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Chen H, Peng J, Wang T, Wen J, Chen S, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: Review and update in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115370. [PMID: 36481346 PMCID: PMC9721294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and disability, with hypertension being the most prevalent risk factor. Excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathological conditions, leading to vascular remodeling and inflammation, is closely related to cardiovascular dysfunction. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS consists of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin (1-9), alamandine, proto-oncogene Mas receptor, angiotensin II type-2 receptor and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the overactivated RAS. In this review, we summarize the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the counter-regulatory RAS axis in hypertension, highlight the pathophysiological functions of ACE2, a multifunctional molecule linking hypertension and COVID-19, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this counter-regulatory RAS axis to prevent and treat hypertension in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Jielu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China,Corresponding authors
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Sharma R, Li J, Krishnan S, Richards E, Raizada M, Mohandas R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and COVID-19 in cardiorenal diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1-17. [PMID: 33399851 PMCID: PMC7796300 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has brought into focus the key role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which serves as a cell surface receptor required for the virus to enter cells. SARS-CoV-2 can decrease cell surface ACE2 directly by internalization of ACE2 bound to the virus and indirectly by increased ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17)-mediated shedding of ACE2. ACE2 is widely expressed in the heart, lungs, vasculature, kidney and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it counteracts the deleterious effects of angiotensin II (AngII) by catalyzing the conversion of AngII into the vasodilator peptide angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)). The down-regulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 can be detrimental to the cardiovascular system and kidneys. Further, decreased ACE2 can cause gut dysbiosis, inflammation and potentially worsen the systemic inflammatory response and coagulopathy associated with SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to elucidate the crucial role of ACE2 both as a regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 as well as the implications for Coronavirus disease 19 and its associated cardiovascular and renal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K. Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Suraj Krishnan
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Elaine M. Richards
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Rajesh Mohandas
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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Hussain M, Awan FR. Hypertension regulating angiotensin peptides in the pathobiology of cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:344-352. [PMID: 29190205 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1377218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Renin angiotensin system (RAS) is an endogenous hormone system involved in the control of blood pressure and fluid volume. Dysregulation of RAS has a pathological role in causing cardiovascular diseases through hypertension. Among several key components of RAS, angiotensin peptides, varying in amino acid length and biological function, have important roles in preventing or promoting hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, vascular remodeling etc. These peptides are generated by the metabolism of inactive angiotensinogen or its derived peptides by hydrolyzing action of certain enzymes. Angiotensin II, angiotensin (1-12), angiotensin A and angiotensin III bind primarily to angiotensin II type 1 receptor and cause vasoconstriction, accumulation of inflammatory markers to sub-endothelial region of blood vessels and activate smooth muscle cell proliferation. Moreover, when bound to angiotensin II type 2 receptor, angiotensin II works as cardio-protective peptide and halt pathological cell signals. Other peptides like angiotensin (1-9), angiotensin (1-7), alamandine and angiotensin IV also help in protecting from cardiovascular diseases by binding to their respective receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Hussain
- a Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic disorders Lab, Health Biotechnology Division , National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , Faisalabad , Pakistan.,b Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) , Nilore , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Fazli Rabbi Awan
- a Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic disorders Lab, Health Biotechnology Division , National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , Faisalabad , Pakistan.,b Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) , Nilore , Islamabad , Pakistan
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5
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Soares ER, Barbosa CM, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RAS, Alzamora AC. Hypotensive effect induced by microinjection of Alamandine, a derivative of angiotensin-(1-7), into caudal ventrolateral medulla of 2K1C hypertensive rats. Peptides 2017; 96:67-75. [PMID: 28889964 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the cardiovascular effects produced by microinjection of the new component of the renin-angiotensin system, alamandine, into caudal ventrolateral medulla of urethane-anesthetized normotensive and hypertensive 2K1C rats. The participation of different angiotensin receptors in the effects of alamandine was also evaluated. Microinjection of angiotensin-(1-7) was used for comparison. The microinjection of 4, 40 and 140pmol of alamandine or angiotensin-(1-7) into caudal ventrolateral medulla induced similar hypotensive effects in Sham-operated rats. However, contrasting with angiotensin-(1-7), in 2K1C rats the MAP response to the highest dose of alamandine was similar to that observed with saline. The microinjection of A-779, a selective Mas receptor antagonist, blunted the angiotensin-(1-7) effects but did not block the hypotensive effect of alamandine in Sham or in 2K1C rats. However, microinjection of D-Pro7-angiotensin-(1-7), a Mas/MrgD receptor antagonist, blocked the hypotensive effect induced by both peptides. Furthermore, microinjection of PD123319, a putative AT2 receptor antagonist blocked the hypotensive effect of alamandine, but not of angiotensin-(1-7), in Sham and 2K1C rats. Microinjection of the AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan, did not alter the hypotensive effect of angiotensin-(1-7) or alamandine in both groups. These results provide new insights about the differential mechanisms participating in the central cardiovascular effects of alamandine and angiotensin-(1-7) in normotensive and 2K1C hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Soares
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - C M Barbosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - M J Campagnole-Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - R A S Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil.
| | - A C Alzamora
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil.
