1
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Alvebratt C, Karlén F, Åhlén M, Edueng K, Dubbelboer I, Bergström CAS. Benefits of combining supersaturating and solubilizing formulations - Is two better than one? Int J Pharm 2024; 663:124437. [PMID: 39002818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
A variety of enabling formulations has been developed to address poor oral drug absorption caused by insufficient dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract. As the in vivo performance of these formulations is a result of a complex interplay between dissolution, digestion and permeation, development of suitable in vitro assays that captures these phenomena are called for. The enabling-absorption (ENA) device, consisting of a donor and receiver chamber separated by a semipermeable membrane, has successfully been used to study the performance of lipid-based formulations. In this work, the ENA device was prepared with two different setups (a Caco-2 cell monolayer and an artificial lipid membrane) to study the performance of a lipid-based formulation (LBF), an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) and the potential benefit of combining the two formulation strategies. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats was performed to evaluate the in vitro-in vivo correlation. In the ENA, high drug concentrations in the donor chamber did not translate to a high mass transfer, which was particularly evident for the ASD as compared to the LBF. The solubility of the polymer used in the ASD was strongly affected by pH-shifts in vitro, and the ph_dependence resulted in poor in vivo performance of the formulation. The dissolution was however increased in vitro when the ASD was combined with a blank lipid-based formulation. This beneficial effect was also observed in vivo, where the drug exposure of the ASD increased significantly when the ASD was co-administered with the blank LBF. To conclude, the in vitro model managed to capture solubility limitations and strategies to overcome these for one of the formulations studied. The correlation between the in vivo exposure of the drug exposure and AUC in the ENA was good for the non pH-sensitive formulations. The deconvoluted pharmacokinetic data indicated that the receiver chamber was a better predictor for the in vivo performance of the drug, however both chambers provided valuable insights to the observed outcome in vivo. This shows that the advanced in vitro setting used herein successfully could explain absorption differences of highly complex formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alvebratt
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.
| | - Filip Karlén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.
| | - Michelle Åhlén
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75121, Sweden.
| | - Khadijah Edueng
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Ilse Dubbelboer
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 591, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.
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2
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Polyzois H, Nguyen HT, Roberto de Alvarenga Junior B, Taylor LS. Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formation for Enhanced Release Performance of Racemic and Enantiopure Praziquantel. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 39292641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis, which affects more than 250 million people globally. Commercial tablets contain the crystalline racemic compound (RS-PZQ) which limits drug dissolution and oral bioavailability and can lead to unwanted side effects and poor patient compliance due to the presence of the S-enantiomer. While many approaches have been explored for improving PZQ's dissolution and oral bioavailability, studies focusing on investigating its release from amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been limited. In this work, nucleation induction time experiments were performed to identify suitable polymers for preparing ASDs using RS-PZQ and R-PZQ, the therapeutically active enantiomer. Cellulose-based polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS, MF grade) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, E5 LV grade), were the best crystallization inhibitors for RS-PZQ in aqueous media and were selected for ASD preparation using solvent evaporation (SE) and hot-melt extrusion (HME). ASDs prepared experimentally were subjected to X-ray powder diffraction to verify their amorphous nature and a selected number of ASDs were monitored and found to remain physically stable following several months of storage under accelerated-stability testing conditions. SE HPMCAS-MF ASDs of RS-PZQ and R-PZQ showed faster release than HPMC E5 LV ASDs and maintained good performance with an increase in drug loading (DL). HME ASDs of RS-PZQ formulated using HPMCAS-MF exhibited slightly enhanced release compared to that of SE ASDs. SE HPMCAS-MF ASDs showed a maximum release increase of the order of 6 times compared to generic and branded (Biltricide) PZQ tablets. More importantly, SE R-PZQ ASDs with HPMCAS-MF released the drug as effectively as RS-PZQ or better, depending on the DL used. These findings have significant implications for the development of commercial PZQ formulations comprised solely of the R-enantiomer, which can result in mitigation of the biopharmaceutical and compliance issues associated with current commercial tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Polyzois
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Bapat P, Schwabe R, Paul S, Tseng YC, Bergman C, Taylor LS. Exploring biorelevant conditions and release profiles of ritonavir from HPMCAS-based amorphous solid dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00316-2. [PMID: 39186978 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Development of a release test for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) that is in vivo predictive is essential to identify optimally performing formulations early in development. For ASDs containing an enteric polymer, consideration of buffer properties is essential. Herein, release rates of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and ritonavir from ASDs with a 20% drug loading were compared in phosphate and bicarbonate buffers with different molarities, at pH 6.5. The bioaccessibility of ritonavir from the ASD in the tiny-TIM apparatus was also evaluated and compared to that of the crystalline drug. The surface pH at the dissolving solid: solution interface was evaluated using a pH-sensitive fluorescence probe for HPMCAS and ASD compacts in phosphate and bicarbonate buffers. Drug and polymer were found to release congruently in all buffer systems, indicating that the polymer controlled the drug release. Release was slowest in 10 mM bicarbonate buffer, and much faster in phosphate buffers with molarities typically used in release testing (20-50 mM). Release from the 10 mM bicarbonate buffer was matched in a 5 mM phosphate buffer. The surface pH of HPMCAS and HPMCAS:ritonavir ASDs was found to be lower than the bulk solution pH, where surface pH differences largely explained release rate differences seen in the different buffer systems. Ritonavir was highly bioaccessible from the ASD, as assessed by the tiny-TIM system, and much less bioaccessible when crystalline drug was used. The observations highlight the need for continued development of biorelevant assays tailored for ASD formulation assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Bapat
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Robert Schwabe
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Shubhajit Paul
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Yin-Chao Tseng
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Cameron Bergman
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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4
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Ng T, Kou D. Evaluation of the impact of mucin on supersaturation and permeation of BCS class 2 basic drugs. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00346-0. [PMID: 39179030 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of mucin on supersaturation and permeation of BCS Class 2 basic drugs in a pH-shift, 2-stage model using three model compounds, dipyridamole, ricobendazole, and Compound A. The three compounds showed various degrees of supersaturation (DoS) in Stage 2 and modest to no increases in flux with the presence of mucin in the dissolution media. Mucin's impact on DoS and flux, if any, appeared to be compound specific and possibly related to its pKa and ionization state. Overall, the increases in supersaturation and permeation due to mucin ranged from modest to minimal for the three model compounds under the conditions tested. The pH-shift model using MacroFLUX was able to monitor gastric and intestinal dissolution and simultaneously assess the effect of intestinal mucin on supersaturation and flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ng
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dawen Kou
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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5
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Zeneli E, Lange JJ, Holm R, Kuentz M. A study of hydrophobic domain formation of polymeric drug precipitation inhibitors in aqueous solution. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 198:106791. [PMID: 38705420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of polymers as precipitation inhibitors in supersaturating drug formulations, the current understanding of their mechanisms of action is still incomplete. Specifically, the role of hydrophobic drug interactions with polymers by considering possible supramolecular conformations in aqueous dispersion is an interesting topic. Accordingly, this study investigated the tendency of polymers to create hydrophobic domains, where lipophilic compounds may nest to support drug solubilisation and supersaturation. Fluorescence spectroscopy with the environment-sensitive probe pyrene was compared with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the model drug fenofibrate (FENO). Subsequently, kinetic drug supersaturation and thermodynamic solubility experiments were conducted. As a result, the different polymers showed hydrophobic domain formation to a varying degree and the molecular simulations supported interpretation of fluorescence spectroscopy data. Molecular insights were gained into the conformational structure of how the polymers interacted with FENO in solution phase, which apart from nucleation and crystal growth effects, determined drug concentrations in solution. Notable was that even at the lowest polymer concentration of 0.01 %, w/v, there were polymer-specific solubilisation effects of FENO observed and the resulting reduction in apparent drug supersaturation provided relevant knowledge both from a mechanistic and practical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egis Zeneli
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland.
