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Mogi M, Tanaka A, Node K, Tomitani N, Hoshide S, Narita K, Nozato Y, Katsurada K, Maruhashi T, Higashi Y, Matsumoto C, Bokuda K, Yoshida Y, Shibata H, Toba A, Masuda T, Nagata D, Nagai M, Shinohara K, Kitada K, Kuwabara M, Kodama T, Kario K. 2023 update and perspectives. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:6-32. [PMID: 37710033 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Total 276 manuscripts were published in Hypertension Research in 2022. Here our editorial members picked up the excellent papers, summarized the current topics from the published papers and discussed future perspectives in the sixteen fields. We hope you enjoy our special feature, 2023 update and perspectives in Hypertension Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Deparment of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Tomitani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hoshide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Keisuke Narita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nozato
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Katsurada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- Divivsion of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsumoto
- Center for Health Surveillance & Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kanako Bokuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu city, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu city, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ayumi Toba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nagata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Michiaki Nagai
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 800 SL Young Blvd, COM 5400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, 1-2-1 Kameyamaminami Asakita-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0293, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shinohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Takahide Kodama
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Murase S, Sakitani N, Maekawa T, Yoshino D, Takano K, Konno A, Hirai H, Saito T, Tanaka S, Shinohara K, Kishi T, Yoshikawa Y, Sakai T, Ayaori M, Inanami H, Tomiyasu K, Takashima A, Ogata T, Tsuchimochi H, Sato S, Saito S, Yoshino K, Matsuura Y, Funamoto K, Ochi H, Shinohara M, Nagao M, Sawada Y. Interstitial-fluid shear stresses induced by vertically oscillating head motion lower blood pressure in hypertensive rats and humans. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1350-1373. [PMID: 37414976 PMCID: PMC10651490 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which physical exercise benefits brain functions are not fully understood. Here, we show that vertically oscillating head motions mimicking mechanical accelerations experienced during fast walking, light jogging or treadmill running at a moderate velocity reduce the blood pressure of rats and human adults with hypertension. In hypertensive rats, shear stresses of less than 1 Pa resulting from interstitial-fluid flow induced by such passive head motions reduced the expression of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor in astrocytes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and the resulting antihypertensive effects were abrogated by hydrogel introduction that inhibited interstitial-fluid movement in the medulla. Our findings suggest that oscillatory mechanical interventions could be used to elicit antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Murase
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Sakitani
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maekawa
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshino
- Division of Advanced Applied Physics, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shinohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kishi
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hirohiko Inanami
- Inanami Spine & Joint Hospital/Iwai Orthopaedic Medical Hospital, Iwai Medical Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Tomiyasu
- Center of Sports Science and Health Promotion, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takashima
- Department of Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Advanced Medical Technologies, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Yoshino
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yuiko Matsuura
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Ochi
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinohara
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Motoshi Nagao
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
- Division of Advanced Applied Physics, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Research, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan.
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Kishi T. Clarification of hypertension mechanisms provided by the research of central circulatory regulation. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1908-1916. [PMID: 37277436 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sympathoexcitation, under the regulatory control of the brain, plays a pivotal role in the etiology of hypertension. Within the brainstem, significant structures involved in the modulation of sympathetic nerve activity include the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and paraventricular nucleus (paraventricular). The RVLM, in particular, is recognized as the vasomotor center. Over the past five decades, fundamental investigations on central circulatory regulation have underscored the involvement of nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system, and brain inflammation in regulating the sympathetic nervous system. Notably, numerous significant findings have come to light through chronic experiments conducted in conscious subjects employing radio-telemetry systems, gene transfer techniques, and knockout methodologies. Our research has centered on elucidating the role of NO and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor-induced oxidative stress within the RVLM and NTS in regulating the sympathetic nervous system. Additionally, we have observed that various orally administered AT1 receptor blockers effectively induce sympathoinhibition by reducing oxidative stress via blockade of the AT1 receptor in the RVLM of hypertensive rats. Recent advances have witnessed the development of several clinical interventions targeting brain mechanisms. Nonetheless, Future and further basic and clinical research are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kishi
- Department of Graduate School of Medicine (Cardiology), International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan.
