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Salatin S, Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J. Magnetic hybrid nanovesicles for the precise diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:521-535. [PMID: 38555483 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2336496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders are increasingly being recognized as a global health challenge worldwide. There are significant challenges for effective diagnosis and treatment due to the presence of the CNS barriers which impede the management of neurological diseases. Combination of nanovesicles (NVs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), referred to as magnetic nanovesicles (MNVs), is now well suggested as a potential theranostic option for improving the management of neurological disorders with increased targeting efficiency and minimized side effects. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of major CNS disorders and the physical barriers limiting the access of imaging/therapeutic agents to the CNS environment. A special focus on the unique features of MNPs and NV is discussed which make them attractive candidates for neuro-nanomedicine. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of MNVs as a promising combined strategy for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in neurological disorders is provided. EXPERT OPINION The multifunctionality of MNVs offers the ability to overcome the CNS barriers and can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. The insights provided will guide future research toward better outcomes and facilitate the development of next-generation, innovative treatments for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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García E, Sánchez-Noriega S, González-Pacheco G, González-Vázquez AN, Ibarra A, Rodríguez-Barrera R. Recent advances in the combination of cellular therapy with stem cells and nanoparticles after a spinal cord injury. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1127878. [PMID: 37181563 PMCID: PMC10169723 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1127878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, combined therapies could help to reduce long-term sequelae of spinal cord injury (SCI); stem cell therapy at the site of injury in combination with other therapies has shown very promising results that can be transferred to the clinical field. Nanoparticles (NPs) are versatile technologies with applications to medical research for treatments of SCI since they could deliver therapeutic molecules to the target tissue and may help to reduce the side effects of non-targeted therapies. This article's purpose is to analyze and concisely describe the diverse cellular therapies in combination with NPs and their regenerative effect after SCI. Methods We reviewed the literature related to combinatory therapy for motor impairment following SCI that has been published by Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO host, and PubMed databases. The research covers the databases from 2001 to December 2022. Result Animal models of SCI have shown that the combination of NPs plus stem cells has a positive impact on neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Further research is required to better understand the effects and benefits of SCI on a clinical level; therefore, it is necessary to find and select the most effective molecules that are capable of exacerbating the neurorestorative effects of the different stem cells and then try them out on patients after SCI. On the other hand, we consider that synthetic polymers such as poly [lactic-co-glycolic acid] (PLGA) could be a candidate for the design of the first therapeutic strategy that combines NPs with stem cells in patients with SCI. The reasons for the selection are that PLGA has shown important advantages over other NPs, such as being biodegradable, having low toxicity levels, and high biocompatibility; In addition, researchers could control the release time and the biodegradation kinetics, and most importantly, it could be used as NMs on other clinical pathologies (12 studies on www.clinicaltrials.gov) and has been approved by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDA). Conclusion The use of cellular therapy and NPs may be a worthwhile alternative for SCI therapy; however, it is expected that the data obtained from interventions after SCI reflect an important variability of molecules combined with NPs. Therefore, it is necessary to properly define the limits of this research to be able to continue to work on the same line. Consequently, the selection of a specific therapeutic molecule and type of NPs plus stem cells are crucial to evaluate its application in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan de Degollado, CP, Mexico
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3
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Saeed Y. Title: Immunotherapy; a ground-breaking remedy for spinal cord injury with stumbling blocks: An overview. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1110008. [PMID: 36778022 PMCID: PMC9909832 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disorder with no known standard and effective treatment. Despite its ability to exacerbate SCI sequel by accelerating auto-reactive immune cells, an immune response is also considered essential to the healing process. Therefore, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting spinal cord injuries may benefit from the dual nature of immune responses. An increasing body of research suggests that immunization against myelin inhibitors can promote axon remyelination after SCI. However, despite advancements in our understanding of neuroimmune responses, immunoregulation-based therapeutic strategies have yet to receive widespread acceptance. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to enhance the understanding of immune regulation to ensure the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments. The objective of the present study was to provide an overview of previous studies regarding the advantages and limitations of immunotherapeutic strategies for functional recovery after spinal cord injury, especially in light of limiting factors related to DNA and cell-based vaccination strategies by providing a novel prospect to lay the foundation for future studies that will help devise a safe and effective treatment for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Saeed
