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Ganouna-Cohen G, Marcouiller F, Blachot-Minassian B, Demarest M, Beauparlant CJ, Droit A, Belaidi E, Bairam A, Joseph V. Loss of testosterone induces postprandial insulin resistance and increases the expression of the hepatic antioxidant flavin-containing monooxygenases in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14089. [PMID: 38230898 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM We tested the hypothesis that low testosterone alters the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH) on glucose homeostasis, hepatic oxidative stress, and transcriptomic profile in male mice. METHODS We used sham-operated or orchiectomized (ORX) mice exposed to normoxia (Nx) or IH for 2 weeks. We performed fasting insulin and glucose tolerance tests and assessed fasting and postprandial insulin resistance with the HOMA-IR. The activity of hepatic prooxidant (NADPH oxidase-NOX), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase-SOD, Cat, GPx), lipid peroxidation (MDA concentration), and the total concentration of glutathione (GSH) were measured under postprandial conditions. mRNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analyses were used to identify hepatic genes underlying the interactions between IH and testosterone. RESULTS In Sham mice, IH improves fasting insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, while there are no effects of IH in ORX mice. In ORX mice, IH induces postprandial hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and a prooxidant profile of enzyme activity (low SOD activity) without altering hepatic MDA and GSH content. ORX and IH altered the expression of genes involved in oxidoreductase activities, cytochromes-dependent pathways, and glutathione metabolism. Among the genes upregulated in ORX-IH mice, the flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are particularly relevant since these are potent hepatic antioxidants that could help prevent overt oxidative stress in ORX-IH mice. CONCLUSION Low levels of testosterone in male mice exposed to IH induce post-prandial hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance and determine the mechanisms by which the liver handles IH-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Ganouna-Cohen
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Marcouiller
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Britanny Blachot-Minassian
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- HP2, INSERM, U1300, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Maud Demarest
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Joly Beauparlant
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elise Belaidi
- HP2, INSERM, U1300, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- UMR5305-LBTI, CNRS, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Aida Bairam
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Seo MW, Park TY, Jung H. Sex Differences in Heart Rate Variability and Vascular Function Following High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Adults. J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:89-100. [PMID: 38380301 PMCID: PMC10875700 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/170964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
High-intensityintervaltraining (HIIT) issuperiortoothertrainingstrategies in both male andfemalehealthyindividuals. Understanding sex-specificdifferences in cardiac auto-regulation maycontributetothe optimal trainingstrategiesfor HIIT. The presentstudyaimedtoidentifysexdifferences in heart rate variability (HRV) andvascularfunctionfollowing HIIT in youngadults. Twenty-fourphysicallyactiveyoung male andfemaleadults (M: 12, F: 12, age: 19.5 yr, BMI: 22.1 kg·m-2) volunteeredtoparticipate in thestudy. Participantsperformed 10 boutsof HIIT including 20 s of high-intensitycycling at 115-130% Wmaxfollowedby 100 s ofrecovery. The cardiac auto-regulationsincluding HRV andvascularfunctionweremeasured at five different time points. The R-R interval, rMSSD, and SDNN wererecoveredfaster in malesthan in females after 15 min of HIIT. Thereweresexdifferences in theautonomicnervoussystemwhereln LF andln HF activitiesalongwithsympathovagalbalance (ln LF/HF) weregreater in femalescomparedwithmalesimmediatelyand 15 min after HIIT. However, nosignificantdifferences in bloodpressureand brachial-ankle pulse wavevelocitywereobservedbetween male andfemaleparticipants. Overall, HRV was moreactivated in femalesthan in malesfollowing HIIT, but theacuteresponse in vascularfunction was not different betweensexes. In futurestudies, sex-specificadaptationsofcardiacautoregulationfollowingrepeated HIIT mayneedtobeperformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Won Seo
- Department of Exercise Science, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Tae-Young Park
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yoingin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunChul Jung