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Chen XY, Lin C, Liu GY, Pei C, Xu GQ, Gao L, Wang SZ, Pan YX. ACE2 gene combined with exercise training attenuates central AngII/AT1 axis function and oxidative stress in a prehypertensive rat model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1460-1467. [PMID: 35546127 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00459.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or exercise training (ExT) is beneficial to hypertension, but their combined effects remain unknown. In this study, lentivirus containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and ACE2 were microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of young male spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs), and SHRs were assigned into 5 groups: sedentary (SHR), SHR-ExT, SHR-eGFP, ACE2 gene (SHR-ACE2), ACE2 gene combined with ExT (SHR-ACE2-ExT). Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as a control. ACE2 gene or ExT significantly delayed the elevation of blood pressure, the combined effect prevented the development and progression of prehypertension. Either ACE2 over-expression or ExT improved arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), while combined effect normalized BRS in SHR. Compared with SHR, SHR-ACE2 and SHR-ExT displayed a significantly higher level in ACE2 protein, but had lower plasma norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AngII) as well as angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) protein expression in the PVN. SHR-ACE2-ExT showed the largest decrease in AngII and AT1 protein expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and NADPH oxidase (NOX2 and NOX4) protein expression in PVN were also decreased in SHR-ACE2-ExT group than in SHR-ACE2 and SHR-ExT groups. It was concluded that the combined effect has effectively prevented prehypertension progression and baroreflex dysfunction in SHR, which is associated with the reduction in AngII/AT1 axis function and oxidative stress in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun Pei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gui-Qing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lie Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shi-Zhong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Potential Effects of Nrf2 in Exercise Intervention of Neurotoxicity Caused by Methamphetamine Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4445734. [PMID: 35480870 PMCID: PMC9038420 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4445734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine can cause oxidative stress-centered lipid peroxidation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitatory neurotoxicity, and neuroinflammation and ultimately lead to nerve cell apoptosis, abnormal glial cell activation, and dysfunction of blood-brain barrier. Protecting nerve cells from oxidative destroy is a hopeful strategy for treating METH use disorder. Nrf2 is a major transcriptional regulator that activates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective gene expression through endogenous pathways that maintains cell REDOX homeostasis and is conducive to the survival of neurons. The Nrf2-mediated endogenous antioxidant pathway can also prevent neurodegenerative effects and functional defects caused by METH oxidative stress. Moderate exercise activates this endogenous antioxidant system, which involves in many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Based on evidence from existing literature, we argue that appropriate exercise can play an endogenous antioxidant regulatory role in the Nrf2 signaling pathway to reduce a number of issues caused by METH-induced oxidative stress. However, more experimental evidence is needed to support this idea. In addition, further exploration is necessary about the different effects of various parameters of exercise intervention (such as exercise mode, time, and intensity) on the Nrf2 signaling pathway intervention. Whether there are synergistic effects between exercise and plant-derived Nrf2 activators is worth further investigation.
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Souza HCD, Philbois SV, Veiga AC, Aguilar BA. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Fitness: What We Know so Far. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:701-711. [PMID: 34803382 PMCID: PMC8598208 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s279322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuation analysis in intervals between heartbeats provides important indices related to autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). These indices are considered predictors of morbidity and mortality as they are frequently altered in patients with chronic degenerative diseases, especially in those with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Similarly, a reduction in HRV is common with aging. In all cases, cardiovascular fitness is often reduced to below the predicted values. In turn, increases in cardiovascular fitness through regular physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, represent an important therapeutic tool capable of promoting positive adjustments in cardiac autonomic modulation. These adjustments are characterized by reduced sympathetic modulatory influence and/or increased vagal modulatory influence on the heart, increasing the HRV. Therefore, several methodological tools have been used to assess the degree of impairment of autonomic modulation and the therapeutic effects of physical exercise. In contrast, establishment of strict protocols in experimental design is a main challenge in establishing HRV analysis as a robust parameter for evaluating cardiovascular homeostasis. Thus, this review aimed to contribute to the understanding of autonomic modulation of HRV and its relationship with cardiovascular fitness, highlighting the advances made thus far, the applicability of analysis tools, and the confounding factors observed frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Celso Dutra Souza
