. The latest research shows a positive effect of therapy with TRL agonists on the course of hemato-oncological diseases. Ligands impact activation of antigen-presenting cells which results in production of cytokines, transfer of mentioned cells to the lymphoid tissue and co-stimulatory surface molecules expression required for T-cell activation. Toll-like receptor agonists have already been used in oncology especially in the treatment of dermatological neoplastic lesions. The usage of these substances in the treatment of solid tumors is being investigated. The present review discusses the direct and indirect influence that TLR7/8 agonists, such as imiquimod, imidazoquinolines and resiquimod have on neoplastic cells and their promising role as adjuvants in anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leśniak
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Lipniarska
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Majka
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Weronika Kopyt
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Lipid rafts promote liver cancer cell proliferation and migration by up-regulation of TLR7 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63856-63869. [PMID: 27588480 PMCID: PMC5325409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immune responses and TLR signaling has been associated with various chronic liver diseases. Lipid rafts provide the necessary microenvironment for certain specialized signaling events to take place, such as the innate immune recognition. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of TLR7 expression in HCC, how to recruit TLR7 into lipid rafts responded to ligands and whether targeting TLR7 might have beneficial effects. The study group was comprised of 130 human liver tissues: 23 chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 18 liver cirrhosis (LC), 68 HCC and 21 normal livers. The expression of TLR7 was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and flow cytometry. Proliferation and migration of human HepG2 cells were studied following stimulation of TLR7 using the agonist gardiquimod and inhibition with a specific antagonist 20S-protopanaxadiol (aPPD). The activation of lipid raft-associated TLR7 signaling was measured using western blotting, double immunohistochemistry and immunoprecipitation in liver tissues and HepG2 cells. TLR7 expression was up-regulated in human HCC tissues and hepatoma cell line. Proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells in vitro increased significantly in response to stimulation of TLR7. TLR7 inhibition using aPPD significantly reduced HepG2 cell migration in vitro. The lipid raft protein caveolin-1 and flotillin-1 were involved with enhanced TLR7 signaling in HCC.
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Tripathi R, Lee-Verges E, Higashi M, Gimenez N, Rosich L, Lopez-Guerra M, Colomer D. New drug discovery approaches targeting recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1041-1052. [PMID: 28776453 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1362387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Next generation sequencing has provided a comprehensive understanding of the mutational landscape in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and new drivers have been identified. Some of these drivers could be pharmacologically targeted to choose the most effective personalized therapy in each CLL patient. Areas covered: In this article, the authors uncover the potential role of new targeted therapies against the most recurrent mutations in CLL as well as the recently approved therapies. The authors also provide their expert opinion and give their perspectives for the future. Expert opinion: The development of more personalized therapies is of interest to clinicians as a system to enhance the duration of treatment response and to extend the survival and quality of life of CLL patients. The main challenge, however, will be to translate the preclinical results into the clinics. Therefore, the designing and execution of clinical trials focused on molecular drivers are the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Tripathi
- a Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hematopathology Unit , Hospital Clinic, CIBERONC , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Eriong Lee-Verges
- a Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hematopathology Unit , Hospital Clinic, CIBERONC , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Morihiro Higashi
- a Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hematopathology Unit , Hospital Clinic, CIBERONC , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Neus Gimenez
- a Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hematopathology Unit , Hospital Clinic, CIBERONC , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Laia Rosich
- a Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hematopathology Unit , Hospital Clinic, CIBERONC , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Monica Lopez-Guerra
- a Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hematopathology Unit , Hospital Clinic, CIBERONC , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- a Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hematopathology Unit , Hospital Clinic, CIBERONC , Barcelona , Spain
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Batool M, Anwar MA, Choi S. Toll-like receptors targeting technology for the treatment of lymphoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1047-1059. [PMID: 27602749 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1233964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The crucial role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in innate and adaptive immune systems is well discussed in the literature. In cancer, TLRs act as a double-edged sword that can promote or suppress tumor growth. Areas covered: In this article, the authors uncover the potential role of TLRs in lymphomas, which are cancers related to the lymphatic system and blood cells. TLRs are de facto inflammation-inducing receptors that can either worsen disease or ameliorate lymphoma treatment. From this perspective, the usage of TLRs to modulate the immune system toward lymphoma regression is desirable. Various strategies have been used so far, and novel ways are being sought out to cure lymphoma. Expert opinion: TLR ligands have successfully been used to improve patient health; however, these receptors must be finely tuned to further optimize therapy. For a better outcome, novel specific ligands, improved pharmacodynamics, and unique targets should be discerned. Ligands with conjugated molecules, nanoparticles, and targeted drug delivery can highly optimize the therapy for lymphoma with various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batool
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
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8
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Zou H, Wang WK, Liu YL, Braddock M, Zheng MH, Huang DS. Toll-like receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma: potential novel targets for pharmacological intervention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1127-35. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1168809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Li et al provide insight into the interactions between immunoreceptor signals in a human cancer microenvironment presenting a novel mechanism by which microenvironment-produced interleukin (IL)-6 acts as a tumor suppressor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by inhibiting toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling.