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6
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Kovačević M, Gašperlin M, Pobirk AZ. Lipid-based systems with precipitation inhibitors as formulation approach to improve the drug bioavailability and/or lower its dose: a review. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:201-227. [PMID: 38815207 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-based systems, such as self-microemulsifying systems (SMEDDS) are attracting strong attention as a formulation approach to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. By applying the "spring and parachute" strategy in designing supersaturable SMEDDS, it is possible to maintain the drug in the supersaturated state long enough to allow absorption of the complete dose, thus improving the drug's bio-availability. As such an approach allows the incorporation of larger amounts of the drug in equal or even lower volumes of SMEDDS, it also enables the production of smaller final dosage forms as well as decreased gastrointestinal irritation, being of particular importance when formulating dosage forms for children or the elderly. In this review, the technological approaches used to prolong the drug supersaturation are discussed regarding the type and concentration of polymers used in liquid and solid SMEDDS formulation. The addition of hypromellose derivatives, vinyl polymers, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, or polymetacrylate copolymers proved to be effective in inhibiting drug precipitation. Regarding the available literature, hypromellose has been the most commonly used polymeric precipitation inhibitor, added in a concentration of 5 % (m/m). However, the inhibiting ability is mainly governed not only by the physicochemical properties of the polymer but also by the API, therefore the choice of optimal precipitation inhibitor is recommended to be evaluated on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Kovačević
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- 1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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7
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Yang W, Saboo S, Zhou L, Askin S, Bak A. Early evaluation of opportunities in oral delivery of PROTACs to overcome their molecular challenges. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103865. [PMID: 38154757 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) offer new opportunities in modern medicine by targeting proteins that are intractable to classic inhibitors. Heterobifunctional in nature, PROTACs are small molecules that offer a unique mechanism of protein degradation by hijacking the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway, known as the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Herein, we present an analysis on the structural characteristics of this novel chemical modality. Furthermore, we review and discuss the formulation opportunities to overcome the oral delivery challenges of PROTACs in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhan Yang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA.
| | - Sugandha Saboo
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Liping Zhou
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Sean Askin
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annette Bak
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
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8
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Pöstges F, Lenhart J, Stoyanov E, Lunter DJ, Wagner KG. Phase homogeneity in ternary amorphous solid dispersions and its impact on solubility, dissolution and supersaturation - Influence of processing and hydroxypropyl cellulose grade. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100222. [PMID: 38162398 PMCID: PMC10755049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
As performance of ternary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) depends on the solid-state characteristics and polymer mixing, a comprehensive understanding of synergistic interactions between the polymers in regard of dissolution enhancement of poorly soluble drugs and subsequent supersaturation stabilization is necessary. By choosing hot-melt extrusion (HME) and vacuum compression molding (VCM) as preparation techniques, we manipulated the phase behavior of ternary efavirenz (EFV) ASDs, comprising of either hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-SSL or HPC-UL in combination with Eudragit® L 100-55 (EL 100-55) (50:50 polymer ratio), leading to single-phased (HME) and heterogeneous ASDs (VCM). Due to higher kinetic solid-state solubility of EFV in HPC polymers compared to EL 100-55, we visualized higher drug distribution into HPC-rich phases of the phase-separated ternary VCM ASDs via confocal Raman microscopy. Additionally, we observed differences in the extent of phase-separation in dependence on the selected HPC grade. As HPC-UL exhibited decisive lower melt viscosity than HPC-SSL, formation of partially miscible phases between HPC-UL and EL 100-55 was facilitated. Consequently, as homogeneously mixed polymer phases were required for optimal extent of solubility improvement, the manufacturing-dependent differences in dissolution performances were smaller using HPC-UL, instead of HPC-SSL, i.e. using HPC-UL was less demanding on shear stress provided by the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pöstges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Lenhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf d. Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical Europe GmbH, Berliner Allee 42, 40212 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominique J. Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf d. Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Yoshida T, Kojima H. Oral Drug Delivery Systems Applied to Launched Products: Value for the Patients and Industrial Considerations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5312-5331. [PMID: 37856863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) control the amount, rate, and site of administration of drug substances in the body as well as their release and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). Among the various types of DDS, amount-controlled DDS for solubilization and absorption increase the bioavailability. Time- and amount-controlled DDS are controlled release formulations classified as (1) membrane-type, (2) matrix-type, (3) osmotic-type, and (4) ion-exchange type. Timed-release formulations also control the time and amount of release and the absorption of drugs. Site- and amount-controlled DDS are characterized by colonic delivery and intestinal lymph-targeting to improve release and ADME of drug substances. Finally, site-, time-, and amount-controlled DDS are gastroretentive formulations and local delivery in the oral cavity to improve site retention, release, and ADME of drugs. DDS can enhance efficacy, reduce adverse effects, and optimize the dosing frequency of various drug products to increase patient value. This review focuses on patient value and industrial considerations of launched oral DDS. We provide a technological overview of candidate and marketed DDS, as well as the pros/cons of the technologies for industrialization with consideration to excipients, manufacturing, and storage stability. Moreover, to demonstrate the usefulness of the technology and support the selection and development of the best technologies for patients, we also describe patient value from clinical studies and analyses, particularly with regard to increased new medical options, higher efficacy, reduced adverse effects, reduced number of doses and clinic visits, easier administration, higher quality of life, greater adherence, and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan
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10
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Johannesson J, Wu M, Johansson M, Bergström CAS. Quality attributes for printable emulsion gels and 3D-printed tablets: Towards production of personalized dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123413. [PMID: 37726040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
3D-printing technology offers a flexible manufacturing platform with the potential to address the need of personalized dosage forms. However, quality aspects of such small-scale, on-demand production of pharmaceutical products intended for personalization is still limited. The aim of this study was therefore to study critical quality control attributes of lipid tablets produced by semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing from emulsion gels incorporating a poorly water-soluble drug. Quality attributes for both the printable emulsion gel and the printed dosage forms were assessed. The emulsion gel was shown to be printable with accurate dosing for at least one month of storage at 4 °C. Tablets were 3D printed in different sizes and a correlation, R2 value of 0.99, was found between the weight and the drug content. The 3D-printed tablets complied with the mass and drug content uniformity requirements described in the European Pharmacopoeia.. Solid-state characterization of the tablets during short-term storage revealed no signs of crystallinity of the drug. Lastly, the lipid digestion and drug release were unchanged after short-term storage of the tablets. This study demonstrates the potential of SSE 3D printing for personalized dosing of a lipid-based formulation strategy and discusses central quality attributes for the printable formulation and the 3D-printed dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Johannesson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mingjun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Holm R, Kuentz M, Ilie-Spiridon AR, Griffin BT. Lipid based formulations as supersaturating oral delivery systems: From current to future industrial applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106556. [PMID: 37543063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations, in particular supersaturated lipid-based formulations, are important delivery approaches when formulating challenging compounds, as especially low water-soluble compounds profit from delivery in a pre-dissolved state. In this article, the classification of lipid-based formulation is described, followed by a detailed discussion of different supersaturated lipid-based formulations and the recent advances reported in the literature. The supersaturated lipid-based formulations discussed include both the in situ forming supersaturated systems as well as the thermally induced supersaturated lipid-based formulations. The in situ forming drug supersaturation by lipid-based formulations has been widely employed and numerous clinically available products are on the market. There are some scientific gaps in the field, but in general there is a good understanding of the mechanisms driving the success of these systems. For thermally induced supersaturation, the technology is not yet fully understood and developed, hence more research is required in this field to explore the formulations beyond preclinical studies and initial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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12
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Mukesh S, Mukherjee G, Singh R, Steenbuck N, Demidova C, Joshi P, Sangamwar AT, Wade RC. Comparative analysis of drug-salt-polymer interactions by experiment and molecular simulation improves biopharmaceutical performance. Commun Chem 2023; 6:201. [PMID: 37749228 PMCID: PMC10519957 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity of poorly water-soluble drugs to aggregate at supersaturation impedes their bioavailability. Supersaturated amorphous drug-salt-polymer systems provide an emergent approach to this problem. However, the effects of polymers on drug-drug interactions in aqueous phase are largely unexplored and it is unclear how to choose an optimal salt-polymer combination for a particular drug. Here, we describe a comparative experimental and computational characterization of amorphous solid dispersions containing the drug celecoxib, and a polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVP-VA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, with or without Na+/K+ salts. Classical models for drug-polymer interactions fail to identify the best drug-salt-polymer combination. In contrast, more stable drug-polymer interaction energies computed from molecular dynamics simulations correlate with prolonged stability of supersaturated amorphous drug-salt-polymer systems, along with better dissolution and pharmacokinetic profiles. The celecoxib-salt-PVP-VA formulations exhibit excellent biopharmaceutical performance, offering the prospect of a low-dosage regimen for this widely used anti-inflammatory, thereby increasing cost-effectiveness, and reducing side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mukesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector-67, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Goutam Mukherjee