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Guangdong, 288 University Ave. Zhenjiang District, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China
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Grady C, Melnick K, Porche K, Dastmalchi F, Hoh DJ, Rahman M, Ghiaseddin A. Glioma Immunotherapy: Advances and Challenges for Spinal Cord Gliomas. Neurospine 2022; 19:13-29. [PMID: 35130421 PMCID: PMC8987559 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2143210.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord gliomas are rare entities that often have limited surgical options. Immunotherapy has shown promise in intracranial gliomas with some research suggesting benefit for spinal cord gliomas. A focused review of immunotherapies that have been investigated in spinal cord gliomas was performed. The primary methods of immunotherapy investigated in spinal cord gliomas include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell therapies, and vaccine strategies. There are innumerable challenges that must be overcome to effectively apply immunotherapeutic strategies to the spinal cord gliomas including low incidence, few antigenic targets, the blood spinal cord barrier, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and neurotoxic treatment effects. Nonetheless, research has suggested ways to overcome these challenges and treatments have been effective in case reports for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, midline glioma and glioblastoma. Current therapies for spinal cord gliomas are markedly limited. Further research is needed to determine if the success of immunotherapy for intracranial gliomas can be effectively applied to these unique tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Grady
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Melnick
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Corresponding Author Kaitlyn Melnick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2657-2176 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Box 100265, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ken Porche
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Farhad Dastmalchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J. Hoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maryam Rahman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Ghiaseddin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) has been long thought of as a functional equivalent to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricting blood flow into the spinal cord. The spinal cord is supported by various disc tissues that provide agility and has different local immune responses compared to the brain. Though physiologically, structural components of the BSCB and BBB share many similarities, the clinical landscape significantly differs. Thus, it is crucial to understand the composition of BSCB and also to establish the cause–effect relationship with aberrations and spinal cord dysfunctions. Here, we provide a descriptive analysis of the anatomy, current techniques to assess the impairment of BSCB, associated risk factors and impact of spinal disorders such as spinal cord injury (SCI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral nerve injury (PNI), ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cavernous malformations (SCM) and cancer on BSCB dysfunction. Along with diagnostic and mechanistic analyses, we also provide an up-to-date account of available therapeutic options for BSCB repair. We emphasize the need to address BSCB as an individual entity and direct future research towards it.
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Trends of Chitosan Based Delivery Systems in Neuroregeneration and Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord Injuries. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most complicated nervous system injuries with challenging treatment and recovery. Regenerative biomaterials such as chitosan are being reported for their wide use in filling the cavities, deliver curative drugs, and also provide adsorption sites for transplanted stem cells. Biomaterial scaffolds utilizing chitosan have shown certain therapeutic effects on spinal cord injury repair with some limitations. Chitosan-based delivery in stem cell transplantation is another strategy that has shown decent success. Stem cells can be directed to differentiate into neurons or glia in vitro. Stem cell-based therapy, biopolymer chitosan delivery strategies, and scaffold-based therapeutic strategies have been advancing as a combinatorial approach for spinal cord injury repair. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the treatment strategies of SCI due to the use of bioactivity of chitosan-based drug delivery systems. An emphasis on the role of chitosan in neural regeneration has also been highlighted.
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M. On the therapeutic targets and pharmacological treatments for pain relief following spinal cord injury: A mechanistic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111563. [PMID: 33873146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is globally considered as one of the most debilitating disorders, which interferes with daily activities and life of the affected patients. Despite many developments in related recognizing and treating procedures, post-SCI neuropathic pain (NP) is still a clinical challenge for clinicians with no distinct treatments. Accordingly, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and national database (SID and Irandoc). The relevant articles regarding signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and pharmacotherapy of post-SCI pain were also reviewed. Data were collected with no time limitation until November 2020. The present study provides the findings on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets, as well as developing the critical signaling pathways to introduce novel neuroprotective treatments of post-SCI pain. From the pathophysiological mechanistic point of view, post-SCI inflammation activates the innate immune system, in which the immune cells elicit secondary injuries. So, targeting the critical signaling pathways for pain management in the SCI population has significant importance in providing new treatments. Indeed, several receptors, ion channels, excitatory neurotransmitters, enzymes, and key signaling pathways could be used as therapeutic targets, with a pivotal role of n-methyl-D-aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and inflammatory mediators. The current review focuses on conventional therapies, as well as crucial signaling pathways and promising therapeutic targets for post-SCI pain to provide new insights into the clinical treatment of post-SCI pain. The need to develop innovative delivery systems to treat SCI is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zimmermann R, Vieira Alves Y, Sperling LE, Pranke P. Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:353-365. [PMID: 33135599 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects the central nervous system (CNS) and there is currently no treatment with the potential for rehabilitation. Although several clinical treatments have been developed, they are still at an early stage and have not shown success in repairing the broken fiber, which prevents cellular regeneration and integral restoration of motor and sensory functions. Considering the importance of nanotechnology and tissue engineering for neural tissue injuries, this review focuses on the latest advances in nanotechnology for SCI treatment and tissue repair. The PubMed database was used for the bibliographic survey. Initial research using the following keywords "tissue engineering and spinal cord injury" revealed 970 articles published in the last 10 years. The articles were further analyzed, excluding those not related to SCI or with results that did not pertain to the field of interest, including the reviews. It was observed that a total of 811 original articles used the quoted keywords. When the word "treatment" was added, 662 articles were found and among them, 529 were original ones. Finally, when the keywords "Nanotechnology and spinal cord injury" were used, 102 articles were found, 65 being original articles. A search concerning the biomaterials used for SCI found 700 articles with 589 original articles. A total of 107 articles were included in the discussion of this review and some are used for the theoretical framework. Recent progress in nanotechnology and tissue engineering has shown promise for repairing CNS damage. A variety of in vivo animal testing for SCI has been used with or without cells and some of these in vivo studies have shown successful results. However, there is no translation to humans using nanotechnology for SCI treatment, although there is one ongoing trial that employs a tissue engineering approach, among other technologies. The first human surgical scaffold implantation will elucidate the possibility of this use for further clinical trials. This review concludes that even though tissue engineering and nanotechnology are being investigated as a possibility for SCI treatment, tests with humans are still in the theoretical stage. Impact statement Thousands of people are affected by spinal cord injury (SCI) per year in the world. This type of lesion is one of the most severe conditions that can affect humans and usually causes permanent loss of strength, sensitivity, and motor function below the injury site. This article reviews studies on the PubMed database, assessing the publications on SCI in the study field of tissue engineering, focusing on the use of nanotechnology for the treatment of SCI. The review makes an evaluation of the biomaterials used for the treatment of this condition and the techniques applied for the production of nanostructured biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Zimmermann
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yuri Vieira Alves
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura E Sperling
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Health School, Faculty of Medicine, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Nanotechnology in Spine Surgery: A Current Update and Critical Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2019; 123:142-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Huang L, Hu J, Huang S, Wang B, Siaw-Debrah F, Nyanzu M, Zhang Y, Zhuge Q. Nanomaterial applications for neurological diseases and central nervous system injury. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:29-48. [PMID: 28743465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of noninvasive treatment for neurological disease is generally limited by the poor entry of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system (CNS). Most CNS drugs cannot permeate into the brain parenchyma because of the blood-brain barrier thus, overcoming this problem has become one of the most significant challenges in the development of neurological therapeutics. Nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative alternative for treating neurological diseases. In fact, rapid advances in nanotechnology have provided promising solutions to this challenge. This review highlights the applications of nanomaterials in the developing neurological field and discusses the evidence for their efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China
| | - Brian Wang
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Felix Siaw-Debrah
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China
| | - Mark Nyanzu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, PR China.
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Zuidema JM, Gilbert RJ, Osterhout DJ. Nanoparticle Technologies in the Spinal Cord. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:102-115. [PMID: 27701150 DOI: 10.1159/000446647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are increasingly being studied within experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI). They are used to image cells and tissue, move cells to specific regions of the spinal cord, and deliver therapeutic agents locally. The focus of this article is to provide a brief overview of the different types of nanoparticles being studied for spinal cord applications and present data showing the capability of nanoparticles to deliver the chondroitinase ABC (chABC) enzyme locally following acute SCI in rats. Nanoparticles releasing chABC helped promote axonal regeneration following injury, and the nanoparticles also protected the enzyme from rapid degradation. In summary, nanoparticles are viable materials for diagnostic or therapeutic applications within experimental models of SCI and have potential for future clinical use.