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Farag E, Sessler DI, Ebrahim Z, Kurz A, Morgan J, Ahuja S, Maheshwari K, John Doyle D. The renin angiotensin system and the brain: New developments. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 46:1-8. [PMID: 28890045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is indispensable system in adjusting sodium homeostasis, body fluid volume, and controlling arterial blood pressure. The key elements are renin splitting inactive angiotensinogen to yield angiotensin (Ang-I). Ang-1 is then changed by angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) into angiotensin II (Ang-II). Using PubMed, Google Scholar, and other means, we searched the peer-reviewed literature from 1990 to 2013 for articles on newly discovered findings related to the RAS, especially focusing on how the system influences the central nervous system (CNS). The classical RAS is now considered to be only part of the picture; the discovery of additional RAS pathways in the brain and elsewhere has yielded a vastly improved understanding of how the RAS influences the CNS. Newly discovered effects of the RAS on brain tissue include neuroprotection, cognition, and cerebral vasodilation. A number of brain biochemical pathways are influenced by the brain RAS. Within various pathways, there are potential opportunities for classical pharmacologic interventions as well as the possibility of controlling gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Farag
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. http://www.OR.org/
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zeyd Ebrahim
- Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrea Kurz
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Morgan
- Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanchit Ahuja
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kamal Maheshwari
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D John Doyle
- Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Ren X, Zhang F, Zhao M, Zhao Z, Sun S, Fraidenburg DR, Tang H, Han Y. Angiotensin-(1-7) in Paraventricular Nucleus Contributes to the Enhanced Cardiac Sympathetic Afferent Reflex and Sympathetic Activity in Chronic Heart Failure Rats. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 42:2523-2539. [PMID: 28848201 PMCID: PMC6022399 DOI: 10.1159/000480214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) enhancement contributes to exaggerated sympathetic activation in chronic heart failure (CHF). The current study aimed to investigate the roles of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) in CSAR modulation and sympathetic activation and Ang-(1-7) signaling pathway in paraventricular nucleus of CHF rats. Methods CHF was induced by coronary artery ligation. Responses of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) to epicardial application of capsaicin were used to evaluate CSAR in rats with anesthesia. Results Ang-(1-7) increased RSNA, MAP, CSAR activity, cAMP level, NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion level more significantly in CHF than in sham-operated rats, while Mas receptor antagonist A-779 had the opposite effects. Moreover, Ang-(1-7) augmented effects of Ang II in CHF rats. The effects of Ang-(1-7) were blocked by A-779, adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536, protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-cAMP, superoxide anion scavenger tempol and NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Mas and AT1 receptor protein expressions, Ang-(1-7) and Ang II levels in CHF increased. Conclusions These results indicate that Ang-(1-7) in paraventricular nucleus enhances CSAR and sympathetic output not only by exerting its own effects but also by augmenting the effects of Ang II through Mas receptor in CHF. Endogenous Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor activity contributes to CSAR enhancement and sympathetic activation in CHF, and NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide anions and the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway are involved in mediating the effects of Ang-(1-7) in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingsheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The first clinical medical college, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dustin R Fraidenburg
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Haiyang Tang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Schütten MTJ, Houben AJHM, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. The Link Between Adipose Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Signaling and Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:197-209. [PMID: 28404736 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals frequently develop hypertension, which is for an important part attributable to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivity. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the involvement of dysfunctional adipose tissue in RAAS activation and on the renal, central, and vascular mechanisms linking RAAS components to obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T J Schütten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Johnson AK, Zhang Z, Clayton SC, Beltz TG, Hurley SW, Thunhorst RL, Xue B. The roles of sensitization and neuroplasticity in the long-term regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1309-25. [PMID: 26290101 PMCID: PMC4698407 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00037.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After decades of investigation, the causes of essential hypertension remain obscure. The contribution of the nervous system has been excluded by some on the basis that baroreceptor mechanisms maintain blood pressure only over the short term. However, this point of view ignores one of the most powerful contributions of the brain in maintaining biological fitness-specifically, the ability to promote adaptation of behavioral and physiological responses to cope with new challenges and maintain this new capacity through processes involving neuroplasticity. We present a body of recent findings demonstrating that prior, short-term challenges can induce persistent changes in the central nervous system to result in an enhanced blood pressure response to hypertension-eliciting stimuli. This sensitized hypertensinogenic state is maintained in the absence of the inducing stimuli, and it is accompanied by sustained upregulation of components of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and other molecular changes recognized to be associated with central nervous system neuroplasticity. Although the heritability of hypertension is high, it is becoming increasingly clear that factors beyond just genes contribute to the etiology of this disease. Life experiences and attendant changes in cellular and molecular components in the neural network controlling sympathetic tone can enhance the hypertensive response to recurrent, sustained, or new stressors. Although the epigenetic mechanisms that allow the brain to be reprogrammed in the face of challenges to cardiovascular homeostasis can be adaptive, this capacity can also be maladaptive under conditions present in different evolutionary eras or ontogenetic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Nanyang Institute of Technology, Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Sarah C Clayton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Terry G Beltz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Seth W Hurley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert L Thunhorst