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ridhima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector-67, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Nathan Steenbuck
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolina Demidova
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prachi Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector-67, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector-67, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Bakhtiari SE, Zhu Z, Magdysyuk OV, Brocchini S, Williams GR. Amorphous solid dispersions of lidocaine and lidocaine HCl produced by ball milling with well-defined RAFT-synthesised methacrylic acid polymers. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123291. [PMID: 37544388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of methacrylic acid polymers synthesised via the Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerisation method for the production of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) by ball milling, to kinetically solubilize a poorly water-soluble model drug. The solid-state characteristics and the physical stability of the formulations were investigated using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. This was followed by dissolution studies in different media. It was discovered that the acidic polymers of methacrylic acid were capable of interacting with the weakly basic drug lidocaine and its hydrochloride salt form to produce ASDs when a polymer to drug ratio of 70:30 w/w was used. The ASDs remained amorphous following storage under accelerated aging conditions (40 °C and 75% relative humidity) over 8 months. Fast dissolution and increased lidocaine solubility in different media were obtained from the ASDs owing to the reduced microenvironment pH and enhanced solubilization of the drug caused by the presence of the acidic polymer in the formulation. Production of ASDs using well-defined RAFT-synthesised acidic polymers is a promising formulation strategy to enhance the pharmaceutical properties of basic poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Bakhtiari
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Zilan Zhu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Oxana V Magdysyuk
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Choudhari M, Damle S, Saha RN, Dubey SK, Singhvi G. Emerging Applications of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate: Different Aspects in Drug Delivery and Its Commercial Potential. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:188. [PMID: 37715004 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) has multi-disciplinary applications spanning across the development of drug delivery systems, in 3D printing, and in tissue engineering, etc. HPMCAS helps in maintaining the drug in a super-saturated condition by inhibiting its precipitation, thereby increasing the rate and extent of dissolution in the aqueous media. HPMCAS has several distinctive characteristics, such as being amphiphilic in nature, having an ionization pH, and a succinyl and acetyl substitution ratio, all of which are beneficial while developing formulations. This review provides insights regarding the various types of formulations being developed using HPMCAS, including amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), amorphous nanoparticles, dry coating, and 3D printing, along with their applicability in drug delivery and biomedical fields. Furthermore, HPMCAS, compared with other carbohydrate polymers, shows several benefits in drug delivery, including proficiency in imparting stable ASD with a high dissolution rate, being easily processable, and enhancing bioavailability. The various commercially available formulations, regulatory considerations, and key patents containing the HPMCAS have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Choudhari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Shantanu Damle
- Colorcon Asia Pvt. Ltd. Verna Industrial Estate, Verna, Goa, 403722, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
- R&D Healthcare Emami Ltd., Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India.
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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15
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José de Alencar Danda L, Christinne Rocha de Medeiros Schver G, Lamartine Soares Sobrinho J, Lee PI, Felts de La Roca Soares M. Amorphous solid dispersions in high-swelling, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose for enhancing the delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2023:123122. [PMID: 37307959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) based on water-insoluble hydrophilic polymers can sustain supersaturation in their kinetic solubility profiles (KSPs) compared to soluble carriers. However, in the limit of very high swelling capacity, the achievable extent of drug supersaturation has not been fully examined. This study explores the limiting supersaturation behavior of ASDs of poorly soluble indomethacin (IND) and posaconazole (PCZ) based on a high-swelling excipient, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC). Using IND as a reference, we showed that the rapid initial supersaturation buildup in the KSP of IND ASD can be simulated through sequential IND infusion steps, however at large times the KSP of IND release from ASD appears more sustained than direct IND infusion. This has been attributed to potential trapping of seed crystals generated in the L-HPC gel matrix thus limiting their growth and rate of desupersaturation. Similar result is also expected in PCZ ASD. Furthermore, the current drug loading process for ASD preparation resulted in the agglomeration of L-HPC based ASD particles, producing granules of up to 300-500µm (cf. 20µm individual particle), with distinct kinetic solubility profiles. This feature makes L-HPC particularly suitable as ASD carriers for fine tuning of supersaturation to achieve enhanced bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ping I Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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16
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Odeh AB, El-Sayed B, Knopp MM, Rades T, Blaabjerg LI. Influence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Molecular Weight and Concentration on the Precipitation Inhibition of Supersaturated Solutions of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1601. [PMID: 37376048 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Supersaturating drug delivery systems such as solid dispersions of a drug in a polymer are frequently used in pharmaceutical development to enable oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs. In this study, the influence of the concentration and molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the precipitation inhibition of the poorly soluble drugs albendazole, ketoconazole and tadalafil is investigated to expand the understanding of the mechanism of PVP as a polymeric precipitation inhibitor. A three-level full-factorial design was used to delineate the influence of polymer concentration and viscosity of the dissolution medium on precipitation inhibition. Solutions of PVP K15, K30, K60 or K120 at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1% (w/v), as well as isoviscous solutions of PVP of increasing molecular weight, were prepared. Supersaturation of the three model drugs was induced by the use of a solvent-shift method. Precipitation of the three model drugs from supersaturated solutions in the absence and presence of polymer was investigated by the use of a solvent-shift method. Time-concentration profiles of the respective drugs in the absence and presence of polymer pre-dissolved in the dissolution medium were obtained by the use of a μDISS Profiler™ to determine the onset of nucleation and the precipitation rate. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the hypothesis that precipitation inhibition is influenced by the PVP concentration (i.e., the number of repeat units of the polymer) and the medium viscosity of the polymer for the three model drugs. This study showed that an increased concentration of PVP (i.e., an increased concentration of the PVP repeat units, independent of the molecular weight of the polymer) in solution increased the onset of nucleation and decreased the precipitation rate of the respective drugs during supersaturation, which can be explained by an increase in molecular interactions between the drug and polymer with increasing concentrations of polymer. In contrast, the medium viscosity had no significant influence on the onset of the nucleation and precipitation rate of the drugs, which can be explained by solution viscosity having a negligible effect on the rate of drug diffusion from bulk solution to the crystal nuclei. In conclusion, the precipitation inhibition of the respective drugs is influenced by the concentration of PVP, i.e., by molecular interactions between the drug and polymer. In contrast, the molecular mobility of the drug in solution, i.e., the medium viscosity, has no influence on the precipitation inhibition of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Bany Odeh
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boushra El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Manne Knopp
- Bioneer:FARMA, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Panbachi S, Beranek J, Kuentz M. Polymer-embedded deep eutectic solvents (PEDES) as a novel bio-enabling formulation approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 186:106463. [PMID: 37169098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using deep eutectic solvents (DES) as a pharmaceutical delivery system for poorly water-soluble compounds. To reduce the risk of drug precipitation following oral administration, this study addresses the hypothesis that directly including a polymeric precipitation inhibitor (PI) in a DES mixture could obtain a polymer-embedded deep eutectic system (PEDES) as a novel bio-enabling formulation principle. Following broad formulation screening, a PEDES embedding 15 % w/w of polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP) in L-carnitine:ethylene glycol (1:4, molar ratio) DES was successfully formulated as a supersaturating formulation using indomethacin as model drug. The solubility of 175.6 mg/mL obtained in DES was remarkably high, and upon release (phosphate buffer, pH 6.5) a maximum supersaturation factor of 9.8 was recorded, whereby the release kinetics displayed a suitable "parachute effect". The formulation was further characterized to include a molecular dynamics simulation. It can be concluded that PEDES appears to be a viable novel formulation approach, setting solid grounds for further research to assess the full potential of this novel type of supersaturating drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaida Panbachi
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwest. Switzerland. Institute of Pharma Technology Hofackerstr. 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Beranek
- Zentiva, k.s., U Kabelovny 130, 102 00 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwest. Switzerland. Institute of Pharma Technology Hofackerstr. 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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18
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Jang DJ, Lee JH, Kim DH, Kim JW, Koo TS, Cho KH. The Development of Super-Saturated Rebamipide Eye Drops for Enhanced Solubility, Stability, Patient Compliance, and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030950. [PMID: 36986811 PMCID: PMC10053044 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop clear aqueous rebamipide (REB) eye drops to enhance solubility, stability, patient compliance, and bioavailability. For the preparation of a super-saturated 1.5% REB solution, the pH-modification method using NaOH and a hydrophilic polymer was employed. Low-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 4.5cp) was selected and worked efficiently to suppress REB precipitation at 40 °C for 16 days. The additionally optimized eye drops formulation (F18 and F19) using aminocaproic acid and D-sorbitol as a buffering agent and an osmotic agent, respectively, demonstrated long-term physicochemical stability at 25 °C and 40 °C for 6 months. The hypotonicity (<230 mOsm) for F18 and F19 noticeably extended the stable period, since the pressure causing the REB precipitation was relieved compared to the isotonic. In the rat study, the optimized REB eye drops showed significantly long-lasting pharmacokinetic results, suggesting the possibility of reducing daily administration times and increasing patient compliance (0.50- and 0.83-times lower Cmax and 2.60- and 3.64-times higher exposure in the cornea and aqueous humor). In conclusion, the formulations suggested in the present study are promising candidates and offer enhanced solubility, stability, patient compliance, and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Jang
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hak Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (T.-S.K.); (K.H.C.); Tel.: +82-42-821-8628 (T.-S.K.); +82-55-320-3883 (K.H.C.)