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stella Vieira Philbois
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarine Veiga
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Augusto Aguilar
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Ataides Raquel H, Souza Guazelli CF, Verri WA, Michelini LC, Martins-Pinge MC. Swimming training reduces iNOS expression, augments the antioxidant defense and reduces sympathetic responsiveness in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of normotensive male rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:225-233. [PMID: 33631270 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We sought to investigate whether RVLM iNOS activity and oxidative profile may participate in the reduction of sympathetic responsiveness in swimming trained normotensive rats. Sedentary (S) and swimming trained (T) Wistar male rats chronically instrumented with an arterial catheter and guide cannula into the RVLM were submitted to continuous pressure and heart rate (HR) recordings and determination of autonomic control (power spectral analysis) before and after unilateral RVLM iNOS inhibition (aminoguanidine, 250 pmol/100 nL). Other S and T rats received local l-glutamate microinjection (5 nmol/100 nL). In separate S and T groups not submitted to brainstem cannulation, fresh bilateral RVLM punchs were collected for iNOS gene expression (qPCR); reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation quantification (spectrophotometry); iron-reducing antioxidant (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS˙+) scavenger assays. iNOS gene expression was confirmed in fixed RVLM slices (immunofluorescence). T rats exhibited resting bradycardia, lower sympathovagal balance, reduced RVLM iNOS gene/protein expression and higher antioxidant capacity. Decreased iNOS expression was positively correlated with reduced HR. Pressor and tachycardic response to l-Glutamate were smaller in T rats. Aminoguanidine microinjection reduced sympathetic activity in S rats but did not change it in T rats expressing reduced RVLM iNOS content. Our data indicate that iNOS, expressed in the RVLM of normotensive male rats, has tonic effects on sympathetic activity and that swimming training is an efficient tool to reduce iNOS expression and augment the antioxidant defense, thus reducing glutamatergic responsiveness and sympathetic drive to cardiovascular effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiviny de Ataides Raquel
- Departament of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Departament of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Fabiana Souza Guazelli
- Departament of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departament of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Departament of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli Cardoso Martins-Pinge
- Departament of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Tian D, Meng J. Exercise for Prevention and Relief of Cardiovascular Disease: Prognoses, Mechanisms, and Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3756750. [PMID: 31093312 PMCID: PMC6481017 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3756750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at summarizing the new findings about the multiple benefits of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD). We pay attention to the prevalence and risk factors of CVD and mechanisms and recommendations of physical activity. Physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity, alleviate plasma dyslipidemia, normalize elevated blood pressure, decrease blood viscosity, promote endothelial nitric oxide production, and improve leptin sensitivity to protect the heart and vessels. Besides, the protective role of exercise on the body involves not only animal models in the laboratory but also clinical studies which is demonstrated by WHO recommendations. The general exercise intensity for humans recommended by the American Heart Association to prevent CVD is moderate exercise of 30 minutes, 5 times a week. However, even the easiest activity is better than nothing. What is more, owing to the different physical fitness of individuals, a standard exercise training cannot provide the exact treatment for everyone. So personalization of exercise will be an irresistible trend and bring more beneficial effects with less inefficient physical activities. This paper reviews the benefits of exercise contributing to the body especially in CVD through the recent mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinqi Meng
- Department of Sports, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Zucker IH, Musch TI. Benefits of exercise training on cardiovascular dysfunction: molecular and integrative. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1027-H1031. [PMID: 30074833 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00516.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training has been shown to ameliorate a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders. The mechanisms by which long-term benefits of exercise training are mediated remains incomplete, despite intense research in this area. Exactly how the act of chronic exercise improves function in every tissue is unknown, but many of the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms are becoming progressively clearer. This "Perspectives" article reviews the contributions of 15 articles published in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology in response to a Call for Papers in this area. Here, we summarize the contributions of these studies at the cardiac, vascular, immune, and molecular levels. We discuss the translational benefit of these studies and conclude that the beneficial effects of exercise training in cardiovascular disease is due to a large interplay of cellular and molecular mediators in the heart and peripheral vasculature as well as changes in neural elements that regulate blood pressure and blood flow. Readers are encouraged to evaluate and learn from this collection of novel studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Rodrigues B, Feriani DJ, Gambassi BB, Irigoyen MC, Angelis KD, Hélio José Júnior C. Exercise training on cardiovascular diseases: Role of animal models in the elucidation of the mechanisms. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700si0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Experimental Evidences Supporting Training-Induced Benefits in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:287-306. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sumin AN, Shushunova OV, Arkhipov OG. [The results of rehabilitation of the patients presenting with arterial hypertension: the types of adaptation, the vegetative status, and intracardial hemodynamics]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOĬ FIZICHESKOĬ KULTURY 2016; 93:10-17. [PMID: 27271827 DOI: 10.17116/kurort2016310-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective the present work was to study the changes of the types of adaptation in the patients presenting with arterial hypertension under the influence of the spa and health resort-based rehabilitative treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 50 patients with essential hypertension at the age from 54.0 to 62.0 (mean 58.0) years given a course of the spa and health resort-based rehabilitative treatment. All the patients underwent electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination for the assessment of the systolic and diastolic left ventricular functions. Cardiointervalography with the use of the ORTO Expert diagnostic system was performed in the patients at rest and during the active orthostatic test (AOT); the types of the adaptation were evaluated. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the results of repeated AOT obtained after rehabilitation. Group 1 was comprised of the patients showing the improvement of adaptation (n=24), group 2 consisted of the patients in whom the level of adaptation remained unaltered (n=26). RESULTS The structural characteristics of echocardiography estimated in both groups were not significantly different. The number of patients in group 1 showing the satisfactory level of adaptation intensity in the absence of its failures increased significantly. In group 2, a significant decrease of the following AOT parameters was documented: the tension index of the regulatory system (p=0.02), the standard deviation of NN-intervals (SDNN) (p=0.03), and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) (p=0.02). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the factors associated with the positive effect of rehabilitation were the normal and low degree of regulatory system tension (p=0.01) and the initially adequate or reduced response in the orthostatic test (p=0.04). CONCLUSION The improvement of rehabilitation of the adaptive capacity was documented in as many as 48% of the patients who had undergone the spa and health resort-based rehabilitative treatment. The absence of positive dynamics or deterioration of adaptation were associated with the increase of the sympathetic activity at rest and in response to the AOT. The beneficial effect of rehabilitation was observed in the patients with the initially normal or low tension of regulatory systems and with the adequate or reduced baseline response in AOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Sumin
- Federal state budgetary institution of science 'Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases', Kemerovo, Russia
| | - O V Shushunova
- Federal budgetary institution 'Centre for Rehabilitation of the Topaz Social Insurance Foundation', Myski, Russia
| | - O G Arkhipov
- Federal budgetary institution 'Centre for Rehabilitation of the Topaz Social Insurance Foundation', Myski, Russia
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Exercise Training Improves the Altered Renin-Angiotensin System in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Hypertensive Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7413963. [PMID: 26881037 PMCID: PMC4736418 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7413963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance between angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) in the brain has been reported to contribute to cardiovascular dysfunction in hypertension. Exercise training (ExT) is beneficial to hypertension and the mechanism is unclear. This study was aimed to determine if ExT improves hypertension via adjusting renin angiotensin system in cardiovascular centers including the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 8 weeks old) were subjected to low-intensity ExT or kept sedentary (Sed) for 12 weeks. Blood pressure elevation coupled with increase in age was significantly decreased in SHR received ExT compared with Sed. The results in vivo showed that ExT significantly reduced or increased the cardiovascular responses to central application of sarthran (antagonist of Ang II) or A779 (antagonist of Ang 1-7), respectively. The protein expression of the Ang II acting receptor AT1R and the Ang 1-7 acting receptor Mas in the RVLM was significantly reduced and elevated in SHR following ExT, respectively. Moreover, production of reactive oxygen species in the RVLM was significantly decreased in SHR following ExT. The current data suggest that ExT improves hypertension via improving the balance of Ang II and Ang 1-7 and antioxidative stress at the level of RVLM.