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Baojian Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
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10
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Ferreira PM, Xavier CH, Alzamora AC, Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ. Differential control of vasomotion by angiotensins in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of hypertensive rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 53:11-8. [PMID: 26390943 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The central and peripheral renin-angiotensin systems are known for playing a key role in cardiovascular control. In the present study, we evaluated the hemodynamic effects produced by nanoinjections of angiotensin II (Ang II) or angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of adult male normotensive (Wistar-WT) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Animals were anesthetized (urethane 1.2g/kg) and instrumented for recording blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and blood flow (BF) in the femoral, renal or mesenteric arteries. Afterwards, rats were positioned in a stereotaxic and prepared for nanoinjections (100 nl) of saline (NaCl 0.9%), Ang-(1-7) (40 ng) or Ang II (40 ng) into the RVLM. The vascular resistance (VR) was calculated by ΔMAP/ΔBF ratio. In WT, Ang-(1-7) or Ang II caused equipotent pressor effects that were not accompanied by changes in vascular resistance. However, MAP changes were greater in SHR. This strain also showed a concomitant increase in relative vascular resistance (ΔVR/VRbaseline) of renal (0.31 ± 0.07 and 0.3 ± 0.07 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01; Ang-(1-7), Ang II and Saline, respectively) and mesenteric beds (0.3 ± 0.06 and 0.33 ± 0.04 vs. 0.05 ± 0.02; Ang-(1-7), Ang II and saline, respectively). We conclude that Ang II and Ang-(1-7) at the RVLM control the vascular resistance of renal and mesenteric beds during hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Carlos H Xavier
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria J Campagnole-Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica (INCT-Nanobiofar), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Farag E, Maheshwari K, Morgan J, Sakr Esa WA, Doyle DJ. An update of the role of renin angiotensin in cardiovascular homeostasis. Anesth Analg 2015; 120:275-92. [PMID: 25602448 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is thought to be the body's main vasoconstrictor system, with physiological effects mediated via the interaction of angiotensin II with angiotensin I receptors (the "classic" RAS model). However, since the discovery of the heptapeptide angiotensin 1-7 and the development of the concept of the "alternate" RAS system, with its ability to reduce arterial blood pressure, our understanding of this physiologic system has changed dramatically. In this review, we focus on the newly discovered functions of the RAS, particularly the potential clinical significance of these developments, especially in the realm of new pharmacologic interventions for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Farag
- From the Departments of *General Anesthesia and †Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and §Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University/Department of General Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, Liu FF, Zhang K, Zhang C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11:413-26. [PMID: 24776703 PMCID: PMC7097196 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and its product angiotensin 1–7 are thought to have effects that counteract the adverse actions of other, better-known renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components Numerous experimental studies have suggested that ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 have notable protective effects in the heart and blood vessels ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the functional importance and signalling mechanisms of angiotensin-1–7-induced actions remain unclear New pharmacological interventions targeting ACE2 are expected to be useful in clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially those associated with overactivation of the conventional RAS More studies, especially randomized controlled clinical trials, are needed to clearly delineate the benefits of therapies targeting angiotensin 1–7 actions
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of the better-known members of the renin–angiotensin system and might, therefore, be useful therapeutic targets in patients with cardiovascular disease. Professor Jiang and colleagues review the evidence for the potential roles of these proteins in various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has pivotal roles in the regulation of normal physiology and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other, better known and understood, members of the RAS. The physiological and pathological importance of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 in the cardiovascular system are not completely understood, but numerous experimental studies have indicated that these components have protective effects in the heart and blood vessels. Here, we provide an overview on the basic properties of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 and a summary of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies of various pathological conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes mellitus. ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the relevant functions and signalling mechanisms of actions induced by angiotensin 1–7 have not been conclusively determined. The ACE2–angiotensin 1–7 pathway, however, might provide a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with overactive RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Brazil.