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (T.-S.K.); (K.H.C.); Tel.: +82-42-821-8628 (T.-S.K.); +82-55-320-3883 (K.H.C.)
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19
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Zhu Y, Lu M, Gao F, Zhou C, Jia C, Wang J. Role of Tailor-Made Additives in Crystallization from Solution: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Meijin Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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20
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Nguyen HT, Van Duong T, Taylor LS. Impact of Gastric pH Variations on the Release of Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formulations Containing a Weakly Basic Drug and Enteric Polymers. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1681-1695. [PMID: 36730186 PMCID: PMC9997068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Enteric polymers are widely used in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations. The aim of the current study was to explore ASD failure mechanisms across a wide range of pH conditions that mimic in vivo gastric compartment variations where enteric polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) are largely insoluble. Delamanid (DLM), a weakly basic drug used to treat tuberculosis, was selected as the model compound. Both DLM free base and the edisylate salt were formulated with HPMCP, while DLM edisylate ASDs were also prepared with different grades of HPMCAS. Two-stage release testing was conducted with the gastric stage pH varied between pH 1.6 and 5.0, prior to transfer to intestinal conditions of pH 6.5. ASD particles were collected following suspension in the gastric compartment and evaluated using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Additional samples were also evaluated with polarized light microscopy. In general, ASDs with HPMCP showed improved overall release for all testing conditions, relative to ASDs with HPMCAS. ASDs with the edisylate salt likewise outperformed those with DLM free base. Impaired release for certain formulations at intestinal pH conditions was attributed to surface drug crystallization that initiated during suspension in the gastric compartment where the polymer is insoluble; crystallization appeared more extensive for HPMCAS ASDs. These findings suggest that gastric pH variations should be evaluated for ASD formulations containing weakly basic drugs and enteric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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21
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Supersaturation and Precipitation Applicated in Drug Delivery Systems: Development Strategies and Evaluation Approaches. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052212. [PMID: 36903470 PMCID: PMC10005129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supersaturation is a promising strategy to improve gastrointestinal absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Supersaturation is a metastable state and therefore dissolved drugs often quickly precipitate again. Precipitation inhibitors can prolong the metastable state. Supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) are commonly formulated with precipitation inhibitors, hence the supersaturation is effectively prolonged for absorption, leading to improved bioavailability. This review summarizes the theory of and systemic insight into supersaturation, with the emphasis on biopharmaceutical aspects. Supersaturation research has developed from the generation of supersaturation (pH-shift, prodrug and SDDS) and the inhibition of precipitation (the mechanism of precipitation, the character of precipitation inhibitors and screening precipitation inhibitors). Then, the evaluation approaches to SDDS are discussed, including in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies and in vitro-in vivo correlations. In vitro aspects involve biorelevant medium, biomimetic apparatus and characterization instruments; in vivo aspects involve oral absorption, intestinal perfusion and intestinal content aspiration and in silico aspects involve molecular dynamics simulation and pharmacokinetic simulation. More physiological data of in vitro studies should be taken into account to simulate the in vivo environment. The supersaturation theory should be further completed, especially with regard to physiological conditions.
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Guner G, Amjad A, Berrios M, Kannan M, Bilgili E. Nanoseeded Desupersaturation and Dissolution Tests for Elucidating Supersaturation Maintenance in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020450. [PMID: 36839772 PMCID: PMC9964794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of residual drug crystals that are formed during the production and storage of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) has been studied using micron-sized seed crystals in solvent-shift (desupersaturation) and dissolution tests. This study examines the impacts of the seed size loading on the solution-mediated precipitation from griseofulvin ASDs. Nanoparticle crystals (nanoseeds) were used as a more realistic surrogate for residual crystals compared with conventional micron-sized seeds. ASDs of griseofulvin with Soluplus (Sol), Kollidon VA64 (VA64), and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were prepared by spray-drying. Nanoseeds produced by wet media milling were used in the dissolution and desupersaturation experiments. DLS, SEM, XRPD, and DSC were used for characterization. The results from the solvent-shift tests suggest that the drug nanoseeds led to a faster and higher extent of desupersaturation than the as-received micron-sized crystals and that the higher seed loading facilitated desupersaturation. Sol was the only effective nucleation inhibitor; the overall precipitation inhibition capability was ranked: Sol > HPMC > VA64. In the dissolution tests, only the Sol-based ASDs generated significant supersaturation, which decreased upon an increase in the nanoseed loading. This study has demonstrated the importance of using drug nanocrystals in lieu of conventional coarse crystals in desupersaturation and dissolution tests in ASD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-973-596-2998; Fax: +1-973-596-8436
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23
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Supersaturation and phase behavior during dissolution of amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122524. [PMID: 36549404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a promising strategy to enhance solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Due to higher free energy of ASD, supersaturated drug solution could be generated during dissolution. When amorphous solubility of a drug is exceeded, drug-rich nanodroplets could form and act as a reservoir to maintain the maximum free drug concentration in solution, facilitating the absorption of the drug in vivo. Dissolution behavior of ASD has received increasing interests. This review will focus on the recent advances in ASD dissolution, including the generation and maintenance of supersaturated drug solution in absence or presence of liquid-liquid phase separation. Mechanism of drug release from ASD including polymer-controlled dissolution and drug-controlled dissolution will be introduced. Formation of amorphous drug-rich nanodroplets during dissolution and the underlying mechanism will be discussed. Phase separation morphology of hydrated ASD plays a critical role in dissolution behavior of ASD, which will be highlighted. Supersaturated drug solution shows poor physical stability and tends to crystallize. The effect of polymer and surfactant on supersaturated drug solution will be demonstrated and some unexpected results will be shown. Physicochemical properties of drug and polymer could impact ASD dissolution and some of them even show opposite effect on dissolution and physical stability of ASD in solid state, respectively. This review will contribute to a better understanding of ASD dissolution and facilitate a rational design of ASD formulation.
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24
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Pöstges F, Kayser K, Appelhaus J, Monschke M, Gütschow M, Steinebach C, Wagner KG. Solubility Enhanced Formulation Approaches to Overcome Oral Delivery Obstacles of PROTACs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010156. [PMID: 36678785 PMCID: PMC9863516 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaeras (PROTACs) offer new opportunities in modern medicine by targeting proteins that are undruggable to classic inhibitors. However, due to their hydrophobic structure, PROTACs typically suffer from low solubility, and oral bioavailability remains challenging. At the same time, due to their investigative state, the drug supply is meager, leading to limited possibilities in terms of formulation development. Therefore, we investigated the solubility enhancement employing mini-scale formulations of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) and liquisolid formulations of the prototypic PROTAC ARCC-4. Based on preliminary supersaturation testing, HPMCAS (L Grade) and Eudragit® L 100-55 (EL 100-55) were demonstrated to be suitable polymers for supersaturation stabilization of ARCC-4. These two polymers were selected for preparing ASDs via vacuum compression molding (VCM), using drug loads of 10 and 20%, respectively. The ASDs were subsequently characterized with respect to their solid state via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Non-sink dissolution testing revealed that the physical mixtures (PMs) did not improve dissolution. At the same time, all ASDs enabled pronounced supersaturation of ARCC-4 without precipitation for the entire dissolution period. In contrast, liquisolid formulations failed in increasing ARCC-4 solubility. Hence, we demonstrated that ASD formation is a promising principle to overcome the low solubility of PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pöstges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Kayser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Appelhaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marius Monschke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinebach
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (K.G.W.); Tel.: +49-228-73-2308 (C.S.); +49-228-73-5271 (K.G.W.)