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Gao SJ, Liu Y, Wang HJ, Ban DX, Cheng SZ, Ning GZ, Wang LL, Chang J, Feng SQ. New approach to treating spinal cord injury using PEG-TAT-modified, cyclosporine-A-loaded PLGA/polymeric liposomes. J Drug Target 2016; 25:75-82. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1191082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Wang T, Liu Y, Yuan W, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhou X, Zhou H, Chu T, Hao Y, Liu B, Zhao X, Lu L, Feng S, Kong X. Identification of microRNAome in rat bladder reveals miR-1949 as a potential inducer of bladder cancer following spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2849-57. [PMID: 25962430 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The costs of spinal cord injury and its complications are high in personal, social and financial terms. Complications include bladder cancer, for which the risk is 16-28 times higher than that of the general population, There is currently little consensus regarding the cause of this discrepancy. As microRNAs are stable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of cancer, the present study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon by examining changes in the microRNAome. Rats were used to produce models of spinal cord injury. Microarrays and bioinformatics were used to investigate the cancer-associated microRNAs that are upregulated in rat bladders following spinal cord injury. In order to validate the results, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed. The expression of miR-1949 was found to be deregulated and abundant in the rat bladder following spinal cord injury. Bioinformatics demonstrated that retinoblastoma 1, which is involved in tumorigenesis, is a target gene of miR-1949. qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the microarray analysis. In addition, it was shown that miR-1949 expression was not influenced by aging. Furthermore, the expression of miR-1949 was stable until the third month following spinal cord injury, after which it significantly increased. If this increase was prolonged, the expression of retinoblastoma 1 may decline to a carcinogenic level. The present study suggests a role for miR-1949 in the translational regulation of retinoblastoma 1 and in subsequent bladder tumorigenesis following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Paediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tianci Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- 221 Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xuechao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- 221 Laboratory, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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Caron I, Papa S, Rossi F, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Nanovector-mediated drug delivery for spinal cord injury treatment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:506-15. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Caron
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milan Italy
| | - Simonetta Papa
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milan Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta"; Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milan Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milan Italy
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15
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Kumar P, Choonara YE, Modi G, Naidoo D, Pillay V. Nanoparticulate strategies for the five R’s of traumatic spinal cord injury intervention: restriction, repair, regeneration, restoration and reorganization. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:331-48. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicinal approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) intervention encompasses the use of nanoscale materials and devices that prevent primary to secondary injury transition and improvement in the anatomical, physiological and functional outcomes of SCI. This review provides an incursion into the advances in nanoparticle-based neurotherapeutics for SCI and focuses on neuroactive-loaded nanoparticles for localized delivery of therapeutic factors to the severed spinal cord, targeted or nontargeted systemic drug delivery and nanoenclatherated neuroscaffolds. Special emphasis has been placed on the use of metal nanoparticles and functionalized structures as ‘drug-free’ interventions in SCI. Despite the immense advancements in nanoscience, nanointerventions still pose key challenges that need to be resolved in SCI. Several combinatorial strategies are proposed for the reconstruction of spinal architecture via restriction of the secondary injury cascade, reparation of the tethered neural architecture, regeneration of axons, restoration of biochemical functions and reorganization of the topographical and cortical networks of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Girish Modi
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, Division of Neurosciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dinesh Naidoo
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in significant mortality and morbidity, lifestyle changes, and difficult rehabilitation. Treatment of spinal cord injury is challenging because the spinal cord is both complex to treat acutely and difficult to regenerate. Nanomaterials can be used to provide effective treatments; their unique properties can facilitate drug delivery to the injury site, enact as neuroprotective agents, or provide platforms to stimulate regrowth of damaged tissues. We review recent uses of nanomaterials including nanowires, micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and carbon-based nanomaterials for neuroprotection in the acute phase. We also review the design and neural regenerative application of electrospun scaffolds, conduits, and self-assembling peptide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Y. Tyler
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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17
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Rossi F, Perale G, Papa S, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Current options for drug delivery to the spinal cord. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:385-96. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.751372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bartanusz V, Jezova D, Alajajian B, Digicaylioglu M. The blood-spinal cord barrier: morphology and clinical implications. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:194-206. [PMID: 21674586 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is the functional equivalent of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the sense of providing a specialized microenvironment for the cellular constituents of the spinal cord. Even if intuitively the BSCB could be considered as the morphological extension of the BBB into the spinal cord, evidence suggests that this is not so. The BSCB shares the same principal building blocks with the BBB; nevertheless, it seems that morphological and functional differences may exist between them. Dysfunction of the BSCB plays a fundamental role in the etiology or progression of several pathological conditions of the spinal cord, such as spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and radiation-induced myelopathy. This review summarizes current knowledge of the morphology of the BSCB, the methodology of studying the BSCB, and the potential role of BSCB dysfunction in selected disorders of the spinal cord, and finally summarizes therapeutic approaches to the BSCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bartanusz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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19
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Peptides for specific intracellular delivery and targeting of nanoparticles: implications for developing nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:411-33. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of peptides to mediate the delivery and uptake of nanoparticle (NP) materials by mammalian cells has grown significantly over the past 10 years. This area of research has important implications for the development of new therapeutic materials and for the emerging field of NP-mediated drug delivery. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the delivery of various NPs by some of the more commonly employed cellular delivery peptides and discuss important related factors such as NP–peptide bioconjugation, uptake efficiency, intracellular fate and toxicity. We also highlight various demonstrations of therapeutic applications of NP–peptide conjugates where appropriate. The paper concludes with a brief forward-looking perspective discussing what can be expected as this field develops in the coming years.
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