- Sports Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Coaching, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yoinin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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So SY, Savidge TC. Sex-Bias in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Linking Steroids to the Gut-Brain Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:684096. [PMID: 34093447 PMCID: PMC8170482 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.684096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that is more common in females. Despite its high global incidence, the disease mechanism is still unclear and therapeutic options remain limited. The sexual dimorphism in IBS incidence suggests that sex steroids play a role in disease onset and symptoms severity. This review considers sex steroids and their involvement in IBS symptoms and the underlying disease mechanisms. Estrogens and androgens play important regulatory roles in IBS symptomology, including visceral sensitivity, gut motility and psychological conditions, possibly through modulating the gut-brain axis. Steroids are regulators of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and autonomic nervous system function. They also modulate gut microbiota and enteric nervous systems, impacting serotonin and mast cell signaling. Sex steroids also facilitate bidirectional cross-talk between the microbiota and host following bacterial transformation and recycling of steroids by the intestine. The sex-specific interplay between sex steroids and the host provides neuroendocrinology insight into the pathophysiology, epigenetics and treatment of IBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sik Yu So
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tor C. Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Tor C. Savidge,
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Wadthaisong M, Wattanapermpool J, de Tombe PP, Bupha-Intr T. Suppression of myofilament cross-bridge kinetic in the heart of orchidectomized rats. Life Sci 2020; 261:118342. [PMID: 32853655 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The increased incidence of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in men compared with women suggests that male sex hormones significantly impact myocardial contractile activation. This study aims to examine associations among molecular alterations, cellular modulations and in vivo cardiac contractile function upon deprivation of testicular hormones. MAIN METHODS Myocardial structure and functions were compared among sham-operated control and twelve-week orchidectomized (ORX) male rats with and without testosterone supplementation. KEY FINDINGS Echocardiography and pressure-volume relationships demonstrated a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction compared with sham-operated controls. The percentage of contractility reduction was generally similar to the decrease in tension development detected in both right ventricular trabeculae and skinned isolated left ventricular cardiomyocytes of ORX rats. Reductions in tension cost and the rate constant of tension redevelopment (ktr) in ORX samples suggested a decrease in the rate of cross-bridge formation, reflecting a reduced number of cross-bridges. Slow cross-bridge detachment in ORX rat hearts could result from a shift of myosin heavy chain isoforms towards a slower ATPase activity β-isoform and reductions in the phosphorylation levels of cardiac troponin I and myosin binding protein-C. All the changes in the ORX rat heart, including ejection fractions and myofilament protein expression and phosphorylation, were completed attenuated by a physiological dose of testosterone. SIGNIFICANCE Testosterone plays a critical role in regulating the mechanical and contractile dynamics of the heart. Deprivation of male sex hormones cause the loss of normal preserved cardiac contractile function leading to a high risk of severe cardiomyopathy progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munthana Wadthaisong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | | | - Pieter P de Tombe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Tepmanas Bupha-Intr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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5
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The effects of testosterone on the physiological response to social and somatic stressors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104693. [PMID: 32413673 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Higher testosterone levels in males have previously been linked to decreased stress reactivity, but in other cases, testosterone has been reported to increase the stress response. We addressed these inconsistencies in a placebo-controlled single-dose testosterone administration study, in which 120 male participants were randomly assigned to undergo a cold-pressor test (CPT, a non-social somatic stressor), a socially evaluated cold-pressor test (SECPT, a social-somatic stressor), or a lukewarm water test (LWT, a non-stressful control condition). Throughout the experiment, blood pressure and interbeat intervals were measured continuously, and saliva samples for hormonal analyses were taken repeatedly at predefined time points. When comparing the groups treated with placebo, the SECPT elicited a larger increase in the systolic blood pressure than CPT, in agreement with previous studies. However, testosterone administration altered this pattern. Compared to placebo, testosterone increased systolic blood pressure during the CPT, whereas the opposite effect was found during the SECPT. Cortisol reactivity was not affected by testosterone administration. The CAG repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene was unrelated to the effects of testosterone on the stress response, but it was correlated with blood pressure across the whole sample. Our findings demonstrate that testosterone's effects on the stress response are dependent on the social context. Testosterone's ability to flexibly influence the response to stressors may be an important mechanism through which the hormone promotes adaptive behavior. Our results are also in line with research showing that testosterone decreases social anxiety and suggest it may help to modulate the effects of stress in socially challenging situations.