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (K.G.W.); Tel.: +49-228-73-2308 (C.S.); +49-228-73-5271 (K.G.W.)
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25
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Combining drug salt formation with amorphous solid dispersions - a double edged sword. J Control Release 2022; 352:47-60. [PMID: 36206947 PMCID: PMC9733678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glass transition temperature (Tg) is important for amorphous compounds because it can have implications on their physical and chemical stability. With drugs that possess ionizable acidic or basic groups, salt formation is a potential strategy to reduce re-crystallization tendency through Tg elevation. While salt formation has been reported to impact re-crystallization tendency, it is not known if this holds true for all drugs and if it is useful in the context of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations. In addition, little information on the impact of salt formation on drug release performance of ASD is available. Herein, the influence of salt formation and Tg elevation on the release performance of lumefantrine (Tg = 19.7 °C) when formulated as an ASD with copovidone (PVPVA) was examined. Lumefantrine salts and lumefantrine salt-PVPVA ASDs with drug loadings (DLs) ranging from 5 to 30% were prepared. The acids used for salt formation were benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, poly(ethylene) glycol 250 diacid (PEG 250 diacid), and sulfuric acid. Salt formation resulted in an elevation of Tg compared to lumefantrine free base, with the largest increase in Tg observed with lumefantrine sulfate. With a lower Tg salt, ASDs could be formulated at higher DLs while ensuring drug release. In contrast, drug release ceased at a DL as low as 5% when Tg of the salt was high. However, ASDs with lower Tgs such as the benzoate and PEG 250 diacid salts showed poor stability against re-crystallization when stored under stress storage conditions. When using a salt in an ASD formulation, attention should be paid to the Tg of the salt, since it may show opposing effects on physical stability and drug release, at least for PVPVA-based ASDs.
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Pöstges F, Kayser K, Stoyanov E, Wagner KG. Boost of solubility and supersaturation of celecoxib via synergistic interactions of methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1) and hydroxypropyl cellulose in ternary amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100115. [PMID: 35368508 PMCID: PMC8968008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A current trend in the development of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is the combination of two polymers for synergistic enhancement in supersaturation of poorly soluble drugs. We investigated the supersaturation potential of celecoxib (CXB) using combinations of methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1) (EL 100–55) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) SSL. Initially, the supersaturation potential of single polymers and combinations in various ratios was assessed. While EL 100–55 and HPC SSL alone showed limited potential in solubility enhancement of CXB the combination of both polymers led to a boost of CXB solubility, whereby most promising results were obtained using a 50:50 polymer ratio. Binary and ternary CXB ASDs (10% drug load) were prepared via vacuum compressing molding (VCM) and hot melt extrusion (HME). ASDs were studied by exploring the miscibility and intermolecular interactions and tested for their dissolution performance. HPC SSL was identified to be a suitable precipitation inhibitor when added to a fast dissolving CXB: EL 100–55 ASD. Ternary ASDs showed even further dissolution improvement, when processed by HME. The combination of heat and shear stress led to a homogeneous and intimate mixture of EL 100–55 and HPC SSL, resulting in formation of synergistic interactions with pronounced impact on CXB supersaturation. Ternary ASDs showed superior supersaturation compared to binary ASDs. Shear forces of HME required for synergistic polymer-polymer interactions. Interactions of polymers responsible for maximum solubility enhancement of celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pöstges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Kayser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical Europe GmbH, Berliner Allee 42, 40212 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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Carvedilol Precipitation Inhibition by the Incorporation of Polymeric Precipitation Inhibitors Using a Stable Amorphous Solid Dispersion Approach: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro In Vivo Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224977. [PMID: 36433104 PMCID: PMC9697141 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of carvedilol (CVL) was prepared via the solvent evaporation method, using cellulose derivatives as polymeric precipitation inhibitors (PPIs). The prepared ASDs existed in the amorphous phase, as revealed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results confirmed the compatibility between CVL and the polymers used. The ASDs characteristics were evaluated, with no change in viscosity, a pH of 6.8, a polydispersity index of 0.169, a particle size of 423-450 nm, and a zeta potential of 3.80 mV. Crystal growth inhibition was assessed for 180 min via an infusion precipitation study in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The interactions between the drug and polymers were established in great detail, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and Raman spectroscopy studies. Dielectric analysis was employed to determine the drug-polymer interactions between ion pairs and to understand ion transport behavior. In vivo oral kinetics and irritation studies performed on Wistar rats have demonstrated promising biocompatibility, stability, and the enhanced bioavailability of CVL. Collectively, the stable ASDs of CVL were developed using cellulose polymers as PPIs that would inhibit drug precipitation in the gastrointestinal tract and would aid in achieving higher in vivo drug stability and bioavailability.
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Budiman A, Citraloka ZG, Muchtaridi M, Sriwidodo S, Aulifa DL, Rusdin A. Inhibition of Crystal Nucleation and Growth in Aqueous Drug Solutions: Impact of Different Polymers on the Supersaturation Profiles of Amorphous Drugs-The Case of Alpha-Mangostin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2386. [PMID: 36365204 PMCID: PMC9699294 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymer used in supersaturated solutions plays a critical role in maintaining supersaturation levels of amorphous drugs. The prevention of drug crystallization in the supersaturated solutions by adding polymers depends on their ability to inhibit nucleation and crystal growth of drugs. This showed that understanding the mechanism of nucleation inhibition by polymers is necessary to develop the drug formulation in supersaturated solutions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of water-soluble polymers on the supersaturation behavior of drugs and elucidate the mechanism of maintaining the supersaturation levels in an aqueous solution. It was carried out using alpha-mangostin (AM) as a model of the poorly water-soluble drug, while hypromellose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and eudragit were used as polymers. Their ability to inhibit the nucleation and crystal growth of AM was also evaluated. The supersaturation profiles of AM were measured in biorelevant dissolution media, while the crystal growth rate of AM was evaluated from the decrease in dissolved drug concentration by determining the induction time for AM nucleation. The interaction of AM with each polymer was evaluated and predicted by FT-IR, NMR measurement, and an in silico study, respectively. Based on observation, the PVP effectively maintained AM in a supersaturated state for the long term while eudragit conserved for 15 min. Meanwhile, an inhibitory effect of HPMC on the AM crystal nucleation was not observed. It was also \]-+discovered that the effectiveness of the various polymers depends on the interaction between the polymer and the drug. FT-IR and in silico studies demonstrated that the interaction of PVP-AM had the best polymer compared to eudragit and HPMC. NMR analysis suggested that the interaction between the methyl group from PVP with the carbonyl group of AM occurred in the PVP solution. The viscosity measurement revealed that the inhibition of nucleation and crystal growth of AM was not caused by increasing the viscosity. These results indicated that polymer-AM interactions could contribute to the crystallization inhibition and maintenance of AM in a supersaturated state. Therefore, an investigation of the mechanism of drug nucleation inhibition by polymers is recommended in the selection of crystallization inhibitors and a planned strategy to develop supersaturated formulations of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Zahra Ganesya Citraloka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung, Jl. Prof. Eyckman No. 24, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
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Liu W, Liu J, Wu T, Smyth H, Cui Y. The effect of mucin on supersaturation of poorly water-soluble drugs with different crystallization behavior and in vitro-in vivo correlation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Butreddy A. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate as an exceptional polymer for amorphous solid dispersion formulations: A review from bench to clinic. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:289-307. [PMID: 35872180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a proven system for achieving a supersaturated state of drug, in which the concentration of drug is greater than its crystalline solubility. The usage of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) in the development of ASDs has grown significantly, as evidenced by the fact that majority of commercially approved ASD formulations are based on HPMCAS. HPMCAS has been widely utilized as a solubility enhancer and precipitation inhibitor or stabilizer to achieve supersaturation and inhibit crystallization of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. The characteristics of HPMCAS ASDs such as less hygroscopic, strong drug-polymer hydrophobic interactions, high solubilization efficiency, greater potential to generate, maintain drug supersaturation and crystallization inhibition outperform other polymeric carriers in ASD development. Furthermore, combining HPMCAS with other polymers or surfactants as ternary ASDs could be a viable approach for enhancing oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. This review discusses the concepts of supersaturation maintenance or precipitation inhibition of HPMCAS in the ASD formulations. In addition, the mechanisms underlying for improved dissolution performance, oral bioavailability and stability of HPMCAS ASDs are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Sharma A, Arora K, Mohapatra H, Sindhu RK, Bulzan M, Cavalu S, Paneshar G, Elansary HO, El-Sabrout AM, Mahmoud EA, Alaklabi A. Supersaturation-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Strategy for Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092969. [PMID: 35566319 PMCID: PMC9101434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At present, the majority of APIs synthesized today remain challenging tasks for formulation development. Many technologies are being utilized or explored for enhancing solubility, such as chemical modification, novel drug delivery systems (microemulsions, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc.), salt formation, and many more. One promising avenue attaining attention presently is supersaturated drug delivery systems. When exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, drug concentration exceeds equilibrium solubility and a supersaturation state is maintained long enough to be absorbed, enhancing bioavailability. In this review, the latest developments in supersaturated drug delivery systems are addressed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Kanika Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Harapriya Mohapatra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Rakesh K. Sindhu