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Kobold S, Wiedemann G, Rothenfußer S, Endres S. Modes of action of TLR7 agonists in cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1085-95. [PMID: 25428647 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From the numerous Toll-like receptor agonists, only TLR7 agonists have been approved for cancer treatment, although they are current restricted to topical application. The main target cells of TLR7 agonists are plasmacytoid dendritic cells, producing IFN-α and thus acting on other immune cells. Thereby dendritic cells acquire enhanced costimulatory and antigen-presenting capacity, priming an adaptive immune response. Besides NK cells, antigen-specific T cells are the main terminal effectors of TLR7 agonists in tumor therapy. This qualifies TLR7 agonists as vaccine adjuvants, which is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, the systemic application of TLR7 agonists shows insufficient efficacy, most likely owing to toxicity-limited dosing. The use of TLR7 agonists in combinational therapy holds the promise of synergistic activity and lower required doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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11
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Mohamed FE, Al-Jehani RM, Minogue SS, Andreola F, Winstanley A, Olde Damink SWM, Habtesion A, Malagó M, Davies N, Luong TV, Dhillon AP, Mookerjee RP, Dhar DK, Jalan R. Effect of toll-like receptor 7 and 9 targeted therapy to prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2015; 35:1063-76. [PMID: 24990399 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic liver disease is a predisposing factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Toll-like receptors play a crucial role in immunity against microbial pathogens and recent evidence suggests that they may also be important in pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether TLR7 and TLR9 are potential targets for prevention and progression of HCC. METHODS Tissue microarrays containing liver samples from patients with cirrhosis, viral hepatitis and HCC were examined for expression of TLR7 and TLR9 and the data obtained was validated in liver specimens from the hospital archives. Proliferation of human HCC cell lines was studied following stimulation of TLR7 and TLR9 using agonists (imiquimod and CpG-ODN respectively) and inhibition with a specific antagonist (IRS-954) or chloroquine. The effect of these interventions was confirmed in a xenograft model and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/nitrosomorpholine (NMOR)-induced model of HCC. RESULTS TLR7 and TLR9 expression was up-regulated in human HCC tissue. Proliferation of HuH7 cells in vitro increased significantly in response to stimulation of TLR7. TLR7 and TLR9 inhibition using IRS-954 or chloroquine significantly reduced HuH7 cell proliferation in vitro and inhibited tumour growth in the mouse xenograft model. HCC development in the DEN/NMOR rat model was also significantly inhibited by chloroquine (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The data suggest that inhibiting TLR7 and TLR9 with IRS-954 or chloroquine could potentially be used as a novel therapeutic approach for preventing HCC development and/or progression in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma E Mohamed
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; Pathology Department, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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Isaza-Correa JM, Liang Z, van den Berg A, Diepstra A, Visser L. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human B cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:57. [PMID: 25112836 PMCID: PMC4237867 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important players in B-cell activation, maturation and memory and may be involved in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas. Accumulating studies show differential expression in this heterogeneous group of cancers. Stimulation with TLR specific ligands, or agonists of their ligands, leads to aberrant responses in the malignant B-cells. According to current data, TLRs can be implicated in malignant transformation, tumor progression and immune evasion processes. Most of the studies focused on multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but in the last decade the putative role of TLRs in other types of B-cell lymphomas has gained much interest. The aim of this review is to discuss recent findings on the role of TLRs in normal B cell functioning and their role in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies.
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BTK inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a glimpse to the future. Oncogene 2014; 34:2426-36. [PMID: 24954503 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with inhibitors targeting B cell receptor signaling and other survival mechanisms holds great promise. Especially the early clinical success of Ibrutinib, an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), has received widespread attention. In this review we will focus on the fundamental and clinical aspects of BTK inhibitors in CLL, with emphasis on Ibrutinib as the best studied of this class of drugs. Furthermore, we summarize recent laboratory as well as clinical findings relating to the first cases of Ibrutinib resistance. Finally, we address combination strategies with Ibrutinib, and attempt to extrapolate its current status to the near future in the clinic.
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Expression of toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:381418. [PMID: 24692849 PMCID: PMC3955595 DOI: 10.1155/2014/381418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. The results of experimental studies point to the involvement of innate immunity receptors-toll-like receptors (TLR)-in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of TLR3, 7, and 9 in the population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in B lymphocytes (CD19(+)), T lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) using flow cytometry. The study group included 35 patients with SLE and 15 healthy controls. The patient group presented a significantly higher percentage of TLR3- and TLR9-positive cells among all PBMCs and their subpopulations (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD19(+) lymphocytes) as well as TLR7 in CD19(+) B-lymphocytes, compared to the control group. There was no correlation between the expression of all studied TLRs and the disease activity according to the SLAM scale, and the degree of organ damage according to the SLICC/ACR Damage Index. However, a correlation was observed between the percentage of various TLR-positive cells and some clinical (joint lesions) and laboratory (lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, anaemia, and higher ESR) features and menopause in women. The results of the study suggest that TLR3, 7, and 9 play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE and have an impact on organ involvement in SLE.
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