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Gettler LT, Sarma MS, Gengo RG, Oka RC, McKenna JJ. Testosterone moderates the effects of social support on cardiovascular disease risk factors among older US men. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23248. [PMID: 31045310 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social support positively affects health through pathways such as shaping intrapersonal emotional and psychological well-being. Lower testosterone often interrelates with psychological and behavioral orientations that are beneficial to participation in emotionally supportive relationships. Yet, little research has considered the ways in which testosterone may contribute to health outcomes related to emotional support. METHODS We draw on testosterone, social support data, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-relevant indicators (inflammatory markers; blood pressure [BP]) from older men (n = 366) enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a US nationally representative study. We test whether men's testosterone moderates associations between emotional social support and markers related to CVD risk. RESULTS For men with relatively lower testosterone, higher levels of social support predicted lower white blood cell (WBC) counts, consistent with reduced inflammation. In contrast, men with higher testosterone exhibited elevated WBC counts with greater support. In a diverging pattern, men with lower testosterone had higher systolic and diastolic BP with higher support, whereas the slopes for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, were comparatively flatter for men with higher levels of testosterone. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that our findings are theoretically consistent with the idea that testosterone helps shape intrapersonal and interpersonal experiences and perceptions of men's emotional support networks, thereby affecting the health implications of that support. The somewhat divergent results for WBC count vs BP highlight the need for inclusion of other neuroendocrine markers alongside testosterone as well as refined measures of perceived and received support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee T Gettler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,William J. Shaw Center for Children and Families, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Mallika S Sarma
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Rieti G Gengo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Helen B. Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Rahul C Oka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Helen B. Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - James J McKenna
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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7
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Aune D, Sen A, ó'Hartaigh B, Janszky I, Romundstad PR, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ. Resting heart rate and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality - A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:504-517. [PMID: 28552551 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Epidemiological studies have reported increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality with greater resting heart rate, however, the evidence is not consistent. Differences by gender, adjustment for confounding factors, as well as the potential impact of subclinical disease are not clear. A previous meta-analysis missed a large number of studies, and data for atrial fibrillation have not been summarized before. We therefore aimed to clarify these associations in a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed and Embase were searched up to 29 March 2017. Summary RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. Eighty seven studies were included. The summary RR per 10 beats per minute increase in resting heart rate was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05-1.10, I2 = 61.9%, n = 31) for coronary heart disease, 1.09 (95% CI: 1.00-1.18, I2 = 62.3%, n = 5) for sudden cardiac death, 1.18 (95% CI: 1.10-1.27, I2 = 74.5%, n = 8) for heart failure, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.92-1.02, I2 = 91.4%, n = 9) for atrial fibrillation, 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02-1.10, I2 = 59.5%, n = 16) for total stroke, 1.15 (95% CI: 1.11-1.18, I2 = 84.3%, n = 35) for cardiovascular disease, 1.14 (95% CI: 1.06-1.23, I2 = 90.2%, n = 12) for total cancer, and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.14-1.19, I2 = 94.0%, n = 48) for all-cause mortality. There was a positive dose-response relationship for all outcomes except for atrial fibrillation for which there was a J-shaped association. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis found an increased risk of coronary heart disease, sudden cardiac death, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality with greater resting heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aune
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK; Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway.
| | - A Sen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - B ó'Hartaigh
- Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Adler Geriatric Center, New Haven, USA
| | - I Janszky
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - P R Romundstad
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Tonstad
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - L J Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Rannelli LA, MacRae JM, Mann MC, Ramesh S, Hemmelgarn BR, Rabi D, Sola DY, Ahmed SB. Sex differences in associations between insulin resistance, heart rate variability, and arterial stiffness in healthy women and men: a physiology study. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:349-355. [PMID: 28099042 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes confers greater cardiovascular risk to women than to men. Whether insulin-resistance-mediated risk extends to the healthy population is unknown. Measures of insulin resistance (fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment, hemoglobin A1c, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, glucose) were determined in 48 (56% female) healthy subjects. Heart rate variability (HRV) was calculated by spectral power analysis and arterial stiffness was determined using noninvasive applanation tonometry. Both were measured at baseline and in response to angiotensin II infusion. In women, there was a non-statistically significant trend towards increasing insulin resistance being associated with an overall unfavourable HRV response and increased arterial stiffness to the stressor, while men demonstrated the opposite response. Significant differences in the associations between insulin resistance and cardiovascular physiological profile exist between healthy women and men. Further studies investigating the sex differences in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in cardiovascular disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Anthony Rannelli
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jennifer M MacRae
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,b Alberta Kidney Disease Network, 1403-29th St. NW, C210, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada.,c Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Michelle C Mann
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,c Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Sharanya Ramesh
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,c Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Brenda R Hemmelgarn
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,b Alberta Kidney Disease Network, 1403-29th St. NW, C210, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada.,c Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada.,d Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Doreen Rabi
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,c Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada.,d Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Darlene Y Sola
- b Alberta Kidney Disease Network, 1403-29th St. NW, C210, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada.,c Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Sofia B Ahmed
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,b Alberta Kidney Disease Network, 1403-29th St. NW, C210, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada.,c Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
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Sternberg Z. Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Factors Influencing Neurovisceral Integration of Cardiovascular Modulation: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 18:16-36. [PMID: 26502224 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thought to be an autoimmune inflammatory CNS disease, multiple sclerosis (MS) involves multiple pathologies with heterogeneous clinical presentations. An impaired neurovisceral integration of cardiovascular modulation, indicated by sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, is among common MS clinical presentations. ANS dysfunction could not only enhance MS inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, but can also lead to clinical symptoms such as depression, fatigue, sleep disorder, migraine, osteoporosis, and cerebral hemodynamic impairments. Therefore, factors influencing ANS functional activities, in one way or another, will have a significant impact on MS disease course. This review describes the genetic and epigenetic factors, and their interactions with a number of environmental factors contributing to the neurovisceral integration of cardiovascular modulation, with a focus on MS. Future studies should investigate the improvement in cardiovascular ANS function, as a strategy for preventing and minimizing MS-related morbidities, and improving patients' quality of life.
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