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14
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Somkuwar SS, Staples MC, Fannon MJ, Ghofranian A, Mandyam CD. Evaluating Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention for Methamphetamine Addiction-Like Behavior. Brain Plast 2015; 1:63-81. [PMID: 29765835 PMCID: PMC5928557 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for effective treatments for addiction and dependence to the illicit stimulant methamphetamine in primary care settings is increasing, yet no effective medications have been FDA approved to reduce dependence [1]. This is partially attributed to the complex and dynamic neurobiology underlying the various stages of addiction [2]. Therapeutic strategies to treat methamphetamine addiction, particularly the relapse stage of addiction, could revolutionize methamphetamine addiction treatment. In this context, preclinical studies demonstrate that voluntary exercise (sustained physical activity) could be used as an intervention to reduce methamphetamine addiction. Therefore, it appears that methamphetamine disrupts normal functioning in the brain and this disruption is prevented or reduced by engaging in exercise. This review discusses animal models of methamphetamine addiction and sustained physical activity and the interactions between exercise and methamphetamine behaviors. The review highlights how methamphetamine and exercise affect neuronal plasticity and neurotoxicity in the adult mammalian striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, and presents the emerging mechanisms of exercise in attenuating intake and in preventing relapse to methamphetamine seeking in preclinical models of methamphetamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita S Somkuwar
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miranda C Staples
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - McKenzie J Fannon
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Atoosa Ghofranian
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Lee S, Park S, Won J, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. The Incremental Induction of Neuroprotective Properties by Multiple Therapeutic Strategies for Primary and Secondary Neural Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19657-70. [PMID: 26295390 PMCID: PMC4581318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural diseases including injury by endogenous factors, traumatic brain injury, and degenerative neural injury are eventually due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus ROS generation in neural tissues is a hallmark feature of numerous forms of neural diseases. Neural degeneration and the neural damage process is complex, involving a vast array of tissue structure, transcriptional/translational, electrochemical, metabolic, and functional events within the intact neighbors surrounding injured neural tissues. During aging, multiple changes involving physical, chemical, and biochemical processes occur from the molecular to the morphological levels in neural tissues. Among many recommended therapeutic candidates, melatonin also plays a role in protecting the nervous system from anti-inflammation and efficiently safeguards neuronal cells via antioxidants and other endogenous/exogenous beneficial factors. Therefore, given the wide range of mechanisms responsible for neuronal damage, multi-action drugs or therapies for the treatment of neural injury that make use of two or more agents and target several pathways may have greater efficacy in promoting functional recovery than a single therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sookyoung Park
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea.
| | - Jinyoung Won
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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16
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Sousa LE, Magalhães WG, Bezerra FS, Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Isoldi MC, Alzamora AC. Exercise training restores oxidative stress and nitric oxide synthases in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of renovascular hypertensive rats. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1335-43. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1069291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Mizuno M, Iwamoto GA, Vongpatanasin W, Mitchell JH, Smith SA. Dynamic exercise training prevents exercise pressor reflex overactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H762-70. [PMID: 26163445 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00358.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular responses to exercise are exaggerated in hypertension. We previously demonstrated that this heightened cardiovascular response to exercise is mediated by an abnormal skeletal muscle exercise pressor reflex (EPR) with important contributions from its mechanically and chemically sensitive components. Exercise training attenuates exercise pressor reflex function in healthy subjects as well as in heart failure rats. However, whether exercise training has similar physiological benefits in hypertension remains to be elucidated. Thus we tested the hypothesis that the EPR overactivity manifest in hypertension is mitigated by exercise training. Changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in response to muscle contraction, passive muscle stretch, and hindlimb intra-arterial capsaicin administration were examined in untrained normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYUT; n = 6), exercise-trained WKY (WKYET; n = 7), untrained spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRUT; n = 8), and exercise-trained SHR (SHRET; n = 7). Baseline MAP after decerebration was significantly decreased by 3 mo of wheel running in SHRET (104 ± 9 mmHg) compared with SHRUT (125 ± 10 mmHg). As previously reported, the pressor and renal sympathetic responses to muscle contraction, stretch, and capsaicin administration were significantly higher in SHRUT than WKYUT. Exercise training significantly attenuated the enhanced contraction-induced elevations in MAP (SHRUT: 53 ± 11 mmHg; SHRET: 19 ± 3 mmHg) and RSNA (SHRUT: 145 ± 32%; SHRET: 57 ± 11%). Training produced similar attenuating effects in SHR during passive stretch and capsaicin administration. These data demonstrate that the abnormally exaggerated EPR function that develops in hypertensive rats is significantly diminished by exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizuno
- Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
| | - Gary A Iwamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jere H Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Scott A Smith
- Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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18
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Mischel NA, Subramanian M, Dombrowski MD, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Mueller PJ. (In)activity-related neuroplasticity in brainstem control of sympathetic outflow: unraveling underlying molecular, cellular, and anatomical mechanisms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H235-43. [PMID: 25957223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00929.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More people die as a result of physical inactivity than any other preventable risk factor including smoking, high cholesterol, and obesity. Cardiovascular disease, the number one cause of death in the United States, tops the list of inactivity-related diseases. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Americans continue to make lifestyle choices that are creating a rapidly growing burden of epidemic size and impact on the United States healthcare system. It is imperative that we improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which physical inactivity increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease and how exercise can prevent or rescue the inactivity phenotype. The current review summarizes research on changes in the brain that contribute to inactivity-related cardiovascular disease. Specifically, we focus on changes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a critical brain region for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity. The RVLM is implicated in elevated sympathetic outflow associated with several cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart failure. We hypothesize that changes in the RVLM contribute to chronic cardiovascular disease related to physical inactivity. Data obtained from our translational rodent models of chronic, voluntary exercise and inactivity suggest that functional, anatomical, and molecular neuroplasticity enhances glutamatergic neurotransmission in the RVLM of sedentary animals. Collectively, the evidence presented here suggests that changes in the RVLM resulting from sedentary conditions are deleterious and contribute to cardiovascular diseases that have an increased prevalence in sedentary individuals. The mechanisms by which these changes occur over time and their impact are important areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mischel
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Maryetta D Dombrowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and Cardiovascular Medicine, Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick J Mueller
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
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19
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Zucker IH, Schultz HD, Patel KP, Wang H. Modulation of angiotensin II signaling following exercise training in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H781-91. [PMID: 25681422 PMCID: PMC4398865 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic activation is a consistent finding in the chronic heart failure (CHF) state. Current therapy for CHF targets the renin-angiotensin II (ANG II) and adrenergic systems. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and ANG II receptor blockers are standard treatments along with β-adrenergic blockade. However, the mortality and morbidity of this disease is still extremely high, even with good medical management. Exercise training (ExT) is currently being used in many centers as an adjunctive therapy for CHF. Clinical studies have shown that ExT is a safe, effective, and inexpensive way to improve quality of life, work capacity, and longevity in patients with CHF. This review discusses the potential neural interactions between ANG II and sympatho-excitation in CHF and the modulation of this interaction by ExT. We briefly review the current understanding of the modulation of the angiotensin type 1 receptor in sympatho-excitatory areas of the brain and in the periphery (i.e., in the carotid body and skeletal muscle). We discuss possible cellular mechanisms by which ExT may impact the sympatho-excitatory process by reducing oxidative stress, increasing nitric oxide. and reducing ANG II. We also discuss the potential role of ACE2 and Ang 1-7 in the sympathetic response to ExT. Fruitful areas of further investigation are the role and mechanisms by which pre-sympathetic neuronal metabolic activity in response to individual bouts of exercise regulate redox mechanisms and discharge at rest in CHF and other sympatho-excitatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Harold D Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Hanjun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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20
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Castro EFS, Mostarda CT, Rodrigues B, Moraes-Silva IC, Feriani DJ, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC. Exercise training prevents increased intraocular pressure and sympathetic vascular modulation in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:332-8. [PMID: 25714884 PMCID: PMC4418363 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to study the effects of exercise training (ET) performed by
rats on a 10-week high-fructose diet on metabolic, hemodynamic, and autonomic
changes, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP). Male Wistar rats receiving fructose
overload in drinking water (100 g/L) were concomitantly trained on a treadmill for 10
weeks (FT group) or kept sedentary (F group), and a control group (C) was kept in
normal laboratory conditions. The metabolic evaluation comprised the Lee index,
glycemia, and insulin tolerance test (KITT). Arterial pressure (AP) was measured
directly, and systolic AP variability was performed to determine peripheral autonomic
modulation. ET attenuated impaired metabolic parameters, AP, IOP, and ocular
perfusion pressure (OPP) induced by fructose overload (FT vs F). The
increase in peripheral sympathetic modulation in F rats, demonstrated by systolic AP
variance and low frequency (LF) band (F: 37±2, 6.6±0.3 vs C: 26±3,
3.6±0.5 mmHg2), was prevented by ET (FT: 29±3, 3.4±0.7 mmHg2).