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Madalin Bulzan
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Correspondence: (R.K.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Gulsheen Paneshar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah Alaklabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
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32
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Sirvi A, Kuche K, Chaudhari D, Ghadi R, Date T, Katiyar SS, Jain S. Supersaturable self-emulsifying drug delivery system: A strategy for improving the loading and oral bioavailability of quercetin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Wang Y, Rades T, Grohganz H. Effects of polymer addition on the non-strongly interacting binary co-amorphous system carvedilol-tryptophan. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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França MT, Martins Marcos T, Costa PF, Bazzo GC, Nicolay Pereira R, Gerola AP, Stulzer HK. Eutectic mixture and amorphous solid dispersion: Two different supersaturating drug delivery system strategies to improve griseofulvin release using saccharin. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Huang Z, Staufenbiel S, Bodmeier R. Kinetic solubility improvement and influence of polymers on controlled supersaturation of itraconazole-succinic acid nano-co-crystals. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121536. [PMID: 35124120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nano-co-crystals enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the dissolution process of nano-co-crystals and of the precipitation inhibition by various polymers. Itraconazole-succinic acid (ITZ-SUC) nano-co-crystal was chosen as model drug formulation to investigate the supersaturation and precipitation inhibition capabilities of various polymers (HPMC E5, HPMC E50, HPMCAS, HPC-SSL, PVPK30 and PVPVA64). The kinetic concentration-time profiles of nano-co-crystal were measured under non-sink conditions with in situ UV-VIS spectroscopy. HPMC E5 performed best by achieving the greatest extended supersaturation/precipitation inhibition. The precipitation inhibition capacity of HPMC E5 was proportional to its concentration. The maximum achievable supersaturation was proportional to the dissolution rate which can be modulated by the rate of supersaturation generation (i.e., addition rate or dose). Supersaturation could be prolonged significantly resulting in 2-5-fold increased area under the dissolution curves compared to nano-co-crystals alone. This effect was limited by a critical excess of undissolved particles with high specific surface area which acted as crystallization seeds resulting in faster precipitation. The study highlighted that a faster dissolution rate and the use of precipitation inhibitors were two key factors determining the extent and time of supersaturation of nano-co-crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Staufenbiel
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bodmeier
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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36
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Indulkar AS, Lou X, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Role of Surfactants on Release Performance of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Ritonavir and Copovidone. Pharm Res 2022; 39:381-397. [PMID: 35169959 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the role of different surfactants, incorporated into amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of ritonavir and copovidone, in terms of their impact on release, phase behavior and stabilization of amorphous precipitates formed following drug release. METHODS Ternary ASDs with ritonavir, copovidone and surfactants (30:70:5 w/w/w) were prepared by rotary evaporation. ASD release performance was tested using Wood's intrinsic dissolution rate apparatus and compared to the binary drug-polymer ASD with 30% drug loading. Size measurement of amorphous droplets was performed using dynamic light scattering. Solid state characterization was performed using attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS All surfactant-containing ASDs showed improvement over the binary ASD. Span 85 and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) showed complete release with no evidence of AAPS or crystallization whereas Span 20 and Tween 80 showed < 50% release with amorphous amorphous phase separation (AAPS). Span 20 also induced solution crystallization. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) showed very rapid, albeit incomplete (~ 80%) release. AAPS was not observed with SDS. However, crystallization on the dissolving solid surface was noted. Span 20 and TPGS formed the smallest and most size-stable droplets with ~ 1 µm size whereas coalescence was noted with other surfactants. CONCLUSIONS Surfactants improved the release performance relative to the binary ASD. Different surfactant types impacted overall performance to varying extents and affected different attributes. Overall, Span 85 showed best performance (complete release, no crystallization/AAPS and small droplet size). Correlation between physicochemical properties and surfactant performance was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anura S Indulkar
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiaochun Lou
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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37
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Niederquell A, Stoyanov E, Kuentz M. Hydroxypropyl Cellulose for Drug Precipitation Inhibition: From the Potential of Molecular Interactions to Performance Considering Microrheology. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:690-703. [PMID: 35005970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent interest in using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) for supersaturating drug formulations. This study investigated the potential for molecular HPC interactions with the model drug celecoxib by integrating novel approaches in the field of drug supersaturation analysis. Following an initial polymer characterization study, quantum-chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were complemented with results of inverse gas chromatography and broadband diffusing wave spectroscopy. HPC performance was studied regarding drug solubilization and kinetics of desupersaturation using different grades (i.e., HPC-UL, SSL, SL, and L). The results suggested that the potential contribution of dispersive interactions and hydrogen bonding depended strongly on the absence or presence of the aqueous phase. It was proposed that aggregation of HPC polymer chains provided a complex heterogeneity of molecular environments with more or less excluded water for drug interaction. In precipitation experiments at a low aqueous polymer concentration (i.e., 0.01%, w/w), grades L and SL appeared to sustain drug supersaturation better than SSL and UL. However, UL was particularly effective in drug solubilization at pH 6.8. Thus, a better understanding of drug-polymer interactions is important for formulation development, and polymer blends may be used to harness the combined advantages of individual polymer grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Niederquell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical, Europe, Berliner Allee 42, Düsseldorf 40212, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
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DeBoyace K, Bookwala M, Buckner IS, Zhou D, Wildfong PLD. Interpreting the Physicochemical Meaning of a Molecular Descriptor Which Is Predictive of Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formation in Polyvinylpyrrolidone Vinyl Acetate. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:303-317. [PMID: 34932358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A molecular descriptor known as R3m (the R-GETAWAY third-order autocorrelation index weighted by the atomic mass) was previously identified as capable of grouping members of an 18-compound library of organic molecules that successfully formed amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) when co-solidified with the co-polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPva) at two concentrations using two preparation methods. To clarify the physical meaning of this descriptor, the R3m calculation is examined in the context of the physicochemical mechanisms of dispersion formation. The R3m equation explicitly captures information about molecular topology, atomic leverage, and molecular geometry, features which might be expected to affect the formation of stabilizing non-covalent interactions with a carrier polymer, as well as the molecular mobility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) molecule. Molecules with larger R3m values tend to have more atoms, especially the heavier ones that form stronger non-covalent interactions, generally, more irregular shapes, and more complicated topology. Accordingly, these molecules are more likely to remain dispersed within PVPva. Furthermore, multiple linear regression modeling of R3m and more interpretable descriptors supported these conclusions. Finally, the utility of the R3m descriptor for predicting the formation of ASDs in PVPva was tested by analyzing the commercially available products that contain amorphous APIs dispersed in the same polymer. All of these analyses support the conclusion that the information about the API geometry, size, shape, and topological connectivity captured by R3m relates to the ability of a molecule to interact with and remain dispersed within an amorphous PVPva matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin DeBoyace
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Mustafa Bookwala