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Du D, Chen J, Liu M, Zhu M, Jing H, Fang J, Shen L, Zhu D, Yu J, Wang J. The effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats on stress-induced hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70976. [PMID: 23967142 PMCID: PMC3743893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] increased arterial blood pressure (BP) via glutamate release when microinjected into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in normotensive rats (control). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Ang II and Ang-(1–7) in the RVLM are differentially activated in stress-induced hypertension (SIH) by comparing the effects of microinjection of Ang II, Ang-(1–7), and their receptor antagonists on BP and amino acid release in SIH and control rats. We found that Ang II had greater pressor effect, and more excitatory (glutamate) and less inhibitory (taurine and γ-aminobutyric acid) amino acid release in SIH than in control animals. Losartan, a selective AT1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist, decreased mean BP in SIH but not in control rats. PD123319, a selective AT2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist, increased mean BP in control but not in SIH rats. However, Ang-(1–7) and its selective Mas receptor antagonist Ang779 evoked similar effects on BP and amino acid release in both SIH and control rats. Furthermore, we found that in the RVLM, AT1R, ACE protein expression (western blot) and ACE mRNA (real-time PCR) were significantly higher, whereas AT2R protein, ACE2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly lower in SIH than in control rats. Mas receptor expression was similar in the two groups. The results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that upregulation of Ang II by AT1R, not Ang-(1–7), system in the RVLM causes hypertension in SIH rats by increasing excitatory and suppressing inhibitory amino acid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshu Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minxia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojia Jing
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danian Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jerry Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] constitutes an important functional end-product of the RAS (renin–angiotensin system) endogenously formed from AngI (angiotensin I) or AngII (angiotensin II) through the catalytic activity of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), prolyl carboxypeptidase, neutral endopeptidase or other endopeptidases. Ang-(1–7) lacks the pressor, dipsogenic or stimulatory effect on aldosterone release characteristic of AngII. In contrast, it produces vasodilation, natriuresis and diuresis, and inhibits angiogenesis and cell growth. At the central level, Ang-(1–7) acts at sites involved in the control of cardiovascular function, thus contributing to blood pressure regulation. This action may result from its inhibitory neuromodulatory action on NE [noradrenaline (norepinephrine)] levels at the synaptic cleft, i.e. Ang-(1–7) reduces NE release and synthesis, whereas it causes an increase in NE transporter expression, contributing in this way to central NE neuromodulation. Thus, by selective neurotransmitter release, Ang-(1–7) may contribute to the overall central cardiovascular effects. In the present review, we summarize the central effects of Ang-(1–7) and the mechanism by which the peptide modulates NE levels in the synaptic cleft. We also provide new evidences of its cerebroprotective role.
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Han Y, Sun HJ, Li P, Gao Q, Zhou YB, Zhang F, Gao XY, Zhu GQ. Angiotensin-(1-7) in paraventricular nucleus modulates sympathetic activity and cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in renovascular hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48966. [PMID: 23139827 PMCID: PMC3489789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive sympathetic activity contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of hypertension. Enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) is involved in sympathetic activation. This study was designed to determine the roles of angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in modulating sympathetic activity and CSAR and its signal pathway in renovascular hypertension. Methodology/Principal Findings Renovascular hypertension was induced with two-kidney, one-clip method. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in sinoaortic-denervated and cervical-vagotomized rats with anesthesia. CSAR was evaluated with the RSNA and MAP responses to epicardial application of capsaicin. PVN microinjection of Ang-(1–7) and cAMP analogue db-cAMP caused greater increases in RSNA and MAP, and enhancement in CSAR in hypertensive rats than in sham-operated rats, while Mas receptor antagonist A-779 produced opposite effects. There was no significant difference in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity and Ang-(1–7) level in the PVN between sham-operated rats and hypertensive rats, but the Mas receptor protein expression in the PVN was increased in hypertensive rats. The effects of Ang-(1–7) were abolished by A-779, adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 or protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor Rp-cAMP. SQ22536 or Rp-cAMP reduced RSNA and MAP in hypertensive rats, and attenuated the CSAR in both sham-operated and hypertensive rats. Conclusions Ang-(1–7) in the PVN increases RSNA and MAP and enhances the CSAR, which is mediated by Mas receptors. Endogenous Ang-(1–7) and Mas receptors contribute to the enhanced sympathetic outflow and CSAR in renovascular hypertension. A cAMP-PKA pathway is involved in the effects of Ang-(1–7) in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye-bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Li P, Zhang F, Zhou YB, Cui BP, Han Y. Superoxide anions modulate the effects of angiotensin-(1–7) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla on cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex and sympathetic activity in rats. Neuroscience 2012; 223:388-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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