Positive correlations were found between the LF band and right IOP (r=0.57, P=0.01)
and left IOP (r=0.64, P=0.003). Negative correlations were noted between KITT values
and right IOP (r=-0.55, P=0.01) and left IOP (r=-0.62, P=0.005). ET in rats
effectively prevented metabolic abnormalities and AP and IOP increases promoted by a
high-fructose diet. In addition, ocular benefits triggered by exercise training were
associated with peripheral autonomic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F S Castro
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C T Mostarda
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - B Rodrigues
- Laboratório do Movimento Humano, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I C Moraes-Silva
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D J Feriani
- Laboratório do Movimento Humano, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - K De Angelis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M C Irigoyen
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Alves NFB, Porpino SKP, Monteiro MMO, Gomes ERM, Braga VA. Coconut oil supplementation and physical exercise improves baroreflex sensitivity and oxidative stress in hypertensive rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:393-400. [PMID: 25659569 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that oral supplementation with virgin coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) and exercise training would improve impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and reduce oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was tested. Adult male SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were divided into 5 groups: WKY + saline (n = 8); SHR + saline (n = 8); SHR + coconut oil (2 mL·day(-1), n = 8); SHR + trained (n = 8); and SHR + trained + coconut oil (n = 8). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded and BRS was tested using phenylephrine (8 μg/kg, intravenous) and sodium nitroprusside (25 μg·kg(-1), intravenous). Oxidative stress was measured using dihydroethidium in heart and aorta. SHR + saline, SHR + coconut oil, and SHR + trained group showed higher MAP compared with WKY + saline (175 ± 6, 148 ± 6, 147 ± 7 vs. 113 ± 2 mm Hg; p < 0.05). SHR + coconut oil, SHR + trained group, and SHR + trained + coconut oil groups presented lower MAP compared with SHR + saline group (148 ± 6, 147 ± 7, 134 ± 8 vs. 175 ± 6 mm Hg; p < 0.05). Coconut oil combined with exercise training improved BRS in SHR compared with SHR + saline group (-2.47 ± 0.3 vs. -1.39 ± 0.09 beats·min(-1)·mm Hg(-1); p < 0.05). SHR + saline group showed higher superoxide levels when compared with WKY + saline (774 ± 31 vs. 634 ± 19 arbitrary units (AU), respectively; p < 0.05). SHR + trained + coconut oil group presented reduced oxidative stress compared with SHR + saline in heart (622 ± 16 vs. 774 ± 31 AU, p < 0.05). In aorta, coconut oil reduced oxidative stress in SHR compared with SHR + saline group (454 ± 33 vs. 689 ± 29 AU, p < 0.05). Oral supplementation with coconut oil combined with exercise training improved impaired BRS and reduced oxidative stress in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiane F B Alves
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
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Zucker IH, Xiao L, Haack KKV. The central renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nerve activity in chronic heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:695-706. [PMID: 24490814 PMCID: PMC4053944 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CHF (chronic heart failure) is a multifactorial disease process that is characterized by overactivation of the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) and the sympathetic nervous system. Both of these systems are chronically activated in CHF. The RAAS consists of an excitatory arm involving AngII (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and the AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor). The RAAS also consists of a protective arm consisting of Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)], the AT2R (AngII type 2 receptor), ACE2 and the Mas receptor. Sympatho-excitation in CHF is driven, in large part, by an imbalance of these two arms, with an increase in the AngII/AT1R/ACE arm and a decrease in the AT2R/ACE2 arm. This imbalance is manifested in cardiovascular-control regions of the brain such as the rostral ventrolateral medulla and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. The present review focuses on the current literature that describes the components of these two arms of the RAAS and their imbalance in the CHF state. Moreover, the present review provides additional evidence for the relevance of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) as key players in the regulation of central sympathetic outflow in CHF. Finally, we also examine the effects of exercise training as a therapeutic strategy and the molecular mechanisms at play in CHF, in part, because of the ability of exercise training to restore the balance of the RAAS axis and sympathetic outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving H Zucker
- *Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, U.S.A
| | - Liang Xiao
- *Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, U.S.A
| | - Karla K V Haack
- *Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, U.S.A