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Ira S Buckner
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Deliang Zhou
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Peter L D Wildfong
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Zhang Z, Li L, Dong L, Tian J, Meng T, Zhao Q, Yang J. Molecular mechanisms involved in supersaturation of Emodin ternary solid dispersions based on bonding agents. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2000-2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Lentz KA, Plum J, Steffansen B, Arvidsson PO, Omkvist DH, Pedersen AJ, Sennbro CJ, Pedersen GP, Jacobsen J. Predicting in vivo performance of fenofibrate amorphous solid dispersions using in vitro non-sink dissolution and dissolution permeation setup. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121174. [PMID: 34655705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is emerging as a useful formulation strategy to increase the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients with poor solubility. In vitro dissolution testing under non-sink conditions has often been used to evaluate the ability of ASDs to generate and maintain supersaturation to predict the in vivo performance. However, such a single compartment dissolution setup can fail to predict the oral bioavailability, due to an interdependence between precipitation and permeation. Hence, the use of two compartment dissolution-permeation setups is emerging. In this study, three ASDs containing fenofibrate as model drug substance were developed using Soluplus®, and Hypromellose Acetate Succinate in two different grades (high and low), respectively. The aim was to compare the use of a small-scale in vitro non-sink dissolution setup and a small-scale in vitro dissolution-permeation setup to predict the in vivo oral exposure of the ASDs in rats. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under curve (AUC) obtained in the in vitro studies were used to predict the in vivo rank order of the formulations. The results showed that the two in vitro studies resulted in the same rank order based on both Cmax and AUC. Interestingly, Cmax resulted in a better in vitro/in vivo correlation than the in vitro AUC, and based on the in vitro Cmax, the in vivo rank order was predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Aagaard Lentz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; LEO Pharma, A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Jakob Plum
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; LEO Pharma, A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Bristol AN, Lamm MS, Li Y. Impact of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate Critical Aggregation Concentration on Celecoxib Supersaturation. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4299-4309. [PMID: 34738825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymers play an important role in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), enhancing stability in the solid state and maintaining supersaturation in aqueous solutions of intrinsically low-water-soluble drug candidates. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) is widely used in ASDs due to its hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and ionizability of the substituent functionalities. While colloid formation of HPMCAS in solution due to this hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance has been studied, the impact of the polymer conformation (random coil vs aggregated) on drug supersaturation of ASDs is not well understood. To our knowledge, this is the first report where the critical aggregation concentration for three grades of HPMCAS (HF/MF/LF) has been determined via fluorescence spectroscopy using the environment-sensitive probe pyrene. The specific impact of polymer conformation (random coil vs aggregate) on the model drug celecoxib (CLX) has been elucidated with fluorescence quenching and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A negative deviation of the Stern-Volmer plot indicated that aggregated HPMCAS effectively blocked the quencher's access to CLX. This is further supported by NMR observations, where NMR spectra indicate a larger change of chemical shift of the -NH group of CLX when HPMCAS is above its aggregated concentration, suggesting strong H-bonding interactions between aggregated HPMCAS and CLX. Finally, the supersaturation-precipitation study shows that all three grades of HPMCAS in the aggregated state significantly enhanced CLX supersaturation compared to the nonaggregated state, indicating that polymer aggregation plays a critical role in maintaining drug supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh N Bristol
- Preformulation, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew S Lamm
- Preformulation, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yongjun Li
- Preformulation, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Baumgartner A, Planinšek O. Application of commercially available mesoporous silica for drug dissolution enhancement in oral drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:106015. [PMID: 34547382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high number of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, oral drug delivery development has become challenging. One of the strategies to enhance drug solubility and to achieve high oral bioavailability is to formulate such compounds into amorphous solid dispersions. In recent years, porous materials have been investigated as possible carriers into which a drug can be adsorbed, such as mesoporous silica, in particular. Unlike the ordered mesoporous network of silica, non-ordered silica already has a "generally regarded as safe" status, and is already used as an excipient in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that products that contain solid dispersions with non-ordered carriers will reach the market sooner and more easily than those with ordered mesoporous carriers. The emphasis of this review is therefore on non-ordered commercially available mesoporous silica and the progress that has been made in development of the use of these materials for improved dissolution rates in oral drug delivery. First, a thorough categorisation of the drug loading methods is presented, followed by discussion on the most important characteristics of solid dispersions (i.e., physical state, stability, drug release). Finally, manufacturability and production of a final solid dosage form are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Baumgartner
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Odon Planinšek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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43
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Jakubowska E, Milanowski B, Lulek J. A Systematic Approach to the Development of Cilostazol Nanosuspension by Liquid Antisolvent Precipitation (LASP) and Its Combination with Ultrasound. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212406. [PMID: 34830298 PMCID: PMC8619020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosizing is an approach to improve the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. The first aim of this work was to develop nanosuspension of cilostazol with liquid antisolvent precipitation (LASP) and its combination with ultrasound. Second, to systematically study the effect of bottom-up processing factors on precipitated particles’ size and identify the optimal settings for the best reduction. After solvent and stabilizer screening, in-depth process characterization and optimization was performed using Design of Experiments. The work discusses the influence of critical factors found with statistical analysis: feed concentration, stabilizer amount, stirring speed and ultrasound energy governed by time and amplitude. LASP alone only generated particle size of a few microns, but combination with ultrasound was successful in nanosizing (d10 = 0.06, d50 = 0.33, d90 = 1.45 µm). Micro- and nanosuspension’s stability, particle morphology and solid state were studied. Nanosuspension displayed higher apparent solubility than equilibrium and superior dissolution rate over coarse cilostazol and microsuspension. A bottom-up method of precipitation-sonication was demonstrated to be a successful approach to improve the dissolution characteristics of poorly soluble, BCS class II drug cilostazol by reducing its particle size below micron scale, while retaining nanosuspension stability and unchanged crystalline form.
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Chen T, Ma Z, Qiu Z, Zhong Z, Xing L, Guo Q, Luo D, Weng Z, Ge F, Huang Y, Zhang X, He H, Zhuang X, Li Q, Yuan T. Characterization of excipients to improve pharmaceutical properties of sirolimus in the supercritical anti-solvent fluidized process. Int J Pharm 2021; 611:121240. [PMID: 34780928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced drug release and bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be achieved via a fluidized bed coating integrated with supercritical anti-solvent (SAS-FB) - a process of precipitating drug particles onto carrier granules. However, in the absence of excipients, SAS-FB often results in crystalline of the API on the surface of carriers, limiting the improvement of pharmaceutical properties. Co-processing with excipients is considered an effective approach to improve drug release in the SAS-FB process. Our study used sirolimus, an immune suppressive agent, as the model API to characterize excipients for their effect on pharmaceutical properties in the SAS-FB process. We show that co-precipitation of excipients and sirolumus impacts on carrier specific surface area and drug yield. Among the tested excipients, formulation containing polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 achieved the highest drug yield. Importantly, compared with Rapamune® tablet, our optimized formulation displayed a superior in vivo oral bioavailability by 3.05-fold in Sprague-Dawley rats and 3.99-fold in beagle dogs. A series of characterization of the processed API was performed to understand the mechanism by which excipients contributed to drug dissolution properties. Our study provides a useful guidance for the use of excipients in the SAS-FB technology to improve pharmaceutical properties of sirolimus and other poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhenwen Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Zhong Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical Equipment, Foshan Chancheng People's Hospital, Foshan 528000, PR China
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research Center of Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Guangzhou 510240, PR China
| | - Dandong Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Weng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Fucheng Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Yating Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiubing Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Hongling He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Qingguo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Tianhui Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China.