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Jia LL, Kang YM, Wang FX, Li HB, Zhang Y, Yu XJ, Qi J, Suo YP, Tian ZJ, Zhu Z, Zhu GQ, Qin DN. Exercise training attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by modulating neurotransmitters and cytokines in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85481. [PMID: 24482680 PMCID: PMC3901693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Regular exercise as an effective non-pharmacological antihypertensive therapy is beneficial for prevention and control of hypertension, but the central mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that chronic exercise training (ExT) delays the progression of hypertension and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and restoring the neurotransmitters balance in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In addition, we also investigated the involvement of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and NAD(P)H oxidase in exercise-induced effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Moderate-intensity ExT was administrated to young normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats for 16 weeks. SHR rats had a significant increase in mean arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy. SHR rats also had higher levels of glutamate, norepinephrine (NE), phosphorylated IKKβ, NF-κB p65 activity, NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91(phox), PICs and the monocyte chemokine protein-1 (MCP-1), and lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the PVN. These SHR rats also exhibited higher renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and higher plasma levels of PICs, and lower plasma IL-10. However, ExT ameliorates all these changes in SHR rats. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there are the imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the PVN of SHR rats, which at least partly contributing to sympathoexcitation, hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy; chronic exercise training attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by restoring the balances between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the PVN; NF-κB and oxidative stress in the PVN may be involved in these exercise-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (JMK); (DNQ)
| | - Fu-Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Ping Suo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhen-Jun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Nian Qin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail: (JMK); (DNQ)
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Radak Z, Ihasz F, Koltai E, Goto S, Taylor AW, Boldogh I. The redox-associated adaptive response of brain to physical exercise. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:84-92. [PMID: 23870001 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.826352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during metabolism. ROS are involved in redox signaling, but in significant concentrations they can greatly elevate oxidative damage leading to neurodegeneration. Because of the enhanced sensitivity of brain to ROS, it is especially important to maintain a normal redox state in brain and spinal cord cell types. The complex effects of exercise benefit brain function, including functional enhancement as well as its preventive and therapeutic roles. Exercise can induce neurogenesis via neurotrophic factors, increase capillarization, decrease oxidative damage, and enhance repair of oxidative damage. Exercise is also effective in attenuating age-associated loss in brain function, which suggests that physical activity-related complex metabolic and redox changes are important for a healthy neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
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Hirooka Y, Kishi T, Ito K, Sunagawa K. Potential clinical application of recently discovered brain mechanisms involved in hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 62:995-1002. [PMID: 24101665 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Regulation and Therapeutics, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Kishi T. Regulation of the sympathetic nervous system by nitric oxide and oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla: 2012 Academic Conference Award from the Japanese Society of Hypertension. Hypertens Res 2013; 36:845-51. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kishi T, Hirooka Y. Oxidative stress in the brain causes hypertension via sympathoexcitation. Front Physiol 2012; 3:335. [PMID: 22934082 PMCID: PMC3429101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and is determined by the brain. Previous many studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress, mainly produced by angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD (P) H) oxidase, in the autonomic brain regions was involved in the activation of the SNS of hypertension. In this concept, we have investigated the role of oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which is known as the cardiovascular center in the brainstem, in the activation of the SNS, and demonstrated that AT(1) receptor and NAD (P) H oxidase-induced oxidative stress in the RVLM causes sympathoexcitation in hypertensive rats. The mechanisms in which brain oxidative stress causes sympathoexcitation have been investigated, such as the interactions with nitric oxide (NO), effects on the signal transduction, or inflammations. Interestingly, the environmental factors of high salt intake and high calorie diet may also increase the oxidative stress in the brain, particularly in the RVLM, thereby activating the central sympathetic outflow and increasing the risk of hypertension. Furthermore, several orally administered AT(1) receptor blockers have been found to cause sympathoinhibition via reduction of oxidative stress through the inhibition of central AT(1) receptor. In conclusion, we must consider that AT(1) receptor and the related oxidative stress production in the brain cause the activation of SNS in hypertension, and that AT(1) receptor in the brain could be novel therapeutic target of the treatments for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kishi
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Fukuoka, Japan
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