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45
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Müller M, Wiedey R, Hoheisel W, Serno P, Breitkreutz J. Impact of co-administered stabilizers on the biopharmaceutical performance of regorafenib amorphous solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:189-199. [PMID: 34756974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor solubility of drug candidates is a well-known and thoroughly studied challenge in the development of oral dosage forms. One important approach to tackle this challenge is the formulation as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). To reach the desired biopharmaceutical improvement a high supersaturation has to be reached quickly and then be conserved long enough for absorption to take place. In the presented study, various formulations of regorafenib have been produced and characterized in biorelevant in-vitro experiments. Povidone-based formulations, which are equivalent to the marketed product Stivarga®, showed a fast drug release but limited stability and robustness after that. In contrast, HPMCAS-based formulations exhibited excellent stability of the supersaturated solution, but unacceptably slow drug release. The attempt to combine the desired attributes of both formulations by producing a ternary ASD failed. Only co-administration of HPMCAS as an external stabilizer to the rapidly releasing Povidone-based ASDs led to the desired dissolution profile and high robustness. This optimized formulation was tested in a pharmacokinetic animal model using Wistar rats. Despite the promising in-vitro results, the new formulation did not perform better in the animal model. No differences in AUC could be detected when compared to the conventional (marketed) formulation. These data represent to first in-vivo study of the new concept of external stabilization of ASDs. Subsequent in-vitro studies revealed that temporary exposure of the ASD to gastric medium had a significant and long-lasting effect on the dissolution performance and externally administered stabilizer could not prevent this sufficiently. By applying the co-administered HPMCAS as an enteric coating onto Stivarga tablets, a new bi-functional approach was realized. This approach achieved the desired tailoring of the dissolution profile and high robustness against gastric medium as well as against seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Invite GmbH, Formulation Technologies, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Raphael Wiedey
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Peter Serno
- Bayer AG, Research Center Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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46
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Meola TR, Joyce P, Wignall A, Bremmell KE, Prestidge CA. Harnessing the potential of nanostructured formulations to mimic the food effect of lurasidone. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121098. [PMID: 34534629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lurasidone is an important antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with an oral bioavailability of 9-19% owing to its poor aqueous solubility. Additionally, lurasidone exhibits a 2-fold positive food effect, such that patients must administer their medication with a meal, leading to significant non-compliance. The aim of this research was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of lurasidone when engineered as nanostructured systems. Specifically, a nanosuspension, nano-emulsion and silica-lipid hybrid (SLH) microparticles were formulated and the influence of composition and nanostructure on the mechanism of solubilisation was compared. Formulations were shown to enhance fasted state solubilisation levels in vitro by up to 5.9-fold, compared to pure drug. Fed- and fasted-state solubilisation profiles revealed that in contrast to the nanosuspension and nano-emulsion, lurasidone SLH mitigated the positive pharmaceutical effect of lurasidone. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluations revealed that the nanosuspension, nano-emulsion and SLH enhanced the bioavailability of lurasidone by 3-fold, 2.4-fold and 8.8-fold, respectively, compared to pure drug after oral administration. For lurasidone, the combination of lipid-based nanostructure and porous silica nanostructure (SLH) led to optimal fasted state bioavailability which can ultimately result in enhanced treatment efficacy, easier dosing regimens and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahlia R Meola
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anthony Wignall
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kristen E Bremmell
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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47
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Abbasi S, Higashino H, Sato Y, Minami K, Kataoka M, Yamashita S, Harashima H. Maximizing the Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs Using Novel Oil-Like Materials in Lipid-Based Formulations. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3281-3289. [PMID: 34351769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations, such as self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems (SMEDDSs), are promising tools for the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, failure to maintain adequate aqueous solubility after coming into contact with gastrointestinal fluids is a major drawback. In this study, we examined the use of a novel cinnamic acid-derived oil-like material (CAOM) that binds drugs with a high affinity through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions, as an oil core in a SMEDDS for the oral delivery of fenofibrate in rats. The use of the CAOM in the SMEDDS resulted in an unprecedented enhancement in fenofibrate bioavailability, which exceeded the bioavailability values obtained using SMEDDSs based on corn oil, a conventional triglyceride oil, or Labrasol, an enhancer of intestinal permeation. Further characterization revealed that the CAOM SMEDDS does not alter the intestinal permeability and has no inhibitory activity on P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux. The results reported herein demonstrate the strong potential of CAOM formulations as new solubilizers for the efficient and safe oral delivery of drugs that have limited water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saed Abbasi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Haruki Higashino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060 0812, Japan
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060 0812, Japan
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Sharma T, Jain A, Kaur R, Saini S, Katare OP, Singh B. Supersaturated LFCS type III self-emulsifying delivery systems of sorafenib tosylate with improved biopharmaceutical performance: QbD-enabled development and evaluation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:839-861. [PMID: 32415654 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The current studies investigate the application of quality by design-enabled type III self-emulsifying delivery system (Type III-SEDDS) of sorafenib tosylate (SFN) in improving its biopharmaceutical attributes. Initially, lipidic and emulsifying excipients were selected by carrying out solubility and phase titration experiments. After screening studies using Taguchi OA design, Type III-SEDDS were further optimised using D-optimal mixture design. The prepared formulations were assessed for globule size, zeta potential and percent of drug release. Following graphical optimisation, the optimum formulation was earmarked and further supersaturated to form saturated Type III-SEDDS (Sat-Type III-SEDDS) using a combination of HPMC and PVP to improve the stability of the formulation for a prolonged period. In vitro drug release of Type III-SEDDS study indicated approximately 8-fold improvement in dissolution rate over the pure powder drug. Cell uptake studies demonstrated higher uptake of dye-loaded Type III-SEDDS formulations in Caco-2 cells vis-à-vis plain dye. Cytotoxicity assay on Hep G2 cells revealed significant reduction in cell growth with Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS vis-à-vis the pure drug. Furthermore, in situ permeation studies carried out using Wistar rats exhibited nearly 8.3- to 10.2-fold augmentation in permeation and absorption parameters of the drug from the Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS, respectively, vis-à-vis the pure drug. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated nearly 3.98- and 3.62-fold improvement in AUC0-72, and 8.01- and 5.42-fold in Cmax, along with 0.25-fold decrease in Tmax of the drug from Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS, respectively, in comparison with the SFN suspension. Furthermore, high degree of level A linear correlation was established between fractions of drug dissolved (in vitro) and of drug absorbed (in vivo) at the corresponding time points for Sat-Type III-SEDDS and pure drug, whereas the Type III-SEDDS exhibited a nonlinear relationship. Stability studies indicated the robustness of Sat-Type III-SEDDS, when stored at 25 °C for 3 months. Overall, the manuscript documents the successful systematic development of SFN-loaded Sat-Type III-SEDDS with distinctly improved biopharmaceutical performance. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teenu Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Atul Jain
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites (Biomedical Sciences), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ranjot Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Sumant Saini
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India. .,UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites (Biomedical Sciences), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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49
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Thakore SD, Sirvi A, Joshi VC, Panigrahi SS, Manna A, Singh R, Sangamwar AT, Bansal AK. Biorelevant dissolution testing and physiologically based absorption modeling to predict in vivo performance of supersaturating drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120958. [PMID: 34332060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) enhance the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs by achieving a supersaturated state in the gastrointestinal tract. The maintenance of a supersaturated state is decided by the complex interplay among inherent properties of drug, excipients and physiological conditions of gastrointestinal tract. The biopharmaceutical advantage through SDDS can be mechanistically investigated by coupling biopredictive dissolution testing with physiologically based absorption modeling (PBAM). However, the development of biopredictive dissolution methods possess challenges due to concurrent dissolution, supersaturation, precipitation, and possible redissolution of precipitates during gastrointestinal transit of SDDS. In this comprehensive review, our effort is to critically assess the current state-of-knowledge and provide future directions for PBAM of SDDS. The review outlines various methods used to retrieve physiologically relevant values for input parameters like solubility, dissolution, precipitation, lipid-digestion and permeability of SDDS. SDDS-specific parameterization includes solubility values corresponding to apparent physical form, dissolution in physiologically relevant volumes with biorelevant media, and transfer experiments to incorporate precipitation kinetics. Interestingly, the lack of experimental permeability values and modification of absorption flux through SDDS possess the additional challenge for its PBAM. Supersaturation triggered permeability modifications are reported to fit the observed plasma concentration-time profile. Hence, the experimental insights on good fitting with modified permeability can be potential area of future research for the development of in vitro methods to reliably predict oral absorption of SDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arvind Sirvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vikram C Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanjali S Panigrahi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arijita Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ridhima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.
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50
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How to stop disproportionation of a hydrochloride salt of a very weakly basic compound in a non-clinical suspension formulation. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120875. [PMID: 34273425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to stabilize a non-clinical suspension for use in toxicological studies and to develop methods to investigate the stability of the formulation in terms of salt disproportionation. The compound under research was a hydrochloride salt of a practically insoluble discovery compound ODM-203. The first of the three formulation approaches was a suspension prepared and stored at room temperature. The second formulation was stabilized by pH adjustment. In the third approach cooling was used to prevent salt disproportionation. 5 mg/mL aqueous suspension consisting of 20 mg/mL PVP/VA and 5 mg/mL Tween 80 was prepared for each of the approaches. The polymer was used as precipitation inhibitor to provide prolonged supersaturation while Tween 80 was used to enhance dissolution and homogeneity of the suspension. The consequences of salt disproportionation were studied by a small-scale in vitro dissolution method and by an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. Our results show that disproportionation was successfully suppressed by applying cooling of the suspension in an ice bath at 2-8 °C. This procedure enabled us to proceed to the toxicological studies in rats. The in vivo study results obtained for the practically insoluble compound showed adequate exposures with acceptable variation at each dose level.
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